- For the city and district in central India, see Guna, India and Guna District. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For the Sanskrit word guna ( guṇa) see Guna WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Guna is a Guna is a district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The capital is Guna.
The Sanskrit word guṇa has the basic meaning of "string" or "a single thread or strand of a cord or twine". Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical In more abstract uses, it may mean "a subdivision, species, kind", and generally "quality".
In Samkhya philosophy there are three guṇas (based upon the three "tendencies"), tamas guṇa, sattva guṇa, and rajas guṇa. Sankhya, also Samkhya, ( सांख्य, IAST: sānkhya - 'enumeration' is one of the six schools of classical Indian philosophy.
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In classical literature
In classical literature (e. g. Mahabharata, Bhagavata Purana and Bhagavad Gita), a guṇa is an attribute of the five elements, five senses, and five associated body parts:
- ether, associated with the guṇa śábda ("sound") and with the ear. The Bhagavata Purana (also known as Śrīmad Bhāgavatam, or simply Bhāgavatam) is one of the Puranic texts of Hindu literature Many ancient philosophies used a set of archetypal classical "elements" to explain patterns in Nature. Senses are the physiological methods of Perception. The senses and their operation classification and theory are overlapping topics studied by a variety of fields According to ancient and medieval science, aether (Greek grc αἰθήρ aithēr) also spelled æther or ether, is the material that fills Śábda is the Sanskrit for "sound speech"In Sanskrit grammar, the term refers to an Utterance in the sense of Linguistic performance The ear is the sense organ that detects Sounds The Vertebrate ear shows a common biology from Fish to Humans with variations
- air, associated with the guṇa sparśa ("feeling") and with the skin. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five Sparśa ( Sanskrit) or Phassa ( Pāli) is a Buddhist term meaning "contact" or "touching" or "sense impression" The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant
- fire, associated with the guṇa rūpa ("appearance", and thus color and tangibility) and with the eye. Fire is the heat and light energy released during a Chemical reaction, in particular a combustion reaction. Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain
- water, associated with the guṇa rasa ("taste", and thus also flavor and tangibility, as well as shape) and with the tongue. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. The tongue is the large bundle of Skeletal muscles on the floor of the Mouth that manipulates Food for chewing and swallowing (deglutition
- earth, associated with all the preceding guṇas as well as the guṇa gandha ("smell") and with the nose. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Anatomically a nose is a protuberance in Vertebrates that houses the Nostrils or nares which admit and expel air for respiration in conjunction with the
In Samkhya philosophy
In Samkhya philosophy a guṇa is one of three "tendencies": tamas, sattva, and rajas. Sankhya, also Samkhya, ( सांख्य, IAST: sānkhya - 'enumeration' is one of the six schools of classical Indian philosophy. In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism Tamas, or tamo-guna, is the lowest of the three Gunas It is a force which promotes one or In Hindu philosophy, sattva ( Sanskrit sattva "purity" literally "existence reality" adjectival sāttvika "pure" In Samkhya philosophy one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, rajas (Sanskrit rajas, or rajoguna) is the quality ( Guna) of activity These categories have become a common means of categorizing behavior and natural phenomena in Hindu philosophy, and also in Ayurvedic medicine, as a system to assess conditions and diets. Hindu philosophy is divided into six Sanskrit ''{{IAST|āstika}}'') schools of thought or darshanas (literally "views" Sankhya Ayurveda ( Devanāgarī: आयुर्वॆद the 'science of life' is a system of Traditional medicine native to India, and practiced in other This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. Guṇa is the tendency of the mind and not the state. For instance, sattva guṇa is that force which tends to bring the mind to purity but is not purity itself. Similarly rajas guṇa is that force which tends to bring the mind to perform some action but is not action itself.
- Sattva (originally "being, existence, entity") has been translated to mean balance, order, or purity. In Hindu philosophy, sattva ( Sanskrit sattva "purity" literally "existence reality" adjectival sāttvika "pure" This typically implies that a person with more of Sattva has a positive or even orderly state of mind. Such a person is psychologically kind, calm, alert and thoughtful. Compare also the bodhisattvas in Buddhism. In the Buddhist context a bodhisattva (बोधिसत्त्व bodhisattva;; Vietnamese Bồ Tát; बोधिसत्त bodhisatta Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Indologist Georg Feuerstein translates sattva as "lucidity". Indology refers to the academic study of the languages texts History and Cultures of the Indian subcontinent, and as such a subset of Asian studies Dr Georg Feuerstein (born 1947) is a German-Canadian Indologist specializing on Yoga.
