| German grammar | |
|---|---|
| Nouns | |
| Verbs | |
| Articles | |
| Adjectives | |
| Pronouns | |
| Adverbial phrases | |
| Conjugation | |
| Sentence structure | |
| Declension | |
| Modal Particle | |
An adverb is a word that modifies the meaning of a verb, and an adverbial phrase is combination of words that perform the same function. This page outlines the Grammar of the German language. Grammar Genders In German all of the three genders of the Proto-Indo-European A German noun has one of three specific grammatical genders (masculine feminine neuter and belongs to one of three declension classes only partly dependent of gender German verbs may be classified as either weak, with a Dental consonant inflection or strong, showing a Vowel gradation ( ablaut) German articles have a feature called "strength" which influences the declension of the adjectives In German grammar, the correct Inflection of Adjectives depends on the case number and gender of the Noun phrase, as well as what kind of determiner German pronouns of the first person refer to the speaker those of the second person refer to an addressed person This is a paradigm of German Verbs that is a set of conjugation tables for the model Regular verbs and for some of the most common Irregular verbs German sentence structure is somewhat more complex than that of many other European languages with phrases regularly inverted for both questions and subordinate phrases German declension is the paradigm that German uses to define all the ways words can change shape to reflect their role in the sentence subject object etc In the German language, a modal particle (Modalpartikel or Abtönungspartikel is an Uninflected word used mainly in spontaneous spoken language in For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. An adverbial or adverbial phrase is a linguistic term for a single adverb or a group of more than one word operating adverbially when viewed in terms of their The German language includes several different kinds of adverbial phrases. This page outlines the Grammar of the German language. Grammar Genders In German all of the three genders of the Proto-Indo-European An adverbial or adverbial phrase is a linguistic term for a single adverb or a group of more than one word operating adverbially when viewed in terms of their
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Native adverbs
Many adverbs are not derived from an adjective. In Grammar, an adjective is a word whose main syntactic role is to modify a Noun or Pronoun, giving more information about the Often they have very important meanings. For example, "nicht", "leider" or "gerne". (not, unfortunately, gladly. )
Accusative nouns with adverbial meaning
The duration or the spatial extent of a verb's action can be expressed by a nominal expression in the accusative case. The accusative case ( abbreviated ACC) of a Noun is the Grammatical case used to mark the Direct object of a Transitive
"Das Kind malte die ganze Zeit Bilder" (The child was painting pictures all the time)
Adverbial forms of adjectives
Adverb formation is simpler in German than most other languages. An adverb is simply the uninflected form of the adjective (or participle). In Linguistics, a participle (from Latin participium, a Calque of Greek μετοχη "partaking" is a derivative of a non-finite This holds for the positive, comparative and superlative forms. Positive is the form of an Adjective or Adverb on which Comparative and Superlative are formed with suffixes -ier, -lier In Grammar, the comparative is the form of an Adjective or Adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person thing or other entity has a property In Grammar the superlative of an Adjective or Adverb is the greatest form of adjective or adverb which indicates that something has some feature
- "schnell" (fast, quickly)
- "groß" (big, substantially)
- "fließend" (fluent, fluently)
- "schneller" (faster, more quickly)
- "am schönsten" (most beautiful, most beautifully)
- "fließender" (more fluent, more fluently)
The adverb can be used to describe actions, adjectives or other adverbs. Comparative and superlative forms are unusual in the last two situations.
- "Der Vogel fliegt schnell" (the bird flies fast)
- "Der Vogel fliegt am schnellsten" (the bird flies the fastest)
- "Der schrecklich hohe Berg. " (the awfully high mountain) is different from "Der schreckliche hohe Berg" (the awful, high mountain)
- "Ein schrecklich langsam wachsender Baum" (a terribly slow-growing tree)
- "Ein schneller wachsender Baum" (a faster-growing tree)
Prepositional phrases
A prepositional phrase consists of a nominal phrase and a preposition or postposition. An adpositional phrase is a Linguistics term that includes (a prepositional phrase(s (which are usually found in head-first languages like English) and In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. In Grammar, a preposition is a Part of speech that introduces a prepositional phrase. The case of the nominal phrase can be accusative or dative. Some prepositions always take the accusative case and some always take the dative case. Students usually memorize these because the difference may not be intuitive. A third group of prepositions, called "two way prepositions", take either the accusative case or the dative case depending on the phrase's exact meaning. If the statement describes movement across a boundary then the phrase is accusative. Other situations, including movement within a confined area, take the dative case. For example:
- "Ich schlafe im Haus. " (dative case) (I sleep inside the house. ) [im is a contraction of in & dem]
- "Ich laufe ins Haus. " (accusative case) (I run into the house. ) [ins is a contraction of in & das]
- "Ich laufe im Haus. " (dative case) (I run within the house. )
Note that prepositions do not always have a locative meaning; they can also be modal or temporal adverbs, for example. Locative (also called the seventh case) is a Grammatical case which indicates a location
Prepositional phrases, being adverbial, may be used to describe actions and adjectives. They can also be attributes of a nominal phrase. This page outlines the Grammar of the German language. Grammar Genders In German all of the three genders of the Proto-Indo-European
- "Ich gehe ins Haus" (I go into the house)
- "(Eis ist) während der Sommerzeit begehrt" (ice-cream is much sought-after in the summertime)
In some cases, the preposition and the article of the nominal phrase may or must elide together. Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a Vowel, a Consonant, or a whole Syllable) in a word or phrase producing a result that is easier This is similar to Italian.
- NOT "von dem Himmel" BUT "vom Himmel"
Pronominal adverb
A real position can be substituted by a pronominal adverb.
- "auf dem Tisch" - "darauf" (on the table - on there)
- "auf den Berg hinauf" - "dort hinauf" (up the mountain - up there )
- "während der Schulstunde" - "währenddessen" (during the lesson - during it)
- "der Gerechtigkeit wegen" - "deswegen" (because of justice - because of it)
- "mit dem Flugzeug" - "damit" (by plane - by it)
Pronominal adverbs may be preceded by an adverbial clause. See below.
Adverbial clause
Besides prepositional phrases and pronominal adverbs, there are also adverbial clauses. An adverbial clause is a Clause that functions as an Adverb. In other words it contains subject (explicit or implied and predicate, and it They can be applied to actions as well as to nominal phrases and pronominal adverbs.
- "Ich ging nach Hause, während die Sonne unterging" (I went home as the sun was setting)
- "damals" - "damals, als/während Helmut Kohl Bundeskanzler war" (in those days, when/while Helmut Kohl was chancellor)
- "in jenem Jahr" - "in jenem Jahr, als/während Helmut Kohl Bundeskanzler war" (in that year, when/while Helmut Kohl was chancellor)
Such a sentence can also completely replace a position or pronominal adverb. (The previous sentence needs to be clarified by someone knowledgeable)
- "als Willy Brandt Bundeskanzler war" INSTEAD OF "damals, als Willy Brandt Bundeskanzler war" (when Willy Brandt was chancellor / in those days when Willy Brandt was chancellor)
- "wo die Sonne scheint" INSTEAD OF "am Himmel, wo die Sonne scheint" (where the sun shines / in the sky, where the sun shines)
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