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Gwanggaeto the Great of Goguryeo (374-413, r. Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language Romanization system in South Korea. McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language Romanization systems along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which The name at birth is the name a child is given by his or her Parents according to a generally universal custom, and legal requirement to file a form of Birth Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language Romanization system in South Korea. McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language Romanization systems along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death Hanja is the Korean name for Chinese characters. More specifically it refers to those Chinese characters borrowed from Chinese and incorporated The Revised Romanization of Korean is the official Korean language Romanization system in South Korea. McCune-Reischauer romanization is one of the two most widely used Korean language Romanization systems along with the Revised Romanization of Korean, which The Korean Dynasties are listed in the order of their fall This list includes the monarchs' romanized posthumous or Temple names and reign dates Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and King Dongmyeong of Goguryeo (58 - 19 BCE r 37 – 19 BCE"Dongmyeongseongwang"(東明聖王 also known by his birth name Jumong, was the founding Monarch King Yuri (? - 18 CE r 19 BCE - 18 CE was the second ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Daemusin of Goguryeo (4-44 r 18-44 was the third ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Minjung of Goguryeo (? - 48 r 44-48 was the fourth ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Mobon of Goguryeo (? - 53 r 48-53 was the fifth king of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Taejo of Goguryeo (47? - 165 r 53 - 146 was the sixth monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Chadae of Goguryeo (71&ndash165 r 146&ndash165 was the seventh ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Sindae of Goguryeo (89-179 r 165-179 was the eighth ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Gogukcheon of Goguryeo (? - 197 r 179-197 was the ninth Monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Sansang of Goguryeo (? - 227 r 197 - 227 was the 10th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Dongcheon of Goguryeo (209 - 248 r 227-248 was the 11th monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Jungcheon of Goguryeo (224-270 r 248-270 was the 12th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Seocheon of Goguryeo (?-292 r 270-292 was the 13th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Bongsang of Goguryeo (?-300 r 292-300 was the 14th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Micheon of Goguryeo (? - 331 r 300-331 was the 15th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Gogugwon of Goguryeo (?-371 r 331-371 was the 16th king of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Sosurim of Goguryeo (?-384 r 371-384 was the 17th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Gogugyang of Goguryeo (?-391 r 384-391 was the 18th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Jangsu of Goguryeo (394 - 491 r 413 - 491 was the 20th Monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Munjamyeong of Goguryeo (? - 519 r 491-519 was the 21st monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Anjang of Goguryeo (?-531 r 519-531 was the 22nd ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Anwon of Goguryeo (?-545 r 531-545 was the 23rd ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Yangwon of Goguryeo (?-559 r 545-559 was the 24th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Pyeongwon of Goguryeo (ruled 559&mdash590 was a 6th century Korean monarch the 25th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea King Yeong-yang of Goguryeo (?-618 r 590-618 was the 26th king of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Yeongnyu of Goguryeo (b ??? - 642 r618 — 642 was the 27th king of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Bojang of Goguryeo (?-682 r 642-668 was the 28th and last king of Goguryeo the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Events By Place The Americas May 4 — Spearthrower Owl becomes emperor of Teotihuacan. For the area code see Area code 413. Events By Place Western Roman Empire May 391-413) was the nineteenth monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo or Koguryo was an ancient Korean kingdom located in the northern and central parts of the Korean peninsula, southern Manchuria, and The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula His full posthumous name roughly means "Very Greatest King, Broad Expander of Territory, [bringer of] Peace and Security, [buried in] Gukgangsang. A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty nobles and sometimes others in some cultures after the person's death ", sometimes abbreviated to Hotaewang or Taewang. Taewang meaning "The Great King" was the title used by the rulers of Goguryeo (고구려 the northermost He selected Yeongnak as his era name, and was called King Yeongnak the Great during his reign.
