Gladiator
Promotional movie poster for the film
Directed by	Ridley Scott
Produced by	Douglas Wick David Franzoni Branko Lustig
Written by	David Franzoni John Logan William Nicholson
Starring	Russell Crowe Joaquin Phoenix Connie Nielsen Oliver Reed Richard Harris Derek Jacobi Djimon Hounsou Ralf Moeller
Music by	Hans Zimmer Lisa Gerrard
Cinematography	John Mathieson
Editing by	Pietro Scalia
Distributed by	DreamWorks (USA) Universal Studios (foreign)
Release date(s)	May 5, 2000
Running time	154 min. Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30 1937 in South Shields, Tyne and Wear) is a British Academy Award Nominated and Golden Globe Emmy Award and BAFTA Award winning Douglas Wick (born November 30, 1954) is an American movie producer whose work includes producing the Academy Award -winning David Harold Franzoni (born March 4 1947) is an American screenwriter Branko Lustig (born June 10 1932 is a prominent Film producer. David Harold Franzoni (born March 4 1947) is an American screenwriter John David Gynn Logan (born 24 September 1961) is an American Screenwriter. William Nicholson (born January 12, 1948) is a BAFTA - Oscar - and Tony -nominated British screenwriter playwright Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 April 1964 is an Academy Award - BAFTA - Golden Globe - and Screen Actors Guild Award -winning New Zealand and Joaquin Rafael Phoenix (waˈkeen ˈfee-nɪks born October 28, 1974) formerly credited as Leaf Phoenix is an award-winning American and Puerto Rican Connie Inge-Lise Nielsen (born July 3, 1965) is a Danish Actress. Robert Oliver Reed (13 February 1938 &ndash 2 May 1999 was an English Actor known for his burly screen presence Richard St John Harris ( October 1 1930 - October 25 2002) was a two-time Academy Award -nominated and Grammy Award Sir Derek George Jacobi CBE (ˈdʒækəbi born 22 October, 1938) is an English Actor and Film director, knighted Djimon Gaston Hounsou (born April 24, 1964) is a two-time Academy Award -nominated Beninois Actor. Ralf Rudolf Möller (born January 12, 1959 in Recklinghausen, Germany) is a German actor and former competitive bodybuilder. Hans Florian Zimmer (born September 12, 1957 in Frankfurt/Main, Germany) is an Academy Award, Grammy, and Golden Lisa Gerrard (born April 12, 1961) is an Australian Musician, Singer and Composer who rose to prominence as part of John Mathieson BSC is one of a group of film makers who emerged out of the music video industry of the late 80's and 90's Pietro Scalia (born March 17 1960) is an Academy Award winning Italian-American Film editor. DreamWorks LLC, also known as DreamWorks Pictures, DreamWorks SKG, or DreamWorks Studios, is a major American Film studio Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. (Theatrical Version) 171 min. (Extended Cut)
Country	UK USA
Language	English
Budget	$103,000,000[1][2]
Gross revenue	$457,640,427
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile

Gladiator is a 2000 epic film. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The year 2000 in film involved some significant events Events Top grossing films Please note that following the tradition of the The Epic is a genre of film which places emphasis on human drama on a grand scale It is directed by Ridley Scott and stars Russell Crowe, Joaquin Phoenix, Connie Nielsen, Oliver Reed, Djimon Hounsou, Derek Jacobi and Richard Harris. Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30 1937 in South Shields, Tyne and Wear) is a British Academy Award Nominated and Golden Globe Emmy Award and BAFTA Award winning Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 April 1964 is an Academy Award - BAFTA - Golden Globe - and Screen Actors Guild Award -winning New Zealand and Joaquin Rafael Phoenix (waˈkeen ˈfee-nɪks born October 28, 1974) formerly credited as Leaf Phoenix is an award-winning American and Puerto Rican Connie Inge-Lise Nielsen (born July 3, 1965) is a Danish Actress. Robert Oliver Reed (13 February 1938 &ndash 2 May 1999 was an English Actor known for his burly screen presence Djimon Gaston Hounsou (born April 24, 1964) is a two-time Academy Award -nominated Beninois Actor. Sir Derek George Jacobi CBE (ˈdʒækəbi born 22 October, 1938) is an English Actor and Film director, knighted Richard St John Harris ( October 1 1930 - October 25 2002) was a two-time Academy Award -nominated and Grammy Award Crowe portrays General Maximus Decimus Meridius, friend of Emperor Marcus Aurelius, who is betrayed and murdered by the emperor's ambitious son, Commodus (Phoenix). The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus ( August 31, 161 – December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 (also with Captured and enslaved along the outer fringes of the Roman empire, Maximus rises through the ranks of the gladiatorial arena to avenge the murder of his family and his Emperor.

The film won five Academy Awards in the 73rd Academy Awards ceremony, including Best Picture. "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The 73rd Academy Awards ceremony was the last to take place at the Los Angeles Shrine Auditorium. The Academy Award for Best Motion Picture is one of the Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to artists working The film's epic scope and intense battle scenes, as well as the emotional core of its performances, received much praise. The film's success may have helped to revive the sword and sandal subgenre of historical epics, such as the subsequent films Troy, 300, and Scott's own Kingdom of Heaven. Sword and sandal films or pepla (singular= peplum) are a Genre of adventure or Fantasy films that have subjects set in Biblical Troy is an epic movie released on May 14, 2004 concerning the Trojan War. PLEASE SEE THE DISCUSSION PAGE BEFORE MAKING A MAJOR EDIT*** The topic of the article is controversial which may be under dispute Kingdom of Heaven is a 2005 Epic film, directed by Ridley Scott and written by William Monahan.

