Hannover Hanover
The New Town Hall in Hanover, built from 1901 to 1913. The New City Hall (Neues Rathaus or New Town Hall in Hanover, Germany, is a City hall and was opened on July 20, 1913
Coat of arms	Location
Administration
Country	Germany
State	Lower Saxony
District	Region Hanover
City subdivisions	13 districts
Lord Mayor	Stephan Weil (SPD)
Governing parties	SPD / Greens
Basic statistics
Area	204. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second German districts (de ''Kreise'' or de ''Landkreise'' in the states of Nordrhein-Westfalen and Schleswig-Holstein, singular de ''Kreis'' and de ''Landreis'' Hanover (officially in German Region Hannover) is a district (county in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Lord Mayor is the title of the Mayor of a major city with special recognition This is a list of political parties in Germany. Germany has a Multi-party system with two large parties three substantial smaller parties and a number of minor The Alliance '90/The Greens ( Bündnis 90/Die Grünen) the German Green party, is a Political party in Germany whose regional Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 01 km² (78. 8 sq mi)
Elevation	55 m  (180 ft)
Population	522,944  (01/11/2007)[1]
- Density	2,563 /km² (6,639 /sq mi)
- Metro	1,128,543
Other information
Time zone	CET/CEST (UTC+1/+2)
Licence plate	H
Postal codes	30001 - 30669
Area code	0511
Website	www.hannover.de Coordinates: 52°22′0″N 9°43′0″E / 52.36667, 9.71667

Hanover⁽ⁱ⁾ (German: Hannover (help·info), IPA: [haˈnoːfɐ]), on the river Leine, is the capital of the federal state of Lower Saxony (Niedersachsen), Germany and was once by personal union the family seat of the Hanovarian Kings of Great Britain, in their dignities as the dukes of Brunswick-Lüneburg (which title was later called the Elector of Hanover at the end of the historical period known as Early Modern Europe). The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central Central European Time ( CET) is one of the names of the Time zone that is 1 hour ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Central European Summer Time ( CEST) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. UTC+1 is used in the following locations Central European Time West Africa Time Western European Summer Time UTC+2 corresponds to the following Time zones Eastern European Time Egypt Standard Time Central Africa Time German car number plates ( Kfz-Kennzeichen) show the place where the car carrying them is registered __FORCETOC__ Postal codes in Germany, Postleitzahl (plural Postleitzahlen abbreviated to PLZ consist of five digits which indicate the wider area (first two digits and the see also Telephone numbering in Germany for further codes including service numbers cell phones etc A website (alternatively web site or Web site, a back-construction from the Proper noun World Wide Web) is a collection of Web pages A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. The Leine is a river in Thuringia and Lower Saxony, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Aller river (and so of the Weser river Germany (Deutschland is a Federal Republic consisting of sixteen States, known in German as Länder (singular Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal Dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg Brunswick-Lüneburg (Braunschweig-Lüneburg also Brunswick-Lunenburg was a historical ducal state during the period from the Late Middle Ages through the The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The early modern period is a term used by historians to refer to the period in Western '''Europe''' and its first colonies which spans the three centuries between After the Napoleonic Wars ended, the Electorate was enlarged and made into the capital of the Kingdom of Hanover. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian

In addition to being the current later day capital of Lower Saxony, Hanover was the capital of the administrative area Regierungsbezirk Hannover (Hanover region) until Lower Saxony's administrative regions were disbanded at the beginning of 2005. Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second Hanover (Hannover was a Regierungsbezirk of the Prussian Province of Hanover and of Lower Saxony, Germany, that existed Examples of administrative divisions English terms In many of the following terms corresponding to British cultural influence areas of relatively low mean population It is, however, still part of the Hanover district (Region Hannover), which is a municipal body made up from the former district and city of Hanover. Hanover (officially in German Region Hannover) is a district (county in Lower Saxony, Germany.

With a population of 522,944 (1 February 2007) the city is a major center of northern Germany, known for hosting annual commercial expositions such as the Hanover Fair and the CeBIT. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status The Hannover Messe (English Hanover Fair is the world's biggest industrial fair CeBIT ( Ce ntrum der B üro- und I nformations' t' echnik; German for "Centre of Office and Information technology" is the Every year Hanover hosts the Schützenfest Hannover, the world's largest Marksmen's Fun Fair, and the Oktoberfest Hannover, which is the second largest Oktoberfest in the world. The Schützenfest Hannover ( Schützenfest of Hanover, Germany is the largest marksmen's Funfair in the world The Oktoberfest is a two-week festival held each year in Munich, Germany during late September and early October The Oktoberfest is a sixteen-day festival held each year in Munich, Bavaria, Germany during late September (and running to early October In 2000, Hanover hosted the world fair Expo 2000. Expo 2000 was a World's Fair held in Hanover, Germany from June 1 to October 31, 2000. The Hanover fairground, due to numerous extensions especially for the Expo 2000, is the largest in the world. The Hanover fairground (in German: Messegelände Hannover) is an exhibition area in the Mittelfeld district of Hanover Germany Hanover also has regional importance because of its universities and medical school, its international airport, and its large zoo. Hanover Zoo in Hanover, Germany, is one of the most spectacular adventure zoos in Germany

History of Hanover

Founded in medieval times on the left (south) bank of the river Leine (the original name Honovere may be translated as "high bank", though this is debated), Hanover was a small village of ferrymen and fishermen that became a comparatively large town in the 13th century as a natural crossroads. The Leine is a river in Thuringia and Lower Saxony, Germany. It is a left tributary of the Aller river (and so of the Weser river In the pre-railway and roads-are-muddy-trails days of difficult land travels, its position on the upper navigable reaches of the river positioned it for increased trade and growth. Connected to the Hanseatic League city of Bremerhaven via the Leine river from its place near the southern edge of the wide central German plains to its north and situated to the north and west of the Hartz Mountain barrier to the southeast it enjoyed a mountain skirting "crossroads" position in mule train dominated based east-west land traffic. The Hanseatic League (also known as the Hansa) was an alliance of trading cities and their Guilds that established and maintained trade Bremerhaven (bʁeːmɐˈhaːfən is the seaport of the free city and federal state of Bremen, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Hartz Mountain Industries (HMI is a private family owned and operated company known for its vast real estate holdings in the New York/New Jersey Metropolitan Area Hanover essentially acted as a gateway to the Rhine, the Ruhr and Saar River valleys and their industrial areas to the southwest, for the plains regions both to its east and north, as well as overland traffic skirting the Hartz between the Low Countries and Saxony or Thuringia. The Rhine (Rhein Rijn Rhin Reno Rain Rhenus is one of the longest and most important Rivers in Europe at 1320 kilometres (820 mi with an average discharge The Ruhr is a medium-size River in western Germany ( North Rhine-Westphalia) a right tributary (east-side of the Rhine. The Saar ( French: Sarre) is a River in northeastern France and western Germany, and a right tributary of the Moselle River The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt The Electorate of Saxony (Kurfürstentum Sachsen or Duchy of Upper Saxony was an independent hereditary electorate of the Holy Roman Empire from 1356–1806 The Free State of Thuringia (Freistaat Thüringen is located in central Germany.

