 | |
| The Georgian architecture of The Circus, Bath, built between 1754 and 1768. The Circus is a famous example of Georgian architecture in the city of Bath, begun in 1754 and completed in 1768. | |
| Preceded by | Stuart Period |
|---|---|
| Followed by | Regency Period |
The Georgian era is a period of British history, normally defined as including the reigns of the kings George I, George II, George III and George IV, i. Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Significant events of the period English civil war The English Civil War (s took place during the reign of Charles I, the second Stuart monarch Artistic trends Regency architecture Regency fashions Regency dance Regency novels The history of the British Isles has witnessed intermittent periods of competition and cooperation between the people that occupy the various parts of Great Britain, George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places e. covering the period from 1714 to 1830, (with the sub-period of the Regency, defined by the Regency of George IV as Prince of Wales during the illness of his father George III). Year 1714 ( MDCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Artistic trends Regency architecture Regency fashions Regency dance Regency novels Prince of Wales (Tywysog Cymru is a title traditionally granted to the Heir Apparent to the reigning monarch of the United Kingdom (and formerly the Kingdom Sometimes the reign of William IV (1830 to 1837) is also included. William IV (William Henry 21 August 1765 &ndash 20 June 1837 was King of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of Hanover from 26 June 1830 until For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display Year 1837 ( MDCCCXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common
The term "Georgian" is normally used in the contexts of architecture and social history. Georgian architecture is the name given in most English -speaking countries to the set of Architectural styles current between 1720 and 1840
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The arts
Especially during the mid-18th century, the period was marked by cultural vibrancy, with the establishment of the British Museum in 1753, and the contributions of such famous men as Dr. Samuel Johnson, William Hogarth, Samuel Richardson, and George Friedrich Handel, among many others. The British Museum is a Museum of human history and culture in London. Samuel Johnson (often referred to as Dr Johnson) (18 September William Hogarth (10 November 1697 &ndash 26 October 1764 was a major English painter, printmaker, pictorial satirist, social critic Samuel Richardson (19 August 1689 &ndash 4 July 1761 was an 18th-century English Writer and printer.
Georgian society and its preoccupations were well portrayed in the novels of writers such as Henry Fielding and Jane Austen, characterised by the architecture of Robert Adam, John Nash and James Wyatt and the emergence of the Gothic Revival style, which hearkened back to a supposed golden age of building design. Henry Fielding ( April 22, 1707 &ndash October 8, 1754) was an English Novelist and Dramatist known for his Jane Austen (16 Robert Adam ( 3 July 1728 &ndash 3 March 1792) was a Scottish neoclassical Architect, Interior designer John Nash may refer to John Forbes Nash (born 1928 American mathematician Nobel laureate subject of the book and film titled A Beautiful Mind This article refers to the English Architect. For the Game designer, see James Wyatt (game designer. The Gothic Revival is an architectural movement which began The term Golden age is best known from Greek mythology and legend but can also be found in other ancient cultures (see below
The flowering of the arts was most vividly shown in the emergence of the Romantic poets, principally through Samuel Taylor Coleridge, William Wordsworth, Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Blake, John Keats and Lord Byron. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the POETS day is a term used by workers in England and Australia, to jocularly refer to Friday as the last day of the Work week. Samuel Taylor Coleridge ( 21 October 1772 &ndash 25 July 1834) was an English Poet, Critic and philosopher Percy Bysshe Shelley (August 4 1792 – July 8 1822 ˈpɝːsɪ ˈbɪʃ ˈʃɛlɪ was one of the major English Romantic poets and is widely considered to be among William Blake (28 November 1757 – 12 August 1827 was an English poet, painter, and Printmaker. Their work ushered in a new era of poetry, characterized by vivid and colourful language, evocative of elevating ideas and themes.
The paintings of Thomas Gainsborough, Sir Joshua Reynolds and the young J.M.W. Turner and John Constable illustrated the changing world of the Georgian period - as did the work of designers like Capability Brown, the landscape designer. Thomas Gainsborough (christened 14 May 1727 &ndash died 2 August 1788 was one of the most famous portrait and landscape painters of 18th century Britain. Sir Joshua Reynolds RA FRS FRSA (16 July 1723 &ndash 23 February 1792 was the most important and influential of 18th century English painters Joseph Mallord William Turner (23 April 1775 &ndash 19 December 1851 was an English Romantic landscape painter, Watercolourist and John Constable ( 11 June 1776 &ndash 31 March 1837 Landscape architecture involves the investigation and designed response to the landscape
Social change
It was a time of immense social change in Britain, with the beginning and other parts of the British Empire. The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power.