Plot

General Maximus Decimus Meridius leads the Roman army to victory against Germanic barbarians in the year 180 AD, ending a prolonged war and earning the esteem of elderly Emperor Marcus Aurelius. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic Events By place Roman Empire The praetorian prefect Tarutenius Paternus achieved a decisive victory against the Quadi Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor Although the dying Aurelius possesses a son, Commodus, he decides to appoint temporary leadership to the morally-upstanding Maximus, with a desire to eventually return power to the Roman Senate. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. Aurelius informs Maximus and offers him time to consider before informing Commodus, who murders his father. Patricide is (i the act of killing one's father or (ii a person who kills his or her father Declaring himself the emperor, Commodus asks Maximus for his loyalty, which Maximus refuses, realizing Commodus' involvement in the Emperor's death. The broad definition of regicide is the deliberate killing of a Monarch, or the person responsible for it Commodus orders Maximus' execution and dispatches Praetorian Guards to murder Maximus' wife and son. The Praetorian Guard ( Latin: PRÆTORIANI was a special force of Guards used by Roman Emperors Before being appropriated Maximus narrowly escapes his execution and races home only to discover his family's charred and crucified bodies in the smoldering ruins of his villa. Crucifixion (from Latin crucifixio, noun of process crucifixio, from perfect passive participle crucifixus, fixed to a cross from After burying his wife and son, a grieving Maximus succumbs to exhaustion and collapses on their graves.

Slave traders find Maximus and take him to Zucchabar, a rugged province in North Africa, where he is purchased by Proximo, the head of a local gladiator school. Miliana (مليانا is a town in Ain Defla Province, northwestern Algeria. North Africa or Northern Africa is the Northernmost Region of the African Continent, separated by the Sahara from Sub-Saharan Distraught and nihilistic over the death of his family and betrayal by his empire, Maximus initially refuses to fight, but as he defends himself in the arena his formidable combat skills lead to a rise in popularity with the audience. Nihilism (from the Latin nihil, nothing is a philosophical position that argues that Existence is without objective meaning Purpose As he trains and fights further, Maximus befriends Hagen, a Germanic barbarian, and Juba, a Numidian hunter, the latter becoming a close friend and confidant to the grieving Maximus, the two speaking frequently of the afterlife and Maximus' eventual reunification with his family. Germania was the Latin Exonym for Numidia (202 BC – 46 BC was an ancient Berber kingdom in present-day Algeria and part of Tunisia ( North Africa) that later alternated

In Rome, Commodus reopens the gladiatorial games to commemorate his father's death, and Proximo's company of gladiators are hired to participate. In a recreation of the Battle of Zama (incorrectly named the Battle of Carthage) at the Colosseum, Maximus leads Proximo's gladiators to decisive victory against a more powerful force, much to the amazement of the crowd. The Battle of Zama, fought around October 19 of 202 BC, marked the final and decisive end of the Second Punic War. The Battle of Carthage was the major act of the Third Punic War between the Phoenician city of Carthage in Africa (near present-day The Colosseum or Roman Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre ( Latin: Amphitheatrum Flavium, Italian Anfiteatro Flavio Commodus descends into the arena to meet the victors and is stunned to discover Maximus as the leader of Proximo's gladiators. The Emperor, unable to kill Maximus because of the crowd's roaring approval for him, sulks out of the arena. As the games continue, Commodus pits Maximus against Tigris of Gaul, Rome's only undefeated gladiator, in an arena surrounded by chained tigers with handlers instructed to target Maximus. Following an intense battle, Maximus narrowly defeats Tigris and awaits Commodus' decision to kill or spare Tigris. As Commodus votes for death, Maximus spares Tigris, deliberately insulting the Emperor and garnering the audience's approval. His bitter enemy now known as "Maximus the Merciful," Commodus becomes more frustrated at his inability to kill Maximus or stop his ascending popularity while Commodus' own popularity shrinks.

Following the fight, Maximus meets his former servant Cicero, who reveals that Maximus's army remains loyal to him. Maximus forms a plot with Lucilla, Commodus' sister, and Senator Gracchus to reunite Maximus with his army and overthrow Commodus. Commodus however, suspecting his sister's betrayal, threatens her young son and forces her to reveal the plot. Praetorian guards immediately storm Proximo's gladiator barracks, battling the gladiators while Maximus escapes. Hagen and Proximo are killed in the siege while Juba and the survivors are imprisoned. Maximus escapes to the city walls only to witness Cicero's death and be ambushed by a legion of Praetorian guards.

Maximus (Russell Crowe-right) battles Tigris of Gaul (Sven-Ole Thorsen-left)

Concluding that legends born in the Colosseum must die there, Commodus challenges Maximus to a duel in front of a roaring audience. Russell Ira Crowe (born 7 April 1964 is an Academy Award - BAFTA - Golden Globe - and Screen Actors Guild Award -winning New Zealand and Sven-Ole Thorsen (born September 24, 1944) is a Danish Actor, Stuntman, Bodybuilder and athlete. Acknowledging that Maximus' skill exceeds his own, Commodus deliberately stabs Maximus with a stiletto before the battle and has the wound concealed beneath his armor. A stiletto is a short Knife or Dagger, with a long slender blade of various designs In the arena, the two exchange blows before Maximus rips the sword from Commodus's hands. Commodus pulls a hidden stiletto and renews his attack, before Maximus beats him into submission and kills him. As Commodus collapses in the now-silent Colosseum, a dying Maximus begins seeing his wife and son in the afterlife. He reaches for them, but is pulled back to reality by the Praetorian prefect Quintus, who asks for instructions. Maximus orders the release of the Proximo's gladiators and Senator Gracchus, whom he reinstates and instructs to return Rome to a Senate-based government. Maximus collapses, and Lucilla rushes to his aid. After being reassured that her son is safe and Commodus is dead, Maximus dies and wanders into the afterlife to his family in the distance. Senator Gracchus and Proximo's gladiators carry his body out of the Colosseum. That night, a newly freed Juba buries Maximus' two small statues of his wife and son in the Colosseum.