In the 14th century the main churches of Hanover were built, as well as a city wall with three town gates to secure the city. See also List of cities with defensive walls A defensive wall is a Fortification used to defend a city or settlement from potential aggressors A city gate is a Gate which is or was set within a City wall. With the coming of the beginnings of industrialization in Germany, trade in iron and Silver from the northern Hartz increased the cities importance.

In 1636, the Elector of Calenberg, the new duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, decided to move his residence to Hanover. The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl Calenberg was a dynastic division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg in the Holy Roman Empire. Brunswick-Lüneburg (Braunschweig-Lüneburg also Brunswick-Lunenburg was a historical ducal state during the period from the Late Middle Ages through the His electorate was afterwards known as the Electorate of Hanover (see: House of Hanover). The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal Dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg His descendants would later become kings of Great Britain (after 1801, kings of the United Kingdom); the first of them was George I, who ascended to the British throne in 1714. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless Three kings of Great Britain, or the United Kingdom, were at the same time Electoral Princes of Hanover. The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl The Elector's even later descendants became monarchs of sixteen countries around the world known as the Commonwealth Realms. A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch The most famous of these descendants living today is Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom. For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II

During the time of the personal union of the crowns of the United Kingdom and Hanover (1714–1837), the monarch rarely visited the city. In fact, during the reigns of the final three joint rulers (1760–1837), there was only one short visit, by George IV, in 1821. Usually, a viceroy represented the monarch in Hanover.

During the Seven Years' War on July 26, 1757, the Battle of Hastenbeck took place near the city. The Seven Years' War (1756&ndash1763 involved all of the major European powers of the period causing 900000 to 1400000 deaths Events 657 - Battle of Siffin. 811 - Battle of Pliska; Byzantine Emperor Nicephorus Year 1757 ( MDCCLVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a In the Battle of Hastenbeck (26 July 1757 the allied forces of Hanover, Hesse-Kassel (or Hesse-Cassel and Brunswick were defeated by the French The French army defeated the Hanoverian Army of Observation, leading to the city's occupation. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics.

Hanover in the 19th Century

Am Kröpcke, 1895

Schloss Herrenhausen, 1895

After Napoleon imposed the Convention of Artlenburg (Convention of the Elbe) on July 5, 1803, about 30,000 French soldiers occupied Hanover. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Events 1295 - Scotland and France form an alliance the beginnings of the Auld Alliance, against England. 1803 ( MDCCCIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a The Convention also meant the disbanding of the army of Hanover. George III did not recognize the Convention of the Elbe. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places As a result of this, a great number of soldiers from Hanover eventually emigrated to Great Britain, leading to formation of the King's German Legion, which was the only German army to fight continually during the entire Napoleonic wars against the French. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands They later played an important role in the Battle of Waterloo in 1815. In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815 near Waterloo Belgium Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The Congress of Vienna in 1814 elevated the electorate to the Kingdom of Hanover. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The Kingdom of Hanover (Königreich Hannover was established in October of 1814 by the Congress of Vienna, with the restoration of George III to his Hanoverian The capital town Hanover expanded to the western bank of the Leine and grew considerably since then.

In 1837, the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover ended as William IV's heir in the United Kingdom was female (Queen Victoria), and according to Salic Law Hanover could only be inherited by males. A personal union is the combination by which two different States are governed by the same Monarch, while their boundaries their laws and their interests remain distinct William IV (William Henry 21 August 1765 &ndash 20 June 1837 was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland Salic law ( Lat Lex Salica) was an important body of traditional Law codified for governing the Salian Franks in the Early Middle Ages Hanover passed to William IV's brother, Ernest Augustus, as a consequence, and remained a kingdom until 1866, when Hanover, during the Austro-Prussian war, and despite having won the Battle of Langensalza against Prussia, was annexed by Prussia. Ernest Augustus I King of Hanover ( 5 June 1771 &ndash 18 November 1851) also (1799-1851 the Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale The Austro-Prussian The Battle of Langensalza was fought on June 15 1866 near Bad Langensalza. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The city of Hanover became the Prussian provincial capital. After the annexation, the people of Hanover opposed the Prussian regime.

However, for Hanoverian industry, the new connection to Prussia meant an improvement in the business environment. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state The introduction of free trade promoted economic growth, and also led in Hanover to the recovery of the Gründerzeit (founders era). Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions deu Gründerzeit ( German, 'grʏndɐˌtsaɪ̯t literally “the founders' epoch” refers to the economic phase in 19th century Germany and Austria before In the period from 1871 to 1912 the population of Hanover grew from 87,600 to 313,400. The city border in 1873 was exceeded.

In 1872 the first horse railway was inaugurated, and from 1893 an electric tram was developed. A horsecar was an animal-powered Streetcar or Tram. The first passenger services in the world were started by the Oystermouth Railway in A tram, tramcar, trolley, trolley car, or streetcar is a railborne vehicle, of lighter weight and construction than a Train

In 1887 Emile Berliner invented the record and the gramophone. Emile Berliner ( May 20, 1851 – August 3, 1929) was a German -born American Inventor, best known for developing

The upswing in Hanover started with the era of urban Director Heinrich Tramm. From 1891-1918 he was director of the city of Hanover, and fundamentally shaped the look of the city up to the turn of the century (The "Tramm Era"). The New Town Hall, the Trammplatz, is named after him.

In 1883 from the city of Hanover, the Hanover district government was created and became active.