Under Gwanggaeto, Goguryeo once again became a major power of East Asia, having enjoyed such a status in the 2nd century CE. Upon King Gwanggaeto's death at thirty-nine years of age in 413, Goguryeo controlled all territory between the Amur and Han Rivers (two thirds of modern Korea, Manchuria, and parts of the Russian Maritime province and Inner Mongolia). Han River is in South Korea is the confluence of the Namhan River (South Han River which originates in Mount Daedeok, and the Bukhan River Korea is a geographic area composed of two sovereign countries a civilization and a former state situated on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol
In addition, in 399, Silla submitted to Goguryeo for protection from raids from Baekjae. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gwanggaeto captured the Baekje capital in present-day Seoul and made Baekje its vassal. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea. Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Many consider this loose unification under Goguryeo to have been the first and only true unification of the Three Kingdoms. The Three Kingdoms of Korea ( refer to the ancient Korean kingdoms of Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla, which dominated the Korean peninsula
Gwanggaeto's accomplishments are recorded on the Gwanggaeto Stele, erected in 414 at the site of his tomb in Ji'an along the present-day Chinese-North Korean border. The Stele of King Gwanggaeto of Goguryeo was erected in 414 by King Jangsu as a memorial to his deceased father China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, It is the largest engraved stele in the world.
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Birth and background
At the time of Gwang-gae-to's birth, Go-gu-ryeo was not as powerful as it once had been. Just prior to his birth, Baekje's King Geunchogo had soundly defeated Goguryeo, capturing its second-largest fortress of Pyong-yang and slaying Goguryeo's King Gogukwon. Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Geunchogo of Baekje (?-375 r 346-375 was the 13th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Pyongyang (pʰjʌŋjaŋ is the Capital and largest City of North Korea, located on the Taedong River, at. King Gogugwon of Goguryeo (?-371 r 331-371 was the 16th king of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Goguryeo's King Sosurim, who succeeded Gogukwon upon the latter's death in 371, kept his foreign policy as isolationist as possible so as to rebuild a state gravely weakened by the Baekje invasion of 371. King Sosurim of Goguryeo (?-384 r 371-384 was the 17th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Gogukyang, who succeeded Sosurim, maintained a similar policy, opting to focus on the rehabilitation and remobilization of Goguryeo forces. King Gogugyang of Goguryeo (?-391 r 384-391 was the 18th ruler of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.
After defeating Goguryeo in 371, Baekje had become a dominant power in East Asia, whose influence was not limited to the Korean peninsula. That state's King Geunchogo seized several coastal cities of China, notably in Liaoxi and Shandong, to retain its superiority over Goguryeo and a variety of southern Chinese dynasties, which had arisen within the context of extended civil wars caused by the fall of the Han Dynasty in 220 CE and the concomitant invasions of foreign tribes, including but not limited to the Xiongnu and Xianbei (Wu Hu). ( is a coastal province of eastern People's Republic of China. The Han Dynasty ( 206 BC–220 AD followed the Qin Dynasty and preceded the Three Kingdoms in China. The Xiongnu ( Turkish: Doğu Hun were a confederation of nomadic tribes from Central Asia with a ruling class of unknown origin and other subjugated tribes The Xianbei ( were a significant nomadic people residing in Manchuria and eastern Mongolia, or Xianbei Shan. For the city see Wuhu. For the history of each of the Wu Hu tribes see Sixteen Kingdoms. Baekje under Geunchogo's leadership also seems to have had a close relationship with parts of Japan and established good relations with that archipelago's natives. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Thus Goguryeo, surrounded by a powerful Baekje's forces to its south and west, was inclined to avoid conflict with its peninsular neighbor while cultivating constructive relations with the Xienpei and Rouran, in order to defend itself from future invasions, and even the possible destruction of its state. Rouran ( Wade-Giles: Jou-jan) Ruanruan/Ruru ( also known as Tan Tan ( was the name of a confederation of Nomadic tribes on
Rise to power and campaigns against Baekje
Gwanggaeto succeeded his father, King Gogukyang, upon his death in 391. Immediately upon being crowned king of Goguryeo, Gwanggaeto granted himself the title Supreme king Yeongnak, affirming himself as equal to the rulers of China and the king of Baekje. He then began to rebuild and retrain Goguryeo's cavalry units and naval fleet, and they were put into action the following year, 392, against Baekje.
