Gum arabic, a natural gum also called gum acacia, and chaar gund or char goond (in India), is a substance that is taken from two sub-Saharan species of the acacia tree, Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal. Natural gums are Polysaccharides of natural origin capable of causing a large Viscosity increase in solution even at small concentrations Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries Acacia is a Genus of Shrubs and Trees belonging to the Subfamily Mimosoideae of the family Fabaceae, first la Acacia senegal is a small deciduous Acacia tree known by the common names Rudraksha, Gum Acacia, Gum Arabic Tree, or Red acacia ( Acacia seyal; also known as Shittim wood or Shittim tree) is a thorny 6-10 m (20-30 ft high tree with a greenish or reddish It is used primarily in the food industry as a stabilizer, but has had more varied uses in the past, including viscosity control in inks. The food industry is the complex global collective of diverse Businesses that together supply much of the Food energy consumed by the World population. Food additives are substances added to food to preserve flavour or improve its taste and appearance Viscosity is a measure of the resistance of a Fluid which is being deformed by either Shear stress or Extensional stress. An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or Its E number is E414. E numbers are number codes for Food additives and are usually found on Food labels throughout the European Union.
Gum arabic is a complex mixture of saccharides and glycoproteins, which gives it its most useful property: it is perfectly edible. In Chemistry, a mixture is a substance made by combining two or more different materials without a chemical reaction occurring (the objects do not bond together Not to be confused with Peptidoglycan. Glycoproteins are proteins that contain Oligosaccharide chains ( Glycans) covalently attached Other substances have replaced it in situations where toxicity is not an issue, as the proportions of the various chemicals in gum arabic vary widely and make it unpredictable. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Still, it remains an important ingredient in soft drink syrups, "hard" gummy candies like gumdrops, marshmallows, M & M's chocolate candies, and most notably, chewing gums. Soft drink is a beverage that does not contain Alcohol. Carbonated soft drinks are commonly known as soda soda pop pop, or In Cooking, a syrup (from Arabic' ar شراب sharab, beverage via Latin siropus) is a thick Viscous Liquid For the children's stories by Val Biro see Gumdrop (fictional car. The Marshmallow is a Confection that in its modern form typically consists of Sugar or Corn syrup, water Gelatin that has been pre-softened For songs called "Chewing Gum" see Chewing Gum (song Chewing gum is a type of Confectionery traditionally made of Chicle For artists it is the traditional binder used in watercolor paint, and is used in photography for gum printing. The definition of an artist is wide-ranging and covers a broad spectrum of Activities to do with creating Art, practicing the Arts and/or demonstrating A binder is an ingredient used to bind together two or more other materials in mixtures Watercolor ( US) or Watercolour ( UK) (and "aquarelle" in French is a Painting method Paint is any Liquid, liquifiable or mastic composition which after application to a substrate in a thin layer is converted to an opaque Solid Gum printing is a way of making photographic reproductions without the use of Silver Halides The process used salts of Dichromate in common with a number Pharmaceuticals and cosmetics also use the gum, and it is used as a binder in pyrotechnic compositions. The term "pyrotechnics" can also be used for Fireworks events It is an important ingredient in shoe polish. It is also used often as a lickable adhesive on postage stamps and cigarette papers. Glue or adhesive is a compound that adheres or bonds two items together In Philately, gum is the substance applied to the back of a Postage stamp to enable it to adhere to a letter or other mailed item Rolling papers are small sheets rolls or leaves of Paper which are sold for rolling one's own Cigarettes Printers employ it to stop oxidation of aluminium printing plates in the interval between processing of the plate and its use on a printing press. Redox (shorthand for reduction-oxidation reaction describes all Chemical reactions in which atoms have their Oxidation number ( Oxidation state WikipediaNaming Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image
The substance is grown commercially throughout the Sahel from Senegal and Sudan to Somalia. See also Sahel Tunisia, a region of eastern Tunisia. The Sahel or Sahel Belt (from Arabic ساحل sāḥil Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Somalia ( Soomaaliya; الصومال) officially the Somali Republic ( Jamhuuriyadda Soomaaliya, جمهورية الصومال) and formerly known
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Painting and Art
Gum arabic is used as a binder for watercolor painting because it dissolves easily in water. A binder is an ingredient used to bind together two or more other materials in mixtures Watercolor ( US) or Watercolour ( UK) (and "aquarelle" in French is a Painting method Pigment of any color is suspended within the gum arabic in varying amounts, resulting in watercolor paint. For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. Water acts as a vehicle or a diluent to thin the watercolor paint and helps to transfer the paint to a surface such as paper. A Diluent (also referred to as a dilutant or thinner) is a diluting agent Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging When all moisture evaporates, the gum arabic binds the pigment to the paper surface. Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging
Photography
The historical photography process of gum bichromate photography uses gum arabic to permanently bind pigments on paper. Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing Gum printing is a way of making photographic reproductions without the use of Silver Halides The process used salts of Dichromate in common with a number Ammonium or potassium dichromate is mixed with gum arabic and pigment to create a photographic emulsion, sensitive to ultraviolet light. Ammonium dichromate is the Inorganic compound with the formula (NH42Cr2O7 Potassium dichromate, K2Cr2O7 is a common inorganic chemical reagent most commonly used as an Oxidizing agent in various laboratory For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays
Printmaking
