| Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Ellinikí Dimokratía Hellenic Republic | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
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| Motto: Ελευθερία ή θάνατος Eleftheria i thanatos (transliteration) "Freedom or Death" | ||||||
| Anthem: Ύμνος εις την Ελευθερίαν Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían Hymn to Liberty1 | ||||||
 Location of Greece (dark green) – on the European continent (light green & dark grey) | ||||||
| Capital (and largest city) | Athens | |||||
| Official languages | Greek | |||||
| Demonym | Greek | |||||
| Government | Parliamentary republic | |||||
| - | President | Karolos Papoulias | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Kostas Karamanlis | ||||
| Modern statehood | ||||||
| - | Independence from the Ottoman Empire | 25 March 1821 | ||||
| - | Recognized | 3 February 1830, in the London Protocol | ||||
| - | Current constitution | 1975, "Third Republic" | ||||
| EU accession | January 1, 1981 | |||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 131,990 km² (96th) 50,944 sq mi | ||||
| - | Water (%) | 0. The Flag of Greece ( Σημαία της Ελλάδος, popularly referred to as the Γαλανόλευκη or the Κυανόλευκη The National Emblem of Greece ( Εθνόσημο της Ελλάδας, Ethnósimo tis Elládas) consists of a blue escutcheon with a white A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Eleftheria i thanatos (Ελευθερία ή θάνατος pron Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's The Hymn to Liberty (Ὕμνος εἰς τὴν Ἐλευθερίαν Ýmnos eis tīn Eleutherían) is a poem written by Dionýsios Solomós in 1823 that consists The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Demographics of Greece refer to the Demography of the population that inhabits the Greek peninsula a region where the Greek language has been continuously spoken Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government The President of the Republic (Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας colloquially referred to in English as the President of Greece, is the elected Head of state Dr Karolos Papoulias (Κάρολος Παπούλιας ˈkaro̞ˌlo̞s paˈpuʎas (born June 4, 1929) is the current President of the Hellenic The Prime Minister of Greece ( Πρωθυπουργός της Ελλάδος) is the Head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of Konstantínos Alexandrou Karamanlís (Κωνσταντίνος Αλεξάνδρου Καραμανλής (alt The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Events 1199 - Richard I is wounded by a crossbow bolt while fighting France which leads to his death on April 6. Year 1821 ( MDCCCXXI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display London Protocol is a name used to describe several different documents In the modern history of Greece, starting from the Greek War of Independence, the Constitution of 1975/1986/2001 is the last in a series of democratically adopted Constitutions The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here Surface areas between 100000 km² and 1000000 km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 8669 | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2008 estimate | 11,216,708[1] (74th) | ||||
| - | 2001 census | 10,964,020[2] | ||||
| - | Density | 84/km² (88th) 218/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2008 IMF estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $412. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The Geary-Khamis dollar, also known as the international dollar, is a hypothetical unit of Currency that has the same Purchasing power that the U 521 billion (31st) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $36,983 (17th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2008 IMF estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $388. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been 332 billion (27th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $34,814 (23rd) | ||||
| Gini (2000) | 35. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth 42 (low) | |||||
| HDI (2005) | ▲ 0. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 926 (high) (24th) | |||||
| Currency | Euro (€)3 (EUR) | |||||
| Time zone | EET (UTC+2) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | EEST (UTC+3) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .gr4 | |||||
| Calling code | +30 | |||||
| 1 | Also the national anthem of Cyprus. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e The euro sign (€ is the Currency sign used for the Euro, the official currency of the European Union (EU ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Eastern European Time ( EET) is one of the names of UTC+2 Time zone, 2 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. Daylight saving time ( DST Eastern European Summer Time ( EEST) is one of the names of UTC+3 Time zone, 3 hours ahead of Coordinated Universal Time. A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía | |||||
| 2 | UNU/Wider World Income Inequality Database. | |||||
| 3 | Before 2001: Greek Drachma. Drachma, pl drachmas or drachmae (δραχμή pl δραχμές or δραχμαί (until 1982 is the name of An ancient currency unit found in many | |||||
| 4 | The .eu domain is also used, as it is shared with other European Union member states. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in | |||||
Greece (Greek: Ελλάδα, Elláda, IPA: [ɛˈlaða], or Ελλάς, Ellás, [ɛˈlas]), officially the Hellenic Republic [Ελληνική Δημοκρατία (ɛliniˈkʲi ðimokraˈtia)],[3] is a country in southeastern Europe, situated on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity It has borders with Albania, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia and Bulgaria to the north, and Turkey to the east. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The Republic of Macedonia (Република The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Aegean Sea lies to the east and south of mainland Greece, while the Ionian Sea lies to the west. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. Both parts of the Eastern Mediterranean basin feature a vast number of islands. The Greek Islands are a collection of over 6000 Islands and Islets that belong to Greece.
Greece lies at the juncture of Europe, Asia and Africa. It is heir to the heritages of ancient Greece, the Roman and Byzantine Empires,[4] and nearly four centuries of Ottoman rule. The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish [5] Greece is the birthplace of democracy,[6] Western philosophy,[7] the Olympic Games, Western literature and historiography, political science, major scientific and mathematic principles, and Western drama[8] including both tragedy and comedy. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Western literature refers to the Literature of the Indo-European languages, as well as several languages geographically or historically related to the Indo-European Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Mathematics is the body of Knowledge and Academic discipline that studies such concepts as Quantity, Structure, Space and Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and
Greece is a developed country, a member of the European Union since 1981,[9] a member of the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union since 2001, NATO since 1952, the OECD since 1961,[10] the WEU since 1995 and ESA since 2005. The term developed country, or advanced country, is used to categorize countries with developed Economies in which the tertiary and quaternary sectors The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in In economics a Monetary union is a situation where several countries have agreed to share a single currency amongst themselves The North Atlantic Treaty The Western European Union ( WEU) is a partially dormant European defence and security organization established on the basis of the Treaty of Brussels of 1948 The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member [11] Athens is the capital; Thessaloniki, Patras, Heraklion, Volos, Ioannina, Larissa and Kavala are some of the country's other major cities. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Patras ( Demotic Greek: Πάτρα, Pátra, ˈpatra Classical Greek: Πάτραι, Pátrai, Patrae is Greece Heraklion or Iraklion (Ηράκλειο Irákleio, iˈɾaklio̞ Candia is the largest city and capital of Crete. Volos (Βόλος is a coastal port city situated at the center of the Greek mainland about 326 km north from Athens and 215 km south from Thessaloniki Ioannina (Ιωάννινα, often el Γιάννενα or el Γιάννινα / is a city of Epirus, north-western Greece, with a metropolitan population of Larissa ( Greek: Λάρισα, Lárisa) is the capital city of the Thessaly periphery of Greece, and capital of the Kavala (Καβάλα is the second largest city in northern Greece, the principal Seaport of eastern Macedonia and the capital of Kavala prefecture
Contents |
History
The shores of the Aegean sea saw the emergence of the first advanced civilizations in Europe, the Minoan civilization in Crete and the Mycenean civilization on the mainland. The Minoan civilization was a Bronze Age civilization which arose on the island of Crete. "Lion Gate" redirects here For other uses see Lions' Gate (disambiguation. Later, city-states emerged across the Greek peninsula and spread to the shores of Black Sea, South Italy and Asia Minor reaching great levels of prosperity that resulted in an unprecedented cultural boom, expressed in architecture, drama, science and philosophy, and nurtured in Athens under a democratic environment. A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The Parthenon ( Ancient Greek:) is a temple of the Greek goddess Athena, built in the 5th century BC on the Athenian Acropolis Drama is the specific mode of Fiction represented in Performance. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The city of Athens during Classical antiquity was a notable Polis ( City-state) of Attica, Greece, leading the Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Athens and Sparta led the way in repelling the Persian Empire in a series of battles. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia Both were later overshadowed by Thebes and eventually Macedon, with the latter under the guidance of Alexander the Great uniting and leading the Greek world to victory over the Persians, to presage the Hellenistic era, itself brought only partially to a close two centuries later with the establishment of Roman rule over Greek lands in 146 BC. Thebes may refer to one of the following places Thebes Greece, Boeotia Prefecture Ancient Thebes (Boeotia (gmy 𐀳𐀣 Macedon or Macedonia ( Greek grc Μακεδονία grc-Latn Makedonía) was the name of a kingdom centered in the northern-most Alexander the Great ( or, Mégas Aléxandros; July 20 356 BC June 10 or June 11 323 BC also known as Alexander III of Macedon (el Ἀλέξανδρος Γ' layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox This article focuses on the historical aspects of the Hellenistic age for the cultural aspects see Hellenistic civilisation. The Roman Republic was the phase of the ancient Roman civilization characterized by a Republican form of government a period which began with the overthrow of the
The subsequent mixture of Roman and Hellenic cultures took form in the establishment of the Byzantine Empire in 330 AD around Constantinople, which remained a major cultural and military force for the next 1,123 years until its fall at the hands of Ottomans in 1453. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish On the eve of the Ottoman era the Greek intelligentsia migrated to Western Europe, playing a significant role in the Western European Renaissance through the transferring of works of Ancient Greeks to Western Europe. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' [12] Nevertheless, the Ottoman millet system contributed to the ethnic cohesion of Orthodox people by segregating the various peoples within the Ottoman Empire based on religion as the latter played an integral role in the formation of modern Greek identity. Millet is an Ottoman Turkish term for a Confessional community in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
After the Greek War of Independence, successfully fought against the Ottoman Empire from 1821 to 1829, the nascent Greek state was finally recognized under the London Protocol. The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish London Protocol is a name used to describe several different documents In 1827, Ioannis Kapodistrias, a noble Greek from the Ionian Islands, was chosen as the first governor of the new Republic. Count Ioannis Antonios Kapodistrias (Κόμης Ιωάννης Καποδίστριας - Komis Ioannis Kapodistrias in Giovanni Capo d'Istria Conte Capo d'Istria This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. However, following his assassination, the Great Powers soon installed a monarchy under Otto, of the Bavarian House of Wittelsbach. A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale The Kingdom of Greece ( Greek:, Vasíleion tīs Elládos) was a state established in 1832 in the Convention of London by the Great Otto of Greece (Όθων Βασιλεύς της Ελλάδος Othon Vasileus tis Ellados) (1 June 1815 – 26 July 1867 was made the first modern king of Greece The Wittelsbach family is a European Royal family and a German dynasty from Bavaria. In 1843, an uprising forced the King to grant a constitution and a representative assembly. Due to his unimpaired authoritarian rule, he was eventually dethroned in 1863 and replaced by Prince Vilhelm (William) of Denmark, who took the name George I and brought with him the Ionian Islands as a coronation gift from Britain. George I King of the Hellenes (Γεώργιος A' Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων Georgios A' Vasileus ton Ellinon; 24 December 1845 &ndash 18 March 1913 was This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In 1877, Charilaos Trikoupis, a dominant figure of the Greek political scene who is attributed with the significant improvement of the country's infrastructure, curbed the power of the monarchy to interfere in the assembly by issuing the rule of vote of confidence to any potential prime minister. Charilaos Trikoupis ( Χαρίλαος Τρικούπης) ( July 11 1832 (O A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation.