The city was enlarged first in 1869, followed in 1882 by adding Königsworther Platz and the Welfengarten. In 1891 the municipalities of Herrenhausen, Hainholz, Vahrenwald were added and in 1907 the municipalities of Stöcken, Gutsbezirk Mecklenheide, Bothfeld, Klein-Buchholz, Groß-Buchholz, Kirchrode, Döhren and Wülfel were incorporated into Hanover

Hanover and the NSDAP

The Synagogue Memorial in Havover

From 1937 the Lord Mayor and the state commissioners of Hanover were members of the NSDAP (NAZI party). Herrenhausen is a borough of the German city Hanover which is most notable for the Baroque Herrenhausen Gardens. The, officially National Socialist German Workers' Party, ( abbreviated NSDAP) was a Political party in Germany between 1919 and 1945 As everywhere else in Germany, there was also a Jewish population in Hanover. Jews have lived in Germany, or " Ashkenaz " at least since the early 4th century, through both periods of tolerance and spasms of In October 1938, 484 Hanoverian Jews of Polish origin were expelled to Poland, including the Grynszpan family. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Herschel Feibel Grynszpan (sometimes spelled in the German form Grünspan, as Grunspahn, or in English as Greenspan) (born March However, Poland refused to admit them. The Grynszpans and thousands of other Polish-Jewish deportees were left stranded at the border, fed only intermittently by the Polish Red Cross and Jewish welfare organizations. The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement is an International humanitarian movement with approximately 97 million volunteers worldwide who stated Their famous (or infamous) assassin son Herschel Grynszpan was in Paris at the time. Herschel Feibel Grynszpan (sometimes spelled in the German form Grünspan, as Grunspahn, or in English as Greenspan) (born March Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city When he heard about the expulsion of his family to Poland, he drove to the German embassy and killed the German diplomat Eduard Ernst vom Rath. Ernst Eduard vom Rath ( June 3, 1909 &ndash November 9, 1938) was a German Diplomat.

The Nazis took this act as a pretext for their November 1938 staged nationwide pogrom known as Kristallnacht. Kristallnacht ( literally "Crystal night" or the Night of Broken Glass was a Pogrom in Nazi Germany on November 9–10 1938 It was in Hanover on November 9, 1938 that the synagogue, designed in 1870 by Edwin Oppler, in neo-romantic style was burnt by the Nazis. The term neo-romanticism is used to cover a variety of movements in music and painting

In September 1941 through the "Action Lauterbacher" plan, a ghettoisation of the remaining Hanoverian Jewish families began. A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure Even before the Wannsee Conference, on December 15, 1941, the first Jews from Hanover were deported to Riga. The Wannsee Conference was a Meeting of senior officials of the Nazi German regime held in the Berlin suburb of Wannsee on Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. A total of 2,400 people were deported, and very few survived. Of the approximately 4,800 Jews who had lived in Hannover 1938, less than 100 were still in the city when troops of the United States Army arrived on April 10, 1945 to occupy Hanover at the end of the war. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1945 ( MCMXLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar Today, a memorial at the Opera Square is a reminder of the persecution of the Jews in Hanover.

Hanover during the Second World War

During the Second World War, Hanover was an important road junction, this and the well established arms industry were the main targets from 1940 of Allied air attacks. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including A road junction is a location where vehicular Traffic going in different directions can proceed in a controlled manner designed to minimize accidents The arms industry is a global Industry and Business which Manufactures and sells Weapons and Military technology and equipment. Important war holdings were in AFA in Stöcken, Deurag-Nerag in Misburg, Continental in Vahrenwald and Limmer, Hanomag and NMH in Linden and the United light metal works (VLW) in Ricklingen and Laatzen. VARTA AG (Vertrieb Aufladung Reparatur Transportabler Akkumulatoren Distribution charging repair of transportable accumulators) was a company based in Germany Herrenhausen is a borough of the German city Hanover which is most notable for the Baroque Herrenhausen Gardens. Continental AG ( internally often called Conti for short is a worldwide leading manufacturer of Tires Brake systems Vehicle stability Hanomag (Hannoversche Maschinenbau AG was a German producer of steam locomotives tractors trucks and military vehicles Laatzen is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The air attacks were directed not only against arms holdings and the railway lines, but also against residential areas. In the course of the war about 6,700 people were killed in the Allied bombing raids. Out of around 150,000 homes, only about 5% undamaged. After the war, the Aegidienkirche was not rebuilt and its ruins were kept as a memorial to the victims of war and tyranny.

Hanover was in the British zone of occupation of Germany after the war, and became part of the new state (Land) of Lower Saxony in 1946. Lower Saxony ( German: Niedersachsen ch is pronounced before an s --> lies in north-western Germany and is second

Subdivisions

Districts

Boroughs of Hanover

Hanover Region

1. Mitte
2. Vahrenwald-List
3. Bothfeld-Vahrenheide
4. Buchholz-Kleefeld
5. Misburg-Anderten
6. Kirchrode-Bemerode-Wülferode
7. Südstadt-Bult
8. Döhren-Wülfel
9. Ricklingen
10. Linden-Limmer
11. Ahlem-Badenstedt-Davenstedt
12. Herrenhausen-Stöcken
13. Nord

Quarters

• Nordstadt
• Südstadt
• Oststadt
• Zoo (for the zoo itself, see Hanover Zoo)
• Herrenhausen

Sights and places

Ernst August memorial, railway station

The Staatsoper ("state opera") is housed in its classical 19th century opera house. The Nordstadt (North City is the university quarter in the German city of Hanover. Hannover-Zoo is the name of a district of the city of Hanover. Hanover Zoo in Hanover, Germany, is one of the most spectacular adventure zoos in Germany Herrenhausen is a borough of the German city Hanover which is most notable for the Baroque Herrenhausen Gardens. The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar

Market Church in Hanover

Old Town Hall

Leine River At Hanover City

One of the most famous sights are the Royal Gardens of Herrenhausen: The Great Garden is an important European baroque garden. Herrenhausen is a borough of the German city Hanover which is most notable for the Baroque Herrenhausen Gardens. Some points of interest are the Grotto (the interior was designed by the French artist Niki de Saint-Phalle), the Galery Building, the Orangerie and the two pavillons of Remy de la Fosse. The Great Garden consists of several parts. The most popular ones are the Great Ground and the Neuveau Jardin. At the centre of the Neuveau Jardin is Europe's highest garden fountain. The historic Garden Theatre hosts the musicals of the German rock musician Heinz Rudolf Kunze.

Waterloo Column in Hanover

The Berggarten is an important European botanical garden. Some points of interest are the Tropical House, the Cactus House, the Canary House and the Orchid House, which hosts one of the world's biggest collection of orchids, and free-flying birds and butterflies. Near the entrance to the Berggarten is the historic Library Pavillon. The Mausoleum of the Guelphs is also located in the Berggarten. Like the Great Garden, the Berggarten also consists of several parts, for example the Paradies and the Prairie Garden. There is also the Sea Life Centre Hanover, which is the first tropical aquarium in Germany.

