| Halloween Hallowe'en | |
 A jack-o'-lantern | |
| Also called | All Hallows Eve All Saints' Eve Samhain Hallowed End |
|---|---|
| Observed by | United Kingdom, United States, Ireland, Canada, sometimes Australia and New Zealand and many Latin American countries where it is known as Noche de las Brujas (Night of the Witches)[1] |
| Type | Religious, Cultural (celebrated mostly irrespective of religion) |
| Significance | There are many sources of Halloween's significance |
| Date | October 31 |
| Celebrations | Trick-or-treating, ghost tours, bobbing for apples, costume parties, carving jack-o'-lanterns, bonfires, and fireworks (in Ireland) |
Halloween, or Hallowe'en, is a holiday celebrated on the night of October 31. A jack-o'-lantern (sometimes also spelled Jack O'Lantern)is typically a carved Pumpkin. Samhain (ˈsaʊn or /ˈsɑːwɪn/ Irish /ˈsˠaunʲ/ from the Old Irish samain) is the word for November in a few Gaelic languages The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Bobbing for apples, also known as apple bobbing, is a game customarily played on Halloween. A costume party ( American English) or a fancy dress party ( British English) mainly in contemporary Western culture, is a type of Party A jack-o'-lantern (sometimes also spelled Jack O'Lantern)is typically a carved Pumpkin. See also Campfire. bonfire is a large controlled outdoor Fire. A firework is classified as a low explosive pyrotechnic device used primarily for aesthetic and entertainment purposes Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Lists of holidays The words holiday or vacation have related meanings in different English-speaking countries and continents but will usually refer to one of Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse [1] Halloween activities include trick-or-treating, ghost tours, bonfires, costume parties, visiting "haunted houses" and carving jack-o-lanterns. See also Campfire. bonfire is a large controlled outdoor Fire. A costume party ( American English) or a fancy dress party ( British English) mainly in contemporary Western culture, is a type of Party A haunted attraction or dark attraction is a venue which simulates the experience of visiting a structure or outside space that is inhabited by what appear to be A jack-o'-lantern (sometimes also spelled Jack O'Lantern)is typically a carved Pumpkin. Irish immigrants carried versions of the tradition to North America in the nineteenth century. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Other western countries embraced the holiday in the late twentieth century. Halloween is celebrated in several countries of the Western world, most commonly in Ireland, the United States, Canada, Puerto Rico, the United Kingdom, and occasionally in parts of Australia and New Zealand. The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. New Zealand is an Island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses (the North Island and the South Island
Contents |
History
The modern holiday of Halloween has its origins in the ancient Celtic festival known as Samhain (Irish pronunciation: [ˈsˠaunʲ]; from the Old Irish samain). Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts A festival is an event usually and ordinarily staged by a local community which centers on some unique aspect of that community Samhain (ˈsaʊn or /ˈsɑːwɪn/ Irish /ˈsˠaunʲ/ from the Old Irish samain) is the word for November in a few Gaelic languages Old Irish is the name given to the oldest form of the Irish language, or rather the Goidelic languages, for which extensive written texts are possessed [2] The festival of Samhain is a celebration of the end of the harvest season in Gaelic culture, and is sometimes erroneously[3] regarded as the "Celtic New Year". In Agriculture, the harvest is the process of Gathering mature crops from the fields Reaping is the cutting of Grain [4] Traditionally, the festival was a time used by the ancient pagans to take stock of supplies and slaughter livestock for winter stores. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world The ancient Gaels believed that on October 31, the boundary between the alive and the deceased dissolved, and the dead become dangerous for the living by causing problems such as sickness or damaged crops. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse The festivals would frequently involve bonfires, where the bones of slaughtered livestock were thrown. Costumes and masks were also worn at the festivals in an attempt to mimic the evil spirits or placate them. A mask is an artefact normally worn on the face typically for protection concealment performance or amusement [5][6]
History of name
The term Halloween (and its alternative rendering Hallowe'en) is shortened from All-hallow-even, as it is the eve of "All Hallows' Day",[7] which is now also known as All Saints' Day. For the British girl group see All Saints (band. All Saints' Day (also called All Hallows or Hallowmas) often For the British girl group see All Saints (band. All Saints' Day (also called All Hallows or Hallowmas) often It was a day of religious festivities in various northern European Pagan traditions,[4] until Popes Gregory III and Gregory IV moved the old Christian feast of All Saints' Day from May 13 (which had itself been the date of a pagan holiday, the Feast of the Lemures) to November 1. Gregory III (died November 29, 741) was Pope from 731 to 741 A Syrian by birth he succeeded Gregory II in March 731 Gregory IV, Pope ( September 20, 827 - January 11, 844) was chosen to succeed Valentine in December 827 on which occasion The Calendar of saints is a traditional Christian method of organizing a Liturgical year on the level of days by associating each day with one or more Saints Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. In Roman religion, the Lemuralia or Lemuria was a feast during which the ancient Romans performed Rites to exorcise the malevolent Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi In the ninth century, the Church measured the day as starting at sunset, in accordance with the Florentine calendar. The Florentine Calendar was used in Italy in the Middle Ages In this system the new day begins at sunset Although All Saints' Day is now considered to occur one day after Halloween, the two holidays were, at that time, celebrated on the same day. Liturgically, the Church traditionally celebrated that day as the Vigil of All Saints, and, until 1970, a day of fasting as well. Pettie The Vigiljpg|right|thumb|200px|"A Knight's Vigil" by John Pettie]] A vigil (from the Latin vigilia, meaning wakefulness) is Like other vigils, it was celebrated on the previous day if it fell on a Sunday, although secular celebrations of the holiday remained on the 31st. The Vigil was suppressed in 1955, but was later restored in the post-Vatican II calendar.
Symbols
The carved pumpkin, lit by a candle inside, is one of Halloween's most prominent symbols. Pumpkin is a Gourd -like squash of the genus Cucurbita and the family Cucurbitaceae (which also includes gourds These lanterns are usually carved from a turnip or swede (or more uncommonly a mangelwurzel). For similar vegetables also called "turnip" see Turnip (disambiguation. The swede, (yellow turnip, swedish turnip or rutabaga ( Brassica napobrassica, or Brassica napus var Mangelwurzel or mangold wurzel ( Beta vulgaris) is a Root vegetable of the family Chenopodiaceae, genus Beta (the The jack-o'-lantern can be traced back to the Irish legend of Stingy Jack,[8] a greedy, gambling, hard-drinking old farmer. He tricked the devil into climbing a tree and trapped him by carving a cross into the tree trunk. In revenge, the devil placed a curse on Jack, condemning him to forever wander the earth at night. This story has been passed down through generations of Irish families. The carving of pumpkins is associated with Halloween in North America,[9] where pumpkins were readily available and much larger, making them easier to carve than turnips. Many families that celebrate Halloween carve a pumpkin into a frightening or comical face and place it on their home's doorstep after dark. In America the tradition of carving pumpkins is known to have preceded the Great Famine period of Irish immigration. The tradition of carving vegetable lanterns may have been brought over by the Scottish or English--documentation is unavailable to establish when or by whom. The carved pumpkin was originally associated with harvest time in general in America and did not become specifically associated with Halloween until the mid-to-late 19th century.
The imagery surrounding Halloween is largely an amalgamation of the Halloween season itself, nearly a century of work from American filmmakers and graphic artists,[10] and a rather commercialized take on the dark and mysterious. A film director, or filmmaker, is a person who directs the making of a Film. A graphic designer (also known as a graphic artist and communication designer) is a professional within the Graphic design and Graphic arts industry Halloween imagery tends to involve death, magic, or mythical monsters. A monster is any of a large number of Legendary creatures which usually appear in Mythology, Legend, or Horror fiction. Traditional characters include ghosts, ghouls, witches, vampires, bats, owls, crows, vultures, pumpkinmen, black cats, spiders, goblins, zombies, mummies, skeletons, and demons. A ghost is said to be the apparition of a Deceased person frequently similar in appearance to that person and usually encountered in places she or he frequented A ghoul is a Monster from ancient Arabian folklore that dwells in burial grounds and other uninhabited places Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living The Owls are an order of birds of prey. Most are Solitary, and nocturnal, with some exceptions (e The true crows are large Passerine Birds that comprise the Genus Corvus in the family Corvidae. Vultures are scavenging Birds feeding mostly on the carcasses of dead Animals Vultures are found on every continent except Antarctica and A black cat is a Felid whose fur is uniformly black It is not a particular breed of cat and may be mixed or of a specific breed Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings A goblin is an evil crabby or Mischievous Creature of Folklore, often described as a grotesquely disfigured or Gnome -like phantom zombie is a reanimated human corpse Stories of zombies originated in the Afro-Caribbean spiritual belief system of Vodou, which told of the people being controlled An animated skeleton is a type of physically manifested Undead often found in Fantasy, gothic and Horror fiction, and mythical [11]
Particularly in America, symbolism is inspired by classic horror films, which contain fictional figures like Dracula, Frankenstein's monster, and The Mummy. Horror films are Movies that strive to elicit Fear, Horror and terror responses from viewers Dracula is an 1897 novel by Irish author Bram Stoker, featuring as its primary Antagonist the vampire Count Dracula. Frankenstein's monster (or Frankenstein's creature) is a Fictional character that first appeared in Mary Shelley 's novel Frankenstein or The Mummy is a 1932 horror classic from Universal Pictures directed by Karl Freund and starring Boris Karloff as a Elements of the autumn season, such as pumpkins and scarecrows, are also prevalent. A scarecrow is a device traditionally a human figure dressed in old clothes or Mannequin, that is used to discourage Birds such as Crows from disturbing Homes are often decorated with these types of symbols around Halloween.