Cast

Production

Screenplay

Gladiator was based on an original pitch by David Franzoni, who went on to write all of the early drafts. David Harold Franzoni (born March 4 1947) is an American screenwriter ^[3] Franzoni was given a three-picture deal with DreamWorks as writer and co-producer on the strength of his previous work, Steven Spielberg's Amistad, which helped establish the reputation of DreamWorks SKG. DreamWorks LLC, also known as DreamWorks Pictures, DreamWorks SKG, or DreamWorks Studios, is a major American Film studio Steven Allan Spielberg, KBE (Hon (born December 18 1946 is an American Film director, Screenwriter and producer. Amistad is a 1997 Steven Spielberg Film based on the true story of a slave mutiny that took place aboard a ship of the same name in Franzoni was not a classical scholar but had been inspired by Daniel P. Mannix’s 1958 novel Those About to Die and decided to choose Commodus as his historical focus after reading the Augustan History. for others of similar name see Daniel Mannix (disambiguation Daniel Pratt Mannix IV, usually called Daniel P The Augustan History ( Lat Historia Augusta) is a late Roman collection of biographies in Latin of the Roman Emperors their junior In Franzoni's first draft, dated April 4, 1998, he named his protagonist Narcissus, after the praenomen of the wrestler who strangled Emperor Commodus to death, whose name is not contained in the biography of Commodus by Aelius Lampridius in the Augustan History. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) See Praenomen (Ancient Egypt for the pharaonic throne name In Roman naming conventions, the praenomen (literally forename The name Narcissus is only provided by Herodian and Cassius Dio, so a variety of ancient sources were used in developing the first draft. Narcissus was a Roman athlete likely a wrestler from the 2nd century A For the grammarian see Aelius Herodianus. For the dynasty see Herodian Dynasty. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was ^[4]

Pollice Verso ("Thumbs Down") by Jean-Léon Gérôme – the 19th century painting that inspired Ridley Scott to tackle the project. Pollice verso or verso pollice is a Latin phrase meaning "with a turned thumb" that is used in the context of gladiatorial combat. Jean-Léon Gérôme ( May 11, 1824 – January 10, 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style

Ridley Scott was approached by producers Walter Parkes and David Wick. They showed him a copy of Jean-Léon Gérôme's 1872 painting entitled Pollice Verso ("Thumbs Down"). Jean-Léon Gérôme ( May 11, 1824 – January 10, 1904) was a French painter and sculptor in the style Pollice verso or verso pollice is a Latin phrase meaning "with a turned thumb" that is used in the context of gladiatorial combat. Scott was enticed by filming the world of Ancient Rome. However, Scott felt Franzoni's dialogue was too "on the nose" and hired John Logan to rewrite the script to his liking. John David Gynn Logan (born 24 September 1961) is an American Screenwriter. Logan rewrote much of the first act, and made the decision to kill off Maximus' family to increase the character's motivation. ^[5]

With two weeks to go before filming, the actors still complained of problems with the script. William Nicholson was brought to Shepperton Studios to make Maximus a more sensitive character, reworking his friendship with Juba and developed the afterlife thread in the film, saying "he did not want to see a film about a man who wanted to kill somebody. William Nicholson (born January 12, 1948) is a BAFTA - Oscar - and Tony -nominated British screenwriter playwright Shepperton Studios, located in Shepperton, Surrey, England is a film studio with a long history of film making "^[5] David Franzoni was later brought back to revise the rewrites of Logan and Nicholson, and in the process gained a producer's credit. When Nicholson was brought in, he started going back to Franzoni's original scripts and putting certain scenes back in. Franzoni helped creatively-manage the rewrites and in the role of producer he defended his original script, and nagged to stay true to the original vision. ^[6] Franzoni later shared the Best Picture Oscar with producers Douglas Wick and Branko Lustig. ^[3]

The screenplay faced the brunt of many rewrites and revisions due to Russell Crowe's script suggestions. Crowe questioned every aspect of the evolving script and strode off the set when he did not get answers. According to a DreamWorks executive, "(Russell Crowe) tried to rewrite the entire script on the spot. You know the big line in the trailer, 'In this life or the next, I will have my vengeance'? At first he absolutely refused to say it. "^[7] Nicholson, the third and final screenwriter, says Crowe told him, “Your lines are garbage but I’m the greatest actor in the world, and I can make even garbage sound good. ” Nicholson goes on to say that "probably my lines were garbage, so he was just talking straight. "^[8]

Filming

One of the much-praised CGI shots of Rome. Computer animation Computer-generated imagery (also known as CGI) is the application of the field of Computer graphics or more specifically 3D computer graphics Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2

The film was shot in three major locations between January through May in 1999. The opening battle scenes in the forests of Germania were shot over three weeks in Bourne Woods, near Farnham, Surrey in England. Farnham is a Town in Surrey, England, within the Borough of Waverley. Subsequently, the scenes of slavery, desert travel, and gladiatorial training school were shot in Ouarzazate, Morocco just south of the Atlas Mountains for a total of three weeks. Ouarzazate ( Arabic, ورزازات Warzāzāt) (called The door of the desert) is a City Culture of Morocco - Morocco is a country of multi-ethnic groups with a rich Culture and Civilization. Finally, the scenes of Ancient Rome were shot over a period of nineteen weeks in Malta using a multicultural workforce whose talents were stretched to the limits. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands ^[9]

A replica of about one-third of Rome's Colosseum was built in Malta to a height of 52 feet (15. 8 meters), mostly from plaster and plywood (the other two-thirds and remaining height were added digitally). The term plaster can refer to plaster of Paris Lime plaster, or Cement plaster. Plywood is a type of Engineered board made from thin sheets of Wood, called plies or veneers The replica took several months to build and cost an estimated $1 million. ^[10] The reverse side of the complex supplied a rich assortment of Ancient Roman street furniture, colonnades, gates, statuary, and marketplaces for other filming requirements. In Classical architecture, a colonnade denotes a long sequence of Columns joined by their Entablature, often free-standing as in the famous elliptically A gate is a point of entry to a space enclosed by Walls or an opening in a Fence. A statue is a Sculpture in the round representing a person or persons an animal or an event normally full-length as opposed to a bust, and at least close to life-size The complex was serviced by tented "costume villages" that had changing rooms, storage, armorers and other facilities. ^[9] The rest of the Colosseum was created in CG using set-design blueprints, textures referenced from live action, and rendered in three layers to provide lighting flexibility for compositing in Flame and Inferno. Computer graphics are Graphics created by Computers and more generally the Representation and Manipulation of Pictorial Data Autodesk Media and Entertainment, formerly Discreet, is based in Montreal Quebec as the Entertainment division of Autodesk. Autodesk Media and Entertainment, formerly Discreet, is based in Montreal Quebec as the Entertainment division of Autodesk. ^[11]