The Georgengarten is an English landscape garden. The Leibniz Temple and the Georgen Palace are two points of interest there.

Other gardens are the Guelph Garden with the Guelph Palace and the Prince Garden. Nearby are the Water Art, the Hardenbergsche House and the Prince House.

The landmark of Hanover is the New Town Hall (Neues Rathaus). Insite are four models of the town and the only working diagonal-elevator in Germany, which goes up the large dome.

The Hanover Zoo is one of the most spectacular and best zoos in Europe. The third time the zoo has received the Parc Scout Award in 2008 and so it became the best and nicest zoo in Germany. The zoo consists of several theme-areas: Sambesi, Meyers Farm, Gorilla-Mountain, Jungle-Palace, and Mullewapp. Some smaller areas are Australia, the wooded area for wolves, and the so called swimming area with many seabirds. There is also a tropical house, a jungle house, and a show-arena. The new Alaska-themed area, Yukon Bay, is still in construction.

Another point of interest is the Old Town. At the centre is the huge Market Church and the Old Town Hall. Near by are the Leibniz House, the Nolte House, and the Beguine Tower. A very nice quarter of the Old Town is the Kreuz-Church-Quarter around the Kreuz Church with many nice little lanes. Nearby is the old theatre, called Ballhofeins. On the edge of the Old Town are the Market Hall, the Leine Palace, and the ruin of the Aegidien Church which is now a monument for the victims of war and violence. Through the Marstall Gate you arrive at the bank of the river Leine, where the world-famous Nanas of Niki de Saint-Phalle are located. They are part of the Mile of Skulpture which goes from the Königsworter Square up to the entrance of the Georgengarten. Near the Old Town is the district Calenberger Neustadt where the Catholic church of St. Clemens, the Reformed Church, and the Protestant Neustädter Church are located.

Some other popular sights are the Waterloo Column, the Laves House, the Wangenhaim Palace, the Statesarchive of Lower Saxony, the Hanover Play House, the Kröpcke Clock, the Anzeiger Tower Block, the Administration Building of the NORD/LB, the Cupola Hall of the Congress-Centre, the Lower Saxony Stock, the Ministry of Finance, the Garten Church, the Luther Church, the Gehry Tower (designed by the American architect Frank O. Gehry), the special designed Bus Stops, the Opera House, the Central Station, the lake Maschsee and the city forest Eilenride, which is one of the largest of its kind in Europe. Because of around 40 parks, forrests and gardens, a couple of lakes, two rivers and one channel Hanover offers a large variety of leisure activities.

Since 2007 the historic Leibniz Letters, which can be visited in the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Library, are an UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Outside of the city centre is the EXPO-Park. Some points of interests are the Planet M. , the former German Pavillon, the Yempa Event-Palace, the Expowale, the EXPO-Plaza and the EXPO-Gardens (Parc Agricole, EXPO-Park South and the Gardens of change). Via the Exponale, which is one of the largest pedestrianbridges in Europe, the fairground is reachable. The Hanover fairground is the largest in the world. Two important sights on the fairground are the Hermes Tower (88. 8 metres high) and the EXPO Roof, which is the largest woodroof in the world.

In the district of Anderten is the European Cheese Centre, which is the only Cheese-Experience-Centre in Europe. Near by is alo Hanovers large funpark, the CAMPO Aktiv-Arena. It is the largest sports- and leisure facility in Northern Germany with around 60 attractions. Another important sight in Anderten is the Hindenburg Lock, which was the biggest lock in Europe at the time of construction in 1928. The Animalgarden in the district of Kirchrode is a hugh forest and shows the local animals.

In the district of Groß-Buchholz is the Telemax, the tallest building in Lower Saxony and one of the highest television tower in Northern Germany. Some other remarkable towers are the VW-Tower and the old towers of the former mid-age defence belt: Döhrener Tower, Lister Tower and the Horse Tower.

The 36 most important sights of the city centre are connected with a 4. 2 kilometres (3 mi) long red line, which is painted on the pavement. The so called Red Thread is a kind of walkaround and starts at the touristinformation and ends on the Ernst-August-Square in front of the central station. There is also a guided sightseeing-bustour through the city.

Society and Culture

Museums and Galleries

The Historic Museum describes the history of Hanover, from the mid-age settlement "honovere", over the Residence Town, to the world famous Exhibition Town. The museum focusses on the time from 1714 to 1834 when Hanover had a strong relationship to the British royal house.

The Kestnergesellschaft belongs with more than 4. 000 members tho the largest art society in Germany. The museum shows exhibitions from the classical modernist art to the contemporary art. One big focus is put on film, video, contemporary music and architecture, room installments and big presentations of contemporary paintings, sculptures and video art.

The Kestner Museum is located in the House of 5. 000 windows. The museum is named after August Kestner and exhibits 6,000 years of applied art in four areas: Ancient cultures, ancient Egypt, applied art and a valuable collection of historic coins. Georg Christian August Kestner ( 28 November 1777 in Hanover; 5 March 1853 in Rome) was a German diplomat and Art collector

The KUBUS is a forum for contemporary art. It features mostly exhibitions and projects of famous and important artists from Hanover.

The Kunstverein Hannover (Art Society Hanover) was established in 1832 as one of the first art societies in Germany. It is located in the Künstlerhaus (House of artits). There are around 7 international monografic and thematic Exhibitions in one year.

The Lower Saxony State Museum is the largest museum in Hanover. The State Gallery shows the European Art from the 11th to the 20th century, the Nature Department shows the zoology, geology, botanic, geology and a Vivarium with fishes, insects, reptiles and amphibians. The Primeval Department shows the primeval history of Lower Saxony and the Folklore Department shows the cultures from all over the world.

The Sprengel Museum shows the art of the 20th century. It is one of the most notable art museums in Germany. The focus is put on the classical modernist art with the collection of Kurt Schwitters, works of the German expressionism, and the French kubism, the cabinet of abstracts, the graphics and the department of photography and media. Furthermore the museum shows the famous works of the French artist Niki de Saint-Phalle.

The Theatre Museum shows an exhibition of the history of the theatre in Hanover from the 17th century up to now: Opera, concert, drama and ballet. The museum also hosts several touring exhibitions during the year.