As a result of the Balkan Wars, Greece successfully increased the extent of her territory and population, a challenging context both socially and economically. The Balkan Wars were two wars in South-eastern Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League ( Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece In the following years, the struggle between King Constantine I and charismatic prime minister Eleftherios Venizelos over the country's foreign policy on the eve of World War I dominated the country's political scene, and divided the country into two bitterly hostile fractions. Constantine I King of the Hellenes (Κωνσταντίνος A' Βασιλεύς των Ελλήνων - 11 January 1923 was King of Greece from 1913 to 1917 and from Eleftherios Venizelos (full name Elefthérios Kyriákou Venizélos, Greek: Ελευθέριος Κυριάκου Βενιζέλος ( Mournies World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All The National Schism ( Εθνικός Διχασμός, Ethnikos Dikhasmos, sometimes called The Great Division) is a historical event involving
In the aftermath of WW I, Greece fought against Turkish nationalists led by Mustafa Kemal, a war which resulted in a massive population exchange between the two countries under the Treaty of Lausanne. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (19 May 1881 &ndash 10 November 1938 was an army officer revolutionary Statesman The Treaty of Lausanne ( July 24, 1923) was a Peace treaty signed in Lausanne that settled the Anatolian part of the Partitioning Instability and successive coup d'etats marked the following era, which was overshadowed by the massive task of incorporating 1. 5 million Greek refugees from Asia Minor into Greek society. On 28 October 1940 Fascist Italy demanded the surrender of Greece, but the Greek dictator Ioannis Metaxas famously responded to the Italian ultimatum with the single word "OXI" ("No"). Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom General Ioannis Metaxas (Ιωάννης Μεταξάς ( April 12, 1871 January 29, 1941) was a Greek General and In the following Greco-Italian War, Greece repelled Italian forces into Albania, giving the Allies their first victory over Axis forces on land. The Greco-Italian War ( Ελληνοϊταλικός Πόλεμος Ellēnoїtalikós Pólemos or Πόλεμος This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries The country would eventually fall to urgently dispatched German forces during the Battle of Greece, but the occupiers nevertheless met serious challenges from the Greek Resistance. The Battle of Greece (also known as Operation Marita, Unternehmen Marita was a World War II battle that occurred on the Greek mainland and in southern Albania The Greek Resistance ( Εθνική Αντίσταση, ie "National Resistance" is the blanket term for a number of armed and unarmed groups from across the political
After liberation, Greece experienced a bitter civil war between Royalist and Communist forces, which led to economic devastation and severe social tensions between its Rightists and largely Communist Leftists for the next 30 years. The Greek Civil War (ο Eμφύλιος, "the Civil War" fought from 1946 to 1949 by the Governmental forces receiving logistical support by the United Kingdom Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based In Politics, right-wing, the political right, and the Right are positions that uphold traditional values and/or authorities [13] The next 20 years were characterized by marginalisation of the left in the political and social spheres but also by a significant economic growth, propelled in part by the Marshall Plan. The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger
In 1965, a period of political turbulence led to a coup d’etat on April 21, 1967 by the US-backed Regime of the Colonels. Events 753 BC - Romulus and Remus found Rome ( traditional date) Year 1967 ( MCMLXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the 1967 Gregorian calendar. Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. On November 1973 the Athens Polytechnic Uprising sent shock waves across the regime, and a counter-coup established Brigadier Dimitrios Ioannides as dictator. The Athens Polytechnic uprising in 1973 was a massive demonstration of popular rejection of the Greek military junta of 1967-1974. This article refers to the military rank For the Doctor Who character known as the Brigadier see Brigadier Lethbridge-Stewart. Dimitrios Ioannides (also Dimitris Ioannidis, Greek Δημήτρης Ιωαννίδης) (born March 13, 1923) was a Greek military officer who On July 20, 1974, as Turkey invaded the island of Cyprus, the regime collapsed. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The Turkish invasion of Cyprus, launched on July 20 1974, was a Turkish Military operation against a coup which had been staged by the Cypriot Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía
Ex-Premier Constantine Karamanlis was invited back from Paris where he had lived in self-exile since 1963, marking the beginning of the Metapolitefsi era; a 1975 democratic republican constitution was activated and the monarchy abolished by a referendum held that same year. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1974 ( MCMLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the 1974 Gregorian calendar. Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (born 2 February 1926 is a French centre - right politician who was President of the French Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The Metapolitefsi ( Greek: Μεταπολίτευση, translated as Polity or Regime change) was a period in Greek Meanwhile, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Party, or PASOK, in response to Constantine Karamanlis' New Democracy party, with the two political formations dominating Greek political affairs in the ensuing decades. Andreas Georgiou Papandreou (Ανδρέας Γ Παπανδρέου ( 5 February, 1919 23 June, 1996) was a Greek economist The Panhellenic Socialist Movement, better known as PASOK ( Greek: Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα Pa nellinio So New Democracy ( ND, Greek: Νέα Δημοκρατία Néa Dimokratía) founded in 1974 is the main center-right political party in Greece Greece became the tenth member of the European Union on January 1, 1981 and ever since, the nation has experienced a remarkable and sustained economic growth. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1981 ( MCMLXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link displays the 1981 Widespread investments in industrial enterprises and heavy infrastructure, as well as funds from the European Union and growing revenues from tourism, shipping and a fast growing service sector have raised the country's standard of living to unprecedented levels. The country adopted the Euro in 2001, and successfully organised the 2004 Olympic Games in Athens. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's
Government and politics
Greece is a parliamentary republic. A parliamentary republic or parliamentary constitutional republic is a form of a Republic which operates under a Parliamentary system of government [14] The head of state is the President of the Republic, who is elected by the Parliament for a five-year term. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The President of the Republic (Πρόεδρος της Δημοκρατίας colloquially referred to in English as the President of Greece, is the elected Head of state The Hellenic Parliament ( Βουλή των Ελλήνων; transliterated Vouli (also Boule) ton Ellinon; literally 'Will of the Greeks' from the [15] After the Constitutional amendment of 1986 the President's duties were curtailed to a significant extent, and they are now largely ceremonial. The Greek Constitutional amendment of 1986 was based on the previously increased responsibilities of the President of the Republic [16]
The current Constitution of Greece was drawn up and adopted by the Fifth Revisionary Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 after the fall of the military junta of 1967-1974. The Constitution of Greece (Σύνταγμα / Sýntagma) was created by the Fifth Revisional Parliament of the Hellenes and entered into force in 1975 Regime of the Colonels redirects here For the Polish regime of colonels see Colonels' group. It has been revised twice since, in 1986 and in 2001. The Amendment of 2001 constituted the most important amendment of the Constitution of 1974 The Constitution, which consists of 120 articles, provides for a separation of powers into executive, legislative, and judicial branches, and grants extensive specific guarantees (further reinforced in 2001) of civil liberties and social rights. Separation of powers, a term ascribed to French Enlightenment Political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, is a model for the Governance In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State thumb| |Broken Liberty Istanbul Archaeology Museum Civil liberties are freedoms that protect the Individual from the Government. The term "social rights" is sometimes used to distinguished those rights arising from the Social contract, akin to Natural rights arising from nature but before [17]
According to the Constitution, executive power is exercised by the President of the Republic and the Government;[18] after 1986, however, the role of the President in the executive branch is ceremonial. The cabinet of Greece comprises the heads of the major ministries [16] The position of Prime Minister, Greece's head of government, belongs to the current leader of the political party that can obtain a vote of confidence by the Parliament. The Prime Minister of Greece ( Πρωθυπουργός της Ελλάδος) is the Head of government of the Hellenic Republic and the leader of This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State This is a list of the heads of government of the modern Greek state from its establishment during the Greek Revolution to the present day Under the current electoral system a party needs to surpass a 3% threshold in the popular vote in order to enter parliament The President of the Republic formally appoints the Prime Minister and, on his recommendation, appoints and dismisses the other members of the Cabinet. [19] The Prime Minister exercises vast political power, and the amendment of 1986 further strengthened his position to the detriment of the President of the Republic. [20]
Legislative power is exercised by a 300-member elective unicameral Parliament. Unicameralism is the practice of having only one legislative or Parliamentary chamber [21] Statutes passed by the Parliament are promulgated by the President of the Republic. [22] Parliamentary elections are held every four years, but the President of the Republic is obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier on the proposal of the Cabinet, in view of dealing with a national issue of exceptional importance. [23] The President is also obliged to dissolve the Parliament earlier, if the opposition manages to pass a motion of no confidence. A motion of no confidence (also vote of no confidence, censure motion, no-confidence motion, or confidence motion) is a Parliamentary motion [24]
The Judiciary is independent of the executive and the legislature and comprises three Supreme Courts: the Court of Cassation (Άρειος Πάγος), the Council of State (Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας) and the Court of Auditors (Ελεγκτικό Συνέδριο). In Greece, the independence of the justice system is safeguarded by the Constitution. The Court of Cassation ( Άρειος Πάγος, Areopagus, i In Greece, the Council of State (sometimes Counsel of State or State Council Συμβούλιο της Επικρατείας) is at the same time an administrative In Greece, the Chamber of Accounts (or Court of Accounts or Court of Auditors or Audit Court, French: Cour des Comptes The Judiciary system is also composed of civil courts, which judge civil and penal cases and administrative courts, which judge administrative cases, namely disputes between the citizens and the State.