Post-production

British post-production company The Mill was responsible for much of the CGI effects that were added after filming. The Mill is a Post-production and Visual effects company launched in 1990 with offices in London, New York and Los Angeles. Computer animation Computer-generated imagery (also known as CGI) is the application of the field of Computer graphics or more specifically 3D computer graphics The company was responsible for such tricks as compositing real tigers filmed on bluescreen into the fight sequences, and adding smoke trails and extending the flight paths of the opening scene's salvo of flaming arrows to get around regulations on how far they could be fired during filming. Chroma Key is the name under which ex- Dream Theater Keyboardist Kevin Moore records They also used 2,000 live actors to create a CG crowd of 35,000 virtual actors that had to look believable and react to fight scenes. ^[12] The Mill accomplished this feat by shooting live actors at different angles giving various performances, and then mapping them onto cards, with motion-capture tools used to track their movements for 3D compositing. Motion capture, motion tracking, or mocap are terms used to describe the process of recording movement and translating the movement onto a digital model ^[11]

An unexpected post-production job was caused by the death of Oliver Reed of a heart attack during the filming in Malta before all of his scenes had been shot. Robert Oliver Reed (13 February 1938 &ndash 2 May 1999 was an English Actor known for his burly screen presence Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply The Mill created a digital body double for the remaining scenes involving his character Proximo^[11] by photographing a live action body double in the shadows and by mapping a 3D CGI mask of Reed's face to the remaining scenes during production at an estimated cost of $3. Body Double is a 1984 film directed by Brian De Palma. Starring Craig Wasson, Melanie Griffith, and Dennis Franz. 2 million for two minutes of additional footage. ^[13] The film is dedicated to Reed's memory. ^[14]

Influences

Historical

Marcus Aurelius as played by Richard Harris

The film is very loosely based on real events. Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor Richard St John Harris ( October 1 1930 - October 25 2002) was a two-time Academy Award -nominated and Grammy Award Although the filmmakers consulted an academic expert with knowledge of the period of the Ancient Roman empire in attempt to provide for an accurate interpretation of the time period, multiple historical deviations were added by the screenwriters. ^[15]

The Roman emperors shown in the movie are Marcus Aurelius (played by Richard Harris), who ruled AD 161–180, and his son, the deranged Commodus, who ruled between 180–192, and spent periods of his time as Emperor in staging gladiatorial combats, seemingly obsessed with the sport. The Roman Emperor was the ruler of the Roman State during the imperial period (starting at about 27 BC Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor Richard St John Harris ( October 1 1930 - October 25 2002) was a two-time Academy Award -nominated and Grammy Award Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus ( August 31, 161 – December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 (also with However it should be noted that these events would have been almost always privately held and not for the eyes of the populus romanus. Also, Commodus came to the throne at the age of eighteen making Joaquin Phoenix about eight years older. Although one could argue that by the end of the film Joaquin Phoenix would have been too young, aging of the characters within the movie is lacking. The representation of Commodus does not mention his alcoholism or violent temper, as the senatorial sources such as the Augustan History present Commodus as far more bloodthirsty than he appears in the film. The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. The Augustan History ( Lat Historia Augusta) is a late Roman collection of biographies in Latin of the Roman Emperors their junior Commodus' murder of his father in the movie is purely fictional. Commodus was the only Roman Emperor to fight as a gladiator (discounting reports of Caligula having done so — there is no record outside of Suetonius that Caligula did this). Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus (August 31 AD 12 &ndash January 24 AD 41 more commonly known by his nickname Caligula (kəˈlɪɡjʊlə was a Roman Emperor However, Commodus was strangled by a wrestler on New Year's Eve 192 AD, not killed in a duel in the arena as the film depicts; and his father died of chicken pox. ^[16]

Lucilla was Commodus’s sister and was married to her father’s co-emperor Lucius Verus (mentioned in the film as the dead father of her son Lucius Verus, but not seen or mentioned as co-emperor), until his death in 169. Annia Aurelia Galeria Lucilla ( March 7, 148 or 150-182 was the second Daughter and third Child of Roman Emperor Lucius Aurelius Verus ( December 15 130 &ndash 169 born as Lucius Ceionius Commodus, known simply as Lucius Verus, was Roman co-emperor The incest, or attempted incest, between Commodus and Lucilla in the movie is not historically recorded, though Commodus is said to have committed incest with other sisters. Incest refers to any sexual activity between closely related persons (often within the immediate family that is illegal or socially Taboo. Lucilla was in fact implicated in plots with members of the senate to kill her brother. In 182, following an assassination attempt on Commodus, Lucilla was exiled to Capri and subsequently executed on her brother’s orders. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return Capri ( Italian pronunciation Cápri usual English pronunciation Caprí is an Italian island off the Sorrentine Peninsula, on the south side

