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"Rossini" redirects here. For other uses, see Rossini (disambiguation). Rossini may refer to Fausto Rossini, (1978-) Italian footballer Gioachino Rossini, (1792-1868 Italian composer Giuseppe
Gioachino Rossini.
Gioachino Rossini.

Gioachino Antonio Rossini [1] (Pesaro, February 29, 1792 – Passy, November 13, 1868) was a popular Italian composer who wrote 39 operas as well as sacred music and chamber music. Pesaro is a town and Comune in the Italian region of the Marche, capital of the Pesaro e Urbino province, on the Adriatic. Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Passy is an exclusive area of Paris, France, located in the XVIe arrondissement, on the Right Bank. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Chamber music is a form of Classical music, written for a small group of instruments which traditionally could be accommodated in a palace chamber His best known works include Il barbiere di Siviglia (The Barber of Seville), La Cenerentola and Guillaume Tell (William Tell). The Barber of Seville or The Useless Precaution ( Il barbiere di Siviglia ossia L'inutile precauzione) is an Opera buffa in two acts by La Cenerentola ossia La bontà in trionfo ( Cinderella or Goodness Triumphant) is an Operatic Dramma giocoso in two acts by Gioacchino Guillaume Tell ( William Tell) is an Opera in four acts by Gioachino Rossini to a French Libretto by Etienne de Jouy

Contents

Biography

Gioachino Rossini, c1815 by Vincenzo Camuccini (Ransom Humanities Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin).
Gioachino Rossini, c1815 by Vincenzo Camuccini (Ransom Humanities Research Center, The University of Texas at Austin). Vincenzo Camuccini ( February 22 1771 - September 2 1844) was an Italian painter of Neoclassic histories and religious

Gioachino Antonio Rossini was born into a family of musicians in Pesaro, a town on the Adriatic coast of Italy. Pesaro is a town and Comune in the Italian region of the Marche, capital of the Pesaro e Urbino province, on the Adriatic. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest His father, Giuseppe, was a horn player and inspector of slaughterhouses, his mother, Anna, was a singer and a baker's daughter. Rossini's parents began his musical training early, and by the age of six he was playing the triangle in his father's band.

Rossini's father was sympathetic to the French Revolution and welcomed Napoleon's troops when they arrived in Northern Italy. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. This became a problem when the Austrians restored the old regime in 1796. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Rossini's father was sent to prison, and his mother took him to Bologna, earning her living as a leading singer at various theatres of the Romagna region, where she was ultimately joined by her husband. Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Romagna is an Italian historical region that approximately corresponds to the south-eastern portion of present-day Emilia-Romagna. During this time, Rossini was frequently left in the care of his aging grandmother, who was unable to effectively control the boy.

He remained at Bologna in the care of a pork butcher, while his father played the horn in the orchestras of the theatres at which his wife sang. The boy had three years' instruction in the harpsichord from Giuseppe Prinetti of Novara, who played the scale with two fingers only. A harpsichord is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard. Novara ( Nuara in the local Novarese dialect of Western Lombard) is the capital city of the Province of Novara in the Piedmont region in northwest Combined with his musical profession was his business of selling liquor, and his propensity to fall asleep while standing; these qualities making him a fit subject for ridicule by his pupil.

Education

He was taken from Prinetti and apprenticed to a smith. In Angelo Tesei he found a congenial master, and learned to sight-read, to play accompaniments on the pianoforte, and to sing well enough to take solo parts in the church when he was ten years of age. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers At thirteen he appeared at the theatre of the Commune in Paër’s Camilla — his only public appearance as a singer (1805). Year 1805 ( MDCCCV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or He was also a capable horn player in the footsteps of his father.