Since the restoration of democracy the party system is dominated by the liberal-conservative New Democracy and the social-democratic Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). New Democracy ( ND, Greek: Νέα Δημοκρατία Néa Dimokratía) founded in 1974 is the main center-right political party in Greece The Panhellenic Socialist Movement, better known as PASOK ( Greek: Πανελλήνιο Σοσιαλιστικό Κίνημα Pa nellinio So Non-negligible parties include the Communist Party of Greece, the Coalition of the Radical Left and the Popular Orthodox Rally. The Communist Party of Greece (Κομμουνιστικό Κόμμα Ελλάδας Kommounistikó Kómma Elládas) better known by its acronym ΚΚΕ (usually History Formation Although SYRIZA is typically regarded to have been launched before the legislative election of 2004, the process that ended up in its formation The Popular Orthodox Rally or The People's Orthodox Rally ( Greek: Λαϊκός Ορθόδοξος Συναγερμός Laïkós Orthódoxos Synagermós
On March 7, 2004, Kostas Karamanlis, president of the New Democracy party and nephew of the late Constantine Karamanlis was elected as the new Prime Minister of Greece, thus marking his party's first electoral victory in nearly eleven years. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Konstantínos Alexandrou Karamanlís (Κωνσταντίνος Αλεξάνδρου Καραμανλής (alt Karamanlis took over government from Kostas Simitis of PASOK, who had been in office since January 1996. Konstantinos Simitis (Κωνσταντίνος Σημίτης (born June 23, 1936) usually referred to as Costas Simitis, was Prime Minister Kostas Karamanlis won a second term on September 16, 2007, however his party acquired a slimmer majority in the Greek Parliament gaining only 152 out of 300 seats. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Hellenic Parliament ( Βουλή των Ελλήνων; transliterated Vouli (also Boule) ton Ellinon; literally 'Will of the Greeks' from the
Peripheries and prefectures
Administratively, Greece consists of thirteen peripheries subdivided into a total of fifty-one prefectures (nomoi, singular nomos). The peripheries ( Περιφέρειες) are the official regional Administrative divisions of Greece. Greece consists of 13 administrative regions known as Peripheries of Greece, which are further subdivided into 3 super-prefectures and 54 prefectures or nomes There is also one autonomous area, Mount Athos (Agio Oros, "Holy Mountain"), which borders the periphery of Central Macedonia. An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority Mount Athos (Όρος Άθως is a mountain on the Peninsula of the same name in Macedonia, of northern Greece, called in Greek Άγιον Central Macedonia ( Greek: Περιφέρεια Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας Periféria Kentrikís Makedonías)is one of the thirteen peripheries
| Map | Number | Periphery | Capital | Area | Population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
 | |||||
| 1 | Attica | Athens | 3,808 km² | 3,761,810 | |
| 2 | Central Greece | Lamia | 15,549 km² | 605,329 | |
| 3 | Central Macedonia | Thessaloniki | 18,811 km² | 1,871,952 | |
| 4 | Crete | Heraklion | 8,259 km² | 601,131 | |
| 5 | East Macedonia and Thrace | Kavála | 14,157 km² | 611,067 | |
| 6 | Epirus | Ioannina | 9,203 km² | 353,820 | |
| 7 | Ionian Islands | Corfu | 2,307 km² | 212,984 | |
| 8 | North Aegean | Mytilene | 3,836 km² | 206,121 | |
| 9 | Peloponnese | Kalamata | 15,490 km² | 638,942 | |
| 10 | South Aegean | Ermoupoli | 5,286 km² | 302,686 | |
| 11 | Thessaly | Larissa | 14. A number is an Abstract object, tokens of which are Symbols used in Counting and measuring. The peripheries ( Περιφέρειες) are the official regional Administrative divisions of Greece. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology Attica (Αττική Attikí;) is a periphery (subdivision in Greece, containing Athens, the capital of Greece Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The periphery of Continental Greece ( Στερεά Ελλάδα - Stereá Elláda) or Central Greece (Κεντρική Ελλάδα is one of the Lamia (Λαμία is a city in central Greece. It is a site of Archaeological excavation (a castle dating from the pre-classical years reconstructed in the Central Macedonia ( Greek: Περιφέρεια Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας Periféria Kentrikís Makedonías)is one of the thirteen peripheries Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Heraklion or Iraklion (Ηράκλειο Irákleio, iˈɾaklio̞ Candia is the largest city and capital of Crete. East Macedonia and Thrace (Ανατολική Μακεδονία και Θράκη is one of the thirteen peripheries of Greece, consisting of the eastern Kavala (Καβάλα is the second largest city in northern Greece, the principal Seaport of eastern Macedonia and the capital of Kavala prefecture Epirus ( Greek: Ήπειρος Ípiros) is a periphery in northwestern Greece. Ioannina (Ιωάννινα, often el Γιάννενα or el Γιάννινα / is a city of Epirus, north-western Greece, with a metropolitan population of This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. Corfu ( Greek: Κέρκυρα - Kérkyra) is a city in north-western Greece. North Aegean is one of the thirteen Peripheries of Greece. It consists of the prefectures of Chios, Lesbos and Samos. Mytilene ( Greek: Μυτιλήνη - Mitilíni) is the Capital City of Lesbos, a Greek Island in the Aegean Sea Peloponnese ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Peloponnesos) is a periphery in southern Greece. Kalamata (Καλαμάτα Kalamáta, formerly Καλάμαι Kalámai) is the second-largest city of the Peloponnese in southern Greece South Aegean is one of the thirteen Peripheries of Greece. It consists of the Cyclades and Dodecanese islands in the South Aegean Sea. See also Hermopolis (disambiguation for other uses Ermoupoli ( Greek: Ερμούπολη Ermoúpoli) also known with its formal name as Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Larissa ( Greek: Λάρισα, Lárisa) is the capital city of the Thessaly periphery of Greece, and capital of the 037 km² | 753,888 | |
| 12 | West Greece | Patras | 11,350 km² | 740,506 | |
| 13 | West Macedonia | Kozani | 9,451 km² | 301,522 | |
| - | Mount Athos (Autonomous) | Karyes | 390 km² | 2,262 |
Geography
Greece consists of a mountainous mainland jutting out into the sea at the southern end of the Balkans, the Peloponnesus peninsula (separated from the mainland by the canal of the Isthmus of Corinth), and numerous islands (around 2,000), including Crete, Euboea, Lesbos, Chios, the Dodecanese and the Cycladic groups of the Aegean Sea as well as the Ionian Sea islands. West Greece is one of the thirteen Peripheries of Greece. It is divided into the prefectures of Achaea, Aetolia-Acarnania and Elis Patras ( Demotic Greek: Πάτρα, Pátra, ˈpatra Classical Greek: Πάτραι, Pátrai, Patrae is Greece West Macedonia is one of the thirteen peripheries of Greece, consisting of the western part of the region of Macedonia. Kozani (Κοζάνη is a city in northern Greece, capital of Kozani Prefecture and of West Macedonia Periphery. Mount Athos (Όρος Άθως is a mountain on the Peninsula of the same name in Macedonia, of northern Greece, called in Greek Άγιον Karyes is a settlement in Mount Athos. It is the seat of the clerical and secular administration of the Athonite monastic state The country of Greece is located in southeastern Europe, on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. The Republic of Macedonia (Република The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Kavala (Καβάλα is the second largest city in northern Greece, the principal Seaport of eastern Macedonia and the capital of Kavala prefecture Thasos or Thassos (Θάσος is a Greek island in the northern Aegean Sea, close to the coast of Thrace and the plain of the river Alexandroupoli (Αλεξανδρούπολη Alexandroúpoli, ale̞ksanˈðɾupo̞li in polytonic Ἀλεξανδρούπολις Alexandroúpolis) is a city Samothrace (Σαμοθράκη is an island municipality in Greece, in the northern Aegean Sea. Corfu (Κέρκυρα Kérkyra, ˈkʲe̞ɾkʲiɾa Κέρκυρα or Κόρκυρα Corcyra Corfù is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea Igoumenitsa ( Greek: Ηγουμενίτσα Gumenicë or Gumenica is a coastal city in northwestern Greece. Larissa ( Greek: Λάρισα, Lárisa) is the capital city of the Thessaly periphery of Greece, and capital of the Volos (Βόλος is a coastal port city situated at the center of the Greek mainland about 326 km north from Athens and 215 km south from Thessaloniki Ioannina (Ιωάννινα, often el Γιάννενα or el Γιάννινα / is a city of Epirus, north-western Greece, with a metropolitan population of Chalcis or Chalkida, Halkida, Halkis or Chalkis ( Greek, Modern Χαλκίδα xal'ciða Ancient/ Katharevousa: -ίς Patras ( Demotic Greek: Πάτρα, Pátra, ˈpatra Classical Greek: Πάτραι, Pátrai, Patrae is Greece Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. Corinth, or Korinth ( Greek Κόρινθος ( is a city in Greece. Nafplion (Ναύπλιο in the Peloponnese in Greece, is a seaport town that has expanded up the hillsides near the north end of the Argolic Gulf Nafplion (Ναύπλιο in the Peloponnese in Greece, is a seaport town that has expanded up the hillsides near the north end of the Argolic Gulf The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη The city of Sparta ( Doric Σπάρτα Attic Σπάρτη Areopoli (Greek Αρεόπολη is the second largest town in Mani. Areopoli (Greek Αρεόπολη is the second largest town in Mani. Piraeus (pɪˈræʊs Πειραιάς, piɾeˈas Πειραιεύς, piɾeˈefs is a city in the periphery of Attica, Greece, and a Elefsina (Ελευσίνα Ancient/ Katharevousa: Eleusis is a town and municipality about 20 km NW of Athens. Laurion redirects here For the Moth Genus, see Laurion (moth. Heraklion or Iraklion (Ηράκλειο Irákleio, iˈɾaklio̞ Candia is the largest city and capital of Crete. Macedonia ( Μακεδονία, Makedonía,) is a geographical and historical region of Greece in southeastern Europe Area - Demographics The approximate area of Thrace is 8578 km² with a population of 368993 (2006 est Epirus ( Greek: Ήπειρος Ípiros) is a periphery in northwestern Greece. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash Continental Greece ( Στερεά Ελλάδα - Stereá Elláda, earlier Χέρσος Ελλάς) or Central Greece ( Κεντρική Ελλάδα The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Mount Olympus (Όλυμπος also transliterated as Ólympos, and on Greek maps Óros Ólimbos) is the highest Mountain in Greece Lefkada, or Leucas (Λευκάδα le̞fˈkaða Ancient Greek and Katharevousa: Λευκάς Leukás; Santa Maura is a Greek The island of Kefalonia, also known as Cephallenia, Cephallonia, Kefallinia, or Kefallonia (Ancient Greek Κεφαλληνία Modern Lemnos (Λήμνος is an island in the northern part of the Aegean Sea. Lesbos (Λέσβος also transliterated Lesvos, Midilli is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. Chios (Χίος pronounced ˈçio̞s alternative transliterations Khíos and Híos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated Samos (Σάμος is a Greek island in the North Aegean Sea, south of Chios, north of Patmos and the Dodecanese, and off Andros, or Andro (Άνδρος an Island of the Greek Archipelago, the most northerly of the Cyclades, approximately 10 km Tinos (Τήνος Italian: Tine) is a Greek island situated in the Aegean Sea. Mykonos ( Greek: Μύκονος is a Greek island and a mass tourist destination renowned for its cosmopolitan character and its intense nightlife For the Utopian place see the entry for Étienne Cabet Icaria, also spelled Ikaria (Ικαρία locally Nikaria Patmos ( Greek, Πάτμος; Italian: Patmo) is a small Greek island in the Aegean Sea. Naxos (in Greek, Νάξος) is a Greek island the largest island ( in the Cyclades island group in the Aegean. Milos (in Greek, Μήλος &mdash not related to the modern word μήλο &ndash milo " Apple " Kos or Cos ( Greek: Κως Turkish: İstanköy; Italian: Coo formerly Stanchio in English is a Greek Rhodes (Ρόδος Ródos, ˈɾo̞ðo̞s Rodi ردوس Rodos; Ladino: Rodi or Rodes) is a Greek island Karpathos (Κάρπαθος is the second largest of the Greek Dodecanese islands in the southeastern Aegean Sea. Kasos (also Kassos; Greek: Κάσος; Italian: Caso) is a Greek Island municipality in the Kythira (Κύθηρα Cythera, Kythera, Cerigo is an Island of Greece, historically part of the Ionian Islands. Gavdos or Gávdhos ( Greek: Γαύδος) is the southernmost Greek island, located to the south of its much bigger neighbour Crete Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Sea of Crete' (Κρητικό Πέλαγος Kritiko Pelagos) is the sea south of the Aegean Sea, north of the island Crete, and south of the The Myrtoan (Mirtoan Sea is a subdivision of the Mediterranean Sea that lies between the Cyclades and the Peloponnesos. The Myrtoan (Mirtoan Sea is a subdivision of the Mediterranean Sea that lies between the Cyclades and the Peloponnesos. The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the The Aegean Islands (Νησιά Αιγαίου Nisiá Aigaíou; Ege Adaları are a group of Islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece The Aegean Islands (Νησιά Αιγαίου Nisiá Aigaíou; Ege Adaları are a group of Islands in the Aegean Sea, with mainland Greece The CYCLADES Packet switching network was an extremely influential French network system in the early 1970s similar to the ARPANET. The Dodecanese ( Greek Δωδεκάνησα Dodekánisa 'twelve islands' are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. This article is about the group of islands west of Greece For the ancient region in western Anatolia see Ionia. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula The Corinth Canal is a Canal that connects the Gulf of Corinth with the Saronic Gulf in the Aegean Sea. The Isthmus of Corinth is the narrow landbridge which connects the Peloponnese peninsula with the mainland of Greece, near the city of Corinth The Greek Islands are a collection of over 6000 Islands and Islets that belong to Greece. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the For the mythological figure see Euboea (mythology Euboea ( Modern Greek, Εύβοια - Évia &mdash Lesbos (Λέσβος also transliterated Lesvos, Midilli is a Greek island located in the northeastern Aegean Sea. Chios (Χίος pronounced ˈçio̞s alternative transliterations Khíos and Híos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated The Dodecanese ( Greek Δωδεκάνησα Dodekánisa 'twelve islands' are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean The CYCLADES Packet switching network was an extremely influential French network system in the early 1970s similar to the ARPANET. Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. The Ionian Sea is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, south of the Adriatic Sea. Greece has the tenth longest coastline in the world with 14,880 kilometres (9,246 mi); its land boundary is 1,160 kilometres (721 mi). This is a list of Countries by length of Coastline, in kilometers based on data for the year 2008 by the CIA World Factbook.
Four fifths of Greece consist of mountains or hills, making the country one of the most mountainous in Europe. Western Greece contains a number of lakes and wetlands and it is dominated by the Pindus mountain range. This article is about the mountain range called Pindus for other uses of these names see Pindus (disambiguation The Pindus (Πίνδος Pindus has a maximum elevation of 2,636 m (8,648 ft) and it is essentially a prolongation of the Dinaric Alps. The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides ( Croatian and Bosnian: Dinarsko gorje or Dinaridi, Alpet Dinaride
The range continues through the western Peloponnese, crosses the islands of Kythera and Antikythera and find its way into southwestern Aegean, in the island of Crete where it eventually ends. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Kythira (Κύθηρα Cythera, Kythera, Cerigo is an Island of Greece, historically part of the Ionian Islands. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the (the islands of the Aegean are peaks of underwater mountains that once constituted an extension of the mainland). Pindus is characterized by its high, steep peaks, often dissected by numerous canyons and a variety of other karstic landscapes. Most notably, the impressive Meteora formation consisting of high, steep boulders provides a breathtaking experience for the hundreds of thousands of tourists who visit the area each year. The Metéora (Μετέωρα "suspended rocks" "suspended in the air" or "in the heavens above" is one of the largest and most important complexes
The Vikos-Aoos Gorge is yet another spectacular formation and a popular hotspot for those fond of extreme sports. Mount Olympus,a focal point of Greek culture throughout history is host to the Mytikas peak 2,917 metres (9,570 ft),the highest in the country. Mount Olympus (Όλυμπος also transliterated as Ólympos, and on Greek maps Óros Ólimbos) is the highest Mountain in Greece Once considered the throne of the Gods, it is today extremely popular among hikers and climbers. Moreover, northeastern Greece features yet another high-altitude mountain range, the Rhodope range, spreading across the periphery of East Macedonia and Thrace; this area is covered with vast, thick, ancient forests. East Macedonia and Thrace (Ανατολική Μακεδονία και Θράκη is one of the thirteen peripheries of Greece, consisting of the eastern The famous Dadia forest is in the prefecture of Evros, in the far northeast of the country.
Expansive plains are primarily located in the prefectures of Thessaly, Central Macedonia and Thrace. Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. Central Macedonia ( Greek: Περιφέρεια Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας Periféria Kentrikís Makedonías)is one of the thirteen peripheries Area - Demographics The approximate area of Thrace is 8578 km² with a population of 368993 (2006 est They constitute key economic regions as they are among the few arable places in the country. Rare marine species such as the Pinniped Seals and the Loggerhead Sea Turtle live in the seas surrounding mainland Greece, while its dense forests are home to the endangered brown bear, the lynx, the Roe Deer and the Wild Goat. The Loggerhead Sea Turtle ( Caretta caretta) is a Sea turtle and the only member of the genus Caretta. The Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos) is an Omnivorous Mammal of the family Ursidae, distributed across much of northern Eurasia and A lynx is any of four medium-sized wild cats. All are members of the Genus Lynx, but there is considerable confusion about the best way to classify The European Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus) is a Deer species of Europe, Asia Minor, and Caspian coastal regions
Phytogeographically, Greece belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and is shared between the East Mediterranean province of the Mediterranean Region and the Illyrian province of the Circumboreal Region. Phytogeography, also called geobotany is the branch of Biogeography that is concerned with the geographic distribution of Plant Species, or more generally Rhododendron-palustreJPG|thumb|right| Rhododendron tomentosum ]]The Boreal Kingdom or Holarctic Kingdom ( Holarctis) is a Floristic kingdom The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. Vaccinium vitis-idaea 20060824 003jpg|thumb|right| Vaccinium vitis-idaea ]]Alnus-viridis According to the WWF and Digital Map of European Ecological Regions by the European Environment Agency, the territory of Greece can be subdivided into six ecoregions: the Illyrian deciduous forests, Pindus Mountains mixed forests, Balkan mixed forests, Rodope montane mixed forests, Aegean and Western Turkey sclerophyllous and mixed forests and Crete Mediterranean forests. European Environment Agency (EEA agency of the European Union devoted to establishing a monitoring network for the monitoring of the European environment An ecoregion ( ecological region) sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area smaller than a "realm" or " The Illyrian deciduous forests form a terrestrial Ecoregion of Europe according to both the WWF and Digital Map of European Ecological Regions by the The Pindus Mountains mixed forests constitute a terrestrial Ecoregion of Europe according to both the WWF and Digital Map of European Ecological Regions The Balkan mixed forests constitute a terrestrial Ecoregion of Europe according to both the WWF and Digital Map of European Ecological Regions by the
Climate
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The climate of Greece can be categorised into three types (the Mediterranean, the Alpine and the Temperate) that influence well-defined regions of its territory. The Pindus mountain range strongly affects the climate of the country by making the western side of it (areas prone to the south-westerlies) wetter on average than the areas lying to the east of it (lee side of the mountains). Windward is the direction from which the wind is blowing at the time in question The Mediterranean type of climate features mild, wet winters and hot, dry summers. The Cyclades, the Dodecanese, Crete, Eastern Peloponessus and parts of the Sterea Ellada region are mostly affected by this particular type. The Dodecanese ( Greek Δωδεκάνησα Dodekánisa 'twelve islands' are a group of 12 larger plus 150 smaller Greek islands in the Aegean Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the Temperatures rarely reach extreme values although snowfalls do occur occasionally even in the Cyclades or the Dodecanese during the winter months. The CYCLADES Packet switching network was an extremely influential French network system in the early 1970s similar to the ARPANET.
The Alpine type is dominant mainly in the mountainous areas of Northwestern Greece (Epirus, Central Greece, Thessaly, Western Macedonia) as well as in the central parts of Peloponnese, including the prefectures of Achaia, Arcadia and parts of Laconia, where extensions of the Pindus mountain range pass by). Epirus ( Greek: Ήπειρος Ípiros) is a periphery in northwestern Greece. Continental Greece ( Στερεά Ελλάδα - Stereá Elláda, earlier Χέρσος Ελλάς) or Central Greece ( Κεντρική Ελλάδα Thessalia redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Thessalia (butterfly. West Macedonia is one of the thirteen peripheries of Greece, consisting of the western part of the region of Macedonia. The Peloponnese or Peloponnesus ( Greek: Πελοπόννησος Pelopónnisos; see also List of Greek place names) is a large Peninsula Achaea (Αχαΐα Achaïa, axaˈia in Polytonic orthography) is an ancient province and a present prefecture of Greece, on the northern Arcadia or Arkadía ( Greek Αρκαδία is a region of Greece in the Peloponnesus. For the Laconian dialect see Doric Greek For the Ancient Kingdom see Sparta For the laconic expression see Laconic Finally, the Temperate type affects Central Macedonia and East Macedonia and Thrace; it features cold, damp winters and hot, dry summers. Central Macedonia ( Greek: Περιφέρεια Κεντρικής Μακεδονίας Periféria Kentrikís Makedonías)is one of the thirteen peripheries East Macedonia and Thrace (Ανατολική Μακεδονία και Θράκη is one of the thirteen peripheries of Greece, consisting of the eastern Athens is located in a transitional area featuring both the Mediterranean and the Temperate types. The city's northern suburbs are dominated by the temperate type while the downtown area and the southern suburbs enjoy a typical Mediterranean type.