Commodus as portrayed by Joaquin Phoenix

The battle opens accurately, with the Romans bombarding their opponent with arrows, ballista and catapult fire, and then sending the legionaries in tight formations to engage in close battle (with cavalry attacking the enemy from the sides) and using Testudo formation (although this was rarely used in open battle) to protect themselves from enemy arrows. Lucius Aurelius Commodus Antoninus ( August 31, 161 – December 31, 192) was a Roman Emperor who ruled from 180 to 192 (also with Joaquin Rafael Phoenix (waˈkeen ˈfee-nɪks born October 28, 1974) formerly credited as Leaf Phoenix is an award-winning American and Puerto Rican Archery is the practice of using a bow or Crossbow to shoot Arrows Archery has historically been used in Hunting and Combat and has The ballista ( Latin, from Greek βαλλίστρα - ballistra, from - βάλλω ballō, "to throw" plural ballistae A catapult is any one of a number of non-handheld mechanical devices used to throw a Projectile a great distance without the aid of an explosive substance—particularly various In Ancient Roman Warfare the testudo or tortoise formation was a formation used commonly by the Roman Legions during battles particularly sieges However, while marching towards the barbarian horde, the entire army is shown in a line formation—which offered no tacticial benefits—and are shown using their pila, or javelins, as stabbing spears. The pilum (plural pila) was a heavy javelin commonly used by the Roman army in ancient times Commonly, a Roman army would be separated into multiple groups of 480 men known as cohorts. The sequence depicting the heat of battle is not historically accurate, as legionaries abandon formation in favor of a more Hollywood-friendly action scene, engaging the Germanic fighters in one-on-one battles, in which the barbarians would have excelled. In reality, the Romans favored close-knit formations, and breaking formations was rare.

For further information on Historical Imperial Roman Legionary tactics, see Roman Legion. For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription,"

The city of Rome is seen (however white-washed and stylized in a typical Hollywood fashion) and the Colosseum ^[17] is accurately seen as the stadium for the Roman people, though the topography, views and ground plan of ancient city-centre Rome around it are fictionalized. There is another scene within the city depicting the mass distribution of flyers advertising the gladiatorial contests. FlyEr is the Belarusian Rap writer and performerThough his Rap started from the American hip-hop tradition music of FlyEr is closer than However, before the invention of the printing press, the mass distribution of such literature would have been impractical. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image

The film speaks of a Roman Army garrison at Ostia Antica, when in fact with the exception of the Praetorian Guard and triumphs granted by the Senate, legions were normally forbidden to enter Italy. The Roman army was a set of military forces employed by the Roman Kingdom, Roman Republic and later Roman Empire as part of the Roman military Ostia Antica was the Harbour of Ancient Rome and perhaps its first colonia. The Praetorian Guard ( Latin: PRÆTORIANI was a special force of Guards used by Roman Emperors Before being appropriated A Roman triumph ( la [[wikttriumphus triumphus]], Old Latin la triumpus, attested as the exclamation la TRIVMPE in the Carmen Arvale; via

The character of Maximus is fictional, although he is similar in some respects to the historical figures of Narcissus (the character's name in the first draft of the screenplay and the real killer of Commodus)^[18], Spartacus (who led a significant slave revolt), and Cincinnatus (the savior of Rome who wished nothing more than to return to his farm). Narcissus was a Roman athlete likely a wrestler from the 2nd century A Spartacus (c 109 BC-71 BC according to Roman historians was a Slave who became the leader (or possibly one of several leaders in the unsuccessful slave Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus (519 BC &ndash 430 BC? was an ancient Roman political figure serving as Consul in 460 BC and Roman dictator in 458 BC and ^[19][20]

In the film, Gaius asserts that "Rome was founded as a Republic" when it was actually founded as a monarchy and only became a republic by ousting King Lucius Tarquinius Superbus in 510 B. The Roman Kingdom ( Latin: Regnum Romanum) was the monarchical Government of the city of Rome Lucius Tarquinius Superbus (also called Tarquin the Proud or Tarquin II) was the last of the seven Legendary Kings of Rome, son of Tarquinius C. Romans at the time deemed their political system not a monarchy but a republic, notwithstanding the dominance of an Emperor. Gaius also calls the Senate the representative of the people when in fact, the name of the Roman state juxtaposed the Senate and the Roman people as its two elements. Historically, there is no indication that Marcus Aurelius intended to restore republican rule; his stoic philosophy had actually preferred monarchical government. Stoa (plural stoae or stoæ) in Ancient Greek architecture; covered walkways or Porticos commonly for public usage He had also named his son Commodus as successor as opposed to selecting someone else in his stead. Despite the ending, the republic was not reestablished after Commodus' death as the film claims, glossing over the succession of Pertinax as Emperor. Publius Helvius Pertinax, commonly known as Pertinax ( August 1, 126 &ndash March 28, 193) was a Roman emperor who briefly

Earlier films

The film's plot was influenced by two 1960s films of Hollywood's sword and sandal genre, The Fall of the Roman Empire and Spartacus. Sword and sandal films or pepla (singular= peplum) are a Genre of adventure or Fantasy films that have subjects set in Biblical The Fall of the Roman Empire is a 1964 Epic film made by Samuel Bronston Productions and The Rank Organisation, and released by Paramount ^[21]

The Fall of the Roman Empire (1964) tells the story of Livius, who, like Maximus in Gladiator, is Marcus Aurelius's heir. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Livius is in love with Lucilla (Maximus was formerly in love with her). Both films tell the story of the murder of Marcus Aurelius and Commodus's seizure of power when he learns that the old emperor is planning to appoint Livius/Maximus as his successor. In Fall of the Roman Empire it is a group of conspirators who hope to profit from Commodus's accession who arrange for Marcus Aurelius to be poisoned; in Gladiator Commodus strangles his father himself. In FORE Commodus contrives to keep Livius unwillingly loyal for part of his reign; in Gladiator Commodus tries to have Maximus murdered but is unsuccessful. Livius and Maximus both seek to avenge Marcus Aurelius by killing Commodus; both films climax in their single combat.