- Rajas (originally "atmosphere, air, firmament") leads one to activity. In Samkhya philosophy one of the six schools of Hindu philosophy, rajas (Sanskrit rajas, or rajoguna) is the quality ( Guna) of activity This type of activity is explained by the term Yogakshem. Yogakshem is composed of two words: Yoga and Kshem. Yoga in the present context is acquiring something that one does not have. Kshem means losing something that one already has. Rajas is the force that creates desires for acquiring new things and fears for losing something that one has. These desires and fears lead one to activity. (Rajas is etymologically unrelated to the word raja. For other uses see Raja (disambiguation and Rajah (disambiguation. ) Feuerstein translates rajas as "dynamism".
- Tamas (originally "darkness", "obscurity") has been translated to mean "too inactive", negative, lethargic, dull, or slow. In Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sikhism Tamas, or tamo-guna, is the lowest of the three Gunas It is a force which promotes one or Usually it is associated with darkness, delusion, or ignorance. A tamas quality also can imply that a person has a self-destructive or entropic state of mind. That person is constantly pursuing destructive activities. Feuerstein translates tamas as "inertia". The vis insita or innate force of matter is a power of resisting by which every body as much as in it lies endeavors to preserve in its present state whether it be of rest or of moving
In Nyaya philosophy
In Nyaya philosophy, 24 guṇas are enumerated as properties or characteristics of all created things, including śábda, sparśa, rūpa, rasa, and gandha. Nyāya ( Sanskrit ni-āyá, literally "recursion" used in the sense of " Syllogism, inference" is the name given to one of the six orthodox
- rūpa: appearance (shape and color).
- rasa: taste.
- gandha: smell.
- sparśa: feeling (touch).
- sāṃkhya: amount. Sankhya, also Samkhya, ( सांख्य, IAST: sānkhya - 'enumeration' is one of the six schools of classical Indian philosophy.
- parimāṇa: dimension.
- pṛthaktva: distinctness.
- saṃyoga: conjunction.
- vibhāga: disjunction.
- paratva: remoteness.
- aparatva: proximity.
- gurutva: weight.
- dravatva: fluidity.
- sneha: viscidity.
- śábda: sound.
- buddhi/jñāna: understanding or knowledge. In Hindu mythology, Buddhi is one of the wives of Ganesha. Buddhi is a feminine Sanskrit noun derived from Jñāna (also spelled Gñāna; Devanagari ज्ञान is the Sanskrit term for Knowledge or Philosophy.
- sukha: pleasure. Sukha is a Sanskrit and Pāli word that is often translated as “happiness" or "ease" or "pleasure" or "bliss
- duḥkha: pain.
- icchā: desire.
- dveṣa: aversion.
- prayatna: effort.
- dharma: merit or virtue. The Sanskrit term ( Devanāgarī: धर्म Pali transliteration dhamma) is an Indian spiritual and religious
- adharma: demerit. Adharma is the Sanskrit Antonym of Dharma. It means 'that which is not in accord with the law' - referring to both the human written law and
- saṃskāra: the self-reproductive quality;
In grammar
In Sanskrit grammar, guṇa is a technical term referring to the vowels a, e, o,( i. Samskaram ( Sanskrit saṃskāraṃ "accomplishment embellishment consecration" Hindi Sanskar) are Vedic Rites of passage finding Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical e. the full grade ablaut stages; see Ashtadhyayi). Pāṇini ( IAST: Pāṇini Dēvanāgarī: sa पाणिनि a Patronymic meaning "descendant of {{IAST|Paṇi}} " was an ancient
References
- The Ayurveda Encyclopedia by Swami Sada Shiva Tirtha
See also
External links
- Gunas - a table of correspondences, based on Bhagavad Gita and Bhagavata Purana, Vaishnava Vedanta tradition Java applet
- Gunas - a study based on Bhagavad Gita and Bhagavata Purana, Vaishnava Vedanta tradition
- Tour of Vedic universe - humans and gunas, Vaishnava Vedanta tradition
- Gunas Gunas from Spiritual Glossary
- 3 Guna-Avatars-Mountains of Switzerland in Interlaken
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