Economy
Greece operates a capitalist economy that produced a GDP of $305. Capitalism is the Economic system in which the Means of production are owned by private Persons and operated for Profit and where 595 billion in 2006. Its principal economic activities include tourism and shipping industries, banking and finance, manufacturing and construction and telecommunications. The country serves as the regional business hub for many of the world's largest multinational companies. [25]
The people of Greece enjoy a high standard of living. The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population Greece ranks 24th[26] in the 2006 HDI, 22nd on The Economist's 2005 world-wide quality-of-life index,[27] and, according to the International Monetary Fund it has an estimated average per capita income of $35,166[28] for the year 2007, comparable to that of Germany, France or Italy and approximately equal to the EU average. The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic
Greece's present prosperity is largely owed to the post-World War II "Greek economic miracle" (when GDP growth averaged 7% between 1950 and 1973), the implementation of a number of structural and fiscal reforms, combined with considerable European Union funding over the last twenty-five years and increasing private consumption and investments. The term (modern Greek economic miracle has been used to describe the impressive rate of economic and social development in Greece from the early 1950s to the mid-1970s The latter facts have contributed to a consistent annual growth of the Greek GDP that was surpassing the respective one of most of its other EU partners. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [29]
Today, the service industry (74. 4%) makes up the largest, most vital and fastest-growing sector of the Greek economy, followed by industry (20. 6%) and agriculture (5. 1%). [25] The tourism industry is a major source of foreign exchange earnings and revenue accounting for 15% of Greece’s total GDP[25] and employing (directly or indirectly) 659,719 people (or 16. 5% of total employment). Additionally Greek banks have invested heavily in the Balkan region most notably the National Bank of Greece in 2006 acquired 46% of the shares of Finansbank in Turkey and 99. The National Bank of Greece ( NBG; Greek: Εθνική Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος) () is the oldest and largest commercial Bank Finansbank (renamed to Credit Europe Bank in almost all countries except Turkey is a Turkish private bank founded on September 23, 1987 44% of Serbia's Vojvođanska Bank. Vojvođanska banka (full name Vojvođanska banka ad Novi Sad is one of the largest banks in Serbia. The manufacturing sector accounts for about 13% of GDP with the food industry leading in growth, profit and export potential. High-technology equipment production, especially for telecommunications, is also a fast-growing sector. Other important areas include textiles, building materials, machinery, transport equipment, and electrical appliances. Construction (10%GDP) and agriculture (7%) are yet two other significant sectors of the Greek economic activity. Greece is the leading investor in all of her Balkan neighbors.
Maritime industry
The shipping industry is a key element of Greek economic activity dating back to ancient times. [30] Today, shipping is one of the country's most important industries. It accounts for 4. 5% of GDP, employs about 160,000 people (4% of the workforce), and represents 1/3 of the country's trade deficit. [31]
During the 1960s the size of the Greek fleet nearly doubled, primarily through the investment undertaken by the shipping magnates Onassis and Niarchos. Aristotelis (also Ari or Aristo) Sokratis Onassis (Αριστοτέλης Ωνάσης (January 15 1906 &ndash March 15 1975 was one Stavros Spyros Niarchos ( 3 July 1909 &ndash 16 April 1996) was a Billionaire Greek shipping [32] The basis of the modern Greek maritime industry was formed after World War II when Greek shipping businessmen were able to amass surplus ships sold to them by the United States Government through the Ship Sales Act of the 1940s. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [32] According to the BTS, the Greek-owned maritime fleet is today the largest in the world, with 3,079 vessels accounting for 17% of the world's fleet capacity (making it the largest of any other country) with a total dwt of 142,000 thousand (142 million dwt). The Bureau of Transportation Statistics (BTS as part of the United States Department of Transportation, compiles analyzes and makes accessible information on the nation's Deadweight tonnage (also known as deadweight and variously abbreviated as DWT, D [33] In terms of ship categories, Greece ranks first in both tankers and dry bulk carriers, fourth in the number of containers, and fourth in other ships. Definition There are various ways to define the term bulk carrier Container ships are Cargo ships that carry all of their load in truck-size containers in a technique called Containerization. [33] However, today's fleet roster is smaller than an all-time high of 5,000 ships in the late 70's. [30]
Science and technology
Because of its strategic location, qualified workforce and political and economic stability, many multinational companies, such as Ericsson, Siemens, SAP, Motorola, Coca-Cola have their regional R&D Headquarters in Greece. Ericsson ( Telefonaktiebolaget L M Ericsson) () one of the largest Swedish companies is a leading provider of telecommunication and data communication systems SAP AG (,) is the largest European Software enterprise and the fourth largest in the world with headquarters in Walldorf, Germany Motorola Inc ( is an American, multinational Fortune 100, Telecommunications company based in Schaumburg Illinois. Coca-Cola is a carbonated Soft drink sold in stores restaurants and Vending machines in more than 200 countries
The General Secretariat for Research and Technology of the Hellenic Ministry of Development is responsible for designing, implementing and supervising national research and technological policy.
In 2003, public spending on R&D was 456,37 million Euros (12,6% increase from 2002). Total research and development (R&D) spending (both public and private) as a percentage of GDP has increased considerably since the beginning of the past decade, from 0,38% in 1989, to 0,65% in 2001. R&D spending in Greece remains lower than the EU average of 1,93%, but, according to Research DC, based on OECD and Eurostat data, between 1990 and 1998, total R&D expenditure in Greece enjoyed the third highest increase in Europe, after Finland and Ireland.
Greece's technology parks with incubator facilities include the Science and Technology Park of Crete (Heraklion), the Thessaloniki Technology Park,the Lavrio Technology Park and the Patras Science Park. Greece has been a member of the European Space Agency (ESA) since 2005. The European Space Agency ( ESA) established in 1975 is an intergovernmental organisation dedicated to the exploration of space, currently with 17 member [11] Cooperation between ESA and the Hellenic National Space Committee began in the early 1990s. In 1994, Greece and ESA signed their first cooperation agreement. Having formally applied for full membership in 2003, Greece became ESA's sixteenth member on March 16 2005. As member of the ESA, Greece participates in the agency's telecommunication and technology activities, and the Global Monitoring for Environment and Security Initiative.
Demographics
The official Statistical body of Greece is the National Statistical Service of Greece (NSSG). The National Statistical Service of Greece (NSSG is a General Secretariat of the Greek Ministry of Economy and Finance with more than 1100 employees According to the NSSG, Greece's total population in 2001 was 10,964,020. [34] That figure is divided into 5,427,682 males and 5,536,338 females. [34] As statistics from 1971, 1981, and 2001 show, the Greek population has been aging the past several decades. [34] The birth rate in 2003 stood 9. 5 per 1,000 inhabitants (14. 5 per 1,000 in 1981). At the same time the mortality rate increased slightly from 8. 9 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 to 9. 6 per 1,000 inhabitants in 2003. In 2001, 16. 71% of the population were 65 years old and older, 68. 12% between the ages of 15 and 64 years old, and 15. 18% were 14 years old and younger. [34] In 1971 the figures were 10. 92%, 63. 72%, and 25. 36% respectively. [34] Greek society has also rapidly changed with the passage of time. Marriage rates kept falling from almost 71 per 1,000 inhabitants in 1981 until 2002, only to increase slightly in 2003 to 61 per 1,000 and then fall again to 51 in 2004. [34] Divorce rates on the other hand, have seen an increase – from 191. 2 per 1,000 marriages in 1991 to 239. 5 per 1,000 marriages in 2004. [34] Almost two-thirds of the Greek people live in urban areas. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Greece's largest municipalities in 2001 were: Athens (745,514),[35] Thessaloniki (363,987),[35] Piraeus (175,697),[35] Patras (161,114),[35] Iraklio (133,012),[35] Larissa (124,786),[35] and Volos (82,439). Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia Piraeus (pɪˈræʊs Πειραιάς, piɾeˈas Πειραιεύς, piɾeˈefs is a city in the periphery of Attica, Greece, and a Patras ( Demotic Greek: Πάτρα, Pátra, ˈpatra Classical Greek: Πάτραι, Pátrai, Patrae is Greece Heraklion or Iraklion (Ηράκλειο Irákleio, iˈɾaklio̞ Candia is the largest city and capital of Crete. Larissa ( Greek: Λάρισα, Lárisa) is the capital city of the Thessaly periphery of Greece, and capital of the Volos (Βόλος is a coastal port city situated at the center of the Greek mainland about 326 km north from Athens and 215 km south from Thessaloniki [35]
Minorities
The only minority in Greece that has a specially recognized legal status is the Muslim minority (Μουσουλμανική μειονότητα, Mousoulmanikí meionótita) in Thrace, which amounts to approximately 0. The Muslim minority of Greece ( Greek: μουσουλμανική μειονότητα Ελλάδας mousoulmaniki meionotita Elladas; Turkish: Yunanistan 95% of the total population. Its members are predominantly of Turkish, Pomak and Roma ethnic origins. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language The Romani people (singular Rom, plural Roma as a Noun; also known as Romanies or Roma people) are an ethnic group with origins Other recognized minorities include approximately 35,000 Armenians and 5,500 Jews. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large PLEASE TAKE NOTE************
There are also a number of linguistic minority groups, whose members speak a non-Greek language in addition to Greek and generally identify ethnically as Greeks. Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions [37] These include the Arvanites, who speak a form of Albanian known as Arvanitika[38] and the Aromanians and Moglenites, also known as Vlachs, whose languages are closely related to Romanian. Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - Arvanitika or Arvanitic ( Albanian: Arbërisht, Greek: αρβανίτικα arvanitika) is the variety of Albanian Aromanians (or Macedo-Rumans; in Aromanian they call themselves Armãnji, Rrãmãnji) are a people living throughout the southern Balkans The Megleno-Romanians or Meglen Vlachs ( Megleno-Romanian Vlashi; Greek Βλαχομογλενίτες Vlachomoglenítes) are Vlachs is a blanket term covering several modern Latin peoples descending from the Latinised population in Central, Eastern and Southeastern Europe Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance
In northern Greece there are also Slavic-speaking groups, whose members identify ethnically as Greeks in their majority. The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages Their dialects can be linguistically classified as forms of either Macedonian (locally called Slavomacedonian or simply Slavic), or Bulgarian (distinguished as Pomak in the case of the Bulgarophone Muslim Pomaks of Thrace). Macedonian () is the official Language of the Republic of Macedonia and is a part of the Eastern group of South Slavic languages. Bulgarian (български език IPA: ɛzˈik is an Indo-European language, a member of the Slavic linguistic group Area - Demographics The approximate area of Thrace is 8578 km² with a population of 368993 (2006 est [39]
The lack of official recognition of any minority other than the Muslims of Thrace has attracted criticism from the Greek Helsinki Monitor. [40]
Immigration
Due to the complexity of Greek immigration policy, practices and data collection, truly reliable data on immigrant populations in Greece is difficult to gather and therefore subject to much speculation. A study from the Mediterranean Migration Observatory maintains that the 2001 Census from the NSSG recorded 762,191 persons residing in Greece without Greek citizenship, constituting around 7% of total population and that, of these, 48,560 were EU or EFTA nationals and 17,426 Cypriots with privileged status. The European Free Trade Association ( EFTA) is a European Trade bloc which was established on 3 May 1960 as an alternative for European states who were either At the same time, Albanians constituted some 56% of total immigrants, followed by Bulgarians (5%), Georgians (3%) and Romanians (3%). Americans, Cypriots, British and Germans appeared as sizeable foreign communities at around 2% each of total foreign population. The rest were around 690,000 persons of non-EU or non-homogeneis (of non-Greek heritage) status.