Spartacus (1960) provides the film's gladiatorial motif, as well as the character of Senator Gracchus, a fictitious senator (bearing the name of a pair of revolutionary Tribunes from the 2nd century BC) who in both films is an elder statesman of ancient Rome attempting to preserve the ancient rights of the Roman senate in the face of an ambitious autocrat — Marcus Licinius Crassus in Spartacus and Commodus in Gladiator. The year 1960 in film involved some significant events Events April 20 - for the first time since coming home from military Gladiators (gladiatores "swordsmen" or "one who uses a sword" from la ''gladius'' "sword" were professional fighters in Ancient Rome who fought Tribune (from the Latin: tribunus; Byzantine Greek form τριβούνος) was a title shared by 2–3 elected magistracies in the The 2nd century BC started the first day of 200 BC and ended the last day of 101 BC. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Roman Senate was a political institution in Ancient Rome. An autocracy is a Form of government in which the Political power is held by a single self-appointed ruler Marcus Licinius Crassus ( Latin: M·LICINIVS·P·F·P·N·CRASSVS (ca Interestingly, both actors who played Gracchus (in Spartacus and Gladiator), played Claudius in previous films — Charles Laughton of Spartacus played Claudius in the 1937 film I, Claudius and Sir Derek Jacobi of Gladiator, played Claudius in the 1975 BBC adaptation. Charles Laughton ( 1 July, 1899 &ndash 15 December, 1962) was an English Academy Award -winning stage and I Claudius was the proposed 1937 film of the book I Claudius. Sir Derek George Jacobi CBE (ˈdʒækəbi born 22 October, 1938) is an English Actor and Film director, knighted I Claudius is a 1976 BBC Television adaptation of Robert Graves 's ''I Claudius'' and ''Claudius the God''. Both films also share a specific set piece, where a gladiator (Maximus here, Woody Strode's Draba in Spartacus) throws his weapon into a spectator box at the end of a match - and at least one line of dialogue: "Rome is the mob", said here by Gracchus and by Julius Caesar (John Gavin) in Spartacus. Woodrow Wilson Woolwine Strode (born July 25, 1914, Los Angeles California; died December 31, 1994) was a decathlete and John Gavin (born John Anthony Golenor Pablos on April 8, 1931 in Los Angeles California) is an American Film

The film's depiction of Commodus's entry into Rome borrows imagery from Leni Riefenstahl's Nazi propaganda film Triumph of the Will (1934), although Ridley Scott has pointed out that the iconography of Nazi rallies was of course inspired by the Roman Empire. Helene Bertha Amalie "Leni" Riefenstahl ( August 22 1902 – September 8 2003) was a German Film director Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Triumph of the Will (Triumph des Willens is a propagandistic Documentary film by the German filmmaker Events January 26 - Samuel Goldwyn (formerly of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer) purchases the film rights to The Wonderful Wizard of Oz Gladiator reflects back on the film by duplicating similar events that occurred in Adolf Hitler's procession. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately The Nazi film opens with an aerial view of Hitler arriving in a plane, while Scott shows an aerial view of Rome, quickly followed by a shot of the large crowd of people watching Commodus pass them in a procession with his chariot. The chariot is the earliest and simplest type of Carriage, used in both peace and war as the chief vehicle of many ancient peoples ^[22] The first thing to appear in Triumph of the Will is a Nazi eagle, which is alluded to when a statue of an eagle sits atop one of the arches (and then shortly followed by several more decorative eagles throughout the rest of the scene) leading up to the procession of Commodus. At one point in the Nazi film, a little girl gives flowers to Hitler, while Commodus is met with several girls that all give him bundles of flowers. ^[23]

In the film's opening battle sequence, the Germanic tribes can be heard emitting Zulu war chants - sampled from the film Zulu, of which Ridley Scott is an admitted fan. The Zulu ( IsiZulu: amaZulu) are the largest South African ethnic group of an estimated 10-11 million people who live mainly in the province of KwaZulu-Natal Zulu is a historical War film depicting the Battle of Rorke's Drift between the British Army and the Zulus in January 1879 during

Soundtracks

The musical score soundtrack for the film which would later be followed by another release with new songs and remixes.

Main article: Gladiator (2000 soundtrack)

The Oscar-nominated score was composed by Hans Zimmer and Lisa Gerrard, and conducted by Gavin Greenaway. Hans Florian Zimmer (born September 12, 1957 in Frankfurt/Main, Germany) is an Academy Award, Grammy, and Golden Lisa Gerrard (born April 12, 1961) is an Australian Musician, Singer and Composer who rose to prominence as part of Gavin Greenaway (born June 15, 1964 in England) is a music Composer and conductor. Lisa Gerrard's vocals are similar to her own work on The Insider score. The Insider is a 1999 film that tells the true story of a 60 Minutes Television series exposé of the Tobacco industry ^[24] The music for many of the battle scenes has been noted as similar to Gustav Holst's "Mars: The Bringer of War", and in June 2006, the Holst Foundation sued Hans Zimmer for allegedly copying the late Gustav Holst's work. Gustav Theodore Holst (21 September 1874 – 25 May 1934was an English Composer and was a music teacher for nearly 20 years ^[25][26] Another close musical resemblance occurs in the scene of Commodus's triumphal entry into Rome, accompanied by music clearly evocative of two sections - the Prelude to Das Rheingold and Siegfried's Funeral March from Götterdämmerung - from Wagner's Ring of the Nibelungs. Das Rheingold ("The Rhine Gold" is the first of the four operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) by Richard Wagner ("Twilight of the Gods" – see Notes) is the last of the four Operas that comprise Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung Der Ring des Nibelungen ( The Ring of the Nibelung) is a cycle of four epic Music dramas by the German composer On February 27, 2001, nearly a year after the first soundtrack's release, Decca produced Gladiator: More Music From the Motion Picture. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Decca Records is a British Record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Then on September 5, 2005, Decca produced Gladiator: Special Anniversary Edition, a two-CD pack containing both the above mentioned releases. Events 1590 - Alexander Farnese 's army forces Henry IV of France to raise the siege of Paris. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Decca Records is a British Record label established in 1929 by Edward Lewis. Some of the music from the film was featured in the NFL playoffs in January 2003 before commercial breaks and before and after half-time. The National Football League (NFL Playoffs are a Single-elimination tournament held at the end of the 16-game Regular season to determine the In some team Sports such as Football (soccer and rugby, Matches are played in two halves ^[27] In 2003, Luciano Pavarotti released a recording of himself singing a song from the movie and said he regretted turning down an offer to perform on the soundtrack. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. WikipediaWikiProject Opera#Infoboxes. Thank you--> Luciano Pavarotti, Cavaliere di Gran Croce OMRI ( October 12, ^[28]