The Wilhelm-Busch-Museum is the German museum for caricature and critical graphics. The collection of the works of Wilhelm Busch and the extensive collection of caricatures and critical graphics is this museum unique in Germany. Furthermore the museum hosts several exhibitions of national and international artists during the year.

A cabinet of coins is the Münzkabinett der TUI-AG. The Polizeigeschichtliche Sammlung Niedersachsen is the largest police museum in Germany. Textiles from all over the world can be visited in the Museum for textile art. The EXPOseeum is the museum of the world-exhibition "EXPO 2000 Hannover". Carpets and things from the orient can be visited in the Oriental Carpet Museum. The Blind Man Museum is a rarity in Germany, another one is only in Berlin. The Museum of veterinary medicine is unique in Germany. The Museum for Energy History describes the 150 years old history of the application of energy. The Home Museum Ahlem shows the history of the district of Ahlem. The Mahn- und Gedenkstätte Ahlem describes the history of the jewish people in Hanover and the Stiftung Ahlers Pro Arte / Kestner Pro Arte shows modern art. Modern art is also the maintopic of the Kunsthalle Faust, the Nord/LB Art Gellery and of the Foro Artistico / Eisfabrik.

Some leading art events in Hanover are the Long Night of the museums and the Zinnober Kunstvolkslauf which features all the galleries in Hanover.

People who are interested in space should visit the Observatory Geschwister Herrschel on the Lindener Mountain or the small planetarium inside of the Bismarck School.

Theatre, Cabaret and Musical

Around 40 theatres are located in Hanover. The Opera House, the Schauspielhaus (Play House), the Ballhofeins, the Ballhofzwei and the Cumbarlandsche Galerie belong to the Lower Saxony State Theatre. The Theater am Aegi is Hanovers big theatre for musicals, shows and guest performances. The Neues Theater (New Theatre) is the Boulevard Theatre of Hanover. The Theater für Niedersachsen is another big theatre in Hanover, which also has an own Musical-Company. Some 0f the must important Musical-Productions are the rockmusicals of the German rockmusician Heinz Rudolph Kunze, which take place at the Garden-Theatre in the Great Garden.

Some important theatre-events are the Tanztheater International, the Long Night of the Theatres, the Festival Theaterformen and the International Competition for Choreographs.

Hanovers leading cabaret-stage is the GOP Variety theatre which is located in the Georgs Palace. Some other famous cabaret-stages are the Variety Marlene, the Uhu-Theatre. the theatre Die Hinterbühne, the Rampenlich Variety and the revue-stage TAK. The most important Cabaret-Event is the Kleines Fest im Großen Garten (Little Festival in the Great Garden) which is the most successful Cabaret Festival in Germany. It features artists from around the world. Some other important events are the Calenberger Cabaret Weeks, the Hanover Cabaret Festival and the Wintervariety.

Music

Hanover's own band, the Scorpions

The rock bands Scorpions and Fury in the Slaughterhouse are originally from Hanover. Scorpions are a heavy metal / Hard rock band from Hanover, Germany, probably best known for their 1980s rock anthem " Rock You Like a Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. Scorpions are a heavy metal / Hard rock band from Hanover, Germany, probably best known for their 1980s rock anthem " Rock You Like a Fury in the Slaughterhouse is a German Rock band from Hanover formed in 1987 by brothers Kai Uwe Wingenfelder (vocals and Thorsten Wingenfelder Also, acclaimed DJ Mousse T has his main recording studio in the area. Mousse T (born Mustafa Gündoğdu or Mustafa Gündoğlu on October 2, 1966 in Hagen, North Rhine-Westphalia) is a German

There are/were two big international competitions for classical music in Hanover:

• Joseph Joachim International Violin Competition (since 1991)
• Classica Nova International Music Competition (1997) (Non profit association Classica Nova exists in Hanover with the aim to continue the Classica Nova competition).

Sport

Hannover 96 (nickname Die Roten or 'The Reds') is Hanover's football team that plays in the Bundesliga top division. Hannover 96 is a German football club in Hanover, Lower Saxony. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The Bundesliga is the highest level of Germany 's football league system. Home games are played at the AWD-Arena. The AWD-Arena is a football stadium located in Hanover, Germany. Hannover 96 II plays in the fourth league and the home games are played in the traditional Eilenriedestadium. Arminia Hannover is another very traditional soccer team in Hanover that has played in the first league for years and plays now in the Niedersachsen-West Liga (Lower Saxony League West). Home matches are played in the Rudolf-Kalweit-Stadium.

Inside the AWD-Arena

Hanover is one of Germany's centres for ice hockey. The AWD-Arena is a football stadium located in Hanover, Germany. The Hannover Scorpions play in the top division and their home games are played in the TUI Arena. TUI Arena, formerly known as the Preussag Arena, is an Arena in Hanover, Germany. The Hannover Indians are the second ice hockey team in Hanover. Even though the Hanover Indians are in the fourth league usually more people come to matches at the "Pferde Turm" than to matches of the "Hannover Scorpions".

Hanover is also one of the Rugby union capitals in Germany. Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short The first German Rugby team was founded in Hanover in 1878. Hanover is one of the leading towns in the German Rugby scene. DRC Hannover plays in the first division, and SV Odin von 1905 as well as SG 78/08 Hannover play in the second division.

The first German Fencing Club was founded in Hanover in 1862. Today there are three more Fencing Clubs in Hanover.

Hanover is a centre for Water Sports. Thanks to the lake Maschsee, the rivers Ihme and Leine and to the channel Mittellandkanal Hanover hosts sailing schools, yacht schools, waterski clubs, rowing clubs, canoe clubs and paddle clubs. The water polo team WASPO W98 plays in the first division.

The Hannover Regents play in the first German Baseball division.

Important Sport Events

The Hannover Marathon is the biggest running event in Hanover with more than 11. 000 participants and usually around 200. 000 spectators. Some other important running events are the Gilde Stadtstaffel (relay), the Sport-Check Nachtlauf (night-running), the Herrenhäuser Team-Challenge, the Hannoversche Firmenlauf (company running) and the Silvesterlauf (sylvester running).

Hanover hosts also an important international cycle race: The Nacht von Hannover (night of Hanover). The race takes place around the Market Hall.

The lake Maschsee hosts the International Dragon Boat Races and the Canoe-Polo-Tournament. Many regattas take place during the year. Head of the river Leine on the river Leine is one of the biggest rowing regattas in Hanover.

Some other important sport events are the Lower Saxony Beach Volleyball Tournament, the international horse show German Classics and the international ice hockey tournament Nations Cup.