Black and orange are the traditional colours of Halloween. The colour orange occurs [12]
| Color | Symbolism |
|---|---|
| Black | death, night, witches, black cats, bats, vampires, fear, ghostliness, silence |
| Orange | pumpkins, Jack O' lanterns, Autumn, the turning leaves, fire, sunset |
Trick-or-treating and guising
United States and Canada
The main event for children of modern Halloween in the United States and Canada is trick-or-treating, in which children disguise themselves in costumes and go door-to-door in their neighborhoods, ringing each doorbell and yelling "trick or treat!" to solicit a gift of candy or similar items. Halloween costumes are outfits worn on or around October 31, the day of Halloween. [13] Although the practice resembles the older tradition of "souling" in Ireland and Scotland, ritual begging on Halloween does not appear in English-speaking North America until the 20th century, and may have developed independently. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Upon receiving trick-or-treaters, the house occupants (who might also be in costume) often hand out small candies, miniature chocolate bars, nuts, loose change, soda pop, stickers, or even crayons and pencils. Candy, specifically sugar candy, is a confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water to which a variety of flavorings and colorants is added Nut is a general term for the large dry oily Seeds or Fruit of some Plants. Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or Some homes will use sound effects and fog machines to help establish an eerie atmosphere. For the album by The Jam see Sound Affects. Sound effects or audio effects are artificially created or enhanced Sounds A fog machine (also called a smoke machine) is a device which emits a dense vapor that appears similar to Fog or Smoke. Other less scary house decoration themes might be used to entertain younger visitors. Children can often accumulate many treats on Halloween night, filling up entire pillow cases, pumpkin-shaped buckets, shopping bags, or large plastic containers. Another way some teens may amuse themselves is by finding a house with candy they like and going back to it over and over with different masks on. Large parties are commonly held on Halloween in which games like bobbing for apples and spooky story telling are common.
Ireland
All over Ireland, huge bonfires are lit. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Young children in disguise are warmly received by their neighbors with gifts of "fruit, miniature chocolate bars, loose change, peanuts and of course sweets" for the "Halloween Party", whilst their older male siblings play innocent pranks on bewildered victims. The peanut, or Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the Legume family Fabaceae native to South America, Mexico Some homes will put up decorations including Halloween lights. Children have the week off from school for Halloween, and it is common for teenagers and for college students to spend weeknights out and about with friends, pranking and causing mischief, if not trick-or-treating themselves, and perhaps even "egging" [throwing eggs at] houses, drinking alcohol, throwing bangers and setting off fireworks. A firecracker (also known as a cracker, noise maker, banger or bunger) is a small Explosive device primarily designed to produce A firework is classified as a low explosive pyrotechnic device used primarily for aesthetic and entertainment purposes
Lebanon
In Lebanon a similar holiday is celebrated on the eve of Saint Barbara's Day (December 4). Lebanon (ˈlɛbənɒn Arabic: ar لبنان Lubnān) officially the Republic of Lebanon or Lebanese Republic (ar الجمهورية اللبنانية Children disguised in costumes also go trick-or-treating to invoke the saint's wandering in the mountains.
Scotland
In Scotland, children are known as "guisers", though this term is now going into decline. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. In the past, the children going guising would dress in various (often home-made) costumes and disguises: hence (dis)'guisers'. The most popular costumes were skeletons, witches and various forms of scary fiends, complete with papier-mâché masks, though nurses' or cowboys' outfits were also given a rather incongruous outing. They would then form small bands of mixed-age children, the older ones trailing their younger siblings behind them, and venture out into the darkness each with their lantern. Until at least the 1970s the traditional Halloween light carried by Scottish children was not the now ubiquitous pumpkin but a 'tumshie lantern' made, as with a pumpkin, by hollowing out a very large swede/yellow turnip ("tumshie" in the West of Scotland dialect of Scots) and carving a scary face, through which shone the candle inside. A dialect (from the Greek word διάλεκτος dialektos) is a variety of a Language that is characteristic of a particular group of Then, each carrying their tumshie lantern, they would knock on all the neighbours' doors where the eldest or boldest of the group would ask, "Are ye wantin' any guisers?". If the answer was yes, the children would be invited inside where the grown-ups would pretend to try to guess the identity of each guiser, who then had to impress the company with a song, poem, trick, joke or dance—known as their 'party piece'—in order to earn treats. Today, however, they simply say "trick or treat" in order to earn sweets. Traditionally, nuts, oranges, apples and dried fruit as well as "sweeties" were offered, though children might earn a small amount of cash, usually no more than 50p. Dried fruit is fruit that has been dried, either naturally or through use of a machine such as a Food dehydrator. In some houses the neighbours would have prepared a pail or basin filled with apples ready for the game of 'dookin' for apples'. The children had to 'dook' (Scots) their faces into the water with their hands behind their backs to try to pick up an apple by biting into it.
England and Wales
In England and Wales, trick-or-treating does occur, although the practice is regarded by some as a nuisance or even a menacing form of begging. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland [14] In some areas, households have started to put decorations on the front door to indicate that trick-or-treaters are welcome, the idea being that trick-or-treaters will avoid a house not participating in the custom. Tricks currently play a less prominent role, though Halloween night is often marked by vandalism such as soaping windows, egging houses or stringing toilet paper through trees. Egging refers to the act of throwing Eggs at houses cars or people [15]
In Welsh, Halloween is known as Nos Galan Gaeaf (the beginning of the new year). Spirits are said to walk around and a "white lady" ghost is sometimes said to appear. Bonfires are lit on hillsides to mark the night.
Costumes
Halloween costumes are traditionally those of monsters such as vampires, ghosts, skeletons, witches, and devils. Halloween costumes are outfits worn on or around October 31, the day of Halloween. Vampires are mythological or folkloric revenants who subsist by feeding on the blood of the living A ghost is said to be the apparition of a Deceased person frequently similar in appearance to that person and usually encountered in places she or he frequented An animated skeleton is a type of physically manifested Undead often found in Fantasy, gothic and Horror fiction, and mythical Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers The Devil is the Costumes are also based on themes other than traditional horror, such as those of characters from television shows, movies and other pop culture icons.
Costume sales
BIGresearch conducted a survey for the National Retail Federation in the United States and found that 53. The National Retail Federation is the world's largest Retail Trade association. 3% of consumers planned to buy a costume for Halloween 2005, spending $38. 11 on average (up 10 dollars from the year before). They were also expected to spend $4. 96 billion in 2006, up significantly from just $3. 3 billion the previous year. [16]
UNICEF
"'Trick-or-Treat for UNICEF" has become a common sight during Halloween in North America. The United Nations Children's Fund (or UNICEF) was created by the United Nations General Assembly on December 11, 1946 Started as a local event in a Philadelphia suburb in 1950, and expanded nationally in 1952, the program involves the distribution of small boxes by schools (or in modern times, corporate sponsors like Hallmark at their licensed stores) to trick-or-treaters, in which they can solicit small change donations from the houses they visit. Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə A hallmark is a mark or series of marks struck on items made of precious metals &mdash Platinum, Gold, Silver and in some nations Palladium It is estimated that children have collected more than $119 million (US) for UNICEF since its inception. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been In 2006, UNICEF discontinued their Halloween collection boxes in parts of the world, citing safety and administrative concerns. [17]
Games and other activities
There are several games traditionally associated with Halloween parties. The most common is dooking or bobbing for apples, in which apples float in a tub or a large basin of water; the participants must use their teeth to remove an apple from the basin. Bobbing for apples, also known as apple bobbing, is a game customarily played on Halloween. The apple is the pomaceous Fruit of the apple tree Species Malus domestica in the Rose family Rosaceae. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. A variant of dooking involves kneeling on a chair, holding a fork between the teeth and trying to drop the fork into an apple. Another common game involves hanging up treacle or syrup-coated scones by strings; these must be eaten without using hands while they remain attached to the string, an activity which inevitably leads to a very sticky face. In Cooking, a syrup (from Arabic' ar شراب sharab, beverage via Latin siropus) is a thick Viscous Liquid The scone is a British snack of Scottish origin A small quickbread made of Wheat, Barley or Oatmeal, usually with
Some games traditionally played at Halloween are forms of divination. Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining In Puicíní (pronounced "poocheeny"), a game played in Ireland, a blindfolded person is seated in front of a table on which several saucers are placed. The saucers are shuffled and the seated person then chooses one by touch. The contents of the saucer determine the person's life during the following year. A saucer containing earth means someone known to the player will die during the next year, a saucer containing water foretells emigration, a ring foretells marriage, a set of Rosary beads indicates that the person will take Holy Orders (becoming a nun or a priest). The Rosary (from Latin rosarium, meaning "rose garden" or "garland of roses" is a popular traditional Roman Catholic devotion. In a general sense the term Holy Orders refers to those in the Christian religion who have been ordained in Apostolic Succession. A Nun is a Woman who has taken special vows committing her to a religious life A priest or priestess is a person having the authority or power to administer religious rites in particular rites of sacrifice to and propitiation of a deity or deities A coin means new wealth, a bean means poverty, and so on. In 19th century Ireland, young women placed slugs in saucers sprinkled with flour. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world A traditional Irish and Scottish form of divining one's future spouse is to carve an apple in one long strip, then toss the peel over one's shoulder. The peel is believed to land in the shape of the first letter of the future spouse's name. This custom has survived among Irish and Scottish immigrants in the rural United States.