Critical and public reaction

Gladiator received positive reviews, with 78% of the critics polled by Rotten Tomatoes giving it favorable reviews. Rotten Tomatoes is a Website devoted to reviews information and news of Movies. ^[29] The Battle of Germania was cited by CNN. com as one of their "favorite on-screen battle scenes",^[30] while Entertainment Weekly named Maximus as their sixth favorite action hero, because of "Crowe's steely, soulful performance",^[31] and named it as their third favorite revenge movie. Entertainment Weekly (sometimes abbreviated as EW) is a Magazine published by Time Inc ^[32] It was not without its deriders, with Roger Ebert in particular harshly critical attacking the look of the film as "muddy, fuzzy, and indistinct. Roger Joseph Ebert (iːbɝt born June 18, 1942) is an American film critic and Screenwriter. " He also derided the writing claiming it "employs depression as a substitute for personality, and believes that if characters are bitter and morose enough, we won't notice how dull they are. "^[33]

The film earned $34. 82 million on its opening weekend at 2,938 U. S. theaters. ^[34] Within two weeks, the film's box office gross surpassed its $103,000,000 budget. ^[1] The film continued on to become one of the highest earning films of 2000 and made a worldwide box office gross of $457,640,427, with over $187 million in American theaters and more than $269 million overseas. ^[35][36] In 2002, a Channel 4 poll named it as the sixth greatest film of all time. Channel 4 is a public-service Television and Radio broadcaster in the United Kingdom centred around a television channel of the same name which began ^[37]

Impact

The movie's mainstream success is responsible for an increased interest in Roman and classical history in the United States. According to The New York Times, this has been dubbed the "Gladiator Effect".

"It's called the 'Gladiator' effect by writers and publishers. The snob in us likes to believe that it is always books that spin off movies. Yet in this case, it's the movies -- most recently Gladiator two years ago -- ; that have created the interest in the ancients. And not for more Roman screen colossals, but for writing that is serious or fun or both. "^[38]

Sales of the Cicero biography 'Cicero: The Life and Times of Rome's Greatest Politician and the Gregory Hays' translation of Marcus Aurelius' Meditations received large spikes in sales after the release of the movie. Marcus Tullius Cicero ( Classical Latin ˈkikeroː usually ˈsɪsərəʊ in English January 3, 106 BC &ndash December 7, 43 BC was a Roman Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor Meditations (Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν Ta eis heauton, literally "thoughts/writings addressed to himself" is the title of a series of personal writings ^[38]

The film also began a revival of the historical epic genre with films such as Troy, Alexander, Kingdom of Heaven, and 300. Troy is an epic movie released on May 14, 2004 concerning the Trojan War. Alexander is a 2004 Epic film, based on the life of Alexander the Great. Kingdom of Heaven is a 2005 Epic film, directed by Ridley Scott and written by William Monahan. PLEASE SEE THE DISCUSSION PAGE BEFORE MAKING A MAJOR EDIT*** The topic of the article is controversial which may be under dispute ^[39]

Awards

Gladiator was nominated in 36 individual ceremonies, including the 73rd Academy Awards, the BAFTA Awards and the Golden Globe Awards. The 73rd Academy Awards ceremony was the last to take place at the Los Angeles Shrine Auditorium. The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA is a British charity that hosts annual awards shows for film television television craft video games and forms of animation The Golden Globe Awards are American awards for motion pictures and Television programs given out each year during a formal dinner Of 119 award nominations, the film won 48 prizes. ^[40]

The film won five Academy Awards and was nominated for an additional seven, including Best Supporting Actor for Joaquin Phoenix and Best Director for Ridley Scott. Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts The Academy Award for Achievement in Directing (Best Director is one of the Awards of Merit presented by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to There is controversy over the film's nomination for Best Original Music Score. The Academy Award for Original Music Score is presented to the best substantial body of music in the form of dramatic underscoring written specifically The award was officially nominated only to Hans Zimmer, and not to Lisa Gerrard due to Academy rules. Hans Florian Zimmer (born September 12, 1957 in Frankfurt/Main, Germany) is an Academy Award, Grammy, and Golden Lisa Gerrard (born April 12, 1961) is an Australian Musician, Singer and Composer who rose to prominence as part of "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. However, the pair did win the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score as co-composers. This page lists the winners and nominees for the Golden Globe Award for Best Original Score, since its institution in 1947

• 73rd Academy Awards
  • Best Picture
  • Best Actor (Russell Crowe)
  • Best Visual Effects
  • Best Costume Design
  • Best Sound
• 2001 American Cinema Editors Eddie Awards
  • Best Edited Feature Film - Dramatic
• 5th Art Directors Guild Awards
  • Excellence in Production Design Award, Feature Film - Period or Fantasy Films
• BAFTA Awards
  • Best Cinematography
  • Best Editing
  • Best Film
  • Best Production Design
• 58th Golden Globe Awards
  • Best Motion Picture - Drama
  • Best Original Score - Motion Picture
• 4th Las Vegas Film Critics Society Awards
  • Best Costume Design
  • Best DVD
  • Best Editing
  • Best Score
  • Best Visual Effects
• London Film Critics Circle
  • Actor of the Year (Russell Crowe)