Regular Events

CeBIT 2008 conference centre in Hanover

Hanover is one of the leading Exhibition Cities in the world. CeBIT ( Ce ntrum der B üro- und I nformations' t' echnik; German for "Centre of Office and Information technology" is the Each year Hanover hosts more than 60 international and national exhibitions. The most popular ones are the CeBIT, the Hanover Fair, the Domotex, the Ligna, the IAA Nutzfahrzeuge and the Agritechnica. CeBIT ( Ce ntrum der B üro- und I nformations' t' echnik; German for "Centre of Office and Information technology" is the Hanover also hosts a huge number of congresses.

But Hanover is not only one of the most important Exhibition Cities in the world, Hanover is also one of the German capitals for the marksmen. The Schützenfest Hannover is the largest Marksmen's Fun Fair in the world and takes place once a year. It consists of more than 260 rides and inns, five large beer tents and a big entertainment program. The highlight of this fun fair is the 12 kilometres (7 mi) long Parade of the Marksmen with more than 12. 000 participants from all over the world, among them around 5. 000 marksmen, 128 bands and more than 70 wagons, carriages and big festival vehicles. It is the longest procession in Europe. Around 2 million people visit this fun fair every year. The landmark of this Fun Fair is the biggest transportable Ferris Wheel in the world (60 m/197 ft high). The origins of this fun fair is located in the year 1529.

Hanover also hosts one of the two largest Spring Festivals in Europe with around 180 rides and inns, 2 large beer tents and around 1. 5 million visitors each year. The Oktoberfest Hannover is the second largest Oktoberfest in the world with around 160 rides and inns, two large beer tents and around 1 million visitors each year. The Oktoberfest is a two-week festival held each year in Munich, Germany during late September and early October

The Maschsee Festival takes place around the Maschsee Lake. Each year around 2 million visitors want to enjoy live music, comedy, cabaret and many more. It is the largest Volksfest of its kind in Northern Germany.

The Great Garden hosts every year the International Fireworks Competition, and the International Festival Weeks Herrenhausen with lots of music and cabaret.

The Carnival Procession is around 3 kilometres (2 mi) long and consists of 3. 000 participants, around 30 festival vehicles and around 20 bands and takes place every year.

Some more festivals are for example the Festival Feuer und Flamme (Fire and Flames), the Gartenfestival (Garden Festival), the Herbstfestival (Autumn Festival), the Harley Days, the Steintor Festival (Steintor is a party area in the city centre) and the Lister-Meile-Festival (Lister Meile is a large pedestrian area).

Hanover also hosts Food Festivals, for example the Wine Festival and the Gourmet Festival.

Furthermore Hanover hosts some special markets. The Old Town Flea Market is the oldest flea market in Germanyand the Market for Art and Trade has a high reputation. Some other big market is of course the Christmas Market Hanover in the Old Town.

Transport

Hannover Hauptbahnhof

Citaro G natural gas bus designed by James Irvine

TW 2000 tram designed by Herbert Lindinger and Jasper Morrison

Rail

The city's central station, Hannover Hauptbahnhof, is a hub of vital importance in the German high-speed ICE network. is the Hauptbahnhof for the city of Hanover in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Mercedes-Benz Citaro (or O530) is the current Mercedes-Benz / EvoBus mainstream Bus intended for Public transport, introduced in James Irvine (1958- is a London -born designer working in Milan, where he moved in 1984 History After winning the bid for the Expo 2000 in 1990 the city of Hanover faced the need to greatly improve its transportation system Jasper Morrison (born 1959 is an English product and Furniture designer is the Hauptbahnhof for the city of Hanover in Lower Saxony, Germany. The InterCityExpress or ICE (German pronunciation) is a system of high-speed trains predominantly running in Germany and neighbouring countries It is the starting point of the Hanover-Würzburg high-speed rail line and the central hub for the Hanover S-Bahn, offering international and national connections to virtually everywhere in Germany. History The Deutsche Bundesbahn began construction of the line in 1973. The Hanover S-Bahn (in German: S-Bahn Hannover) is an S-Bahn network operated by the Deutsche Bahn AG subsidiary Intalliance around

Air

Hanover and its area is served by Hanover/Langenhagen International Airport (HAJ)

Road

Hanover is an important hub in Germany's Autobahn network; the interchange of two major autobahns, the A2 and A7 is at Kreuz Hannover-Ost, at the northeastern edge of the city. Hanover Airport, also called Langenhagen Airport with reference to the nearby town of Langenhagen, is situated 11km north of the centre of Hanover (German ˈaʊtoːbaːn plural Autobahnen; English /ˈɔːtəʊbɑːn/ is the German word for a major high- Speed Road restricted to motor is an Autobahn in Germany that connects the Ruhr area in the west to Berlin in the east is the longest German Autobahn and the longest national motorway in Europe at 935 km (581 mi Local autobahns are A 352 (a bypass between A7 and A2, also known as the airport autobahn because it runs close to Hanover Airport) and the A 37. Exit list |} Exit list |-|||Connection to |-|colspan="3"|---- |-|colspan="3"|----|- |} The Schnellweg (en: expressway) system, a number of Bundesstraße roads, forms a structure loosely resembling a large ring road together with A2 and A7. An expressway is a Divided highway for high-speed traffic with at least partial Control of access. Bundesstraßen are German and Austrian federal highways The main distinguishing characteristic between German Bundesstraßen and the world-famous The roads are B 3 , B 6 and B 65, called Westschnellweg (B6 on the northern part, B3 on the southern part), Messeschnellweg (B3, becomes A37 near Burgdorf, crosses A2, becomes B3 again, changes to B6 at Seelhorster Kreuz, then passes the Hanover fairground as B6 and becomes A37 again before merging into A7) and Südschnellweg (starts out as B65, becomes B3/B6/B65 upon crossing Westschnellweg, then becomes B65 again at Seelhorster Kreuz). Figures Bundesländer: Lower Saxony, Hesse, Baden-Württemberg Length: 812 km Burgdorf is a town in the district of Hanover, in Lower Saxony, Germany. The Hanover fairground (in German: Messegelände Hannover) is an exhibition area in the Mittelfeld district of Hanover Germany

Bus and Light rail

Main article: Hanover Stadtbahn

Hanover (upper center) is near the center of northern Germany, west of Potsdam and Berlin, south of Hamburg, and northeast of Dortmund and Cologne. The Hanover Stadtbahn is a Stadtbahn light rail system in the city of Hanover, Germany that opened in September of 1975, gradually replacing Also see Potsdam New York (in the USA For the Potsdam Conference see Potsdam Conference. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany Dortmund (ˈdɔʁtmʊnt is a City in Germany, located in the Bundesland of North Rhine-Westphalia, in the Ruhr area.