In 1806,at the age of 14, Rossini became a cello student under Cavedagni at the Conservatorio of Bologna. In 1807 he was admitted to the counterpoint class of Padre P. Year 1807 ( MDCCCVII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common S. Mattei. He learned to play the cello with ease, but the pedantic severity of Mattei's views on counterpoint only served to drive the young composer's views toward a freer school of composition. His insight into orchestral resources is generally ascribed not to the strict compositional rules he learned from Mattei, but to knowledge gained independently while scoring the quartets and symphonies of Haydn and Mozart. At Bologna he was known as "il Tedeschino" ("the Little German") on account of his devotion to Mozart.

Early career

Gioachino Rossini.
Gioachino Rossini.

Through the friendly interposition of the Marquis Cavalli, his first opera, La cambiale di matrimonio, was produced at Venice when he was a youth of eighteen. La cambiale di matrimonio ( The Bill of Marriage or The Marriage Contract) is a one-act Operatic farsa comica by Gioachino Rossini to But two years before this he had already received the prize at the Conservatorio of Bologna for his cantata Il pianto d'Armonia sulla morte d’Orfeo. Between 1810 and 1813, at Bologna, Rome, Venice, and Milan, Rossini produced operas of varying success. Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1813 ( MDCCCXIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. All memory of these works is eclipsed by the enormous success of his opera Tancredi. Tancredi is an Opera in two acts by composer Gioachino Rossini and Librettist Gaetano Rossi, based on Voltaire 's play

The libretto was an arrangement of Voltaire’s tragedy by A. A libretto is the text used in an extended Musical work such as an Opera, Operetta, Masque, sacred or secular Oratorio and François-Marie Arouet ( 21 November 1694 30 May 1778) better known by the Pen name Voltaire, was a French Rossi. Traces of Paër and Paisiello were undeniably present in fragments of the music. Giovanni Paisiello (or Paesiello) ( May 9, 1740 &ndash June 5, 1816) was an Italian Composer of the But any critical feeling on the part of the public was drowned by appreciation of such melodies as "Di tanti palpiti. . . Mi rivedrai, ti rivedrò," which became so popular that the Italians would sing it in crowds at the law courts until called upon by the judge to desist.

Rossini continued to write operas for Venice and Milan during the next few years, but their reception was tame and in some cases unsatisfactory after the success of Tancredi. Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. In 1815 he retired to his home at Bologna, where Barbaja, the impresario of the Naples theatre, concluded an agreement with him by which he was to take the musical direction of the Teatro San Carlo and the Teatro Del Fondo at Naples, composing for each of them one opera a year. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Naples ( Napoli, Neapolitan: Nàpule) is a historic City in southern Italy, the Capital of the The Teatro di San Carlo is an Opera house in Naples, Italy. It is the oldest continuously active such venue in Europe and it is recognized as a His payment was to be 200 ducats per month; he was also to receive a share of Barbaja's other business, popular gaming-tables, amounting to about 1000 ducats per annum. This was an extraordinarily lucrative arrangement for any professional musician at that time.

Some older composers in Naples, notably Zingarelli and Paisiello, were inclined to intrigue against the success of the youthful composer; but all hostility was made futile by the enthusiasm which greeted the court performance of his Elisabetta, regina d'Inghilterra, in which Isabella Colbran, who subsequently became the composer’s wife, took a leading part. Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli ( 4 April 1752 - 5 May 1837) was an Italian Composer, chiefly of Opera. Giovanni Paisiello (or Paesiello) ( May 9, 1740 &ndash June 5, 1816) was an Italian Composer of the Elisabetta regina d'Inghilterra, ( Elizabeth Queen of England) is a dramma per musica or opera in two acts by Gioachino Rossini, The libretto of this opera by Schmidt was in many of its incidents an anticipation of those presented to the world a few years later in Sir Walter Scott’s Kenilworth. Sir Walter Scott 1st Baronet (15 August 1771 &ndash 21 September 1832 was a prolific Scottish Historical novelist and Poet popular throughout Kenilworth A Romance is a Historical novel by Sir Walter Scott. The opera was the first in which Rossini wrote the ornaments of the airs instead of leaving them to the fancy of the singers, and also the first in which the recitativo secco was replaced by a recitative accompanied by a string quartet.