The greatest cluster of non-EU immigrant population is in the Municipality of Athens –some 132,000 immigrants, at 17% of local population. Thessaloniki is the second largest cluster, with 27,000 – but reaching only 7% of local population. After this, the predominant areas of location are the Athens environs.
According to the same study, the foreign population (documented and undocumented) residing in Greece may in reality figure upwards to 8. 5% or 10. 3%, that is approximately meaning 1. 15 million - if immigrants with homogeneis cards are accounted for.
Religion
The constitution of Greece recognizes the Greek Orthodox faith as the "prevailing" religion of the country, while guaranteeing freedom of religious belief for all. [14] The Greek Government does not keep statistics on religious groups and censuses do not ask for religious affiliation. According to the State Department, an estimated 97% of Greek citizens identify themselves as Greek Orthodox. The Greek Orthodox Church ( Greek: Ἑλληνορθόδοξη Ἐκκλησία Hellēnorthódoxē Ekklēsía) is formed by several autocephalous churches . [41]
In the Eurostat - Eurobarometer poll of 2005, 81% of Greek citizens responded that they believe there is a God,[42] whereas 16% answered that they believe there is some sort of spirit or life force,[42] and 3% that they do not believe there is a God, spirit, nor life force. The Statistical Office of the European Communities ( Eurostat) is the Statistical arm of the European Commission, producing data for the European Union [42] Greece's percentage of respondents asserting that they believe there is a God was the third highest among EU members behind Malta and Cyprus. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía [42]
Estimates of the recognised Muslim minority, which is mostly located in Thrace, range from 98,000 to 140,000,[41][43] (between 0. The Muslim minority of Greece ( Greek: μουσουλμανική μειονότητα Ελλάδας mousoulmaniki meionotita Elladas; Turkish: Yunanistan 9% and 1. 2%) while the immigrant Muslim community numbers between 200,000 and 300,000. Albanian immigrants to Greece are usually associated with the Muslim faith, although most are secular in orientation [2]. Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion.
Judaism has existed in Greece for more than 2,000 years. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut There have been organized Jewish communities in Greece for more than two thousand years Sephardi Jews used to have a large presence in the city of Thessaloniki, but nowadays the Greek-Jewish community who survived the Holocaust is estimated to number around 5,500 people. Sephardi Jews ( Hebrew: ספרדי, Standard Səfardi Tiberian Səp̄arədî; plural Thessaloniki (Θεσσαλονίκη), Thessalonica, or Salonica is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of Macedonia The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as [41][43]
Greek members of Roman Catholic faith are estimated at 50,000 [41][43] with the Roman Catholic immigrant community approximating 200,000. [41] Old Calendarists account for 500,000 followers. [43] The Jehovah's Witnesses report having 30,000 active members. Jehovah's Witnesses is a restorationist, millenialist Christian denomination [41][43] Protestants including Evangelicals stand at about 30,000. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. [43][41] Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost and other Pentecostals denominations are about 12,000. The Free Apostolic Church of Pentecost ( Ελευθέρα Αποστολική Εκκλησία Πεντηκοστής) is the biggest Greek Pentecostal Pentecostalism is a renewalist religious movement within Christianity that places special emphasis on the direct personal experience of God through the Baptism [44] Mormons can also be found with 420 followers. TalkMormon#Latter Day Saint vs Latter-day Saint --> Mormon [41] The ancient Greek religion has also reappeared as Hellenic Neopaganism,[45] with estimates of approximately 2,000 adherents (comprising 0. Hellenic Polytheistic Reconstructionism (also Hellenic Reconstructionism) refers to various reconstructionist movements that revive ancient Greek religious practices 02% of the general population)[46] to 100,000 adherents. [47]
Education
Compulsory education in Greece comprises primary schools (Δημοτικό Σχολείο, Dimotikó Scholeio) and gymnasium (Γυμνάσιο). See also Primary education A primary school (from French école primaire) is an institution where children receive the first stage of Compulsory A gymnasium (pronounced with ɡ- in several languages is a type of school providing Secondary education in some parts of Europe, comparable to English grammar Nursery schools (Παιδικός σταθμός, Paidikós Stathmós) are popular but not compulsory. A nursery school is a school for children between the ages of three and five staffed by qualified teachers and other professionals who encourage and supervise educational play rather than Kindergartens (Νηπιαγωγείο, Nipiagogeío) are now compulsory for any child above 4 years of age. ( German, literally means "children's garden" is a form of education for young children which serves as a transition from home to the commencement of more formal schooling Children start primary school aged 6 and remain there for six years. Attendance at gymnasia starts at age 12 and last for three years. Greece's post-compulsory secondary education consists of two school types: unified upper secondary schools (Ενιαίο Λύκειο, Eniaia Lykeia) and technical-vocational educational schools (Τεχνικά και Επαγγελματικά Εκπαιδευτήρια, "TEE"). Secondary school is a term used to describe an educational Institution where the final stage of compulsory schooling known as Secondary education, takes Technical school is a general term used for Two-year college which provide mostly Employment -preparation skills for trained labor, such as Welding ATTENTION *** This article is not "Vocational education in the United States" Post-compulsory secondary education also includes vocational training institutes (Ινστιτούτα Επαγγελματικής Κατάρτισης, "IEK") which provide a formal but unclassified level of education. As they can accept both Gymnasio (lower secondary school) and Lykeio (upper secondary school) graduates, these institutes are not classified as offering a particular level of education. The Programme for International Student Assessment, coordinated by the OECD, currently ranks the Greek secondary education as the 38th in the world, being significantly below the OECD average. [3]
Public higher education is divided into universities, "Highest Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, Anótata Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ΑΕΙ") and "Highest Technological Educational Institutions" (Ανώτατα Τεχνολογικά Εκπαιδευτικά Ιδρύματα, Anótata Technologiká Ekpaideytiká Idrýmata, "ATEI"). A university is an institution of Higher education and Research, which grants Academic degrees in a variety of subjects Students are admitted to these Institutes according to their performance at national level examinations taking place after completion of the third grade of Lykeio. Additionally, students over twenty-two years old may be admitted to the Hellenic Open University through a form of lottery. The Open University of Greece (Hellenic Open University - HOU is a multi-school University run by the Greek State The Capodistrian university of Athens is the oldest university in the eastern Mediterranean
The Greek education system also provides special kindergartens, primary and secondary schools for people with special needs or difficulties in learning. The National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (Εθνικόν και Καποδιστριακόν Πανεπιστήμιον Αθηνών usually referred to simply as the Specialist gymnasia and high schools offering musical, theological and physical education also exist.
Some of the main universities in Greece include:
National and Capodistrian University of Athens • National Technical University of Athens • University of Piraeus • Agricultural University of Athens • University of Macedonia (in Thessaloniki) • University of Crete • Technical University of Crete • Athens University of Economics and Business • Aristotle University of Thessaloniki • University of the Aegean (across the Aegean Islands) • Democritus University of Thrace • University of Ioannina • University of Thessaly • Panteion University of Social and Political Sciences • University of Patras • Charokopeio University of Athens • Ionian University (across the Ionian Islands)
Culture
The culture of Greece has evolved over thousands of years, with its beginnings in the Mycenaean and Minoan Civilizations, continuing most notably into Classical Greece, through the influence of the Roman Empire and its Greek Eastern successor the Byzantine Empire. Mycenaean Greece is a cultural period of ancient Greece taking its name from the archaeological site of Mycenae in northeastern Argolis, in the Peloponnese In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Greek East is a phrase used to define the territories of the Greek -speaking Orthodox peoples of the Eastern Mediterranean Sea, centered around the The Ottoman Empire too had a significant influence on Greek culture, but the Greek war of independence is credited with revitalizing Greece and giving birth to a single entity of its multi-faceted culture throughout the ages. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Greek War of Independence (1821–1829 also commonly known as the Greek Revolution (Ελληνική Επανάσταση Elliniki Epanastasi; Ottoman
Cuisine
Greek cuisine is often cited as an example of the healthy Mediterranean diet. The Greek cuisine ( Greek: Ελληνική Κουζίνα is Greece's traditional Cuisine, a typical Mediterranean cuisine Contemporary Greek salad ( Greek: χωριάτικη σαλάτα, xorˈjatiki saˈlata 'country/village salad' is a common component of a traditional Greek meal The Greek cuisine ( Greek: Ελληνική Κουζίνα is Greece's traditional Cuisine, a typical Mediterranean cuisine Contemporary The Mediterranean diet is a modern nutritional recommendation inspired by the traditional dietary patterns of some of the countries of the Mediterranean Basin. The cuisine of Greece has influences from Italian, Balkan and Middle Eastern cuisine. Italian cuisine as a national Cuisine known today has evolved through centuries of social and political changes with its roots traced back to 4th century BC The term Middle Eastern cuisine refers to the various Cuisines of the Middle East. Greek cuisine incorporates fresh ingredients into a variety of local dishes such as moussaka, stifado, Greek Salad, spanakopita and the world famous Souvlaki. Moussaka ( μουσακάς South Slavic: мусака / musaka, from musakka ultimately from مسقعة musaqqaʿa "chilled" is a traditional The Greek cuisine ( Greek: Ελληνική Κουζίνα is Greece's traditional Cuisine, a typical Mediterranean cuisine Contemporary Greek salad ( Greek: χωριάτικη σαλάτα, xorˈjatiki saˈlata 'country/village salad' is a common component of a traditional Greek meal Spanikopita ( Greek "σπανάκι + πίτα" spinach + pie is a Greek pastry with a filling of Spinach, Feta cheese (sometimes Souvlaki ( Greek: el Σουβλάκι is a popular Greek Fast food consisting of small pieces of meat and sometimes vegetables grilled on a Skewer Throughout Greece people often enjoy eating from small dishes such as meze with various dips such as tzatziki, grilled octopus and small fish, feta cheese, dolmades (rice, currants and pine kernels wrapped in vine leaves), various pulses, olives and cheese. Meze or mezze ( Arabic, مَزة, Greek mezé (μεζέ Bulgarian: мезé / mezé, Turkish Tzatziki, tzadziki, or tsatsiki (τζατζίκι is a Greek Meze or appetizer also used as a sauce for Souvlaki and Gyros The Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Feta ( φέτα, also spelled fetta) is a brined Curd Cheese traditionally made in Greece with goat's and Dolma ( Greek:ντολμάς is a family of stuffed vegetable dishes in the cuisines of the former Ottoman Empire and surrounding regions including Turkey Pulses are annual leguminous crops yielding from one to twelve Grains or Seeds of variable size shape and color within a Pod, according The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Olive oil is added to almost every dish. Olive oil is a fruit oil obtained from the olive ( Olea europaea; family Oleaceae along with Lilacs Jasmine and ash trees Sweet desserts such as galaktoboureko, and drinks such as ouzo, metaxa and a variety of wines including retsina. Galaktoboureko (γαλακτομπούρεκο is a Greek Dessert of Custard (sometimes flavored with lemon or orange in Phyllo. Ouzo (ούζο is an Anise -flavored Liqueur that is widely consumed in Greece. Metaxa ( Greek: Μεταξά) is a Greek distilled spirit invented by Spyros Metaxas in 1888 Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Retsina ( Ρετσίνα in Greek) is a Greek Resinated white (or Rosé) Wine that has been made for at least 2000 years Greek cuisine difers widely from different parts of the mainland and from island to island.