In North America, unmarried women were frequently told that if they sat in a darkened room and gazed into a mirror on Halloween night, the face of their future husband would appear in the mirror. However, if they were destined to die before marriage, a skull would appear. Symbols of death are the symbolic, often allegorical, portrayal of Death in various Cultures For allegorical figures that portray death see The custom was widespread enough to be commemorated on greeting cards from the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. A greeting card is an illustrated folded card featuring an expression of friendship or other sentiment
The telling of ghost stories and viewing of horror films are common fixtures of Halloween parties. A ghost story may be any piece of Fiction, or Drama, that includes a Ghost, or simply takes as a Premise the possibility of ghosts or the belief Horror films are Movies that strive to elicit Fear, Horror and terror responses from viewers Episodes of TV series and specials with Halloween themes (with the specials usually aimed at children) are commonly aired on or before the holiday while new horror films, like the popular Saw films, are often released theatrically before the holiday to take advantage of the atmosphere. A television special is a Television program, typically a Short film or Television movie, which interrupts or temporarily replaces programming normally The Saw series is a Horror film franchise created by director James Wan and Screenwriter Leigh Whannell.
Visiting a haunted attraction like a haunted house or hayride (especially in the northeastern or midwest of the USA) are other Halloween practices. A haunted attraction or dark attraction is a venue which simulates the experience of visiting a structure or outside space that is inhabited by what appear to be A hayride is a pleasure ride in an open Truck, Wagon or Sleigh which has been decorated with Hay or Straw and similar Notwithstanding the name, such events are not necessarily held in houses, nor are the edifices themselves necessarily regarded to have actual ghosts. A variant of the haunted house is the "haunted trail", where the public encounters supernatural-themed characters or presentations of scenes from horror films while following a trail through a field or forest. One of the largest Halloween attractions in the United States is Knott's Scary Farm in California, which features re-themed amusement park rides and a dozen different walk through mazes, plus hundreds of costumed roving performers. Knott's Berry Farm is a brand name of two separate entities in the United States: a Theme park in Buena Park California, and a manufacturer of food Among other theme parks, Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom stages a special separate admission event after regular park hours called Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party featuring a parade, stage show featuring Disney villains and a Happy HalloWishes fireworks show with a Halloween theme, while their sibling park in California, Disneyland Resort, holds Mickey's Halloween Treat at their California Adventure park. Walt Disney World Resort is the most visited and largest recreational resort in the world containing four Theme parks two Water parks twenty-three themed hotels This article is about the Theme park at Walt Disney World Resort. Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party is a separate-admission (a/k/a hard ticket Halloween -themed event held annually during the months of September and October at the HalloWishes (known by its full title of "Happy HalloWishes A Grim Grinning Ghosts Spooktacular in the Sky" is a Fireworks show that takes place during " A firework is classified as a low explosive pyrotechnic device used primarily for aesthetic and entertainment purposes The Disneyland Resort is a recreational Resort complex Mickey's Trick-or-Treat Party (formerly known as "Mickey's Halloween Treat" from 2005 until 2007 is an annual Halloween -themed separate admission (also Disney's California Adventure Park (commonly referred to by its initials DCA) is a Theme park in Anaheim California, adjacent to Disneyland Park The Universal Studios theme parks in Hollywood and Orlando also feature annual Halloween events, dubbed Halloween Horror Nights. Universal Studios, the film division of NBC Universal, operates a number of Theme parks based around the movies it has produced Halloween Horror Nights could refer to The Halloween Horror Nights event that takes place at the Universal Orlando Resort The Six Flags amusement parks also have Halloween events called Fright Fest in which visitors enjoy redecorated rides, costumed goals, special shows and more. Six Flags Inc (commonly Six Flags) is one of the world's largest chains of Amusement parks and Theme parks, based on quantity of properties Fright Fest is an event that takes place at Six Flags Parks during the Halloween season Busch Gardens Howl-O-Scream Tampa Bay also hosts a few weeks of Halloween themed fun. There are many haunted houses each with a different theme, "scare zones" where costumed performers scare random passerby, live shows, special themed food and much more.
Foods
Because the holiday comes in the wake of the annual apple harvest, candy apples (also known as toffee, taffy or caramel apples) are a common Halloween treat made by rolling whole apples in a sticky sugar syrup, and sometimes rolling them in nuts. At one time, candy apples were commonly given to children, but the practice rapidly waned in the wake of widespread rumors that some individuals were embedding items like pins and razor blades in the apples. The poisoned candy scare was a Moral panic in the United States during the 1970s and 1980s regarding the threat that children could be in danger of ingesting [18] While there is evidence of such incidents,[19] they are quite rare and have never resulted in serious injury. Nonetheless, many parents assumed that such heinous practices were rampant; at the peak of the hysteria, some hospitals offered free x-rays of children's Halloween hauls in order to find evidence of tampering. Virtually all of the few known candy poisoning incidents involved parents who poisoned their own children's candy, while there have been occasional reports of children putting needles in their own (and other children's) candy in a mere bid for attention.
One custom which persists in modern-day day Ireland is the baking (or more often nowadays the purchase) of a barmbrack (Irish "báirín breac"), which is a light fruit cake into which a plain ring is placed before baking. Barmbrack ( Irish: Báirín Breac is a Yeasted Bread with added sultanas and Raisins Usually sold in flattened rounds it is often Fruitcake (or fruit cake) is a Cake made with chopped Candied fruit and/or dried Fruit, nuts and Spices and optionally soaked It is said that those who get a ring will find their true love in the ensuing year. See also king cake. A king cake (sometimes rendered as kingcake or kings' cake) is a type of Cake associated with the festival of Epiphany in the Christmas
Other foods associated with the holiday:
- Candy corn
- Báirín Breac (Ireland)
- Colcannon (Ireland)
- Bonfire toffee (in the UK)
- Toffee Apple (Australia when celebrated, England, Wales and Scotland, instead of "Candy Apples")
- Apple cider
- Cider
- Roasted sweetcorn
- Popcorn
- Roasted pumpkin seeds
- Pumpkin pie and pumpkin bread
- "Fun-sized" or individually wrapped pieces of small candy, typically in Halloween colors of orange, and brown/black. Candy corn is a confection popular in the United States, particularly around Halloween. Colcannon (cál ceannann - white headed cabbage) is a food made from Mashed potatoes, Kale or Cabbage, butter salt and pepper Bonfire toffee, or treacle toffee is a very hard very brittle Toffee that is associated with Halloween and For the alcoholic beverage known in the US as hard apple cider see Cider. For the non-alcoholic beverage commonly known in the US as "cider" see Apple cider. Sweet corn ( Zea mays var rugosa) also called indian corn, sweetcorn, sugar corn, pole corn, or simply corn Popcorn or popping corn is a type of corn which explodes from the kernel and puffs up when heated A pepita (from Spanish pepita de calabaza, "little seed of squash" is an edible Seed of a Pumpkin or other Cultivar of Pumpkin Pie is a traditional North American sweet Dessert usually made in the Fall and early Winter, especially for Thanksgiving and Pumpkin Bread is a type of moist Quick bread made with Pumpkins that is relatively involved to make because pumpkin must be cooked and softened before being used
- Novelty candy shaped like skulls, pumpkins, bats, worms, etc.
- Small bags of chips, pretzels and cheese corn
- Chocolates, caramels, and gum
- Nuts
Around the world
Ireland
Halloween is very popular in Ireland, where it originated, and is known in Irish as Oíche Shamhna (pron: ee-hah how-nah), literally "Samhain Night". Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Pre-Christian Celts had an autumn festival, Samhain (pronounced /ˈsˠaunʲ/from the Old Irish samain), "End of Summer", a pastoral and agricultural "fire festival" or feast, when the dead revisited the mortal world, and large communal bonfires would hence be lit to ward off evil spirits. The Phonology of the Irish language varies from dialect to dialect; there is no standard pronunciation of the language Old Irish is the name given to the oldest form of the Irish language, or rather the Goidelic languages, for which extensive written texts are possessed
Pope Gregory IV standardized the date of All Saints' Day, or All Hallows' Day, on November 1 in the name of the entire Western Church in 835. Gregory IV, Pope ( September 20, 827 - January 11, 844) was chosen to succeed Valentine in December 827 on which occasion Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi As the church day began at sunset, the holiday coincided exactly with Samhain. It is claimed that the choice of date was consistent with the common practice of leaving pagan festivals and buildings intact (e. g. , the Pantheon), while overlaying a Christian meaning. The Pantheon ( Latin Pantheon, from Greek Πάνθειον Pantheon, meaning "Temple of all the gods" is a building in Rome [20]. However, no reliable documentation indicates such a motivation in this case. While the Celts might have been content to move All Saints' Day from their own previous date of April 20, the rest of the world celebrating it on May 13, [21] it is speculated without evidence that they were unwilling to give up their pre-existing autumn festival of the dead and continued to celebrate Samhain. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Festival of the Dead is held by many cultures throughout the world in honor or recognition of deceased members of the community generally occurring after the harvest in August September Samhain (ˈsaʊn or /ˈsɑːwɪn/ Irish /ˈsˠaunʲ/ from the Old Irish samain) is the word for November in a few Gaelic languages
Unfortunately, there is frustratingly little primary documentation of how Halloween was celebrated in preindustrial Ireland. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines In Historiography, a primary source (also called original source) is a Document, Recording Historian Nicholas Rogers has written,
It is not always easy to track the development of Halloween in Ireland and Scotland from the mid-seventeenth century, largely because one has to trace ritual practices from [modern] folkloric evidence that do not necessarily reflect how the holiday might have changed; these rituals may not be "authentic" or "timeless" examples of pre-industrial times. [22]
On Halloween night in present-day Ireland, adults and children dress up as creatures from the underworld (e. g. , ghosts, ghouls, zombies, witches and goblins), light bonfires, and enjoy spectacular fireworks displays – in particular, the city of Derry is home to the largest organised Halloween celebration on the island, in the form of a street carnival and fireworks display. [23] It is also common for fireworks to be set off for the entire month preceding Halloween, as well as a few days after. Halloween was perceived as the night during which the division between the world of the living and the otherworld was blurred so spirits of the dead and inhabitants from the underworld were able to walk free on the earth. It was believed necessary to dress as a spirit or otherworldly creature when venturing outdoors to blend in, and this is where dressing in such a manner for Halloween comes from. This gradually evolved into trick-or-treating because children would knock on their neighbours' doors, in order to gather fruit, nuts, and sweets for the Halloween festival. Salt was once sprinkled in the hair of the children to protect against evil spirits.