In 392, with Gwanggaeto in personal command, Goguryeo attacked Baekje with 50,000 cavalry, taking 10 walled cities along the two countries' mutual border. This offensive infuriated Asin of Baekje and that king subsequently planned a counter-offensive against Gwanggaeto, a plan he was forced to abandon when his invasion force was defeated by Goguryeo 393. Asin of Baekje (?-405 r 392-405 was the 17th king of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. King Asin again attacked Goguryeo in 394, and was again defeated. After several heavy defeats, Baekje began to politically crumble and the leadership of Asin came under doubt. Asin lost to Goguryeo again in 395, and he was eventually pushed back to a front along the Han River, where Wiryeseong, then Baekje's capital city located in the southern part of modern day Seoul. Wiryeseong or Michuhol was the name of two early capitals of Baekje, one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Seoul ( soʊl is the Capital and largest City of South Korea.
In the following year, Gwanggaeto led his huge fleet in an assault on Wiryesong, approaching by sea and river. Asin was expecting a ground invasion and was caught with his defenses down. Gwanggaeto's forces burnt about 58 walled fortresses under Baekje control, and defeated the forces of King Asin. Asin surrendered to Gwanggaeto, even handing over his brother as a Goguryeo captive as condition for maintaining his own rule over Baekje. Gwanggaeto had finally gained superiority over its longtime rival Baekje on the Korean peninsula.
Conquest of the North
In 395, during a campaign against Baekje, the king himself attacked and conquered Biryu, a small nation located in central Manchuria. Biryu (?&ndash18 BCE was the second son of Jumong and So Seo-no, and older brother of Onjo, the traditionally recognized founder of Baekje Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Its exact location is not known but it was not very far from the Songhua River. The Songhua River (also known as the Sungari River in English a name which comes from the Manchu language meaning White River) is a River in
In 400, Later Yan, founded by the Murong clan of the Xianbei in present-day Liaoning province, attacked Goguryeo. The Later Yan ( 383 - 407 or 409) was a Murong - Xianbei state locate in north-east of current China during the era of Sixteen Murong ( is a Chinese compound surname. It is mostly known as the family name of the Chinese/ Xianbei states Former Yan, Later Yan, Western ( is a northeastern province of the People's Republic of China. Gwanggaeto responded swiftly, recovering most of the territory seized by the Xianbei and driving most of them from Goguryeo. Then in 402, he decided to launch an attack on Later Yan itself, determined to protect his Empire from further threat. In the same year Gwanggaeto defeated the Xienpei, seizing some of their border fortresses. In 404, he invaded Liaodong and took the entire Liaodong Peninsula. The Liáodōng Peninsula ( is a Peninsula in the Liáoníng province of northeastern China, historically known in the west as southern east- Manchuria
The Xianbei did not watch idly as Goguryeo forces took over their lands. In 405, forces of the Later Yan crossed the Liao River, and attacked Goguryeo but were defeated by Gwanggaeto. The Liao He (遼河 Liao River is the principal River in southern Manchuria (1345 km The Murong Xianbei invaded once again the following year, but yet again the Goguryeo king was able to repel them. Gwanggaeto led several more campaigns against Xianbei as well as against Khitan tribes in Inner Mongolia, which he brought under his control. Inner Mongolia ( Mongolian:, Öbür mongɣul; occasionally romanized to Nei Mongol is the Mongol In 408, the king sent a peace delegate to Gao Yun, then ruler of Later Yan/Northern Yan, to broker a settlement between the two dynasties, because Gao Yun descended from the Goguryeo royal house as well. Early life Gao Yun's ancestors were from the Goguryeo royal house The Later Yan ( 383 - 407 or 409) was a Murong - Xianbei state locate in north-east of current China during the era of Sixteen The Northern Yan ( 407 or 409 - 436) was a State of Han Chinese during the era of Sixteen Kingdoms in China. Goguryeo control over the Liaoning region remained strong until the Tang Dynasty seized the area as a part of its war against Goguryeo in the late 6th century. The Tang Dynasty ( Middle Chinese: dhɑng (June 18 618&ndashJune 4 907 was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by
In 410 Gwanggaeto began his conquest of the Dongbuyeo. Dongbuyeo (86 BCE - 22 CE or 410 CE was an ancient Korean kingdom that developed from Bukbuyeo, until conquered by the early Goguryeo, which then grew into The Dongbuyeo was no match for the great cavalry units of Goguryeo, and it suffered a series of defeat, finally surrendering to Goguryeo after King Gwanggaeto conquered sixty-four walled cities and more than 1,400 villages. Gwanggaeto also attacked several Malgal and Ainu tribes further north, bringing them under Goguryeo domination. The Mohe (or Malgal, Mogher) were a Tungusic people in ancient Manchuria. ʔáinu (also called Ezo in historical texts are an ethnic group indigenous to Hokkaidō, the Kuril Islands, and much of Sakhalin.