The Barber of Seville (Il barbiere di Siviglia)

Gioachino Rossini, 1820.
Gioachino Rossini, 1820.

Rossini's most famous opera was produced on February 20, 1816 at the Teatro Argentina in Rome. The libretto by Cesare Sterbini, a version of Beaumarchais' infamous stage play Le Barbier de Seville, was the same as that already used by Giovanni Paisiello in his own Barbiere, an opera which had enjoyed European popularity for more than a quarter of a century. Pierre-Augustin Caron de Beaumarchais (24 January 1732 &ndash 18 May 1799 was a watch-maker inventor musician politician fugitive spy publisher arms-dealer and revolutionary Giovanni Paisiello (or Paesiello) ( May 9, 1740 &ndash June 5, 1816) was an Italian Composer of the Much is made of how fast Rossini's opera was written, scholarship generally agreeing upon two weeks, a miracle by any standard. Later in life, Rossini claimed to have written the opera in only twelve days. When the opera made its debut as Almaviva, Paisiello’s admirers were extremely indignant, sabotaging the production by whistling and shouting during the entire first act. The Barber of Seville (Le Barbier de Séville is a French play by Pierre Beaumarchais, with original music by Antoine-Laurent Baudron. However, not long after the second performance, the opera became so successful that the fame of Paisiello's opera was transferred to Rossini's, to which the title The Barber of Seville passed as an inalienable heritage. The Barber of Seville or The Useless Precaution ( Il barbiere di Siviglia ossia L'inutile precauzione) is an Opera buffa in two acts by

Marriage and mid-career

Between 1815 and 1823 Rossini produced 20 operas. Year 1815 ( MDCCCXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Year 1823 ( MDCCCXXIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Of these Otello formed the climax to his reform of serious opera, and offers a suggestive contrast with the treatment of the same subject at a similar point of artistic development by the composer Giuseppe Verdi. Otello is an Opera in three acts by Gioacchino Rossini to an Italian Libretto by Francesco Maria Berio di Salsi based on Shakespeare In Rossini’s time the tragic close was so distasteful to the public of Rome that it was necessary to invent a happy conclusion to Otello.

Conditions of stage production in 1817 are illustrated by Rossini’s acceptance of the subject of Cinderella for a libretto only on the condition that the supernatural element should be omitted. Year 1817 ( MDCCCXVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Cinderella ( French: Cendrillon, Slovak: Popoluška, German: Aschenputtel, Spanish: Cenicienta A libretto is the text used in an extended Musical work such as an Opera, Operetta, Masque, sacred or secular Oratorio and The opera La Cenerentola was as successful as Barbiere. La Cenerentola ossia La bontà in trionfo ( Cinderella or Goodness Triumphant) is an Operatic Dramma giocoso in two acts by Gioacchino The absence of a similar precaution in the construction of his Mosè in Egitto led to disaster in the scene depicting the passage of the Israelites through the Red Sea, when the defects in stage contrivance always raised a laugh, so that the composer was at length compelled to introduce the chorus "Dal tuo stellato Soglio" to divert attention from the dividing waves. Mosè in Egitto (known in the French version as Moïse et Pharaon ou Le passage de la Mer Rouge) ( Moses and Pharaoh or The Passage to the Red The Red Sea is a Salt water Inlet of the Indian Ocean between Africa and Asia.

In 1822, four years after the production of this work, Rossini married the coloratura soprano Isabella Colbran. Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Isabella Colbran ( February 2, 1785, Madrid &mdash October 7, 1845, Bologna) was a Spanish dramatic In the same year, he directed his Cenerentola in Vienna, where Zelmira was also performed. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Zelmira is an Opera in two acts by Gioacchino Rossini to a libretto by Andrea Leone Tottola. After this he returned to Bologna; but an invitation from Prince Metternich to come to Verona and "assist in the general re-establishment of harmony" was too tempting to be refused, and he arrived at the Congress in time for its opening on October 20, 1822. Verona is a city and provincial capital in Veneto, Northern Italy. Events 1740 - Maria Theresa takes the throne of Austria. France, Prussia, Bavaria and Saxony Year 1822 (MDCCCXXII was a Common year starting on Tuesday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Sunday of the Here he made friends with Chateaubriand and Dorothea Lieven. Countess later HSH Princess Dorothea von Lieven ( Latvian: Doroteja fon Līvena; Дарья Христофоровна Ливен Daria Khristoforovna