The houses are frequently adorned with turnips carved into scary faces; lights or candles are sometimes placed inside the carvings to provide an eerie effect. For similar vegetables also called "turnip" see Turnip (disambiguation. The traditional Halloween cake in Ireland is the barmbrack, which is a fruit bread. Barmbrack ( Irish: Báirín Breac is a Yeasted Bread with added sultanas and Raisins Usually sold in flattened rounds it is often Barmbrack is the centre of this Irish custom. The Halloween Brack traditionally contained various objects baked into the bread and was used as a sort of fortune-telling game. Fortune-telling is the practice of predicting the future usually of an individual through mystical or supernatural means and often for commercial gain In the barmbrack were: a pea, a stick, a piece of cloth, a small coin (originally a silver sixpence) and a ring. Each item, when received in the slice, was supposed to carry a meaning to the person concerned: the pea, the person would not marry that year; the stick, "to beat one's wife with", would have an unhappy marriage or continually be in disputes; the cloth or rag, would have bad luck or be poor; the coin, would enjoy good fortune or be rich; and the ring, would be married within the year. Commercially produced barmbracks for the Halloween market still include a toy ring.
Games are often played, such as bobbing for apples, where apples, peanuts and other nuts and fruit and some small coins are placed in a basin of water. The apples and nuts float, but the coins, which sink, are harder to catch. Everyone takes turns catching as many items possible using only their mouths. In some households, the coins are embedded in the fruit for the children to "earn" as they catch each apple. Another common game involves the hands-free eating of an apple hung on a string attached to the ceiling. Games of divination are also played at Halloween, but are becoming less popular.
At lunch-time (midday meal, sometimes called "dinner" in Ireland[24]), a traditional Halloween meal Colcannon is eaten, often with coins wrapped in grease-proof paper mixed in. Colcannon (cál ceannann - white headed cabbage) is a food made from Mashed potatoes, Kale or Cabbage, butter salt and pepper In recent decades the practice of midday dinners in the home has declined and with it this traditional Halloween ritual. Irish children typically have a week-long Halloween break from school; the last Monday in October is a public holiday in the Republic of Ireland, given as Halloween even though they often do not fall on the same day. Public holidays are observed in the Republic of Ireland on School Holidays (Primary In Ireland the academic year in
Scotland
Scotland, having a shared Gaelic culture and language with Ireland, has celebrated the festival of Samhain (Pronounced Sow-win) robustly for many centuries. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Samhain (ˈsaʊn or /ˈsɑːwɪn/ Irish /ˈsˠaunʲ/ from the Old Irish samain) is the word for November in a few Gaelic languages The autumn festival is pre-Christian Celtic in origin, and is known in Scottish Gaelic as Oidhche Shamhna the “End of Summer”. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. During the fire festival, souls of the dead wander the earth and are free to return to the mortal world until dawn. Traditionally bonfires and lanterns (samhnag) in Scottish Gaelic, would be lit to ward off the phantoms and evil spirits that emerge at midnight. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The term Samhainn or Samhuinn is used for the harvest feast, and an t-Samhain is used for the entire month of November.
As in Ireland the exact customs involved with celebrating Halloween from ancient times to pre-industrialised Scotland are lost and lack primary documentation, to distinguish the ancient customs from the modern counterpart. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Witchcraft Act of 1735 contained a clause preventing the consumption of pork and pastry comestibles on Halloween although in modern times such treats are a popular treat for children; the act was repealed in the 1950s. Scotland's National Bard Robert Burns portrayed the varied custom for children to dress up in costumes in his poem "Hallowe'en" (1785). Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796 (also known as Rabbie Burns, Scotland's favourite son, the Ploughman Poet, the Bard of Ayrshire
Halloween was seen as being the time when the division between the world of the living and the otherworld was blurred. Many of the traditional customs derive from ancient divination practices and ways of trying to predict the future. By the 18th century, most of the customs were methods for young people to search for their future husbands or wives. As Samhainn was originally a harvest festival, many of these strange practices are connected with food or the harvest and fertility. One old custom associated with the Western Isles was to put two large nuts in the hearth of a peat fire. The Outer Hebrides, ( officially known for local government purposes by the Gaelic name Na h-Eileanan Siar) comprise an island Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter. These were supposed to represent yourself and your intended spouse. If the nuts curled together when they warmed up then this was deemed to be a good omen, but if they jumped apart then it was time to look for another sweetheart. Islanders from Lewis traditionally poured ale into the sea in libation to a marine God called “Seonaidh” or “Shoney”on Celtic Samhain or Halloween, so that he would send seaweed to the shore to fertilise the fields for the coming year. Lewis ( Leòdhas ʎɔːɣəs̪ ( Norse: Ljoðhús "home Seonaidh (anglicised Shony or Shoney, and also used for the name "Johnny" in modern Scottish Gaelic) was according to Martin Martin Seonadh in Scottish Gaelic means, sorcery, augury, or Druidism, and it is possible that the custom of Shonaidh is the direct link to an ancient form of Celtic god worship that has been Christianised. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The Augur was a priest and official in the classical world especially Ancient Rome and Etruria. A druid was a member of the priestly and learned class in the ancient Celtic societies As "Seonaidh", which is Gaelic "Johnny", it may also be a reference to one of St John, and an invocation of him.
Fire rituals were also important. Great bonfires were lit in a village, or by individual families, and when the fire died down, its ashes were used to form a circle and one stone for each member of the household was kept inside this circle near the circumference. If any stone were displaced or seemed broken by next morning, then the person to whom that stone belonged was believed to be destined to die within a year. A similar rite in north Wales includes a great bonfire called Coel Coeth’ being built for each family on Halloween. Later, the members of the household threw a white stone in the ashes marked in their name. Next morning, all the stones were searched for and if any stone were missing, then the person who threw that stone was believed to be destined to die before next Halloween. In particular, the village of Fortingall in Perthshire, held festivities on Carn na Marbh ‘Mound of the Dead',. Fortingall is a small village in highland Perthshire, Scotland, in the glen (or valley of the River Lyon. Perthshire ( Siorrachd Pheairt in Gaelic) officially the County of Perth, is a Registration county in central Scotland. Located in Fortingall in Perthshire, Scotland, Carn na Marbh ‘Mound of the Dead’ is a re-used Bronze Age Tumulus. This was the focal point of a Samhain festival. Samhain (ˈsaʊn or /ˈsɑːwɪn/ Irish /ˈsˠaunʲ/ from the Old Irish samain) is the word for November in a few Gaelic languages A great fire or “Samhnag” was lit atop it each year. The whole community took hands when it was blazing and danced round the mound both sunwise and anti-sunwise. [25] As the fire began to wane, some of the younger boys took burning embers from the flames and ran throughout the field with them, finally throwing them into the air and dancing over them as they lay glowing on the ground. When the last embers were showing, the boys would have a leaping competition across the remains of the fire, reminiscent of the Beltane festival. Beltane is the anglicized spelling of Bealtaine ( or Bealltainn ( the Gaelic names for either the month of May or the festival that takes place on When it was finished, the young people went home and ducked for apples and practised divination. There was no Scottish tradition of 'guising' here, the bonfire being the absolute centre of attention until it was consumed. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. The Samhain celebrations here apparently came to an end relatively late in 1924.
In Scotland, folklore including that of Halloween, revolves around the ancient Celtic belief in faeries Sidhe” or “Sith” in modern Gaelic. History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological A fairy (also fay, fey, fae, faerie; collectively wee folk, good folk, people of peace, fair The Sith are a group of fictional characters in the Star Wars universe. Children who ventured out carried a traditional lantern (samhnag) with a devil face carved into it, to frighten away the evil spirits. Such Halloween lanterns were made from a turnip or “Neep” in “Lowland Scots”, with a candle lit in the hollow inside. The swede, (yellow turnip, swedish turnip or rutabaga ( Brassica napobrassica, or Brassica napus var In modern times, however, such lanterns use pumpkins, as in North American traditions, possibly, because it is easier to carve a face in a pumpkin than in a turnip. Due to this, the practice of hollowing out pumpkins into jack-o-lanterns may have its roots in this practice.
Houses were also protected with the same candle lanterns. If the spirits got past the protection of the lanterns, the Scottish custom was to offer the spirits parcels of food to leave and spare the house another year. Children too were given the added protection by disguising them as such creatures, in order to blend in with the spirits. If children approached the door of a house, they were also given offerings of food – Halloween being a harvest festival – which served to ward off the potential spirits that may lurk among them. This is where the origin of the practice of Scottish “guising” – a word which comes from 'disguising' – or going about in costume arose. It is now a key feature of the tradition of trick-or-treating practised in North America.
In modern-day Scotland this old tradition survives, chiefly in the form of children going door to door "guising", in this manner, that is, dressed in a disguise (often as a witch, ghost, monster, or another supernatural being) and offering entertainment of various sorts. If the entertainment is enjoyed, the children are rewarded with gifts of sweets, fruits, or money. There is no Scottish 'trick or treat' tradition as in North America; on the contrary, 'trick or treating' is an outgrowth of these Scottish guising customs.