Hanover has an extensive Stadtbahn system, traditionally operated by üstra. See also Light rail Stadtbahn (literally in German: city railway) or Premetro, is a Tramway or Light railway which The city is famous for its designer buses and tramways, the TW 6000 and TW 2000 trams being the most well-known examples. A designer is a person who designs something Perhaps the broadest definition is that provided by Herbert Simon: ‘Everyone designs who devises courses of action aimed at changing Technical parameters A single unit has a length of 2828 meters and a width of 2 History After winning the bid for the Expo 2000 in 1990 the city of Hanover faced the need to greatly improve its transportation system

Economy

The Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles Transporter factory at Hannover-Stöcken is the biggest employer in the region. Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles ( VWCV) or Volkswagen Nutzfahrzeuge ( VWN German tire and automobile parts manufacturer Continental AG has its headquarters in Hanover. Continental AG ( internally often called Conti for short is a worldwide leading manufacturer of Tires Brake systems Vehicle stability

Education

The Leibniz University Hannover is the largest funded institution in Hanover for providing higher education to the students from around the world. The University of Hanover, officially the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover or LUH, is a University located in Hanover, Below are name of universities and some of the important schools including newly opened Hannover Medical Research School in 2003 for attracting the students from biology background from around the world. The Hannover Medical School ( German: Medizinischen Hochschule Hannover abbreviated MHH in German founded in 1965 is one of the world's leading university

There are several universities in Hanover:

• Leibniz University Hannover
• Hanover Conservatory [1]
• Hanover Medical School [2]
• School of Veterinary Medicine Hanover

There is one University of Applied Science and Arts in Hanover:

• Fachhochschule Hannover [3]

Towns named after Hanover

Also, New Hanover County, North Carolina, U.S. is named after the city. The University of Hanover, officially the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover or LUH, is a University located in Hanover, The University of Veterinary Medicine Hanover ( German: Tierärztliche Hochschule Hannover, TiHo is a University in Hanover and one of the five Hanover is an area within the city of Brighton and Hove, United Kingdom. Brighton ( is a town on the south coast of England and with its neighbour Hove, forms the city of Brighton and Hove. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Hanover is a town in the Canadian province of Ontario, located in southern Grey County, west of Durham and east of Walkerton Ontario (ɒnˈtɛrioʊ is a province located in the central part of Canada, the largest by population and second largest after Quebec Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Hanover, a small town in the Northern Cape Province of South Africa, is named after Hanover in Germany The Northern Cape is a large sparsely populated province of South Africa, created in 1994 when the Cape Province was split up The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Hanover is a city in Hennepin and Wright counties in the US state of Minnesota. Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Hanover is a town along the Connecticut River in Grafton County, New Hampshire, United States. New Hampshire ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the See also Hanover Township Pennsylvania Hanover is a Borough in York County, Pennsylvania York County is a County located in the US state of Pennsylvania. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern The United States of America —commonly referred to as the New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Hanover is a town in Plymouth County, Massachusetts, United States. The Commonwealth of Massachusetts ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Hanover is a town in Oxford County, Maine, United States. The population was 251 at the 2000 census The State of Maine ( is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America, bordering the Atlantic Ocean The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Hanover Maryland, is a locality in northwestern Anne Arundel County Maryland in the United States, located south of Baltimore near the Howard County The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Hanover Courthouse is an unincorporated community in and the County seat of Hanover County, Virginia, United States. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Hanover County is a county located in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Hanover is a city in Washington County, Kansas, United States. Kansas ( is a Midwestern state in the central region of the United States of America, an area often referred to as the American " The United States of America —commonly referred to as the New Hanover County is a County located in the US state of North Carolina. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

Twin cities

Definitions

Note: Hanover is the correct English spelling, even though the German spelling is with a double n. Bristol ( ˈbrɪstəl is a city, Unitary authority and ceremonial county in South West England, west of London The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Perpignan ( French: Perpignan, pɛʀpiɲɑ̃ Catalan Perpinyà,) is a commune and the Préfecture (administrative This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This article is about the location in Malawi See also Blantyre South Lanarkshire. The Republic of Malawi (məˈlɑːwi or; formerly Nyasaland) is in southern Africa. Poznań Lublin Voivodeship This article is about the city in Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Japanese city of ( is the capital of Hiroshima Prefecture, and the largest city in the Chūgoku region of western Honshū, the largest of Japan 's For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. This sort of fix restores section edit linkpoints to where they belong Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. It should always be used when referring to the British House of Hanover (even if one chooses to write the city the German way). The House of Hanover (the Hanoverians) is a Germanic royal Dynasty which has ruled the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg

See also

• Expo 2000
• Hanover Fair (Hannover Messe)
• CeBIT (CeBIT Computer Messe)
• Oktoberfest Hannover
• Treaty of Hanover among Britain, France, and Prussia on May 19, 1727