Sports
The Greek national football team is the reigning UEFA European Champions having won the EURO 2004 as underdogs. Greece has risen to prominence in a number of sporting areas in recent decades The UEFA European Football Championship is the main football competition of the men's national football teams governed by UEFA (the Union of European The 2004 UEFA European Football Championship (or just Euro 2004) was the twelfth edition of the UEFA European Football Championship, a quadrennial football [48] They are as of April 2008 ranked 8th in the world,[49] and have recently qualified for Euro 2008 to defend their crown. History FIFA World Ranking Leaders In December 1992 FIFA first published The 2008 UEFA European Football Championship, commonly referred to as Euro 2008, was the 13th UEFA European Football Championship, a quadrennial football The Greek Super League is the highest professional football league in the country comprising of 16 teams. The Super League Greece (Σούπερ Λίγκα Ελλάδα founded in 2006 is the highest professional football league in Greece. The most known football clubs are Olympiacos, Panathinaikos, AEK Athens and PAOK, which compete in the Super League Greece. Olympiacos Football Club Honours Total titles 63 Domestic League, Cups Panathinaikos Panathinaikos FC (ΠΑΕ Παναθηναϊκός also known as P See also Athletic Union of Constantinople AEK FC (AEK - Αθλητική Ένωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως – Athlitiki Enosis Konstantinoupoleos PAOK FC (ΠΑΟΚ - Πανθεσσαλονίκειος Αθλητικός Όμιλος Κωνσταντινουπολιτών - Panthessalonikios Athlitikos Omilos Konstantinoupoliton The Super League Greece (Σούπερ Λίγκα Ελλάδα founded in 2006 is the highest professional football league in Greece. The men's Greek national basketball team has a decades-long tradition of excellence in the sport. The Greece national basketball team is the representative for Greece in international men's Basketball competitions and it is organized and run by the Hellenic Greece is generally considered an important power in international basketball and the national team is regarded as one of the best in the world. They are as of January 2008 ranked 6th in the world. Calculation Only FIBA tournaments are used in calculations for the tournaments other tournaments such as regional championships invitationals and friendlies are not included [50] They have won the European Championship twice (1987 & 2005),[51] and have reached the final four in three of the last four FIBA World Championships (1994, 1998, 2006) taking second place in 2006. EuroBasket is the name commonly used to refer to the men's Basketball championship contested biennially by the national teams of the European Continent under The EuroBasket 1987 (common short name for the 25th edition of FIBA 's European Basketball Championship) was held in Greece between June 3 The EuroBasket 2005 (common short name for the 34th edition of FIBA 's European Basketball Championship) was held in Serbia and Montenegro (now Serbia The FIBA World Championship is a world Basketball tournament for men's national teams held quadrennially by the International Basketball Federation (FIBA The 1994 FIBA World Championship was an international Basketball competition hosted by Canada from August 4 to August 14, 1994. The 1998 FIBA World Championship was an international Basketball tournament held by the International Basketball Federation in Athens, Greece The 2006 FIBA World Championship was an international Basketball competition hosted by Japan from August 19 to September 3, 2006. The 2006 FIBA World Championship was an international Basketball competition hosted by Japan from August 19 to September 3, 2006. The domestic Greek basketball league, A1 Ethniki is composed of fourteen teams. The A1 Ethniki (often referred to as Greek League or Greek Championship) is the highest professional Basketball competition among pro clubs in The most successful Greek teams are Panathinaikos, Aris Salonica, Olympiacos, AEK Athens and PAOK. See also Panathinaikos Panathinaikos Basketball Club ( Greek name Κ Assistant coach(es || Dimitrios Nikolaidis Athanasios Papachatzis| Season || 2006-07 | Position || A1, Third | Address See also Olympiacos CFP Olympiacos Piraeus BC ( Greek name Κ See also Athletic Union of Constantinople AEK BC (in Greek: Αθλητική Ένωσις Κωνσταντινουπόλεως – Athlitiki PAOK Thessaloniki BC is the professional Basketball team of the Greek PAOK Sport department based in Thessaloniki, Greece
Cricket, Handball, Water Polo and Volleyball are also practiced in Greece with the first being particularly popular in Corfu due to its long connections with the British. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Handball (also known as team handball, European handball, or Olympic handball) is a Team sport in which two teams of seven players each (six Water polo is a team water sport A team consists of six field players and one Goalkeeper. Volleyball is an Olympic team sport in which two teams of 6 active players (5 normal players and one 'libero' are separated by a net that is usually four feet Corfu (Κέρκυρα Kérkyra, ˈkʲe̞ɾkʲiɾa Κέρκυρα or Κόρκυρα Corcyra Corfù is a Greek island in the Ionian Sea
As the birth place of the Olympic Games, Greece was most recently host of 2004 Summer Olympics and the first modern Olympics in the year 1896. The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated The 1896 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the I Olympiad, were an International
Armed forces
The Hellenic Armed Forces are overseen by the Hellenic National Defense General Staff (Γενικό Επιτελείο Εθνικής Άμυνας - ΓΕΕΘΑ) and consists of three branches:
The civilian authority for the Greek military is the Ministry of National Defence. The Armed forces of Greece (Hellas consist of The Hellenic National Defense General Staff The Hellenic Army Chief / Hellenic National Defense General Staff The Chief / Hellenic National Defense General Staff conducts the HNDGS (Hellenic National Defence General Staff and is the main Mission The Hellenic Army's objective is to defend Greece's independence borders and terrain and also to guarantee the country's defense The Hellenic Navy ( HN) ( Πολεμικό Ναυτικό, Polemikó Naftikó, abbreviated ΠΝ) is the naval force of Greece The Hellenic Air Force ( HAF) (in Πολεμική Αεροπορία ( ΠΑ) Polemikí Aeroporía, literally "Military Aviation" The Hellenic Ministry of National Defense ( Greek Υπουργείο Εθνικής Άμυνας, abbreviated (ΥΠΕΘΑ, is the civilian cabinet organization
Greece currently has universal compulsory military service for males while females (who may serve in the military) are exempted from conscription.
As a member of NATO, the Greek military participates in exercises and deployments under the auspices of the alliance. The North Atlantic Treaty
International Rankings
| Organization | Survey | Ranking |
|---|---|---|
| United Nations Development Programme | Human Development Index 2006[52] Human Development Index 2004[53] Human Development Index 2000[53] | 24 out of 177 24 out of 177 24 out of 177 |
| International Monetary Fund | GDP per capita (PPP)[54] | 18 out of 180 |
| The Economist | Worldwide Quality-of-life Index, 2005[55] | 22 out of 111 |
| Heritage Foundation/Wall Street Journal | Index of Economic Freedom[56] | 57 out of 157 |
| Reporters Without Borders | Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2006[57] Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2005[58] Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2004[59] | 32 out of 168 18(tied) out of 168 33 out of 167 |
| Transparency International | Corruption Perceptions Index 2006[60] Corruption Perceptions Index 2005[61] Corruption Perceptions Index 2004[62] | 54 out of 163 47 out of 158 49 out of 145 |
| World Economic Forum | Global Competitiveness Report[63] | 47 out of 125 |
| Yale University/Columbia University | Environmental Sustainability Index 2005[64] | 67 out of 146 |
| Nationmaster | Labor strikes[65] | 13 out of 27 |
| A.T. Kearney / Foreign Policy | Globalization Index 2006 [66] Globalization Index 2005 [67] Globalization Index 2004 [68] | 32 out of 62 29 out of 62 28 out of 62 |
See also
Notes
- ^ Eurostat
- ^ National Statistical Service of Greece: Population census of March 18, 2001: Πίνακας 1. Πληθυσμός κατά φύλο και ηλικία
- ^ World Factbook - Greece: Government. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative Think tank. The Index of Economic Freedom is a series of 10 economic measurements created by the Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation to measure the degree of Economic freedom Transparency International ( TI) is a leading international Non-governmental organization addressing corruption Since 1995, Transparency International has published an annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI ordering the countries of the world according to "the degree The World Economic Forum (WEF is a Geneva -based Non-profit foundation best known for its Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland The Global Competitiveness Report is a yearly report published by the World Economic Forum. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI is a composite index tracking 21 elements of Environmental sustainability covering natural resource endowments past and NationMaster is a web site that features a large database of variables for comparing countries AT Kearney is a global Management consulting firm focusing on strategic and operational CEO-agenda concerns Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P CIA. www. cia. gov (2007-03-15). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Retrieved on 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Sir Steven Runciman, Conclusion, The Fall of Constantinople
- ^ "Greece. " Encyclopædia Britannica. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 2006. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 6 Sept. 2006 <http://search.eb.com/eb/article-9106266>.