Popular games played on the holiday include "dooking" for apples (i. e. , retrieving an apple from a bucket of water using only one's mouth). In places, the game has been replaced (because of fears of contracting saliva-borne illnesses in the water) by standing over the bowl holding a fork in one's mouth, and releasing it in an attempt to skewer an apple using only gravity. Another popular game is attempting to eat, while blindfolded, a treacle or jam coated scone on a piece of string hanging from the ceiling. Sometimes the blindfold is left out, because it is already difficult to eat the scone. In all versions, however, the participants cannot use their hands.
In 2007, Halloween festival organisers in Perthshire said they wanted to move away from US-style celebrations, in favour of more culturally accurate traditions. Plans include abandoning the use of pumpkins, and reinstating traditional activities such as a turnip lantern competition and "dooking (ducking) for apples". [26]
Isle of Man
The Manx traditionally celebrate Hop-tu-Naa on October 31. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical Hop-tu-Naa is a Celtic festival celebrated in the Isle of Man on 31 October. This ancient Celtic tradition has parallels with Scottish and Irish traditions.
England
All Saints' Day (All Hallows Day) became fixed on November 1 in 835, and All Souls' Day on November 2, circa 998. For the British girl group see All Saints (band. All Saints' Day (also called All Hallows or Hallowmas) often Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Events By Place Europe Ragnar Lodbrok rises to power (approximate date In Western Christianity, All Souls' Day commemorates the faithful departed. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 On All Souls' Eve, families stayed up late, and little "soul cakes" were eaten by everyone. At the stroke of midnight there was solemn silence among households, which had candles burning in every room to guide the souls back to visit their earthly homes, and a glass of wine on the table to refresh them. The tradition continued in areas of northern England as late as the 1930s, with children going from door-to-door "souling" (i. e. , singing songs) for cakes or money. The English Reformation in the 16th century de-emphasised holidays like All Hallows Day or All Souls Day and their associated eve. The English Reformation was the series of events in 16th century England by which the Church of England first broke away from the authority of the Pope With the rise of Guy Fawkes Night celebrations in 17th century England, most remaining Halloween practices, especially the building of bonfires, were moved to November 5. Guy Fawkes Night (also known as Bonfire Night, Cracker Night, Fireworks Night) is an annual celebration on the evening of the 5th of November Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany)
In parts of northern England, there is a traditional festival called Mischief Night which falls on the November 4. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Mischief night is a tradition in northern England Scotland Ireland and the United States of a night in the calendar when the custom is for preteens and teenagers to take a degree of Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani During the celebration, children play a range of "tricks" (ranging from minor to more serious) on adults. One of the more serious "tricks" might include the unhinging of garden gates (which were often thrown into ponds, or moved far away). In recent years, such acts have occasionally escalated to extreme vandalism, sometimes involving street fires. [27]
Halloween celebrations in England were popularised in the late twentieth century under the pressure of American cultural influence, including a stream of films and television programmes aimed at children and adolescents, and the discovery by retail experts of a marketing opportunity to fill the empty space before Christmas. Between 2001 and 2006, consumer spending in the UK for Halloween rose tenfold from £12 m to £120 m, according to Bryan Roberts from industry analysts Planet Retail, making Halloween the third most profitable holiday for supermarkets. [28] This led to the introduction of practices such as pumpkin carvings and trick-or-treat[29] (see below). Nowadays, adults too may dress up to attend costume parties, pub parties and club parties on Halloween night. A costume party ( American English) or a fancy dress party ( British English) mainly in contemporary Western culture, is a type of Party
Bobbing for apples is a well-established Bonfire Night custom now also associated with Halloween. In the game, attempts are made with one's mouth only to catch an apple placed in a water-filled barrel. Once an apple is caught, it is sometimes peeled and tossed over the shoulder in the hope that the strips would fall into the shape of a letter, which would be the first initial of the participant's true love. According to another superstition, the longer the peel, the longer the peeler's life would be; some say that the first participant to get an apple would be the first to marry.
Other practices common to Bonfire Night and Halloween include fireworks, telling ghost stories, and playing children's games such as hide-and-seek. A ghost story may be any piece of Fiction, or Drama, that includes a Ghost, or simply takes as a Premise the possibility of ghosts or the belief Hide and seek (abbreviated HandS, sometimes also called hide and go seek) is a variant of the game tag, in which one or more players search for the other Apple tarts may be baked with a coin hidden inside, and nuts of all types are traditional Halloween fare. Bolder children may in some areas play a game called "thunder and lightning", which involves loudly knocking on a neighbour's door, then running away (like lightning). However, traditions are being lost under the relentless pressure of the American media, and some of today's children will arrive at a door and intone "trick-or-treat" in order to receive money and sweets.
There has been increasing concern about the potential for antisocial behaviour, particularly among older teenagers, on Halloween. Cases of houses being "egg-bombed" (especially when the occupants do not give money or gifts) have been reported, and the BBC reported that for Halloween 2006 police forces stepped up patrols to respond to such mischief. [30]
United States and Canada
Halloween did not become a holiday in the United States until the 19th century, where lingering Puritan tradition restricted the observance of many holidays. A Puritan of 16th and 17th century England was an associate of any number of religious groups advocating for more "purity" of Worship and Doctrine, American almanacs of the late 18th and early 19th centuries do not include Halloween in their lists of holidays. [31] The transatlantic migration of nearly two million Irish following the Irish Potato Famine (1845-1849) finally brought the holiday to the United States. Scottish emigration, primarily to Canada before 1870 and to the United States thereafter, brought the Scottish version of the holiday to each country.
Scottish-American and Irish-American societies held dinners and balls that celebrated their heritages, with perhaps a recitation of Robert Burns' poem "Halloween" or a telling of Irish legends, much as Columbus Day celebrations were more about Italian-American heritage than Columbus per se. Scottish Americans or Scots Americans are Citizens of the United States whose ancestry originates in Scotland. Irish Americans (Gael-Mheiriceánach are citizens of the United States who can claim ancestry originating in Ireland. Robert Burns (25 January 1759 – 21 July 1796 (also known as Rabbie Burns, Scotland's favourite son, the Ploughman Poet, the Bard of Ayrshire Many countries in the New World and elsewhere celebrate the anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas, which occurred on October 12, An Italian American is an American of Italian descent and/or dual citizenship Home parties centred on children's activities, such as bobbing for apples, and various divination games often concerning future romance. Bobbing for apples, also known as apple bobbing, is a game customarily played on Halloween. Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining Not surprisingly, pranks and mischief were common as well.
The commercialization of Halloween in the United States did not start until the 20th century, beginning perhaps with Halloween postcards (featuring hundreds of designs) which were most popular between 1905 and 1915. [32] Dennison Manufacturing Company, which published its first Hallowe'en catalog in 1909, and the Beistle Company were pioneers in commercially made Halloween decorations, particularly die-cut paper items. [33][34] German manufacturers specialised in Halloween figurines that were exported to the United States in the period between the two world wars.
There is little primary documentation of masking or costuming on Halloween in the United States or elsewhere, before 1900. Primary source is a term used in a number of disciplines In Historiography, a primary source (also called original source) is a Document, Recording [35] Mass-produced Halloween costumes did not appear in stores until the 1930s, and trick-or-treating did not become a fixture of the holiday until the 1950s.