Gum arabic is also used to protect and etch an image in lithographic processes. For other uses of etch or etching, see Etching (disambiguation, for the history of the method see Old master prints. Lithography is a method for Printing using a plate or stone with a completely smooth surface Ink tends to fill into whitespace on photosensitive aluminium plates if they don't receive a layer of gum. An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or In Process management, the White Space as described by Geary A Photosensitivity is the amount to which an object reacts upon receiving Photons especially Visible light. In stone lithography the gum etch is used to etch the most subtle gray tones. Phosphoric acid is added in varying concentrations to the gum arabic to etch the darker tones up to dark blacks. Phosphoric acid, also known as orthophosphoric acid or phosphoric(V acid, is a mineral (inorganic acid having the Chemical formula Black is the Color of objects that do not emit or Reflect Light in any part of the Visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of Multiple layers of gum are used after the etching process to build up a protective barrier that ensures the ink does not fill into the whitespace of the image being printed. An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or
Political aspects
Although from the 1950s to the early 1990s Sudan accounted for roughly 80% of gum arabic production, today that figure is under 50%[1]. However it is still the world's largest single producer, and the production of gum arabic is heavily controlled by the Sudanese government. [2]
The connection between Sudan and Osama bin Laden brought the otherwise innocuous gum to public consciousness in 2001, as an urban legend arose that bin Laden owned a significant fraction of the gum arabic production in Sudan and that therefore one should boycott products using it. Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. Osama bin Laden, with some spelling variations is the name used in English to refer to (أسامة بن محمد بن عوض بن لادن born 10 March An urban legend or urban myth is a form of modern Folklore consisting of stories thought to be factual by those circulating them Sudan (officially the Republic of Sudan) ( السودان al-Sūdān is a country in northeastern Africa. A boycott is a form of Consumer activism involving the act of voluntarily abstaining from using buying or dealing with someone or some other organization as an expression of [3] As a result, some food producers, such as Snapple, renamed the ingredient to "gum acacia" on their labels. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an Snapple is a brand of iced tea and fruit drinks owned by Dr Pepper Snapple Group and based in Rye Brook New York.
This story took on somewhat significant proportions, mostly thanks to an article in The Daily Telegraph a few days after the September 11 attacks, which echoed this claim. For "The Daily Telegraph" in Australia see The Daily Telegraph (Australia. Eventually, the State Department issued a release stating that while Osama bin Laden had once had considerable holdings in Sudanese gum arabic production, he divested himself of these when he was expelled from Sudan in 1996. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) [4]
In a press conference held at the Washington Press Club on 30 May 2007, John Ukec Lueth Ukec, Sudan's ambassador to the United States, threatened to stop exportation of gum arabic from his country if sanctions were imposed. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The sanctions proposed by the United States were a political response from the United States to the alleged connection between the government of Sudan and the Janjaweed militia group. The Janjaweed ( Arabic: جنجويد; variously transliterated Janjawid, Janjawed or Jingaweit etc Ukec made his speech surrounded by Coca-Cola products, although other sodas use gum arabic as an emulsifier as well. [5]
John Ukec Lueth Ukec was quoted at the Washington press conference, "I want you to know that the gum arabic which runs all the soft drinks all over the world, including the United States, mainly 80 percent is imported from my country," which he said after raising a bottle of Coca-Cola. According to the Washington Post, a reporter then asked if Sudan was threatening to "stop the export of gum arabic and bring down the Western world. " To which Ukec replied, "I can stop that gum arabic and all of us will have lost this," and gestured to the Coke bottle. [5]
Pyrotechnics
Gum arabic is also used as a water soluble binder in firework composition. A firework is classified as a low explosive pyrotechnic device used primarily for aesthetic and entertainment purposes
Effect on surface tension in liquids
Gum arabic reduces the surface tension of liquids, which leads to increased fizzing in carbonated beverages. For the work of fiction see Surface Tension (short story. Surface tension is a property of the surface of a Liquid that causes it to Liquid is one of the principal States of matter. A liquid is a Fluid that has the particles loose and can freely form a distinct surface at the boundaries of This can be exploited in what is known as a Diet Coke and Mentos eruption. Diet Coke and Mentos Eruption (also known as a Mentos eruption or a soda geyser) is a reaction of Diet Coke and mint Mentos candies
References
- ^ See page 4 of the World Bank Policy Note, Export Marketing of Gum Arabic from Sudan, March 2007 - http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTAFRMDTF/Resources/Gum_Arabic_Policy_Note.pdf
- ^ James Gerstenzang and Edmund Sanders (2007-05-30). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Impact of Bush's Sudan sanctions doubted. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved on 2007-06-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Urban Legends Reference Pages: Rumors of War (Buy Gum!). Snopes (2001-09-19). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 335 - Dalmatius is raised to the rank of Caesar by his uncle Constantine I. Retrieved on 2007-06-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
- ^ Tom Bowman and Ann LoLordo (1998-09-15). Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Sanctions on Sudan bend for gum supply…. The Sun - Baltimore, Md. . Retrieved on 2008-02-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland
- ^ a b Dana Milbank (2007-05-31). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Denying Genocide in Darfur -- and Americans Their Coca-Cola. The Washington Post. Retrieved on 2007-06-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
External links
- http://www.sbu.ac.uk/water/hyarabic.html
- http://www.cniworld.com (CNI : Colloides Naturels International is the Gum Arabic World Leader)
- http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11224050 (NPR story on Gum Arabic, its production, and use in industry)
Dictionary
gum arabic
-noun
- An edible substance taken from one of two species of sub-Saharan acacia trees. It is used in the food industry as a stabilizer (e.g. in soda, gumdrops and marshmallows) and in other industries including pharmaceuticals, paints and polishes.
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