DVD release

The most recent DVD release for the film

The film was first released on DVD on November 20, 2000, and has since been released in several different extended and special edition versions. The 73rd Academy Awards ceremony was the last to take place at the Los Angeles Shrine Auditorium. The Academy Award for Best Motion Picture is one of the Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to artists working Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to recognize The Academy Award for Visual Effects is an Oscar given to one film each year that shows highest achievement in Visual effects This Academy Award was first given for movies made in 1948 when separate awards were given for black-and-white and color movies The Academy Award for Sound Mixing is an Academy Award that recognizes the finest or most euphonic Sound mixing or recording The British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA is a British charity that hosts annual awards shows for film television television craft video games and forms of animation 58th Golden 4th LVFCS Awards The London Film Critics' Circle is the name by which the Film Section of the The Critics' Circle is known internationally DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Special features for the DVDs include deleted scenes, trailers, documentaries, commentaries, storyboards, image galleries, easter eggs, and cast auditions. Deleted scene is a commonly-used term in the entertainment industry especially the film and television industry which usually refers specifically to scenes removed from or replaced by Documentary film is a broad category of visual expression that is based on the attempt in one fashion or another to " Document " reality On disc based video formats an audio commentary is an additional audio track consisting of a lecture or comments by one or more speakers that plays in real time with video See also Pre-production Storyboards are graphic organizers such as a series of Illustrations or Images displayed in sequence for the purpose of A virtual Easter egg is an intentional Hidden message or feature in an object such as a movie, Book An audition is a sample performance by an Actor, Singer, Musician, Dancer or other performer The DVD features several deleted scenes including:

• After the battle at the beginning of the film, Maximus walks through the Roman camp surveying his fellow wounded soldiers.
• As Maximus is led into an area outside the first arena, he sees lions, a group of Christians, and several vultures which are eating a dead body. The lion ( Panthera leo) is a member of the family Felidae and one of four Big cats in the Genus Panthera. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Vultures are scavenging Birds feeding mostly on the carcasses of dead Animals Vultures are found on every continent except Antarctica and Proximo considers making a bet with a friend that Maximus, Juba, and Hagen will survive the first fight.
• Proximo instructs Maximus to not kill the other gladiators so quickly and to provide entertainment for the crowd.
• Maximus watches as lions begin to devour unarmed Christians in the arena. A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth
• Lucilla meets with several members of the Senate in secret at Gracchus' residence as they complain about Commodus' poor leadership. Lucilla reveals that to pay for the daily gladiatorial games, Commodus is selling off Rome's grain supply which will soon leave the city without food in two years. He also plans to dissolve the Senate, and Lucilla tells the men that Commodus must be killed. However, Gracchus tells her that they will wait until Commodus is no longer in favor with the people and will kill him once he has enough enemies.
• After learning that Maximus is alive and survived the gladiator fight, Commodus goes to a dark room with busts of previous Roman leaders. He picks up a sword and begins striking his father's bust, before tearfully hugging and kissing it.
• Commodus presides over the execution of two Praetorian Guards on charges of treason, due to their inability to ensure Maximus's execution in Germania. Capital punishment, the death penalty or execution, is the Killing of a person by judicial process as Punishment. In Law, treason is the Crime that covers some of the more serious acts of disloyalty to one's sovereign or Nation. Quintus attempts to intervene, claiming they are good soldiers. Commodus implies that perhaps Quintus, being a General, should be held responsible instead. Quintus reluctantly gives the order and the men are shot with arrows while Commodus looks on.
• Commodus has ordered spies to surveil possible traitors. As Proximo drinks some wine, he notices three men that may be watching him. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice

Other DVD editions have been released since this original two-disc version, including a movie only single-disc edition released soon after, which put the original two-disc edition out of print. Out of print refers to an item typically a book (see Out of print books) but can include any print or visual media or Sound recording, that is no longer being published A three-disc extended edition DVD was released in August 2005, which features approximately fifteen minutes of additional scenes, most of which appear in the previous release as deleted scenes. PortalCurrent events News collections and sources WikipediaNews collections and sources. The original cut, which Ridley Scott still calls his director's cut, is also selectable via seamless branching (which is not included on the UK edition). Seamless branching is a mechanism used on DVDs to allow the DVD player to jump to a different scene after finishing one The DVD is also notable for having a new commentary track featuring director Scott and star Crowe. The film spans the first disc, while the second disc contains a comprehensive three-hour documentary into the making of the film by DVD producer Charles de Lauzirika, and the third disc contains supplements. Charles de Lauzirika is an award-winning American documentary filmmaker and DVD / Blu-Ray producer.

References

Further reading

• Landau, Diana; Walter Parkes, John Logan, and Ridley Scott. Gladiator: The Making of the Ridley Scott Epic. Newmarket Press, 2000. ISBN 1557044287.
• Reynolds, Mike. "Ridley Scott: From Blade Runner to Blade Stunner", DGA Monthly Magazine, Directors Guild of America. Retrieved on 2007-01-31. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes  
• Schwartz, Richard (2001). The Films of Ridley Scott. Westport, CT: Praeger. ISBN 0-275-96976-2
• Ward, Allen (2001). The Movie "Gladiator" in Historical Perspective. Classics Technology Center. AbleMedia. Retrieved on 2007-01-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France.
• Winkler, Martin (2004). Gladiator Film and History. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 1-4051-1042-2

External links

• Gladiator at the Internet Movie Database
• Gladiator at Rotten Tomatoes
• Gladiator at Metacritic
• Gladiator at Box Office Mojo
• David Franzoni (1998-04-04). Rotten Tomatoes is a Website devoted to reviews information and news of Movies. Metacritic is a Website that collates reviews of music Albums games, movies, TV shows, DVDs and Books. Box Office Mojo is a Website that tracks Box office Revenue in a systematic way David Harold Franzoni (born March 4 1947) is an American screenwriter Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I. GLADIATOR: FIRST DRAFT REVISED. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
• David Franzoni and John Logan (1998-10-22). David Harold Franzoni (born March 4 1947) is an American screenwriter Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus GLADIATOR: SECOND DRAFT REVISED. Retrieved on 2007-01-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC
• Monomyth.org - Gladiator MonoMyth breakdown using Joseph Campbell's Hero Journey