In the United States, Halloween has become the sixth most profitable holiday (after Christmas, Mother's Day, Valentines Day, Easter, and Father's Day). Mother's Day is a day honoring Mothers celebrated on various days in many places around the world Valentine's Day or Saint Valentine's Day is a Holiday celebrated on February 14 Easter ( Greek: Πάσχα Pascha or Pasxa) is the most important religious feast in the Christian Liturgical year. Father's Day is a celebration inaugurated in the early twentieth century to complement Mother's Day in celebrating Fatherhood and male Parenting, and [36] In the 1990s, many manufacturers began producing a larger variety of Halloween yard decorations; before this a majority of decorations were homemade. Some of the most popular yard decorations are jack-o'-lanterns, scarecrows, witches, orange string lights, inflatable decorations (such as spiders, pumpkins, mummies and vampires), and animatronic window and door decorations. A jack-o'-lantern (sometimes also spelled Jack O'Lantern)is typically a carved Pumpkin. A scarecrow is a device traditionally a human figure dressed in old clothes or Mannequin, that is used to discourage Birds such as Crows from disturbing Other popular decorations are foam tombstones and gargoyles. A headstone, tombstone or gravestone is a marker normally carved from stone, placed over or next to the site of a Burial In Architecture, a gargoyle is a carved stone Grotesque with a spout designed to convey water from a roof and away from the side of a building
Halloween is now the United States' second most popular holiday (after Christmas) for decorating; the sale of candy and costumes are also extremely common during the holiday, which is marketed to children and adults alike. According to the National Retail Federation, the most popular Halloween costume themes for adults are, in order: witch, pirate, vampire, cat and clown. The National Retail Federation is the world's largest Retail Trade association. [37] Each year, popular costumes are dictated by various current events and pop culture icons.On many college campuses, Halloween is a major celebration, with the Friday and Saturday nearest October 31 hosting many costume parties. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
The National Confectioners Association reported in 2005 that 80 percent of American adults planned to give out candy to trick-or-treaters,[38] and that 93 percent of children planned to go trick-or-treating. Founded in 1884 in Chicago by representatives of 69 Confectionery manufacturing firms the National Confectioners Association is one of the oldest trade associations [39]
Madison, Wisconsin, home of the University of Wisconsin-Madison, hosts one of the more infamous annual Halloween celebrations. Madison is the capital of the US state of Wisconsin and the County seat of Dane County. Due to the large influx of out-of-towners crowding the State Street area, riots have broken out in recent years, resulting in the use mounted police and tear gas to disperse the crowds. [40]
Anoka, Minnesota, the self-proclaimed "Halloween Capital of the World", celebrates the holiday with a large civic parade and several other city-wide events. Anoka is a city in Anoka County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 18076 at the 2000 census A parade (also called march or marchpast) is a procession of people usually organized along a street often in Costume, and often accompanied by Fire Salem, Massachusetts, also has laid claim to the "Halloween Capital" title, while trying to dissociate itself from its history of persecuting witchcraft. Salem is a city in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers At the same time, however, the city does see a great deal of tourism surrounding the Salem witch trials, especially around Halloween. The Salem witch trials were a series of hearings before local magistrates followed by county court Trials to prosecute people accused of Witchcraft in Essex In the 1990s, the city added an official "Haunted Happenings" celebration to the October tourist season. . Nearby Keene, New Hampshire, hosts the annual Pumpkin Fest each October which previously held the record for having the greatest number of lit jack-o'-lanterns at once. Keene is a city in Cheshire County, New Hampshire, United States. The Pumpkin Festival (aka Pumpkin Fest or PFest amongst Teens) is a yearly celebration held in Keene, New Hampshire, The A jack-o'-lantern (sometimes also spelled Jack O'Lantern)is typically a carved Pumpkin. (Boston, Massachusetts holds the record as of October 2006). In Atlanta, Georgia, the Little Five Points neighborhood hosts the Little Five Points Halloween Parade on the weekend before October 31st each year. Little Five Points (also L5P or LFP or Little Five) is an area of Atlanta, Georgia, United States, 2
Rutland, Vermont has hosted the annual Rutland Halloween Parade since 1960. Rutland is a city in and the shire town ( County seat) of Rutland County, Vermont, United States. The Rutland Halloween Parade is an annual event held on Halloween in the city of Rutland Vermont since 1960 Tom Fagan, a local comic book fan, is credited with having a hand in the parade's early development and superhero theme. A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative A superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero) is a Fictional character "of unprecedented physical prowess dedicated to acts of derring-do In the early 1970s, the Rutland Halloween Parade achieved a degree of fame when it was used as the setting of a number of superhero comic books, including Batman #237, Justice League of America #103, Amazing Adventures #16 and The Mighty Thor #207. A superhero (sometimes rendered super-hero or super hero) is a Fictional character "of unprecedented physical prowess dedicated to acts of derring-do A comic book (often shortened to simply comic and sometimes called a comic paper or comic magazine) is a Magazine or Book of narrative
New York City hosts the United States' largest Halloween celebration, known as The Village Halloween Parade. The City of New York New York's Village Halloween Parade is an annual Holiday Parade and street pageant presented the night of every Halloween ( October Started by Greenwich Village mask maker Ralph Lee in 1973, the evening parade now attracts over two million spectators and participants, as well as roughly four million television viewers annually. Greenwich Village (ˌgrɛnɪtʃ ˈvɪlɪdʒ often simply called the Village, is a largely residential area on the west side of downtown (southern Manhattan Ralph Lee is an Obie award -winning mask and puppet maker living in New York City. It is the largest participatory parade in the country if not the world, encouraging spectators to march in the parade as well.
Barbara Ehrenreich, in her book on collective joy mentions this as an example of how Halloween is transitioning from a children's holiday to an adult holiday and compares it to Mardi Gras. Barbara Ehrenreich (born August 26, 1941, in Butte Montana) is an American Feminist, Socialist and political activist Dancing in the Streets A History of Collective Joy is a book authored by Barbara Ehrenreich. " Mardi Gras " ( French for Fat Tuesday) is the day before Ash Wednesday.
In many towns and cities, trick-or-treaters are welcomed by lit porch lights and jack-o'-lanterns. A porch is a structure attached to a building forming a covered entrance to a vestibule or doorway In some large and/or crime ridden areas, however, trick-or-treating is discouraged, or refocused to staged trick-or-treating events within nearby shopping malls, in order to prevent potential acts of violence against trick-or-treaters. A shopping mall or shopping centre is a building or set of buildings that contain Retail units with interconnecting Walkways enabling visitors Even where crime is not an issue, many American towns have designated specific hours for trick-or-treating, e. g. , 5-7 pm or 5-8 pm, to discourage late-night trick-or-treating.
Those living in the country may hold Halloween parties, often with bonfires, with the celebrants passing between them. Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time The parties usually involve traditional games (like snipe hunting, bobbing for apples, or searching for candy in a similar manner to Easter egg hunting), haunted hayrides (often accompanied by scary stories, and costumed people hiding in the dark to jump out and scare the riders), and treats (usually a bag of candy and/or homemade treats). Egg hunt is a Game during which Decorated eggs real hard-boiled ones or artificial filled with or made of Chocolate Candies, of various sizes A haunted attraction or dark attraction is a venue which simulates the experience of visiting a structure or outside space that is inhabited by what appear to be Scary movies may also be viewed. Normally, the children are picked up by their parents at predetermined times. However, it is not uncommon for such parties to include sleepovers.
Trick-or-treating may often end by early evening, but the nightlife thrives in many urban areas. Halloween costume parties provide an opportunity for adults to gather and socialize. Urban bars are frequented by people wearing Halloween masks and risqué costumes. Many bars and restaurants hold costume contests to attract customers to their establishments. Haunted houses are also popular in some areas. A haunted house is defined as a house that is believed to be a center for Supernatural occurrences or Paranormal phenomena
Mexico
In Mexico, Halloween has been celebrated during the last 40 years where the celebrations have been influenced by the American traditions, such as the costuming of children who visit the houses of their neighbourhood in search of candy. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Though the "trick-or-treat" motif is used, tricks are not generally played on residents not providing candy. Older crowds of preteens, teenagers and adults will sometimes organize Halloween-themed parties, which might be scheduled on the nearest available weekend. Usually kids stop by at peoples' houses, knock on their door or the ring the bell and say "¡Noche de Brujas , Halloween!" ('Witches' Night-- Halloween!').
Halloween in Mexico begins three days of consecutive holidays, as it is followed by All Saints' Day, which also marks the beginning of the two day celebration of the Day of the Dead or the Día de los Muertos. The This might account for the initial explanations of the holiday having a traditional Mexican-Catholic slant.
Australia and New Zealand
In the southern hemisphere, spring is in full swing by October 31, and the days are rapidly growing longer and brighter. Southern Hemisphere is the half of a Planet that is South of the Equator —the word hemisphere literally means 'half ball' Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse This does not mesh well with the traditional Celtic spirit of Halloween, which relies on an atmosphere of the encroaching darkness of winter. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts However, Halloween has recently gained a large amount of recognition in Australia and to a moderate extent New Zealand, largely due to American media influences, with many young families in Australia embracing the tradition. [41][42] In 2006, costume shops reported a rise in sales on Halloween-themed costumes,[43] on October 31, 2006 and have reported a steady increase on October 31, 2007. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. On Halloween night, horror films and horror-themed TV episodes are traditionally aired, and currently, Halloween private parties are more commonly held than actual "trick-or-treating", however both are still observed. Trick or treating is generally only done in the trick-or-treater's neighbourhood.
Caribbean
Halloween is largely uncelebrated in the Caribbean. The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting However, like Australia and New Zealand, the event is not unheard of in the Caribbean and is seeing some increase in popularity.
In some parts of the British West Indies, there are celebrations commemorating Guy Fawkes Night that occur around the time of Halloween. The term British West Indies refers to territories in and around the Caribbean which were at one time colonised by the United Kingdom. Guy Fawkes Night (also known as Bonfire Night, Cracker Night, Fireworks Night) is an annual celebration on the evening of the 5th of November The celebrations include using firecrackers, blowing bamboo joints and similar activities. And in other island they celebrate All Saints'. On this evening they go to the cemetery to sing, and light candles on the tomb of their loved ones.
On the island of Bonaire, the children of a town typically gather to trick-or-treat for sweets among the town shops (instead of people's homes, as in other countries). The Island Territory of Bonaire ( Dutch: Eilandgebied Bonaire, Papiamento: Teritorio Insular di Boneiru) is one of five island areas
The Netherlands
Halloween has become increasingly popular in The Netherlands since the early 1990s. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands From early October, stores are full of merchandising related to the popular Halloween themes. Students and little children dress up on Halloween for parties and small parades. Trick-or-treating is highly uncommon, also because this directly interferes with the Dutch tradition of celebrating St. Martin's Day. St Martin's Day (or Martinstag) is November 11, the Feast day of Martin of Tours, who started out as a Roman soldier On the 11 November, Dutch children ring doorbells hoping to receive a small treat in return for singing a short song dedicated to St. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Martin.