Social reform under politicians such as Robert Peel and campigners like William Wilberforce, Thomas Clarkson and members of the Clapham Sect began to bring about radical change in areas such as the abolition of slavery, prison reform and social justice. Reform Movement redirects here For specific organizations by that name see Reform Movement (disambiguation A reform movement is a kind Sir Robert Peel 2nd Baronet (5 February 1788 &ndash 2 July 1850 was the Conservative Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 10 December 1834 to 8 April William Wilberforce (24 August 1759 – 29 July 1833 was a British Politician, a Philanthropist Thomas Clarkson ( 28 March 1760 &ndash 26 September 1846) abolitionist, was born at Wisbech, Cambridgeshire The Clapham Sect was an influential group of like-minded Church of England social reformers in England at the beginning of the nineteenth century (active c Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another Prison reform is the attempt to improve conditions inside Prisons aiming at a more effective Penal system. A revival in Christian religion was seen in the Church of England with men such as John Wesley (later to found the Methodists) and John Newton, and the rise of Non-conformists such as George Whitefield and various Dissenting groups. Revival in a Christian context generally refers to a specific period of spiritual renewal in the life of the Church Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican John Wesley (ˈwɛslɪ ( – March 2, 1791) was an Anglican cleric and Christian theologian who was the founder of the (Evangelical Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations John Henry Newton ( July 24, 1725 &ndash December 21, 1807) was an Englishman Anglican clergyman and former slave-ship captain Nonconformism is the refusal to conform to common standards conventions rules customs traditions norms or laws Early life He was born at the Bell Inn Southgate Street Gloucester, England. The term dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, “to disagree” labels one who dissents or disagrees in matters of opinion belief etc
Philanthropists and writers such as Hannah More, Thomas Coram, Robert Raikes and Beilby Porteus, Bishop of London, began to address the social ills of the day, and saw the founding of hospitals, Sunday schools and orphanages. Hannah More ( February 2, 1745 – September 7, 1833) was an English religious writer and philanthropist Captain Thomas Coram (c 1668 &ndash March 29, 1751) was born in Lyme Regis, Dorset, UK Robert Raikes (" the Younger " ( 14 September 1736 – 5 April 1811) was an English Philanthropist and Beilby Porteus or Porteous ( May 8, 1731 &ndash May 13, 1809) successively Bishop of Chester and of London The Bishop of London is the Ordinary of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury. " Sunday school " is the generic name for many different types of Religious education pursued on Sundays by various denominations
The loss of the American Colonies and the American Revolution were regarded as national disasters. The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" In Europe, the Napoleonic Wars dragged on for nearly a quarter of a century, bringing statesmen and national heroes like the Duke of Wellington and Admiral Lord Nelson home to huge public acclaim. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions Field Marshal Arthur Wellesley 1st Duke of Wellington, KG, KP, GCB, GCH, PC, FRS ( c Vice-Admiral Horatio Nelson 1st Viscount Nelson 1st Duke of Bronté, KB (29 September 1758– 21 October 1805 was a British
The expansion of empire brought fame to statesmen and explorers such as Clive of India and Captain Cook, and sowed the seeds of the world-wide British Empire of the Victorian and Edwardian eras which were to follow. Clive of India redirects here For the film see Clive of India (film. Captain James Cook FRS RN ( – 14 February 1779) was an English Explorer, Navigator and Culture The Victorian fascination with novelty resulted in a deep interest in the relationship between modernity and cultural continuities Class and society Socially the Edwardian era was a period during which the British Class system was very rigid
Politics and social revolt
With the ending of the War with France, the United Kingdom entered a period of greater economic depression and political uncertainty, characterised by social discontent and unrest. The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Radical political party published a leaflet called The Political Register, also known as "The Two Penny Trash" to its rivals. The Radicals were a parliamentary political grouping in the United Kingdom in the early to mid 19th century who drew on earlier ideas of radicalism and helped to The so-called March of the Blanketeers saw 400 spinners and weavers march from Manchester to London in March 1817 to hand the Government a petition. Blanketeers is the nickname given to some 5000 operatives who on the 10 March 1817 met in St London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. The