Southeastern campaigns
In 400, Silla, another Korean kingdom in the southeast of the peninsula, requested Goguryeo assistance to defend against an alliance of Japanese army, the Baekje kingdom to the west, and the Gaya Confederacy to the southwest. Silla (57 BC – 935 AD was one of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Baekje (18 BCE – 660 CE or Paekche, was a kingdom located in southwest Korea Gaya was a confederacy of territorial polities in the Nakdong River basin of southern Korea, growing out of the Byeonhan confederacy of the Samhan In the same year, King Gwanggaeto responded with 50,000 troops, defeated both Japanese and Gaya cavalry units, and made both Silla and Gaya submit to his authority. In 401, he returned King Silseong to Silla, to establish peaceful relationship with the kingdom while he continued the conquest of the north, but Goguryeo forces remained and continued to influence Silla. Silseong of Silla (d 417 r 402-417 whose name is also given as Silju or Silgeum, was the 18th ruler of the Korean kingdom of Silla
Death and legacy
King Gwanggaeto died of disease in 413, at the age of thirty-nine. Although Gwanggaeto ruled for only twenty-two years and died fairly young, his conquests are said to mark the high tide of Korean history. Except for the period of 200 years beginning with his son and successor, King Jangsu, and the later kingdom of Balhae, Korea never before or since ruled such a vast territory. King Jangsu of Goguryeo (394 - 491 r 413 - 491 was the 20th Monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Alternate meaning Bohai Sea Balhae (698 - 926 ( Bohai in Chinese, Пархэ in Russian) was an There is evidence that Goguryeo's maximum extent lay even further west, in present-day Mongolia, bordered by the Rouran and Göktürks. Mongolia (mɒŋˈɡoʊliə, literally Mongol country/nation,) is a Landlocked Country in East Rouran ( Wade-Giles: Jou-jan) Ruanruan/Ruru ( also known as Tan Tan ( was the name of a confederation of Nomadic tribes on Göktürks ( Turkish: Gök Türkler) were a Turkic people of ancient Central Asia. Gwanggaeto is also given credit for establishing the reign titles that were recorded for the first time in Korean history, a symbolic gesture elevating Goguryeo monarchs as equals to their Chinese counterparts.
Today, King Gwanggaeto the Great is one of two rulers of Korea who were given the title 'Great' after their name (the other one being King Sejong the Great of Joseon, who created the Korean alphabet). He is regarded by Koreans as one of the greatest heroes of their history, and is often taken as a potent symbol of Korean nationalism. Korean Nationalism is a term referring to the cultural, historical, political and shared social history that unifies the Korean people Recently, the People's Republic of China launched its program of attempting to incorporate the history of Goguryeo within the context Chinese history, which has resulted in popular opposition from Koreans. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Chinese civilization originated in various city-states along the Yellow River ( valley in the Neolithic era
The Gwanggaeto Stele, a six-meter monument erected by King Jangsu in 414, was rediscovered in Manchuria in 1875 by a Chinese scholar. The Stele of King Gwanggaeto of Goguryeo was erected in 414 by King Jangsu as a memorial to his deceased father King Jangsu of Goguryeo (394 - 491 r 413 - 491 was the 20th Monarch of Goguryeo, the northernmost of the Three Kingdoms of Korea. Manchuria ( Romanized Manchu: Manju,, Маньчжурия Mongolian: Манж is a historical name given to a vast geographic region in northeast Although the stele gives us a great amount of information of his reign, it also caused a controversy about historical view. This is because it contains several references to Japan. Those stories of Japan are:
- in 391 Japan crossed sea and defeated Baekje and Silla and made them subjects.