Malta
Halloween had never been celebrated in Malta until recently, with its popularity increasing thanks to the many costume parties, usually for teenagers and young adults, being organized on Halloween night. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands
People's Republic of China
There is no Halloween in Chinese culture, but there is a similar Chinese holiday called Ghost Festival. The Ghost Festival ( is a traditional Chinese Festival and Holiday, which is celebrated by Chinese in many countries The Ghost Festival is a traditional Chinese festival and holiday, which is celebrated by Chinese people in many countries. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National A festival is an event usually and ordinarily staged by a local community which centers on some unique aspect of that community Lists of holidays The words holiday or vacation have related meanings in different English-speaking countries and continents but will usually refer to one of In the Chinese calendar (a lunisolar calendar), the Ghost Festival is on the 14th night of the seventh lunar month, which is called Ghost Day. The Chinese calendar is lunisolar, incorporating elements of a Lunar calendar with those of a Solar calendar. A lunisolar calendar is a Calendar in many Cultures whose date indicates both the Moon phase and the time of the solar Year. In Chinese tradition, the ghosts and spirits, including those of the deceased ancestors, come out from the lower world. A ghost is said to be the apparition of a Deceased person frequently similar in appearance to that person and usually encountered in places she or he frequented The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath In the study of Mythology and Religion, the underworld (gr κάτω κόσμος) is a generic term approximately equivalent to the lay term Afterlife
Hong Kong, a former British colony, does celebrate Halloween every year unlike the Mainland. Hong Kong ( officially the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, is a territory located on China 's south coast on the Pearl River Delta, and borders
Sweden
In Sweden Halloween is celebrated the same day the Church of Sweden celebrates All Saints day, the first saturday in November. The Church of Sweden (Svenska kyrkan Ruoŧa girkui is the largest church in Sweden. For the British girl group see All Saints (band. All Saints' Day (also called All Hallows or Hallowmas) often Saturday is the day of the week between Friday and Sunday. It is either the sixth or seventh Day of the week as discussed below. This is due to a misunderstanding when the retail business organizations introduced Halloween in the mid-1990s. Christians and christian organizations do not like this connection and very few Swedes are aware that Halloween in the English-speaking countries is a non-Christian holiday celebrated October 31.
Other regions
In other regions such as Japan and Germany, Halloween has become popular in the context of American pop culture. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance — Some Christians do not appreciate the resultant de-emphasis of the more spiritual aspects of All Hallows Eve and Reformation Day, respectively, or of regional festivals occurring around the same time (such as St Martin's Day). Reformation Day is a religious holiday celebrated on October 31 in remembrance of the Reformation, particularly by Lutheran and some Reformed Saint Martin of Tours (Martinus (316/317 Savaria, Pannonia &ndash November 8, 317, Candes, Gaul; buried November Business has a natural tendency to capitalize on the holiday season's more commercial aspects, such as the sale of decorations and costumes.
Religious perspectives
In North America, Christian attitudes towards Halloween are quite diverse. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth The fact that All Saints Day and Halloween occur on two consecutive days has left some Christians uncertain of how they should treat this holiday. For the British girl group see All Saints (band. All Saints' Day (also called All Hallows or Hallowmas) often In the Anglican Church, some dioceses have chosen to emphasize the Christian traditions of All Saints Day,[44][45] while some Protestants celebrate the holiday as Reformation Day, a day of remembrance and prayers for unity. See also Anglicanism The Anglican Communion is an international association of national Anglican churches In many rites of the Roman Catholic Church and in Anglican churches, a diocese is an administrative territorial unit administered by a Bishop. For the British girl group see All Saints (band. All Saints' Day (also called All Hallows or Hallowmas) often Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Reformation Day is a religious holiday celebrated on October 31 in remembrance of the Reformation, particularly by Lutheran and some Reformed [46] Celtic Christians may have Samhain services that focus on the cultural aspects of the holiday, in the belief that many ancient Celtic customs are "compatible with the new Christian religion. Celtic Christianity, or Insular Christianity (sometimes called the Celtic Church or the British Church) broadly refers to the Early Medieval Christianity embraced the Celtic notions of family, community, the bond among all people, and respect for the dead. Throughout the centuries, pagan and Christian beliefs intertwine in a gallimaufry (hodgepodge) of celebrations from October 31 through November 5, all of which appear both to challenge the ascendancy of the dark and to revel in its mystery. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) "[47]
Many Christians ascribe no negative significance to Halloween, treating it as a purely secular holiday devoted to celebrating “imaginary spooks” and handing out candy. Candy, specifically sugar candy, is a confection made from a concentrated solution of sugar in water to which a variety of flavorings and colorants is added Halloween celebrations are common among Roman Catholic parochial schools throughout North America and in Ireland. Parochial school is one term used (particularly in the United States) to describe a school that engages in Religious education in addition to conventional Education In fact, the Roman Catholic Church sees Halloween as having a Christian connection. [48] Father Gabriele Amorth, a Vatican-appointed exorcist in Rome, has said, "[I]f English and American children like to dress up as witches and devils on one night of the year that is not a problem. The Roman Curia is the administrative apparatus of the Holy See and the central governing body of the entire Roman Catholic Church, together with the Pope In some religions an exorcist (also called a witchman) is a person who is believed to be able to cast out the Devil or other Demon. If it is just a game, there is no harm in that. "[49] Most Christians hold the view that the tradition is far from being "satanic" in origin or practice and that it holds no threat to the spiritual lives of children: being taught about death and mortality, and the ways of the Celtic ancestors actually being a valuable life lesson and a part of many of their parishioners' heritage. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts [47] Other Christians, primarily of the Evangelical and Fundamentalist variety, are concerned about Halloween, and reject the holiday because they believe it trivializes (and celebrates) “the occult” and what they perceive as evil. Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel Fundamentalist Christianity, also known as Christian Fundamentalism or Fundamentalist Evangelicalism, is a movement that arose mainly within British and Evil, in many cultures is used to describe acts or thoughts which are contrary to some particular religion [50] A response among some fundamentalists in recent years has been the use of Hell houses or themed pamphlets (such as those of Jack T. Chick) which attempt to make use of Halloween as an opportunity for evangelism. Hell houses are Haunted attractions typically run by American, fundamentalist Christian churches or Parachurch groups Jack Thomas Chick (born April 13, 1924) is an American Publisher, writer and comic book artist, and has been called the most published [51] Some consider Halloween to be completely incompatible with the Christian faith[52] due to its origin as a Pagan "festival of the dead. Festival of the Dead is held by many cultures throughout the world in honor or recognition of deceased members of the community generally occurring after the harvest in August September " In more recent years, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston has organised a "Saint Fest" on the holiday. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Boston ( Latin: Archidioecesis Bostoniensis) is an ecclesiastical territory or Diocese of the Roman Catholic Church [51]
Some Wiccans feel that the tradition is offensive to "real witches" for promoting stereotypical caricatures of "wicked witches". [53] However, other Neopagans, perhaps most of them, see it as a harmless holiday in which some of the old traditions are celebrated by the mainstream culture, albeit in a different manner.
Fiction
Ray Bradbury's The Halloween Tree features the holiday prominently. Ray Douglas Bradbury (born August 22 1920 is an American mainstream, Fantasy, horror, Science fiction and mystery The Halloween Tree is a 1972 Fantasy Novel by American author Ray Bradbury. Halloween is frequently mentioned as an important date in the Harry Potter book series by J.K. Rowling, whose central themes are wizardry and magic. Harry Potter is a series of seven Fantasy novels written by British author J Joanne "Jo" Rowling OBE (born 31 July 1965 who writes under the In Alan Moore's graphic novel Watchmen, several pivotal events occur on Halloween night, including the death of the original 'Nite-Owl'. Alan Moore (born November 18 1953 in Northampton) is an English Writer most famous for his influential work in Comics, including the acclaimed A Watchmen is a twelve-issue Comic book Limited series written by Alan Moore, and illustrated by Dave Gibbons and John Higgins Nite Owl is the name of two Fictional characters in the Comic book Limited series Watchmen by Alan Moore and Dave Gibbons Washington Irving's The Legend of Sleepy Hollow and the character of the Headless Horseman are often linked to the holiday in the public mindset due to later adaptations (though Halloween is not actually mentioned in the original work). Washington Irving (April 3 1783 – November 28 1859 was an American Author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th " The Legend of Sleepy Hollow " is a Short story by Washington Irving contained in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon Gent The Headless Horseman is a fictional character from the short story “ The Legend of Sleepy Hollow " by American author Washington Irving.
Films in which Halloween plays a significant role include adaptations of the above works, plus the Halloween film series, Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas, The Halloween That Almost Wasn't, Monster House, Donnie Darko, Hellboy, and Hocus Pocus. Halloween is a 1978 American independent Horror film set in the fictional midwestern town of Haddonfield, Timothy "Tim" William Burton (born August 25 1958 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and Set designer, notable for the quirky The Nightmare Before Christmas (also known as Tim Burton's The Nightmare Before Christmas) is a 1993 stop-motion Fantasy The Halloween That Almost Wasn't is a 1979 telefilm which aired regularly on the Disney Channel until the late 1990s Monster House is an American 2006 computer animated horror film released on July 21, 2006. Donnie Darko is a 2001 cult classic Psychological thriller Film written and directed by Richard Kelly, and starring Hellboy is a 2004 Supernatural action-thriller film directed by Guillermo del Toro. Hocus Pocus is a children's 1993 Halloween -themed film released by Disney, and directed by Kenny Ortega (known mainly for his
Numerous Halloween television specials have been broadcast, notably It's the Great Pumpkin, Charlie Brown and the annual Simpsons "Treehouse of Horror" episodes. It's the Great Pumpkin Charlie Brown is a critically-acclaimed and very popular animated Television special, based on the Comic strip The Simpsons Treehouse of Horror episodes, also known as The Simpsons Halloween episodes, are a series of episodes in the animated television
Books
- Diane C. Arkins, Halloween: Romantic Art and Customs of Yesteryear, Pelican Publishing Company (2000). 96 pages. ISBN 1-56554-712-8
- Diane C. Arkins, Halloween Merrymaking: An Illustrated Celebration Of Fun, Food, And Frolics From Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 112 pages. ISBN 1-58980-113-X
- Lesley Bannatyne, Halloween: An American Holiday, An American History, Facts on File (1990, Pelican Publishing Company, 1998). 180 pages. ISBN 1-56554-346-7
- Lesley Bannatyne, A Halloween Reader. Stories, Poems and Plays from Halloweens Past, Pelican Publishing Company (2004). 272 pages. ISBN 1-58980-176-8
- Phyllis Galembo, Dressed for Thrills: 100 Years of Halloween Costumes and Masquerade, Harry N. Abrams, Inc. (2002). Harry N Abrams Inc is a book publishing company in New York City, New York founded in 1949 by Harry Nathan Abrams to publish high-quality art and illustrated books 128 pages. ISBN 0-8109-3291-1
- Lint Hatcher, The Magic Eightball Test: A Christian Defense of Halloween and All Things Spooky, Lulu. com (2006). ISBN 978-1847287564
- Ronald Hutton, Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain, Oxford Paperbacks (2001). 560 pages. ISBN 0-19-285448-8
- Jean Markale, The Pagan Mysteries of Halloween: Celebrating the Dark Half of the Year (translation of Halloween, histoire et traditions), Inner Traditions (2001). 160 pages. ISBN 0-89281-900-6
- Lisa Morton, The Halloween Encyclopedia, McFarland & Company (2003). 240 pages. ISBN 0-7864-1524-X
- Nicholas Rogers, Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night, Oxford University Press (2002). 198 pages. ISBN 0-19-514691-3
- Jack Santino (ed. ), Halloween and Other Festivals of Death and Life, University of Tennessee Press (1994). 280 pages. ISBN 0-87049-813-4
- David J. Skal, Death Makes A Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween, Bloomsbury USA (2003). 224 pages. ISBN 1-58234-305-5
- Ben Truwe, The Halloween Catalog Collection. Portland, Oregon: Talky Tina Press (2003). ISBN 0-9703448-5-6.