Luddites destroyed and damaged machinery in the industrial north-west of England. The Luddites were a Social movement of British Textile artisans in the early Nineteenth century who protested&mdashoften by destroying mechanized The Peterloo Massacre in 1819 began as a protest rally which saw 60,000 people gathering to protest about their living standards, but was quelled by military action and saw eleven people killed and 400 wounded. The Peterloo Massacre (or Battle of Peterloo) occurred at St Peter's Field Manchester, England on 16 August 1819 when cavalry charged into The Cato Street Conspiracy of 1820 sought to blow up the Cabinet and then move on to storm the Tower of London and overthrow the government. The Cato Street Conspiracy was an attempt to murder all the British cabinet ministers and Prime Minister Lord Liverpool in 1820 A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. Her Majesty's Royal Palace and Fortress, more commonly known as the Tower of London (and historically as The Tower) is a historic monument in central London This too was thwarted, and the conspirators executed or transported to Australia. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
Timeline
- 1714
- Accession of George I. George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless
- 1715
- Whigs win the British General Election. Constituencies See British general election 1796 for details The constituencies used were the same throughout the existence of the Parliament of Great Britain
- 1727
- Accession of George II. George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg (
- 1746
- Final Jacobite rising crushed at Battle of Culloden. The Jacobite Risings were a series of uprisings rebellions and wars in the kingdoms of England, Kingdom of Scotland (later the United Kingdom of Great Britain The Battle of Culloden (Blàr Chùil Lodair (16 April 1746 was the final clash between the French-supported Jacobites and the Hanoverian
- 1760
- Accession of George III. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places
- 1765
- Stamp Act passed by parliament of Great Britain. The Stamp Act of 1765 (short title Duties in American Colonies Act 1765; 5 George III c
- 1775
- American Revolutionary War begins. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots"
- 1783
- British recognition of American independence as Treaty of Paris is signed by David Hartley representing George III. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The Treaty of Paris, signed on September 3, 1783, and approved by the Congress of the Confederation on January 14, 1784, formally David Hartley, the younger (1732 &ndash 19 December 1813) statesman scientific inventor and the son of the philosopher David Hartley. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places
- 1811
- George IV begins nine-year tenure as Prince Regent. For the station on the Docklands Light Railway, see Prince Regent DLR station. This sub-period is defined as the Regency period. Artistic trends Regency architecture Regency fashions Regency dance Regency novels
- 1815
- Napoleon I of France defeated by the Seventh Coalition at the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Hundred Days was the period between Napoleon Bonaparte 's return from exile on Elba to Paris on 20 March 1815 and the restoration In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815 near Waterloo Belgium
- 1820
- Death of George III. The Peterloo Massacre (or Battle of Peterloo) occurred at St Peter's Field Manchester, England on 16 August 1819 when cavalry charged into George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places Accession of George IV.
- 1830
- Death of George IV. End of the Georgian era.
 |  |  |  |
| George I. George I (George Louis German Georg Ludwig; 28 May 1660 &ndash 11 June 1727 For the first year of his life George was the only heir to his father's and three childless | George II. George II (George Augustus 10 November 1683 &ndash 25 October 1760 was King of Great Britain and Ireland, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg ( | George III | George IV |
References
- Hochschild, Adam. George III (George William Frederick 4 June 1738 George III's long reign was marked by a series of military conflicts involving his kingdom much of the rest of Europe and places Bury the Chains, The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery (Basingstoke: Pan Macmillan, 2005)
- Phillips, Charles. The Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Kings and Queens of Britain. London: Hermes House (Arness Publishing), 2006 ISBN 0-681-45961-1
Note: The period between 1910 and 1953 (the reigns of King George V and George VI) may be referred to as "Georgian" in certain contexts; see Georgian Poetry. Year 1910 ( MCMX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Georgian Poetry was the title of a series of anthologies showcasing the work of a school of English Poetry that established itself during the
See also
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