- ^ Finley, M. I. Democracy Ancient and Modern. 2d ed. , 1985. London: Hogarth.
- ^ History of Philosophy, Volume 1 by Frederick Copleston
- ^ Brockett, Oscar G. History of the Theatre. sixth ed. , 1991. Boston; London: Allyn and Bacon.
- ^ Member States of the EU: Greece. European Union. europa. eu. Retrieved on 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Convention on the OECD. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. www. oecd. org. Retrieved on 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ a b Greece becomes 16th ESA Member State. European Space Agency. www. esa. int (2005-03-22). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. Retrieved on 2007-04-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor
- ^ Millennium issue: Trouble with Turkey | The fall of Constantinople | Economist.com
- ^ Mazower, Mark. After the War was Over
- ^ a b The Constitution of Greece: Article 1
- ^ The Constitution of Greece: Article 30
- ^ a b K. Mavrias, Constitutional Law, 477-478
- ^ P. D. Dagtoglou, Individual Rights, I, 21
* E. Venizelos, The "Acquis" of the Constitutional Revision, 131-132, 165-172 - ^ The Constitution of Greece: Article 26
- ^ The Constitution of Greece: Article 37
- ^ K. Mavrias, Constitutional Law, 477-478, 486-487
- ^ The Constitution of Greece: Articles 51, 53
- ^ The Constitution of Greece: Article 42
- ^ The Constitution of Greece: Article 41
- ^ The Constitution of Greece: Article 84
- ^ a b c Greece.
- ^ Country Fact Sheets: Greece. UNDP. hdr. undp. org. Retrieved on 2007-04-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
- ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit's quality-of-life index (2005). The Economist. www. economist. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
- ^ IMF World Economic Outlook, October 2007.. International Monetary Fund. www. imf. org (2007-10). Retrieved on 2007-10-18. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1009 - The Church of the Holy Sepulchre, a Christian church in Jerusalem, is completely destroyed by the Fatimid
- ^ ELKE Hellenic Center for Investment - Economic Stability
- ^ a b Polemis, Spyros M. . The History of Greek Shipping. www. greece. org. Retrieved on 2007-04-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ Greek shipping is modernized to remain a global leader and expand its contribution to the Greek economy. National Bank of Greece. www. nbg. gr (2006-05-11). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople Retrieved on 2007-04-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
- ^ a b Engber, Daniel. "So Many Greek Shipping Magnates...", Slate, Washington Post/slate. msn. com, 2005-08-17. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - A Byzantine army was destroyed in the pass of Trajan's Gate by the Bulgarians under the Comitopuli Retrieved on 2007-04-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans)
- ^ a b Top 20 Ranking of World Merchant Fleet by Country of Owner as of January 1, 2001a. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. www. bts. gov (2001). Retrieved on 2007-04-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 - Roman Emperor Caracalla is Assassinated (and succeeded by his Praetorian
- ^ a b c d e f g Greece in Numbers. National Statistical Service of Greece. www. statistis. gr (2006). Retrieved on 2007-12-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people
- ^ a b c d e f g Athena 2001 Census. National Statistical Service of Greece. www. statistics. gr. Retrieved on 2007-12-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people
- ^ See Ethnologue ([1]); Euromosaic, Le (slavo)macédonien / bulgare en Grèce, L'arvanite / albanais en Grèce, Le valaque/aromoune-aroumane en Grèce, and Mercator-Education: European Network for Regional or Minority Languages and Education, The Turkish language in education in Greece. cf. also P. Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds. ), Language and nationalism in Europe, Oxford University Press 2000.
- ^ Greek Helsinki Monitor, Minority Rights Group, Greece, Report about Compliance with the Principles of the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities (along guidelines for state reports according to Article 25. 1 of the Convention) 8 September 1999
- ^ Ethnologue, Joseph (1999)
- ^ P. Trudgill, "Greece and European Turkey: From Religious to Linguistic Identity", in S Barbour, C Carmichael (eds. ), Language and nationalism in Europe, Oxford University Press 2000.
- ^ (see The Guardian May 12) Source : Peter Trudgill / Daniel Schreier, Greece and Cyprus / Griechenlandc und Zypern Ammon, Ulrich(Editor). Sociolinguistics. Berlin, , DEU: Mouton de Gruyter (A Division of Walter de Gruyter & Co. KG Publishers), 2006. p 153. Copyright © 2006. Mouton de Gruyter (A Division of Walter de Gruyter & Co. KG Publishers)
- ^ a b c d e f g h International Religious Freedom Report 2007: Greece. US Dept. of State/Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor. www. state. gov (2006-09-15). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 668 - Eastern Roman Emperor Constans II is assassinated in his bath at Syracuse Italy. Retrieved on 2007-04-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ a b c d Eurobarometer: Social values, science, and technology. Eurobarometer. europa. eu. int (2005-06). Retrieved on 2007-04-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ a b c d e f Executive Summary Discrimination on the grounds of religion and belief GREECE. Dr Ioannis Ktistakis & Dr Nicholas Sitaropoulos. ec. europa. eu (2004-06-22). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Retrieved on 2007-04-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Battle of Forum Gallorum: Mark Antony, besieging Julius Caesar 's assassin Decimus Junius Brutus in
- ^ Synod of Apostolic Church of Christ
- ^ CNN, http://edition.cnn.com/2007/WORLD/europe/01/21/ancient.gods.ap/index.html
- ^ US Department of State, http://www.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2006/71383.htm
- ^ Traditional Greek Religious people
- ^ McNulty, Phil. "Greece win Euro 2004", BBC News, news. bbc. co. uk, 2004-07-04. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Retrieved on 2007-05-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses
- ^ FIFA World Rankings. FIFA. www. fifa. com (April 2007). Retrieved on 2007-05-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses
- ^ Greece Fiba Ranking
- ^ Wilkinson, Simon. "Greece tops Germany for Euro Title", ESPN, sports. espn. go. com, 2005-09-26. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Retrieved on 2007-05-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses
- ^ Human Development Report 2006. United Nations Development Program. hdr. undp. org (2006). Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ a b Greece: Human Development Index Trends. United Nations Development Program. hdr. undp. org. Retrieved on 2007-04-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ Gross domestic product per capita, current prices. International Monetary Fund. Retrieved on 2007-05-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1256 - The Augustinian monastic order is constituted at the Lecceto Monastery when Pope Alexander IV
- ^ Worldwide Quality of Life - 2005. The Economist. www. economist. com (2005). Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Index of Economic Freedom. Heritage Foundation & The WSJ. www. heritage. org (2007). Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ North Korea, Turkmenistan, Eritrea the worst violators of press freedom. Reporters Without Borders. www. rsf. org (2006). Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ North Korea, Eritrea and Turkmenistan are the world’s “black holes” for news. Reporters without Borders. www. ref. org (2005). Retrieved on 2007-04-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ East Asia and Middle East have worst press freedom records. Reporters without Borders. www. ref. org (2004). Retrieved on 2007-04-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ CPI Table. Transparency International. www. transparency. org (2006). Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Transparency International's Annual Report 2005. Transparency International. www. transparency. org (2005). Retrieved on 2007-04-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ Transparency International's Annual Report 2004 (2004). Retrieved on 2006-04-28. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1192 - Assassination of Conrad of Montferrat (Conrad I King of Jerusalem, in Tyre, two days after his title
- ^ Global Competitiveness Report 2006-2007. World Economic Forum. www. weforum. org (2006). Retrieved on 2007-04-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama
- ^ Environmental Sustainability Index. Yale and Columbia University. www. yale. edu (2005). Retrieved on 2007-04-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
- ^ Labor Statistics: Strikes by Country. Nation Master. www. nationmaster. com. Retrieved on 2007-04-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
- ^ A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Globalization Index 2006. A. T. Kearney/FOREIGN POLICY. www. atkearney. com (2006). Retrieved on 2007-04-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
- ^ A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2005. A. T. Kearney/FOREIGN POLICY. www. atkearney. com (2005). Retrieved on 2007-04-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
- ^ A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine Globalization Index 2004. A. T. Kearney/FOREIGN POLICY. www. atkearney. com (2004). Retrieved on 2007-04-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated
References
- Dagtoglou, P. D. (1991). "Protection of Individual Rights", Constitutional Law — Individual Rights — Volume I (in Greek). Athens-Komotini: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers.
- Mavrias, Kostas G. (2002). Constitutional Law (in Greek). Athens: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers. ISBN 9-60150-663-2.
- (2004) The Constitution of Greece. Athens: Hellenic Parliament. ISBN 9-605-60073-0. Retrieved on 2007-09-20. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 451 - The Battle of Chalons takes place in North Eastern France.
- Venizelos, Evangelos (2002). Evangelos Venizelos ( Ευάγγελος Βενιζέλος) (born January 1 1957) is a former Greek Minister for Culture. "The Contribution of the Revision of 2001", The "Acquis" of the Constitutional Revision (in Greek). Athens: Ant. N. Sakkoulas Publishers. ISBN 9-60150-617-9.
Further reading
- Richard Clogg, A Concise History of Greece, Second Edition, Cambridge University Press 2002.
- Minorities in Greece - historical issues and new perspectives. History and Culture of South Eastern Europe. An Annual Journal. München (Slavica) 2003.
External links
Government
- President of the Hellenic Republic
- Prime Minister of the Hellenic Republic
- Hellenic Parliament
- Greek News Agenda Newsletter
- Greece — information and links related to Greece from the ministry of foreign affairs
- Greek missions abroad (embassies, consulates, representations)
- Foreign missions in Greece
- Greek National Tourism Organisation
- National Statistical Service of Greece
Other
- National Geographic: Greece
- Encyclopaedia Britannica - Greece's country page
- Hellenic History
- The Greek Heritage
- Open Directory Project: Greece
- Chronology of Greece from the World History Database
- History of Greece: Primary Documents
- Greek Council for Refugees
Dictionary
Greece
-proper noun
- Country in southeastern Europe having borders with Albania, the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Bulgaria, and Turkey. Member state of the European Union since 1981. Official name: Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία).
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