See also
References
- ^ Anthony Aveni, "Halloween: Dead Time," The Book of the Year: A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 119-133. Fakelore is inauthentic manufactured Folklore presented as if it were genuinely Traditional. Friday the 13th is superstitiously considered a day of bad Luck in English - French - and German -speaking countries as well as in other
- ^ Nicholas Rogers, "Samhain and the Celtic Origins of Halloween," Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 11-21.
- ^ Hutton, Ronald (1996) Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford, Oxford University Press ISBN 0192880454
- ^ a b Danaher, Kevin (1972) The Year in Ireland: Irish Calendar Customs Dublin, Mercier. ISBN 1-85635-093-2 pp. 190–232
- ^ Campbell, John Gregorson (1900, 1902, 2005) The Gaelic Otherworld. Edited by Ronald Black. Edinburgh, Birlinn Ltd. ISBN 1-84158-207-7 pp. 559-62
- ^ Arnold, Bettina (2001-10-31). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Halloween Customs in the Celtic World. University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Retrieved on 2007-10-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western
- ^ Simpson, John; Weiner, Edmund (1989). Oxford English Dictionary, second, London: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-861186-2.
- ^ History of the Jack O'Lantern, Pumpkin Nook
- ^ Skal, David J. (2002). Death Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween. New York: Bloomsbury, 34. ISBN 1-58234-230-X.
- ^ Nicholas Rogers, "Halloween Goes to Hollywood," Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 103-124.
- ^ Hal Siemer, Spooky Halloween: A Celebration of the Dark, QuestMagazine. com.
- ^ What is the origin of Halloween colors?. AllAboutPopularIssues. org. Retrieved on 2007-10-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a
- ^ Nicholas Rogers, "Coming Over: Halloween in North America," Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 49-77.
- ^ "Halloween outfits 'create fear'", BBC News, 2006-09-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Retrieved on 2006-10-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
- ^ Nicholas Rogers, "Festive Rites: Halloween in the British Isles," Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 22-48.
- ^ Grannis, Kathy; Scott Krugman (20 September 2006). As Halloween Shifts to Seasonal Celebration, Retailers Not Spooked by Surge in Spending (HTML). National Retail Federation. Retrieved on 31 October 2006.
- ^ Beauchemin, Genevieve; CTV. ca News Staff. "UNICEF to end Halloween 'orange box' program", CTV, 2006-05-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Retrieved on 2006-10-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II
- ^ Nicholas Rogers, "Razor in the Apple: Struggle for Safe and Sane Halloween, c. 1920-1990," Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 78-102.
- ^ Urban Legends Reference Pages: Pins and Needles in Halloween Candy
- ^ BBC Religion & Ethics—Hallowe'en. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-03-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1489 - The Queen of Cyprus, Catherine Cornaro, sells her kingdom to Venice.
- ^ Hutton, Ronald (1996). Professor Ronald Hutton (born 1954 is a professor of History at the University of Bristol, author and occasional commentator on British Television Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. New York: Oxford Paperbacks. ISBN 0-19-285448-8.
- ^ Rogers, Nicholas (2002). Halloween: From Pagan Ritual to Party Night. New York: Oxford University Press, 411. ISBN 0-19-514691-3.
- ^ Halloween 2007
- ^ Culinary Confusion | Ireland Travel Guide
- ^ Celtic Attic: Celts facts and fiction - Feasts and Celebrations
- ^ Pumpkins have been banned from a Halloween festival in favour of a more Scottish-style celebration accessed 27-10-2007
- ^ "Mischief Night causes havoc across county", BBC, 2002-11-05. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ Heald, Claire. "Boo! Is Halloween too scary?", BBC News Magazine, 2006-10-31. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ One of the earliest references to trick or treating in Britain comes from a House of Lords debate in 1986, when it was described as a recently imported custom: the substance of the debate was the concern that youths were using trick or treating to obtain money from old people and others, or threatening nasty tricks. Coughlan, Sean. "The Japanese knotweed of festivals", BBC News Magazine, 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Retrieved on 2007-10-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse
- ^ "Fines for Halloween troublemakers", BBC News, 2006-11-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Retrieved on 2006-12-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1065 - Westminster Abbey is Consecrated. 1308 - The reign of Emperor Hanazono, Emperor of
- ^ Rogers, p. 49.
- ^ Anderson, Richard (2000). Antique Halloween Postcards and E-cards (HTML). shaktiweb. com. Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ Dawn Kroma; Lou Kroma (n. d. ). Beistle: An American Halloween Giant (HTML). Spookshows. com. Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ Ledenbach, Mark B. (n. d. ). A Brief History of Halloween Collectibles (HTML). halloweencollector. com. Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ Skal, David J. (2002). Makes a Holiday: A Cultural History of Halloween. New York: Bloomsbury, 34. ISBN 1-58234-230-X.
- ^ Mikkelson, Barbara and David P. . "Halloween Loot.", 2006-10-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Retrieved on 2006-10-29. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II
- ^ 2006 Halloween Consumer Intentions and Actions Survey. Washington, DC: The National Retail Federation.
- ^ Trick-or-treaters can expect Mom or Dad’s favorites in their bags this year. National Confectioners Association (2005). Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ Fun Facts: Halloween. National Confectioners Association (2005). Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
- ^ "Halloween revelers erupt in Madison", Milwaukee Journal Sentinel, 2002-11-4. Retrieved on 2007-12-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 218 BC - Second Punic War: Battle of the Trebia - Hannibal 's Carthaginian forces defeat those of the
- ^ Historic tricks for Halloween at Northern Star; accessed October 31, 2007. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Halloween fever hits Australia at Daily Telegraph; accessed October 31, 2007. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Halloween hits Australia at Daily Telegraph; accessed October 31, 2007. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Bishop challenges supermarkets to lighten up Halloween (HTML). www. manchester. anglican. org (n. d. ). Retrieved on 2006-10-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Halloween and All Saints Day (HTML). newadvent. org (n. d. ). Retrieved on 2006-10-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Reformation Day: What, Why, and Resources for Worship (HTML). The General Board of Discipleship of The United Methodist Church (2005-10-21). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Retrieved on 2006-10-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ a b Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints November 1 (HTML). Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi All Saints Parish (n. d. ). Retrieved on 2006-11-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran
- ^ Halloween’s Christian Roots AmericanCatholic. org. Retrieved on October 24, 2007.
- ^ Gyles Brandreth, "The Devil is gaining ground" The Sunday Telegraph (London), March 11, 2000.
- ^ Halloween: Satan's New Year (2006) by Billye Dymally, Halloween: Counterfeit Holy Day (2005) by Kele Gershom, and Halloween: What's a Christian to Do? (1998) by Steve Russo. An opposing viewpoint is found in The Magic Eightball Test: A Christian Defense of Halloween and All Things Spooky (2006) by Lint Hatcher.
- ^ a b Salem ‘Saint Fest’ restores Christian message to Halloween (HTML). www. rcab. org (n. d. ). Retrieved on 2006-10-22. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ “Trick?” or “Treat?”—Unmasking Halloween (HTML). The Restored Church of God (n. d. ). Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
- ^ Reece, Kevin. "School District Bans Halloween", KOMO News, 2004-10-24. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 69 - Second Battle of Bedriacum, forces under Antonius Primus the commander of the Danube armies loyal to Vespasian, defeat Retrieved on 2006-09-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 81 - Domitian becomes Emperor of the Roman Empire upon the death of his brother Titus.
External links
- U.S. Census data about Halloween in the United States
- Feast of Samhain/Celtic New Year/Celebration of All Celtic Saints—Celtic Christianity
- Samhain: Season of Death and Renewal—Celtic Studies, Gaelic culture and religion
- Halloween at the Open Directory Project
Dictionary
Halloween
-noun
- The eve of All Hallows' Day; 31st October; celebrated (mostly in the United Kingdom, Canada, United States and Ireland) by children going door-to-door in costume and demanding candy with menaces.
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