In 1823, at the suggestion of the manager of the King’s Theatre, London, he came to England, being much fêted on his way through Paris. Her Majesty's Theatre is a West End theatre, located on The Haymarket, in the City of Westminster. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city In England he was given a generous welcome, which included an introduction to King George IV and the receipt of £7000 after a residence of five months. In 1824 he became musical director of the Théâtre italien in Paris at a salary of £800 per annum, and when the agreement came to an end he was rewarded with the offices of Chief Composer to the King and Inspector-General of Singing in France, to which was attached the same income. Year 1824 ( MDCCCXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year At the age of 32, Rossini was able to go into semi-retirement with essentially financial independence.

End of his career

Caricature by H. Mailly on the cover of Le Hanneton, July 4, 1867.
Caricature by H. Mailly on the cover of Le Hanneton, July 4, 1867.

The production of his Guillaume Tell in 1829 brought his career as a writer of opera to a close. Guillaume Tell ( William Tell) is an Opera in four acts by Gioachino Rossini to a French Libretto by Etienne de Jouy For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display The libretto was by Étienne Jouy and Hippolyte Bis, but their version was revised by Armand Marrast. Victor-Joseph Étienne de Jouy ( October 19, 1764 – September 4, 1846) French Dramatist, was born at Versailles The music is remarkable for its freedom from the conventions discovered and utilized by Rossini in his earlier works, and marks a transitional stage in the history of opera. Though a very good opera, it is rarely heard uncut today, as the original score runs more than four hours in performance.

In 1829 he returned to Bologna. For the game see 1829 (board game. Year 1829 ( MDCCCXXIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display Bologna (boloɲa from Latin Bononia, Bulåggna in Bolognese dialect is the capital city of Emilia-Romagna in northern Italy His mother had died in 1827, and he was anxious to be with his father. Year 1827 ( MDCCCXXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Arrangements for his subsequent return to Paris on a new agreement were upset by the abdication of Charles X and the July Revolution of 1830. Charles X (9 October 1757 – 6 November 1836 ruled as King of France and Navarre from 20 May 1824 until the French Revolution of 1830, when he abdicated Rossini, who had been considering the subject of Faust for a new opera, returned, however, to Paris in the November of that year. Faust or Faustus ( Latin for "auspicious" or "lucky" is the protagonist of a classic German Legend in which he makes

Six movements of his Stabat Mater were written in 1832 and the rest in 1839, the year of his father's death. Stabat Mater is a thirteenth century Roman Catholic sequence variously attributed to Innocent III and Jacopone da Todi Year 1832 ( MDCCCXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Year 1839 ( MDCCCXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The success of the work bears comparison with his achievements in opera; but his comparative silence during the period from 1832 to his death in 1868 makes his biography appear almost like the narrative of two lives — the life of swift triumph, and the long life of seclusion, of which biographers give us pictures in stories of the composer's cynical wit, his speculations in fish culture, his mask of humility and indifference. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap

Later years

His first wife died in 1845, and on August 16, 1846 he married Olympe Pélissier, who had sat for Vernet for his picture of Judith and Holofernes. Year 1845 ( MDCCCXLV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Olympe Pélissier (?-1878 was an artist's model and the second wife of the composer Gioachino Rossini. Émile Jean-Horace Vernet ( 30 June 1789 - 17 January 1863) was a French painter of battles portraits and Orientalist Political disturbances compelled Rossini to leave Bologna in 1848. After living for a time in Florence he settled in Paris in 1855, where his house was a centre of artistic society. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Year 1855 ( MDCCCLV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common year He died at his country house at Passy on Friday November 13, 1868 and was buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery, Paris, France. Passy is an exclusive area of Paris, France, located in the XVIe arrondissement, on the Right Bank. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris In 1887 his remains were moved to the Basilica di Santa Croce di Firenze, in Florence, where they now rest. The Basilica di Santa Croce (Basilica of the Holy Cross is the principal Franciscan church in Florence, Italy, and a Minor basilica of the Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany

Honors

He was a foreign associate of the Institute, grand officer of the Legion of Honour, and the recipient of innumerable orders.

Gioachino Rossini, photograph by Étienne Carjat, 1865.
Gioachino Rossini, photograph by Étienne Carjat, 1865.

Notes

In his compositions Rossini plagiarized even more freely from himself than from other musicians, and few of his operas are without such admixtures frankly introduced in the form of arias or overtures. For example, in Il Barbiere there is an aria for the Count (often omitted) 'Cessa di piu resistere', which Rossini used (with minor changes) in Le Nozze di Teti e di Peleo and in La Cenerentola (the cabaletta for Angelina's Rondo is almost unchanged).

A characteristic mannerism in his orchestral scoring, a long, steady build of sound, creating "tempests in teapots by beginning in a whisper and rising to a flashing, glittering storm" [2] earned him the nickname of "Signor Crescendo".

Works of Rossini

Gioachino Rossini, photograph by Félix Nadar, 1858.
Gioachino Rossini, photograph by Félix Nadar, 1858.
Portrait of Gioachino Rossini by Francesco Hayez (1870)Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan
Portrait of Gioachino Rossini by Francesco Hayez (1870)
Pinacoteca di Brera, Milan
Rossini's tomb at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris.
Rossini's tomb at Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris. Francesco Hayez ( February 10, 1791 - December 21, 1882) was an Italian painter the leading artist of Romanticism Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris

Operas

1810–1814

1815–1819

1820–1824

1825–1829

Cantatas

Instrumental music

Sacred music

Secular vocal music

Péchés de vieillesse

References

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain. For the Puerto Rican musical genre see Danza. La Danza is a Patter song by Gioachino Rossini. In Gioacchino Rossini 's Péchés de vieillesse ("sins of old age" the opera composer gathered together numerous vocal and solo piano pieces into fourteen unpublished The Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition (1910–1911 is a 29-volume reference work that marked the beginning of the Encyclopædia Britannica The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

Notes

  1. ^ Rossini's first name is often spelled "Gioacchino. " Rossini himself spelled it with either one "c" or two early in life, but eventually settled on "Gioachino. " Baker's, Grove, and most Rossini scholars use "Gioachino. "
  2. ^ Faddis, H. , 2003, Program Notes for the Overture to La scala di seta, Cape Anne Symphony (accessed 2 May 2007); See also Rossini Overtures, Liner Notes, Chandos (Chan 9753)

Media

External links


Persondata
NAMERossini, Gioachino
ALTERNATIVE NAMESRossini, Gioachino Antonio
SHORT DESCRIPTIONItalian composer
DATE OF BIRTHFebruary 29, 1792
PLACE OF BIRTHPesaro
DATE OF DEATHNovember 13, 1868
PLACE OF DEATHPassy
WorldCat is a Union catalog which itemizes the collections of more than 10000 libraries which participate in the OCLC global cooperative The Werner Icking Music Archive, often abbreviated WIMA, is a web archive of Public domain Sheet music. The International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP) is a project for the creation of a virtual library of Public domain music scores, based on the Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours Year 1792 ( MDCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year Pesaro is a town and Comune in the Italian region of the Marche, capital of the Pesaro e Urbino province, on the Adriatic. Events 1002 - English king Ethelred orders the killing of all Danes in England, known today as the St Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Passy is an exclusive area of Paris, France, located in the XVIe arrondissement, on the Right Bank.
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