Notable Residents

Former German Chancellor, and Hanoverian Gerhard Schröder

Emile Berliner with gramophone

• Hannah Arendt, of Jewish origin, political theorist and philosopher
• Rudolf Augstein, one of the most influential German journalists, founder of Der Spiegel
• Leopold Auer, of Jewish origin, violinist and violin teacher
• Uri Avnery, of Jewish origin, journalist
• Elly Beinhorn, one of the first long distance aviators
• Emile Berliner, of Jewish origin, inventor, best known for developing the disc record gramophone
• Valeri Brainin, of Jewish origin, musicologist and poet
• Wilhelm Busch, painter and poet
• Mathieu Carrière, actor
• Carl Dahlhaus, musicologist
• Doris Dörrie, movie director, producer, and author
• Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart, botanist, a pupil of Carolus Linnaeus
• Yvonne Georgi, dancer, choreographer and ballet mistress
• Boris Goldstein, of Jewish origin, famous violinist
• Georg Goltermann, cellist and composer
• August Grisebach, botanist, founder of phytogeography as a branch of science
• George Frideric Handel, composer
• William Herschel, astronomer
• Caroline Herschel, astronomer
• Ludwig Heinrich Christoph Hölty, poet
• August Wilhelm Iffland, actor and playwright
• Karl Jatho, first aviator, who flew with motored airplane
• Joseph Joachim, of Jewish origin, violinist, conductor, composer, and teacher
• Karl Karmarsch, educator
• Friedrich Kaulbach, painter
• Vladimir Krainev, of Jewish origin, pianist and piano teacher
• Louis Kugelmann, social democratic thinker and activist, confidant of Marx and Engels
• Gottfried Leibniz, polymath, mathematician, philosopher
• Heinrich Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort, a member of the July 20 Plot against Adolf Hitler. Expo 2000 was a World's Fair held in Hanover, Germany from June 1 to October 31, 2000. The Hannover Messe (English Hanover Fair is the world's biggest industrial fair CeBIT ( Ce ntrum der B üro- und I nformations' t' echnik; German for "Centre of Office and Information technology" is the The Oktoberfest is a two-week festival held each year in Munich, Germany during late September and early October The Treaty of Hanover was developed in response to the Treaty of Vienna (June 7 1725 in which King Philip V of Spain allied himself with Habsburg Austria after his daughter's ˌɡeɐ̯haɐ̯t fʁɪʦ kʊɐ̯t ˈʃʁøːdɐ (born 7 April 1944 German politician, was Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005 Emile Berliner ( May 20, 1851 – August 3, 1929) was a German -born American Inventor, best known for developing Rudolf Karl Augstein ( November 5, 1923 - November 7, 2002) was one of the most influential German Journalists founder and Der Spiegel (pronounced /deːɐ ˈʃpiːɡəl/ German for "The Mirror" is a German weekly Magazine, published in Hamburg Leopold Auer (In Hungarian Auer Lipót) ( June 7, 1845 – July 15, 1930) was a Hungarian Violinist, teacher Uri Avnery (אורי אבנרי also transliterated Uri Avneri, born September 10, 1923 in Beckum, Germany as Helmut Ostermann Elly Beinhorn-Rosemeyer ( May 30, 1907 &ndash November 28, 2007) was a German pilot. Emile Berliner ( May 20, 1851 – August 3, 1929) was a German -born American Inventor, best known for developing Valeri Brainin, Russian/German Musicologist, Music manager, Composer, and Poet. Wilhelm Busch ( 15 April 1832 - 9 January 1908) was a German Caricaturist, painter and Poet who Mathieu Carrière (born August 2, 1950 in Hannover, Germany) is an Actor. Carl Dahlhaus ( June 10 1928 – March 13, 1989) a Musicologist from Berlin, has been one of the major contributors to the Doris Dörrie (born 26 May 1955 in Hannover) is a German film director and producer, and Author. Jakob Friedrich Ehrhart (1742-1795 was a German Botanist, a pupil of Carolus Linnaeus at Uppsala University, and later Director of the Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for Yvonne Georgi ( October 29, 1903 in Leipzig &ndash January 25, 1975 in Hannover) was a German dancer choreographer Boris Goldstein (Busya Goldshtein (25 of December 1922 Odessa - 8 of November 1987 Hanover, Germany) was one of the brightest stars of violin Georg Goltermann should not be confused with Julius Goltermann (1825-1876 the cellist teacher of David Popper. August Heinrich Rudolf Grisebach was a German botanist and phytogeographer. Sir Frederick William Herschel FRS KH ( 15 November 1738 – 25 August 1822) was a German -born British Caroline Lucretia Herschel ( 1750-03-16, Hanover &ndash 1848-01-09) was a German -born English Astronomer, the sister Ludwig Heinrich Christoph Hölty ( December 21, 1748 - September 1, 1776) was a German Poet, known especially for his August Wilhelm Iffland ( April 19, 1759 &ndash September 22, 1814) was a German Actor and dramatic Author Karl Jatho ( February 3, 1873 - December 8, 1933) was a German pioneer and inventor performer and public servant of the city of Joseph Joachim (June 28 1831 &ndash August 15 1907 (ˈjoʊɑːxɪːm was a Hungarian Violinist, conductor, Composer and teacher Karl Karmarsch ( October 17, 1803 - March 24, 1879) was a German Educator, founding director of the Polytechnic School in Theodor Friedrich Wilhelm Christian Kaulbach ( 8 July 1822 &ndash 17 September 1903) was a German painter from Bad Vladimir Krainev (born 1944 is a Russian pianist and professor of Piano. Louis Kugelmann, or Ludwig Kugelmann ( February 19, 1828, Lemförde - January 9, 1902 Hannover) was a German Friedrich Engels (28 November 1820 – 5 August 1895 was a German social scientist and philosopher, who Heinrich Ahasverus Graf von Lehndorff-Steinort ( 22 June 1909 – 4 September 1944) was a member of the July 20 Plot against Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately
• Theodor Lessing, of Jewish origin, philosopher
• Heinrich Marschner, composer
• Otto Fritz Meyerhof, of Jewish origin, physician and biochemist, was awarded the Nobel Prize in Medicine
• Karl Philipp Moritz, author, editor, and essayist of the Sturm und Drang
• Rudolf Erich Raspe, librarian, writer, and scientist
• Dieter Roth, printmaker and mixed-media artist
• Otto Sander, movie, theater, and voice actor
• Georg Sauerwein, publisher, poet, linguist, and polyglot (about 60 languages)
• August Wilhelm Schlegel, poet, translator, critic, and a foremost leader of German Romanticism
• Karl Wilhelm Friedrich Schlegel, poet, critic and scholar
• Maria Schrader, movie actress
• Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor of Germany from 1998 to 2005
• Heinrich Schütz, composer and organist
• Reinhard Schwarz-Schilling, componist
• Kurt Schwitters, painter and poet, representer of Dadaism, Constructivism, and Surrealism
• The Scorpions, rock band
• Berthold Carl Seemann, botanist
• Bernhard Sprengel, chocolate manufacturer and modern art collector
• Alfred Graf von Waldersee, Chief of the Imperial German General Staff from 1888 to 1891
• Frank Wedekind, dramatist
• Grethe Weiser, actress
• Kai Wiesinger, movie actor
• Mary Wigman, dancer, choreographer, and instructor of dance
• Ricardo Wolf, of Jewish origin, inventor, diplomat, philanthropist, the founder of the Wolf Foundation

References

External links

• WikiSatellite view of Hanover
• Hanover travel guide from Wikitravel
• City's own website
• Official website for tourism, holiday and leisure in Lower Saxony and Hanover
• (German) EXPOseeum - see what is left from Expo 2000
• (English) (German) tram in Hanover
• http://www.mh-hannover.de/hbrs.html
• (German) SV Odin von 1905 website