- in 399 allied armies of Baekje and Japan invaded into Silla. Silla asked Goguryeo for help.
- in 400 Goguryeo expelled Japan from Silla to southern Korea.
- in 404 Japan lost the battle against Goguryeo in the southern Lelang (pyongyang).
Among them, the story of the year 391 became very controversial as the text of the stele is not clear and it mentions Japan's presence in the Korean Peninsula in the 4th century, which Korean scholars reject. Also, Japan's presence in Korean peninsula with power in 391 is not possible for every Silla and Baekje based historical literature indicates that this did not occur. In fact, it is said Japan obeyed Baekje king's command. Most people find it odd that an artifact dedicated to the great achievements of Goguryeo would mention a Japanese achievement not related to Goguryeo or King Gwanggaeto. Also, historians indicate the technological difference between Japan and Korea at that time. It would have been almost impossible for Japan to have subjugated a country which had superior technology. That would have been like saying a country in Africa came across the Ocean and subjugated the USA or Canada. Korean scholars claim that the stele was intentionally damaged by Japanese army to provide a sort of historical precedent to later Japanese occupation over Korea. This is highly possbile since Japan has manipulated several historical documents during Empire era in early 20th century. The Korean scholars claim that the passage should be interpreted as:
- in 391 Goguryeo crossed sea and defeated Baekje and Silla and made them subjects.
As national pride works in the interpretation, it is currently almost impossible to have a same historical view in this topic among the Korean and the Japanese. And this disagreement affected the project of writing a common history textbook among Korea, Japan, and China.
Recently a new historical drama Taewang Sasingi finished broadcasting in Korea based on the life of Gwanggaeto the Great, with Bae Yong-Joon playing the title role. Legend ( 태왕사신기, Hanja: ko 太王四神記) is a South Korean TV series created by Kimjonghak Production that aired on MBC Bae Yong Joon (born August 29 1972 in Seoul, South Korea) is a South Korean actor best known for his roles in numerous television This drama became a huge success in Korea due to its high-profile lead actor, Bae Yong-Joon, and its amazing CGI effects that incorporated Korean legend with the history. Bae Yong Joon (born August 29 1972 in Seoul, South Korea) is a South Korean actor best known for his roles in numerous television The drama spanned the time period from the birth of Gwanggaeto the Great, to the beginning of his reign.
The further legacy of Gwanggaeto is his immortalisation as the eponymous ITF Taekwon-Do Tul (pattern) created by General Choi Hong-Hi along with the creative influence of his right hand-man, Nam Tae-Hi. To quote the explanation of the patten from the ITF Taekwon-Do encyclopedia:
KWANG-GAE (Gwang-gaeto) is named after the famous Kwang-Gae-Toh-Wang, the 19th King of the Koguryo Dynasty, who regained all the lost territories including the greater part of Manchuria. The diagram represents the expansion and recovery of lost territory. The 39 movements refer to the first two figures of 391 A. D. , the year he came to the throne.
The pattern is performed as part of the testing syllabus for the level of 1st Degree black belt by the three former branches of the original ITF in addition to independent Taekwon-Do / Taekwon Do / Tae Kwon Do schools that regard themselves as 'traditional' ITF Style.
See also
External links
- (Korean) Campaigns of Gwanggaeto The Great
- Picture of Gwanggaeto The Great
- (Korean) An Attempt to Reconstruct the King's Southerly Conquest
- (Korean) [1]
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