| Germanium dioxide | |
|---|---|
| IUPAC name | Dioxogermane |
| Other names | Germanium oxide, Germanium(IV) oxide, Germania, Germanic oxide (crystalline), Germanic acid, ACC10380, G-15 |
| Identifiers | |
| CAS number | [1310-53-8] |
| PubChem | |
| SMILES | O=[Ge]=O |
| InChI | 1/GeO2/c2-1-3 |
| Properties | |
| Molecular formula | GeO2 |
| Molar mass | 104. IUPAC Nomenclature is a system of naming Chemical compounds and of describing the science of Chemistry in general CAS registry numbers are unique numerical identifiers for Chemical compounds Polymers biological sequences mixtures and Alloys They are also referred to PubChem is a Database of chemical Molecules The system is maintained by the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI a component The IUPAC International Chemical Identifier ( InChI, pronounced "INchee" is a textual Identifier for Chemical substances designed to provide a A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) 61 g/mol |
| Appearance | white powder or colourless crystals |
| Density | 3. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 64 g/cm3 |
| Melting point | 1115 °C |
| Boiling point | 1200 °C |
| Solubility in water | 5. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. The boiling point of a liquid is the temperature at which the Vapor pressure of the liquid equals the environmental pressure surrounding the liquid Solubility is the characteristic Physical property referring to the ability of a given substance the Solute, to dissolve in a Solvent. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. 2 g/l (25 °C) 10. 7 g/l (100 °C) |
| Hazards | |
| R-phrases | R22 |
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) Infobox disclaimer and references | |
Germanium dioxide, also called germanium oxide and germania, is an inorganic compound, an oxide of germanium. R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous R-phrases (short for Risk Phrases) are defined in Annex III of European Union Directive 67/548/EEC: Nature of special risks attributed to dangerous In Chemistry, the standard state of a material is its state at 1 bar (100 Kilopascals exactly Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin An oxide is a Chemical compound containing at least one Oxygen atom as well as at least one other element Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Its chemical formula is GeO2. Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Its other names are germanic acid, G-15, and ACC10380. It forms as a passivation layer on pure germanium in contact with atmospheric oxygen. Passivation is the process of making a material "passive" in relation to another material prior to using the materials together
Contents |
Structure
Germanium dioxide is a structural analog of silicon dioxide. The Chemical compound silicon dioxide, also known as silica or silox (from the Latin " Silex " is an Oxide Hexagonal GeO2 has structure as β-quartz with coordination number of germanium 4, tetragonal GeO2 has rutile structure of stishovite with coordination number of germanium 6 and amorphous GeO2 is similar to fused silica. Rutile is a Mineral composed primarily of Titanium dioxide, Ti[[oxygen O]]2 Stishovite (after SM Stishov 20th-century Russian mineralogist is an extremely hard dense Tetragonal form ( polymorph) of Silicon dioxide. Fused quartz and fused silica are types of Glass containing primarily Silica in amorphous (non- Crystalline form [1]It can be prepared both crystalline and amorphous. In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating An amorphous solid is a Solid in which there is no Long-range order of the positions of the Atoms (Solids in which there is long-range atomic order are At very high pressures, germanium dioxide forms unusual octahedral structure. [2][3]
Reactions
Heating of germanium dioxide with powdered germanium at 1000 °C forms germanium monoxide (GeO). Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 [1] It is not flammable. In contact with hydrochloric acid it releases volatile and corrosive germanium tetrachloride. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Germanium tetrachloride is a colourless liquid used as an intermediate in the production of purified germanium metal It is moderately soluble in water, with which it reacts and forms germanic acid.
Uses
Germanium dioxide's refractive index (1. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium 7) and optical dispersion properties make it useful as an optical material for wide-angle lenses and in optical microscope objective lenses. The optical microscope, often referred to as the "light microscope" is a type of Microscope which uses Visible light and a system of lenses to An objective in Optics is the lens or Mirror in a Microscope, Telescope, camera or other optical instrument A lens is an optical device with perfect or approximate Axial symmetry which transmits and refracts Light, converging or diverging It is transparent in infrared. Infrared ( IR) radiation is Electromagnetic radiation whose Wavelength is longer than that of Visible light, but shorter than that of
A mixture of silicon dioxide and germanium dioxide ("silica-germania") is used as an optical material for optical fibers and optical waveguides. An optical fiber (or fibre) is a Glass or Plastic fiber that carries Light along its length An optical waveguide is a physical structure that guides electromagnetic waves in the optical spectrum Controlling the ratio of the elements allows precise control of refractive index. Silica-germania glasses have lower viscosity and higher refractive index than pure silica. Germania replaced titania as the silica dopant for silica fiber, eliminating the need for subsequent heat treatment, which made the fibers brittle. Titanium dioxide, also known as titanium(IV oxide or titania, is the naturally occurring Oxide of Titanium, chemical formula Ti[[oxygen [4]
Germanium dioxide is also used as a catalyst in production of polyethylene terephthalate resin, and for production of other germanium compounds. Catalysis is the process in which the rate of a Chemical reaction is increased by means of a Chemical substance known as a catalyst Uses PET can be semi-rigid to rigid depending on its thickness and is very lightweight It is used as a feedstock for production of some phosphors and semiconductor materials. A phosphor is a substance that exhibits the phenomenon of Phosphorescence (sustained glowing after exposure to energized particles such as Electrons A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that In the manufacture of integrated circuits and transistors, germanium dioxide is a rather poor dielectric and is chemically unstable, which is one of the disadvantages of germanium in comparison with silicon.
Toxicity and medical
Germanium dioxide has low toxicity; in higher doses it is nephrotoxic. Nephrotoxicity (from Greek nephros "kidney" is a Poisonous effect of some substances both Toxic chemicals and Medication, on the Kidney Germanium dioxide is used as a germanium supplement in some questionable dietary supplements and "miracle cures". High doses of these resulted in several cases of germanium poisonings.
References
- ^ a b Greenwood, N. N. ; Earnshaw, A. (1997). Chemistry of the Elements, 2nd Edition, Oxford:Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-7506-3365-4.
- ^ Glass gives up secrets under pressure
- ^ Argonne News
- ^ Chapter Iii: Optical Fiber For Communications
External links
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic