| საქართველო Sakartvelo Georgia | ||||||
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| Motto: ძალა ერთობაშია "Strength is in Unity" | ||||||
| Anthem: "თავისუფლება" "Freedom" | ||||||
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| Capital (and largest city) | Tbilisi | |||||
| Official languages | Georgian1 | |||||
| Demonym | Georgian | |||||
| Government | Unitary semi-presidential republic | |||||
| - | President of Georgia | Mikheil Saakashvili | ||||
| - | Prime Minister | Lado Gurgenidze | ||||
| Consolidation | ||||||
| - | Kingdom of Georgia | 1008 | ||||
| - | Democratic Republic of Georgia | May 26, 1918 | ||||
| - | Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic | February 25, 1921 | ||||
| - | Independence from the Soviet Union Declared Finalized | April 9, 1991 December 25, 1991 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 69,700 km² (121st) 26,916 sq mi | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | 2005 estimate | 4,774,4732 (117th) | ||||
| - | Density | 66/km² (128) 166/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $20. List of flags of Georgia (country The official Flag of Georgia is the " five-cross flag " restored to official use on January 14 Georgia 's coat of arms was adopted on 1 October 2004. It is partially based on the medieval arms of the Georgian royal house of Bagrationi A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Dzala ertobashia ( Georgian: ძალა ერთობაშია "Strength is in Unity" is an official motto of Georgia. A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's This article is on the National Anthem of Georgia (country. For the Political party, see Tavisupleba (political movement. The demographics of Georgia is characterized by two prominent features since independence decline in total population and significant "Georgeanization" of the ethnic composition Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A unitary state is a State whose three Organs of state are governed Constitutionally as one single unit with one Constitutionally created The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its The President of Georgia (საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი is the Commander-in-chief of Georgia. Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ ნიკოლოზის ძე სააკაშვილი (born 21 December 1967, a Georgian Politician, the The Prime Minister of Georgia is the most senior minister within the Cabinet of Georgia of the Republic of Georgia, appointed by the President of Georgia Vladimer "Lado" Gurgenidze (ვლადიმერ (ლადო გურგენიძე (born December 17, 1970) is a Georgian Politician The history of Georgia began with the rise of the early Georgian states of Colchis and Iberia, which in c The history of Georgia began with the rise of the early Georgian states of Colchis and Iberia, which in c The Democratic Republic of Georgia ( DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (საქართველოს საბჭოთასოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 274 - Roman Emperor Aurelian Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions Areas between 10000 km² and 100000 km² are listed here This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 67 billion (117th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $4,400 (112th) | ||||
| HDI (2007) | ▲ 0. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 755 (medium) (95th) | |||||
| Currency | Lari (ლ) (GEL) | |||||
| Time zone | UTC (UTC+4) | |||||
| Internet TLD | .ge | |||||
| Calling code | +995 | |||||
| 1 | Also Abkhaz within the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The lari ( Georgian: ლარი; ISO 4217:GEL is the Currency of Georgia. ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken mainly in Abkhazia and Turkey by the Abkhaz people. Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto | |||||
| 2 | From CIA World Factbook. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the [1] Population figure excludes those parts of Abkhazia and South Ossetia that are not controlled by the Government of Georgia. Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto South Ossetia ( or; Хуссар Ирыстон Xussar Iryston; Южная Осетия Yuzhnaya Osetiya; სამხრეთი ოსეთი Samxreti | |||||
Georgia (Georgian: საქართველო, transliterated as Sakartvelo) is a Eurasian country, chiefly located in the South Caucasus, at the juncture of Eastern Europe and Western Asia. Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity The South Caucasus is a mountainous geopolitical area of south-central Eurasia, also referred to as Transcaucasia, or The Transcaucasus. This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent, sometimes referred to as transcontinental states. Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. Georgia borders four countries: Turkey to the southwest, Russia to the north, Armenia to the south, and Azerbaijan to the east. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South In addition, there is a western coastline on the Black Sea. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Georgia’s population is over 4. 3 million, nearly 84% of which are ethnic Georgians (2002). The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the [2]
Ancient Georgia was the site of the kingdoms of Colchis and Iberia. In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians. The latter, one of the first countries in the world to adopt Christianity as an official religion early in the 4th century, subsequently provided a nucleus around which the medieval Kingdom of Georgia was formed in the 11th century. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings A state religion (also called an official religion, established church or state church) is a religious body or Creed officially The history of Georgia began with the rise of the early Georgian states of Colchis and Iberia, which in c After a period of political, economic and cultural flourishing, this kingdom went in decline in the 13th century and eventually fragmentized into several kingdoms and principalities in the 16th century. The three subsequent centuries of Ottoman and Persian hegemony over these entities were followed by a piecemeal absorption into the Russian Empire in the course of the 19th century. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Georgia had a brief period of independence as a Democratic Republic (1918-1921), which was terminated by the Red Army invasion of Georgia. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Democratic Republic of Georgia ( DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos The Red Army invasion of Georgia also known as the Soviet-Georgian War ( February 15 – March 17 1921) was a military campaign by the Soviet Georgia became part of the Soviet Union in 1922 and regained its independence in 1991. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Early post-Soviet years was marked by a civil unrest and economic crisis. The post-Soviet states, also commonly known as former Soviet republics, are the 15 independent nations that split off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The Georgian Civil War consisted of inter-ethnic and inter-national conflicts in the regions of South Ossetia (1988-1992 and Abkhazia (1992-1993 as well Georgia began to gradually stabilize in 1995, and achieved more effective functioning of state institutions following a bloodless change of power in the so-called Rose Revolution of 2003. The "Revolution of Roses quot (often translated into English as the Rose Revolution) (ვარდების რევოლუცია - vardebis [3] However, Georgia continues to suffer from the unresolved secessionist conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia. Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto South Ossetia ( or; Хуссар Ирыстон Xussar Iryston; Южная Осетия Yuzhnaya Osetiya; სამხრეთი ოსეთი Samxreti The relations with Russia remain tense over these issues as well as Georgia’s aspiration of NATO membership. The North Atlantic Treaty [4]
Georgia is a representative democracy, organized as a secular, unitary, semi-presidential republic. Representative democracy is a form of government founded on the principles of the people's representatives Secularity ( adjective form secular) is the state of being separate from Religion. A unitary state is a State whose three Organs of state are governed Constitutionally as one single unit with one Constitutionally created The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its It is currently a member of the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Commonwealth of Independent States, the World Trade Organization and the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 On 25 June 1992, the Heads of State and Government of eleven countries signed in Istanbul the Summit Declaration and the Bosporus Statement The country seeks to join NATO and, in the longer term, accession to the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
Contents |
Etymology
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Georgians call themselves Kartvelebi (ქართველები), their land Sakartvelo (საქართველო), and their language Kartuli (ქართული). The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the According to legend, the ancestor of the Kartvelian people was Kartlos, the great grandson of the Biblical Japheth. Kartlos or K'art'los (ქართლოს was the legendary establisher and eponymous father of Georgia, and the mythic ancestor of Georgians, namely Etymology According to the Online Etymology Dictionary, the word bible is from Latin biblia, traced from the same word through Medieval Latin and Late Latin Japheth (ˈdʒeɪfɪθ Hebrew. יפת Greek Ιάφεθ, Iapheth, Latin Iafeth or Iapetus Arabic يافث Ancient Greeks (Strabo, Herodotus, Plutarch, Homer, etc. The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Lucius Mestrius Plutarchus ( Greek: Μέστριος Πλούταρχος c Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the ) and Romans (Titus Livius, Cornelius Tacitus, etc. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Titus Livius (traditionally 59 BC &ndash AD 17 known as Livy in English, was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome Publius (or Gaius) Cornelius Tacitus (ca 56 &ndash ca 117 was a senator and a Historian of the Roman Empire. ) referred to early eastern Georgians as Iberians (Iberoi in some Greek sources) and western Georgians as Colchians. The Caucasian Iberians was a Greco-Roman designation for ancient Georgians, Ibero-Caucasian people ( South Caucasian or Kartvelians who inhabited the In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís [5]
The origin of the name Georgia is still disputed and has been explained in the following ways:
1. Linking it semantically to Greek and Latin roots (respectively, γεωργος "tiller of the land" and georgicus "agricultural")[6]
2. Its derivation from the name of St. George. In Christian hagiography Saint George is one of the most venerated saints in the Anglican Church, Eastern Orthodox Church, Oriental Orthodox At least, popularity of the cult of Saint George in Georgia influenced the spread of the term.
3. Under various Persian empires (536 BC-AD 638), Georgians were called Gurjhān (Gurzhan/Gurjan), or "Gurj/Gurzh people. " The early Islamic/Arabic sources spelled the name Kurz/Gurz and the country Gurjistan (see Baladhuri, Tabari, Jayhani, Istakhri, Ibn Hawqal, etc. ). This also could evolve or at least contribute to the later name of Georgia. [7][8]
The terms Georgia and Georgians appeared in Western Europe in numerous medieval annals including that of Crusaders and later in the official documents and letters of the Florentine de’Medici family. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany Cosimo di Giovanni de' Medici (September 27 1389 &ndash August 1 1464 was the first of the Medici political dynasty de facto rulers of [9] Jacques de Vitry and English traveler, Sir John Mandeville, stated that Georgians are called Georgian because they especially revere and worship Saint George. Jacques de Vitry (c 1160/70 &ndash 1240 or 1244) was a theologian chronicler and cardinal from 1228 &ndash 40 " Jehan de Mandeville " translated as " Sir John Mandeville " is the name claimed by the compiler of a singular book of supposed travels written in Notably, the country recently adopted the five-cross flag, featuring the Saint George's Cross; it has been argued that the flag was used in Georgia since the 5th century. The St George's Cross (or the Cross of St George is a centred red cross on a white background [10][11]
History
The territory of modern-day Georgia has been continuously inhabited since the early Stone Age. The history of Georgia began with the rise of the early Georgian states of Colchis and Iberia, which in c The prehistory of Georgia is the period between the first human habitation of the territory of modern-day nation of Georgia and the time when Assyrian and Urartian The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking The classic period saw the rise of the early Georgian states of Colchis and Iberia. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians. The proto-Georgian tribes first appear in written history in the 12th century BC. [12] Archaeological finds and references in ancient sources reveal elements of early political and state formations characterized by advanced metallurgy and goldsmith techniques that date back to the 7th century BC and beyond. [13] In the 4th century BC a unified kingdom of Georgia - an early example of advanced state organization under one king and the hierarchy of aristocracy, was established. [14]
Christianity was declared the state religion as early as AD 337 proving a great stimulus to literature, arts and the unification of the country. "Mammes" redirects here For the cyclist see Bernard Mammes. The Monastery of the Virgin - Gelati near Kutaisi ( Imereti region of Western Georgia) was founded by the King of Georgia David the Builder Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings As a crossroad between Christian and Islamic traditions, Georgia experienced the dynamic exchange between these two worlds which culminated in a true renaissance around 12-13th centuries AD. [15]
This early Georgian renaissance, which preceded its European analogue, was characterized by the flourishing of romantic- chivalric tradition, breakthroughs in philosophy, and an array of political innovations in society and state organization, including religious and ethnic tolerance. The Golden age of Georgia left a legacy of great cathedrals, romantic poetry and literature, and the epic poem "The Knight in the Panther's Skin". The Knight in the Panther's Skin ( Georgian: ვეფხისტყაოსანი transliterated as Vepkhist'q'aosani) is an Epic poem This Golden Age was interrupted at its peak by the Mongol Invasion in the 13th century AD. The medieval kingdom of Georgia first clashed with the advancing Mongol armies in 1220. Throughout the next six centuries, Georgia experienced repeated invasions by Persians and Turks, resulting in the disintegration of the state into several small kingdoms. layout and formatting it should ensure no clashes with the top of the infobox The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish Under this climate of insecurity, in 1783 Georgia signed the Treaty of Georgievsk with the Russian Empire, placing the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti under the Russian patronage. The Treaty of Georgievsk (Георгиевский трактат Georgievskiy traktat; გეორგიევსკის ტრაქტატი georgievskis The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762-1798 was created in 1762 by the unification of two eastern Georgian kingdoms which had existed independently since the disintegration of Despite Russia's commitment to defend Georgia, it rendered no assistance when the Turks invaded in 1785 and again in 1795. This period culminated in the 1801 Russian annexation of remaining Georgian lands and the deposing of the Bagrationi dynasty. Origins See also Origin of the Bagratid dynasties According to a family legend taken down by the eleventh-century Georgian chronicler Sumbat Davitis-Dze
A few decades later, Georgian society produced a modernist nationalistic elite which united Georgian society around the dream of the restoration of their once glorious state. In 1918, this dream was fulfilled as the Democratic Republic of Georgia was established. Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Democratic Republic of Georgia ( DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos The republic was short-lived, as in 1921 Georgia was invaded and occupied by Bolsheviks eventually being incorporated into the Soviet Union in 1922. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Red Army invasion of Georgia also known as the Soviet-Georgian War ( February 15 – March 17 1921) was a military campaign by the Soviet The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Georgia declared its independence in 1991, soon to be embroiled in a civil war and subsequent severe economic hardships. The Georgian Civil War consisted of inter-ethnic and inter-national conflicts in the regions of South Ossetia (1988-1992 and Abkhazia (1992-1993 as well The bloodless Rose Revolution of 2003 installed a new, pro-Western reformist government that aspired to join NATO and attempted to bring the secessionist territories (Abkhazia and South Ossetia lost in the civil war and de facto independent ever since) back under Georgia's control. The "Revolution of Roses quot (often translated into English as the Rose Revolution) (ვარდების რევოლუცია - vardebis The term Western world, the West or the Occident ( Latin: occidens -sunset -west as distinct from the Orient) can have multiple meanings The North Atlantic Treaty Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto South Ossetia ( or; Хуссар Ирыстон Xussar Iryston; Южная Осетия Yuzhnaya Osetiya; სამხრეთი ოსეთი Samxreti These efforts resulted in severe deterioration of relations with Russia, fuelled also by Russia's open assistance and support to the two secessionists areas. Russian military bases (dating back to Soviet era) in Georgia were evacuated, with the last remaining base in Batumi handed over to Georgia in 2007. Batumi (ბათუმი formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and Capital of Adjara, an Autonomous [16]
Georgia in antiquity
The two early Georgian kingdoms of late antiquity, known to ancient Greeks and Romans as Iberia (Georgian: იბერია) (in the east of the country) and Colchis (Georgian: კოლხეთი) (in the west), were among the first nations in the region to adopt Christianity (in AD 337, or in AD 319 as recent research suggests. In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians. Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings ).
In Greek Mythology, Colchis was the location of the Golden Fleece sought by Jason and the Argonauts in Apollonius Rhodius' epic tale Argonautica. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (Χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας is the fleece of the winged ram Chrysomallos (Χρυσόμαλλος Jason ( Greek: Ἰάσων, Etruscan: Easun, Laz: Yason) was a late ancient Greek mythological For other uses of this term see Argonaut. In Greek mythology, the Argonauts ( Ancient Greek:) were a band of heroes The Argonautica ( Greek:) is a Greek Epic poem written by Apollonius Rhodius in the 3rd century BCE. The incorporation of the Golden Fleece into the myth may have derived from the local practice of using fleeces to sift gold dust from rivers. In Greek mythology, the Golden Fleece (Χρυσόμαλλον Δέρας is the fleece of the winged ram Chrysomallos (Χρυσόμαλλος In the last centuries of the pre-Christian era, the area, in the form of the kingdom of Kartli-Iberia, was strongly influenced by Greece to the west and Persia to the east. [17] After the Roman Empire completed its conquest of the Caucasus region in 66 B. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial C. , the kingdom was a Roman client state and ally for nearly 400 years. [17] In AD 330, King Marian III's acceptance of Christianity ultimately tied the kingdom to the neighboring Byzantine Empire, which exerted a strong cultural influence for several centuries. [17]
Known to its natives as Egrisi or Lazica, Colchis was often the battlefield and buffer-zone between the rival powers of Persia and Byzantine Empire, with the control of the region shifting hands back and forth several times. Egrisi (ეგრისი is a medieval Georgian name for the region and kingdom in the western part of modern-day Georgia, known to the Byzantine Egrisi (ეგრისი is a medieval Georgian name for the region and kingdom in the western part of modern-day Georgia, known to the Byzantine The Lazic War also known as the Great War of Egrisi ( Georgian: ეგრისის დიდი ომი Egrisis Didi Omi) in Georgian historiography For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. The early kingdoms disintegrated into various feudal regions by the early Middle Ages. This made it easy for Arabs to conquer Georgia in the 7th century. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The rebellious regions were liberated and united into a unified Georgian Kingdom at the beginning of the 11th century. Starting in the 12th century AD, the rule of Georgia extended over a significant part of the Southern Caucasus, including the northeastern parts and almost the entire northern coast of what is now Turkey. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
Although Arabs captured the capital city of Tbilisi in AD 645, Kartli-Iberia retained considerable independence under local Arab rulers. [17] In AD 813, the prince Ashot I also known as Ashot Kurapalat became the first of the Bagrationi family to rule the kingdom: Ashot's reign began a period of nearly 1,000 years during which the Bagrationi, as the house was known, ruled at least part of what is now the republic.
Western and eastern Georgia were united under Bagrat V (r. 1027-72). In the next century, David IV (called the Builder, r. 1099-1125) initiated the Georgian golden age by driving the Turks from the country and expanding Georgian cultural and political influence southward into Armenia and eastward to the Caspian Sea. [17]
Medieval Georgia
The Georgian Kingdom reached its zenith in the 12th to early 13th centuries. This period has been widely termed as Georgia's Golden Age or Georgian Renaissance. The revival of the Georgian Kingdom was short-lived however, and the Kingdom was eventually subjugated by the Mongols in 1236. Thereafter, different local rulers fought for their independence from central Georgian rule, until the total disintegration of the Kingdom in the 15th century. Neighbouring kingdoms exploited the situation and from the 16th century, the Persian Empire and the Ottoman Empire subjugated the eastern and western regions of Georgia, respectively. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish
The rulers of regions which remained partly autonomous organized rebellions on various occasions. An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority Subsequent Persian and Ottoman invasions further weakened local kingdoms and regions. As a result of wars the population of Georgia was reduced to 250,000 inhabitants at one point.
Within the Russian Empire
In 1783, Russia and the eastern Georgian kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti signed the Treaty of Georgievsk, according to which Kartli-Kakheti received protection by Russia. Between 1801 and 1918 the country of Georgia was part of the Russian Empire. St Ilia the Righteous, born Prince Ilia Ch’avch’avadze, known as Ilia Ch’avch’avadze (ილია ჭავჭავაძე ( &ndash) was a The Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti (1762-1798 was created in 1762 by the unification of two eastern Georgian kingdoms which had existed independently since the disintegration of The Treaty of Georgievsk (Георгиевский трактат Georgievskiy traktat; გეორგიევსკის ტრაქტატი georgievskis This, however, did not prevent Tbilisi from being sacked by the Persians in 1795. Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari The Battle of Krtsanisi was fought between Persian and Georgian armies at the place of Krtsanisi near Tbilisi, Georgia, from
On December 22, 1800, Tsar Paul I of Russia, at the alleged request of the Georgian King George XII, signed the proclamation on the incorporation of Georgia (Kartli-Kakheti) within the Russian Empire, which was finalized by a decree on January 8, 1801,[18][19] and confirmed by Tsar Alexander I on September 12, 1801. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year -of the Julian calendar. The Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar until Friday, but 12 days ahead since Saturday. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Paul (Па́вел I Петро́вич Pavel Petrovich) ( &ndash) was the Emperor of Russia between 1796 and 1801 Thus living in constant fear of being deposed or of seeing yet another Persian army invading his kingdom George was forced to the conclusion that something more than a formal Russian The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Events 871 - Battle of Ashdown - Ethelred of Wessex defeats a Danish invasion army Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday Alexander I of Russia ( Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich (23 December 1777 – November 19 1825 served as Emperor of Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1801 ( MDCCCI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Tuesday [20][21] The Georgian envoy in Saint Petersburg reacted with a note of protest that was presented to the Russian vice-chancellor Prince Kurakin. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River [22] In May 1801, Russian General Carl Heinrich Knorring dethroned the Georgian heir to the throne David Batonishvili and instituted a government headed by General Ivan Petrovich Lasarev. Origins See also Origin of the Bagratid dynasties According to a family legend taken down by the eleventh-century Georgian chronicler Sumbat Davitis-Dze [23]
The Georgian nobility did not accept the decree until April 1802 when General Knorring compassed the nobility in Tbilisi's Sioni Cathedral and forced them to take an oath on the Imperial Crown of Russia. The "Sioni" Cathedral of the Dormition (სიონი (ტაძარი is a Georgian Orthodox Cathedral in Tbilisi, the capital The Imperial Crown of Russia, or the Great Imperial Crown, is the crown that was used by the Emperors of Russia until the abolition of the Those who disagreed were arrested temporarily. [24]
In the summer of 1805, Russian troops on the Askerani River near Zagam defeated the Persian army and saved Tbilisi from conquest. What is it? Sparfloxacin (spar FLOX a sin trade names Zagam and Zagam Respipac, is a Fluoroquinolone Antibiotic used Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari
In 1810, after a brief war,[25] the western Georgian kingdom of Imereti was annexed by Tsar Alexander I of Russia. The Kingdom of Imereti (იმერეთის სამეფო was established in 1455 by a member of the house of Bagration when the Kingdom of Georgia Alexander I of Russia ( Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich (23 December 1777 – November 19 1825 served as Emperor of The last Imeretian king and the last Georgian Bagrationi ruler Solomon II died in exile in 1815. Origins See also Origin of the Bagratid dynasties According to a family legend taken down by the eleventh-century Georgian chronicler Sumbat Davitis-Dze Solomon II (სოლომონ II ( 1772 - February 7, 1815) of the Bagrationi Dynasty, was the last King of Imereti (western From 1803 to 1878, as a result of numerous Russian wars against Turkey and Iran, several territories were annexed to Georgia. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. These areas (Batumi, Akhaltsikhe, Poti, and Abkhazia) now represent a large part of the territory of Georgia. Batumi (ბათუმი formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and Capital of Adjara, an Autonomous Akhaltsikhe (ახალციხე Ahıska Ախալցխա Akhaltskha; also known as Lomsia) is a small city in southwestern Georgia, Mkhare Poti (ფოთი is a Port city in Georgia, located on the eastern Black Sea coast in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto The principality of Guria was abolished in 1828, and that of Samegrelo (Mingrelia) in 1857. For the village in Bangladesh see Guria Bangladesh. Guria (გურია is a region ( Mkhare) in Georgia Megrelia, Mingrelia or Samegrelo / Samargalo (სამეგრელო Samegrelo; Mingrelian: სამარგალო Samargalo The region of Svaneti was gradually annexed in 1857–59. Svaneti or Svanetia ( Suania in ancient sources (სვანეთი Svaneti) is a historic province in Georgia, in the northwestern part of
Brief independence period and Soviet era
After the Russian Revolution of 1917, Georgia declared independence on May 26, 1918 in the midst of the Russian Civil War. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Russian Civil War (1917–1923 was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed The parliamentary election was won by the Georgian Social-Democratic Party, considered to be pro-Mensheviks, and its leader, Noe Zhordania, became prime minister. The Mensheviks (Minority (Меньшевик) were a faction of the Russian Revolutionary movement that emerged in 1903 after a dispute between Vladimir Noe Zhordania (ნოე ჟორდანია also transliterated as Jordania) ( January 2, 1868 – January 11, 1953) was a In 1918 a Georgian–Armenian war erupted over parts of Georgian provinces populated mostly by Armenians which ended due to British intervention. In 1918–19 Georgian general Giorgi Mazniashvili led a Georgian attack against the White Army led by Moiseev and Denikin in order to claim the Black Sea coastline from Tuapse to Sochi and Adler for independent Georgia. Giorgi Mazniashvili (გიორგი მაზნიაშვილი (1872 -1937 was a Georgian general and one of the most prominent military figures in the Democratic The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Tuapse (Туапсе́ ТIуапсэ is a town in Krasnodar Krai, Russia, situated on the northeast shore of the Black Sea, south Sochi (Сочи ˈsotɕɪ is a Russian Resort city, situated in Krasnodar Krai just north of the southern Russian border The term Adler, the German word for the bird of prey " Eagle " is both the last name of many people and an emblematic bird (notably in heraldry bannistics numismatics The country's independence did not last long, however. Georgia was under British protection from 1918-1920.
In February 1921 Georgia was attacked by the Red Army. Kaikhosro Cholokashvili (ქაიხოსრო ჩოლოყაშვილი commonly known as Kakutsa (ქაქუცა a Hypocorism of Kaikhosro The August Uprising (აგვისტოს აჯანყება agvistos adjank’eba) was an unsuccessful Insurrection against the Soviet rule A hero (from Greek grc ἥρως hērōs) in Greek mythology and Folklore, was originally a Demigod, the offspring of a mortal and The Red Army invasion of Georgia also known as the Soviet-Georgian War ( February 15 – March 17 1921) was a military campaign by the Soviet The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Georgian army was defeated and the Social-Democrat government fled the country. On February 25, 1921 the Red Army entered capital Tbilisi and installed a puppet communist government led by Georgian Bolshevik Filipp Makharadze. Events 138 - The Emperor Hadrian adopts Antoninus Pius, effectively making him his successor Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Filipp Makaradze ( Georgian: ფილიპე მახარაძე Russian: Филипп Махарадзе (1868–1941 was President of the Georgian Nevertheless the Soviet rule was firmly established only after the 1924 revolt was brutally suppressed. The August Uprising (აგვისტოს აჯანყება agvistos adjank’eba) was an unsuccessful Insurrection against the Soviet rule Georgia was incorporated into the Transcaucasian SFSR uniting Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan. The Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic (Հայաստանի Խորհրդային Սոցիալիստական Հանրապետություն Azerbaijani: Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The TFSSR was disaggregated into its component elements in 1936 and Georgia became the Georgian SSR. The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (საქართველოს საბჭოთასოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა
The Georgian-born communist radical Ioseb Jughashvili, better known by his nom de guerre Stalin (from the Russian word for steel: сталь) was prominent among the Russian Bolsheviks, who came to power in the Russian Empire after the October Revolution in 1917. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Bolsheviks, originally also Bolshevists ( Большевик Большевист (singular, derived from bolshe, "more" were a faction The October Revolution (Октябрьская революция Oktyabrskaya revolyutsiya) also known as the Soviet Revolution Stalin was to rise to the highest position of the Soviet state. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia.
From 1941 to 1945, during World War II, almost 700,000 Georgians fought as Red Army soldiers against Nazi Germany. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers (A number also fought with the German army). About 350,000 Georgians died in the battlefields of the Eastern Front. The Eastern Front of World War II (die Ostfront 1941-1945, der Rußlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (Russian campaign or der Ostfeldzug 1941-1945 (Eastern Campaign As during this period the Chechen, Ingush, Karachay and the Balkarian peoples from the Northern Caucasus, were deported to Siberia for alleged collaboration with the Nazis and their respective autonomous republics were abolished, the Georgian SSR was briefly granted some of their territory, until 1957. Chechens ( Chechen: Hохчи / Noxçi) constitute the largest native Ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region The Balkarians are a Sunni Muslim Turkic people of the northern Caucasus. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (საქართველოს საბჭოთასოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა
The Dissidential movement for restoration of Georgian statehood started to gain popularity in the 1960s. [26] Among the Georgian dissidents, two of the most prominent activists were Merab Kostava and Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Merab Kostava (Georgian მერაბ კოსტავა May 26, 1939 &ndash October 13, 1989) was a Georgian Dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia ( Georgian: ზვიად გამსახურდია, ( March 31, 1939 — December 31, 1993 Dissidents were heavily persecuted by Soviet government and their activities were harshly suppressed.
Post-Soviet independence
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On April 9, 1989, a peaceful demonstration in the Georgian capital Tbilisi ended in a massacre in which several people were killed by Soviet troops. This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians. In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís Egrisi (ეგრისი is a medieval Georgian name for the region and kingdom in the western part of modern-day Georgia, known to the Byzantine The history of Georgia began with the rise of the early Georgian states of Colchis and Iberia, which in c Tao-Klarjeti ( Georgian: ტაო–კლარჯეთი is the term conventionally used in modern history writing to describe the historic south-western Georgian The Kingdom of Abkhazia, also known as Kingdom of Apkhazeti-Egrisi or the Kingdom of the Abkhazs (აფხაზთა სამეფო refers to an Hereti (ჰერეთი Herethi, in Georgian) was a historic province in Caucasian Albania and later Georgia. Kakheti ( Georgian: კახეთი is a province in Eastern Georgia. Kartli (ქართლი is the largest and most populated province of Eastern Georgia. Imereti Province ( Georgian: იმერეთი მხარე Imereti Mxare) is a province in Georgia situated along the middle and upper reaches The Democratic Republic of Georgia ( DRG; Georgian: საქართველოს დემოკრატიული რესპუბლიკა Sakartvelos The Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (საქართველოს საბჭოთასოციალისტური რესპუბლიკა Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) The April 9 tragedy refers to the events in Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic on April 9, 1989, when an Anti-Soviet demonstration Before the October 1990 elections to the national assembly, the Umaghlesi Sabcho (Supreme Council) — the first polls in the USSR held on a formal multi-party basis — the political landscape was reshaped again. While the more radical groups boycotted the elections and convened an alternative forum (National Congress), another part of the anticommunist opposition united into the Round Table—Free Georgia (RT-FG) around the former dissidents like Merab Kostava and Zviad Gamsakhurdia. Merab Kostava (Georgian მერაბ კოსტავა May 26, 1939 &ndash October 13, 1989) was a Georgian Dissident Zviad Gamsakhurdia ( Georgian: ზვიად გამსახურდია, ( March 31, 1939 — December 31, 1993 The latter won the elections by a clear margin, with 155 out of 250 parliamentary seats, whereas the ruling Communist Party (CP) received only 64 seats. All other parties failed to get over the 5%-threshold and were thus allotted only some single-member constituency seats.
On April 9, 1991, shortly before the collapse of the USSR, Georgia declared independence. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. On May 26, 1991, Zviad Gamsakhurdia was elected as a first President of independent Georgia. Events 451 - The Battle of Avarayr between Armenian rebels and the Sassanid Empire takes place Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Zviad Gamsakhurdia ( Georgian: ზვიად გამსახურდია, ( March 31, 1939 — December 31, 1993 However, he was soon deposed in a bloody coup d'état, from December 22, 1991 to January 6, 1992. Events 1790 - The Turkish fortress of Izmail is stormed and captured by Suvorov and his Russian armies Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) The coup was instigated by part of the National Guards and a paramilitary organization called "Mkhedrioni". The Mkhedrioni was a paramilitary group and political organisation in the Republic of Georgia, outlawed since 1995 but subsequently reconstituted as the Union The country became embroiled in a bitter civil war which lasted almost until 1995. The Georgian Civil War consisted of inter-ethnic and inter-national conflicts in the regions of South Ossetia (1988-1992 and Abkhazia (1992-1993 as well Eduard Shevardnadze returned to Georgia in 1992 and joined the leaders of the coup — Kitovani and Ioseliani — to head a triumvirate called the "State Council".
In 1995, Shevardnadze was officially elected as a president of Georgia. At the same time, two regions of Georgia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia, quickly became embroiled in disputes with local separatists that led to widespread inter-ethnic violence and wars. Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto South Ossetia ( or; Хуссар Ирыстон Xussar Iryston; Южная Осетия Yuzhnaya Osetiya; სამხრეთი ოსეთი Samxreti Supported by Russia, Abkhazia and South Ossetia achieved de facto independence from Georgia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending More than 250,000 Georgians were ethnically cleansed from Abkhazia by Abkhaz separatists and North Caucasians volunteers, (including Chechens) in 1992-1993. The Ethnic Cleansing of Georgians in Abkhazia, also known as Genocide of Georgians in Abkhazia (according to the Georgian side and by a number of western scholars Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto More than 25,000 Georgians were expelled from Tskhinvali as well, and many Ossetian families were forced to abandon their homes in the Borjomi region and move to Russia. Tskhinvali (also spelled Cchinvali or Cxinvali; ცხინვალი t͡sxinvɑli Цхинвал or Чъреба Tskhinval or Ch'reba Borjomi (ბორჯომი is a resort town in south-central Georgia with a population estimated of 14445
In 2003, Shevardnadze (who won reelection in 2000) was deposed by the Rose Revolution, after Georgian opposition and international monitors asserted that the November 2 parliamentary elections were marred by fraud. The "Revolution of Roses quot (often translated into English as the Rose Revolution) (ვარდების რევოლუცია - vardebis Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 [27] The revolution was led by Mikheil Saakashvili, Zurab Zhvania and Nino Burjanadze, former members and leaders of Shavarnadze's ruling party. Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ ნიკოლოზის ძე სააკაშვილი (born 21 December 1967, a Georgian Politician, the Zurab Zhvania ( Georgian: ზურაბ ჟვანია ( December 9[[ 963]] &ndash February 3 2005) was a prominent Georgian politician Nino Burjanadze (nɪnɔ bʊrdʒanadzɛ Georgian: ნინო ბურჯანაძე (surname sometimes transliterated in English as Burdzhanadze Mikheil Saakashvili was elected as President of Georgia in 2004.
Following the Rose Revolution, a series of reforms was launched to strengthen the country's military and economic capabilities. The new government's efforts to reassert the Georgian authority in the southwestern autonomous republic of Ajaria led to a major crisis early in 2004. The Ajaria crisis refers to a political crisis in Georgia ’s Ajarian Autonomous Republic then led by Aslan Abashidze, who refused to obey the central authorities Success in Ajaria encouraged Saakashvili to intensify his efforts, but without success, in the breakaway South Ossetia. South Ossetia ( or; Хуссар Ирыстон Xussar Iryston; Южная Осетия Yuzhnaya Osetiya; სამხრეთი ოსეთი Samxreti
Government and politics
Following a crisis involving allegations of ballot fraud in the 2003 parliamentary elections, Eduard Shevardnadze resigned as president on November 23, 2003, in the bloodless Rose Revolution. Eduard Amvrosiyevich Shevardnadze (ედუარდ შევარდნაძე ɛduɑrd ʃɛvɑrdnɑdzɛ (born 25 January 1928 in Mamati, Lanchkhuti Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of The "Revolution of Roses quot (often translated into English as the Rose Revolution) (ვარდების რევოლუცია - vardebis The interim president was the speaker of the outgoing parliament (whose replacement was annulled), Nino Burjanadze. Nino Burjanadze (nɪnɔ bʊrdʒanadzɛ Georgian: ნინო ბურჯანაძე (surname sometimes transliterated in English as Burdzhanadze On January 4, 2004 Mikheil Saakashvili, leader of the United National Movement won the country's presidential election and was inaugurated on January 25. Events 46 BC - Titus Labienus defeats Julius Caesar in the Battle of Ruspina. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ ნიკოლოზის ძე სააკაშვილი (born 21 December 1967, a Georgian Politician, the United National Movement (ერთიანი ნაციონალური მოძრაობა, Ertiani Natsionaluri Modzraoba, ENM is the largest political organisation Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Fresh parliamentary elections were held on March 28 where NMD secured the vast majority of the seats (with ca. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. 75% of the votes) with only one other party reaching the 7% threshold (the Rightist Opposition with ca. The Right Opposition (Georgian მემარჯვენე ოპოზიცია, Memarjvene Opozitsia) is an alliance of Georgia 's New Rights 7. 5%). The vote is believed to have been one of the freest ever held in independent Georgia although an upsurge of tension between the central government and the Ajarian leader Aslan Abashidze affected the elections in this region. Aslan Abashidze (ასლან აბაშიძე (born Batumi, July 20, 1938) was the leader of the Ajarian Autonomous Republic in western Despite recognizing progress the OSCE noted the tendency to misuse state administration resources in favor of the ruling party. [4]
The tension between the Georgian government and that of Ajaria grew increasingly after the elections until late April. Climaxing on May 1 when Abashidze responded to military maneuvers held by Georgia near the region with having the three bridges connecting Ajaria and the rest of Georgia over the Choloki River blown up. Events 305 - Diocletian and Maximian retire from the office of Roman Emperor. The Choloki River (in Georgian ჩოლოქი in Georgia forms the border between the autonomous province of Ajaria and the province of Guria. On May 5, Abashidze was forced to flee Georgia as mass demonstrations in Batumi called for his resignation and Russia increased their pressure by deploying Security Council secretary Igor Ivanov. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Batumi (ბათუმი formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and Capital of Adjara, an Autonomous Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Igor Sergeyevich Ivanov (И́горь Серге́евич Ивано́в (b
On February 3, 2005, Prime Minister Zurab Zhvania allegedly died of carbon monoxide poisoning in an apparent gas leak at the home of Raul Usupov, deputy governor of Kvemo Kartli region. Events 1112 - Ramon Berenguer III of Barcelona and Douce I of Provence marry uniting the fortunes of those two states Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Zurab Zhvania ( Georgian: ზურაბ ჟვანია ( December 9[[ 963]] &ndash February 3 2005) was a prominent Georgian politician Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. Raul Usupov ( Georgian: რაულ უსუფოვი / Raul Usupovi; Azeri: Raul Yusupov) (1980 – February 3, Later, Zhvania's close friend and a long-time ally, Finance Minister Zurab Nogaideli was appointed for the post by President Saakashvili. Zurab Noghaideli (ზურაბ ნოღაიდელი (born 22 October 1964) is a Georgian businessman and a retired politician who served
Since coming to power in 2003, Saakashvili has boosted spending on the country's armed forces and increased its overall size to around 45,000. Of that figure, 12,000 have been trained in advanced techniques by U. S. military instructors. [28] Some of these troops have been stationed in Iraq as part of the international coalition in the region, serving in Baqubah and the Green Zone of Baghdad. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. Baqubah ( BGN: Ba‘qūbah; also spelled Baquba and Baqouba) is the capital of Iraq 's Diyala Governorate. The Green Zone (the common name for the International Zone of Iraq is a 10 km² (4 mile² area in central Baghdad that was the center of the Coalition Provisional Baghdad (بغداد) is the Capital of Iraq and of Baghdad Governorate, with which it is also coterminous In May 2005, the 13th "Shavnabada" Light Infantry Battalion became the first full battalion to serve outside of Georgia. This unit was responsible for two checkpoints to the Green Zone, and provided security for the Iraqi Parliament. In October 2005, the unit was replaced by the 21st Infantry Battalion. Soldiers of the 13th "Shavnabada" Light Infantry Battalion wear the "combat patches" of the American unit they served under, the Third Infantry Division. The 3rd Infantry Division &mdashnicknamed the Rock of the Marne &mdash is a United States Army infantry division based at Fort Stewart,
The Georgian government claims to have restored "constitutional order" in the Upper Kodori Gorge - The sole Georgia-controlled part of breakaway region Abkhazia. The Kodori Valley (also known as the Kodori Gorge, ҭҭа კოდორის ხეობა is a river valley in Abkhazia, Georgia 's breakaway [29]
Georgia has in the past few years significantly reduced corruption. Transparency International ranked Georgia at 79th in the world in its 2007 Corruption Perceptions Index, giving it a score of 2.8 (with number 10 being considered the best possible score). Transparency International ( TI) is a leading international Non-governmental organization addressing corruption Since 1995, Transparency International has published an annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI ordering the countries of the world according to "the degree Since 1995, Transparency International has published an annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI ordering the countries of the world according to "the degree [30] This is a significant improvement on Georgia's 2005 and 2006 Corruption Perceptions Index, where it was rated joint 130th and joint 99th, respectively. On November 7, 2007, during a period of mass protests, President Saakashvili declared Tbilisi to be in a state of emergency. Events 1492 - The Ensisheim Meteorite the oldest Meteorite with a known date of impact strikes the Earth around noon in a Wheat Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The 2007 Georgian demonstrations were a series of anti-government protests in Georgia. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies There had been massive demonstrations and protests by the civil opposition. The opposition has been demanding the resignation of President Saakashvili. The Georgian police used teargas, batons, water cannons and high tech acoustic weapons to clear the streets of Tbilisi. Riot control agents are Less-lethal Lachrymatory agents used for Riot control. For other uses see Baton. BATON is a Type 1 Block cipher, used by the United States government to secure all Sonic and ultrasonic weapons (USW are weapons of various types that use sound to injure incapacitate or kill an opponent Later the same day, the President declared a state of emergency in the whole country of Georgia lasting for 15 days. The Russian government denies accusations of being involved or of interfering in the situation. President Saakashvili has rejected all demands that he resign his position, but has announced early presidential elections in January 2008, effectively cutting his term in office by a year.
On November 16, 2007, Prime Minister of Georgia Zurab Noghaideli announced his resignation due to poor health conditions. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. The Prime Minister of Georgia is the most senior minister within the Cabinet of Georgia of the Republic of Georgia, appointed by the President of Georgia Zurab Noghaideli (ზურაბ ნოღაიდელი (born 22 October 1964) is a Georgian businessman and a retired politician who served Noghaideli underwent heart operation in April 2007 at St. Luke's Episcopal Hospital in Houston, USA which was led by the leading US surgeon Dr. St Luke's Episcopal Hospital is a Baylor College of Medicine-affiliated Hospital located in Houston, Texas and is a part of the larger St The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the In Medicine, a surgeon is a person who performs Surgery. Surgery is a broad category of invasive Medical treatment that involves the cutting of a Charles Frazier.
President of Georgia Mikheil Saakashvili invited Vladimer Gurgenidze, MBA holder from Emory University, USA and former business executive, to succeed Noghaideli on the position of the PM on the same day. The President of Georgia (საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი is the Commander-in-chief of Georgia. Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ ნიკოლოზის ძე სააკაშვილი (born 21 December 1967, a Georgian Politician, the Vladimer "Lado" Gurgenidze (ვლადიმერ (ლადო გურგენიძე (born December 17, 1970) is a Georgian Politician The Master of Business Administration ( MBA) is a Master's degree in Business administration, which attracts people from a wide range of academic disciplines Emory University is a Private university located in the metropolitan area of the city of Atlanta and in western unincorporated DeKalb County, The United States of America —commonly referred to as the While executive officer literally refers to a person responsible for the performance of duties involved in running an Organization, the exact meaning of the role is variable Lado Gurgenidze was formally approved on the position and granted the trust of the Parliament of Georgia on 22 November 2007. Vladimer "Lado" Gurgenidze (ვლადიმერ (ლადო გურგენიძე (born December 17, 1970) is a Georgian Politician Trust is a relationship of reliance A trusted party is presumed to seek to fulfill policies, ethical codes Law and their previous promises Parliament of Georgia (საქართველოს პარლამენტი is the supreme Legislature of Georgia. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Gurgenidze implemented only two changes in the Cabinet of Georgia so far, replacing Alexandre Lomaia, the former Minister for Education and Science and new Secretary of National Security Council with Maia Miminoshvili, former Head of the National Assessment and Examination Centre (NAEC). The Cabinet of Georgia is an Executive council of Government ministers in Georgia. Alexander "Kakha" Lomaia (კახა ლომაია is a Georgian Politician and Secretary of the Georgian Security Council Prime Minister also invited Koba Subeliani, former Head of Municipal Accomplishment Service to succeed Giorgi Kheviashvili, former Minister for Refugees and Accommodation. New Prime Minister and two Ministers Koba Subeliani and Maia Miminoshvili were approved on their positions on 22 November 2007 by a confidence vote of the Parliament of Georgia. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or Parliament of Georgia (საქართველოს პარლამენტი is the supreme Legislature of Georgia.
Mikheil Saakashvili resigned from the position of the President on 25 November 2007 as the Constitution of Georgia requires the president stands down at least 45 days before the next election in order to be eligible for retaking part him/herself. Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ ნიკოლოზის ძე სააკაშვილი (born 21 December 1967, a Georgian Politician, the The President of Georgia (საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი is the Commander-in-chief of Georgia. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office According to Ivane Noniashvili, Head of President's Press Office President Saakashvili will re-run in Georgian presidential election, 2008. A press secretary or press officer is a senior advisor who provides advice on how to deal with the News media and using News management techniques helps A presidential election was held in Georgia on January 5, 2008, having been brought forward by President Mikheil Saakashvili [5]. Current Speaker of the Parliament of Georgia Mrs. Nino Burjanadze took over the position until 5 January 2008 when a new President of Georgia will be announced. The Speaker of the Georgian Parliament is the Speaker of the House in the Supreme Council of the Republic of Georgia. Mrs (UK or Mrs (USA is an English honorific used for women, usually for those who are married and who do not have a title that would take Nino Burjanadze (nɪnɔ bʊrdʒanadzɛ Georgian: ნინო ბურჯანაძე (surname sometimes transliterated in English as Burdzhanadze Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
The registration for presidential elections was officially closed on 27 November. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont 22 people, including the most recent president Mikheil Saakashvili, approved candidate of the united opposition Levan Gachechiladze, influential businessman Badri Patarkatsishvili, Leader of the New Right Party David Gamkrelidze, the Leader of the Georgian Labour Party Shalva Natelashvili, the Leader of Hope Party Irina Sarishvili-Chanturia and Giorgi Maisashvili put forward themselves for forthcoming elections. Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ ნიკოლოზის ძე სააკაშვილი (born 21 December 1967, a Georgian Politician, the Levan Gachechiladze (ლევან გაჩეჩილაძე (born July 20, 1964) is a Georgian Politician, Member of Parliament Arkady "Badri" Patarkatsishvili (ბადრი პატარკაციშვილი October 31, 1955, Tbilisi, Georgian SSR David Gamkrelidze or Davit Gamqrelidze (დავით გამყრელიძე (born April 2, 1964 The Georgian Labour Party ( Sakartvelos Leoboristuli Partia, საქართველოს ლეიბორისტული პარტია is a Political party Shalva Natelashvili (born February 17 1958) is chairman and founder of Georgian Labour Party known for his populism and criticism of the current President Irina Sarishvili-Chanturia (b 24 December 1963, Tbilisi) is a Georgian NGO leader formerly actively involved in national politics
On 27 November it was announced that a NATO membership referendum and election date referendum will also be held on the election day together with presidential elections. Events 1095 - Pope Urban II declares the First Crusade at the Council of Clermont A non-binding advisory referendum on whether to join NATO was held in Georgia on January 5, 2008, together with an early presidential election A binding referendum on whether to bring forward the 2008 legislative election from October 2008 to April/May 2008 was held in Georgia on 5 January [6]
Mikhail Saakashvili on May 22, 2008 announced his confident victory for his ruling party in parliamentary polls amid fears of political unrest, and rising tensions between Georgia and Russia. Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ ნიკოლოზის ძე სააკაშვილი (born 21 December 1967, a Georgian Politician, the Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus. Early official results indicated his United National Movement had 63% of the votes against the opposition's 13%, with about a quarter of the 3,664 precincts. United National Movement (ერთიანი ნაციონალური მოძრაობა, Ertiani Natsionaluri Modzraoba, ENM is the largest political organisation [31]
Foreign relations
Georgia maintains good relations with its direct neighbours Armenia, Azerbaijan and Turkey and participates actively in regional organizations, such as the Black Sea Economic Council and the GUAM. Georgia and the European Union have maintained positive relations over the years and it is widely considered to be the closest ally and most likely of future George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches GUAM redirects here See Guam for the Pacific island territory [32] Georgia also maintains close political, economic and military relations with Ukraine. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.
The growing US and European Union influence in Georgia, notably through the Train and Equip military assistance programme and the construction of the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline, have frequently strained Tbilisi’s relations with Russia. The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline is a crude oil pipeline from the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli Oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean
Georgia is currently working to become a full member of NATO. In August of 2004, the Individual Partnership Action Plan of Georgia was submitted officially to NATO. The North Atlantic Treaty On October 29, 2004, the North Atlantic Council of NATO approved the Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP) of Georgia and Georgia moved on to the second stage of Euro-Atlantic Integration. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " North Atlantic Council is the most senior political governing body of NATO established by Article 9 of the North Atlantic Treaty. The North Atlantic Treaty In 2005, by the decision of the President of Georgia, a state commission was set up to implement the Individual Partnership Action Plan, which presents an interdepartmental group headed by the Prime Minister. The President of Georgia (საქართველოს პრეზიდენტი is the Commander-in-chief of Georgia. The Commission was tasked with coordinating and controlling the implementation of the Individual Partnership Action Plan. On February 14, 2005, the agreement on the appointment of Partnership for Peace (PfP) liaison officer between Georgia and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization came into force, whereby a liaison officer for the South Caucasus was assigned to Georgia. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Partnership for Peace (PfP is a North Atlantic Treaty Organisation (NATO program aimed at creating trust between NATO and other states in Europe and the former The North Atlantic Treaty On March 2, 2005, the agreement was signed on the provision of the host nation support to and transit of NATO forces and NATO personnel. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On March 6-9, 2006, the IPAP implementation interim assessment team arrived in Tbilisi. Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari On April 13, 2006, the discussion of the assessment report on implementation of the Individual Partnership Action Plan was held at NATO Headquarters, within 26+1 format. Events 1111 - Henry V is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. 1204 - The Fourth Crusade sacks Constantinople Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [33] In 2006, the Georgian parliament voted unanimously for the bill which calls for integration of Georgian into NATO. The majority of Georgians and politicians in Georgia support the push for NATO membership. Currently, it is expected that Georgia will join NATO in 2009.
George W. Bush became the first sitting U. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. S. president to visit the country. [34] The street leading to Tbilisi International Airport has since been dubbed George W. Tbilisi International Airport (თბილისის საერთაშორისო აეროპორტი is the main international airport in Georgia, Bush Avenue. [35]
From the European commission website: President Saakashvili views membership of the EU and NATO as a long term priority. Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ ნიკოლოზის ძე სააკაშვილი (born 21 December 1967, a Georgian Politician, the The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The North Atlantic Treaty As he does not want Georgia to become an arena of Russia-US confrontation he seeks to maintain close relations with the United States and European Union, at the same time underlining his ambitions to advance co-operation with Russia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [36]
On October 2, 2006, Georgian and the European Union signed a joint statement on the agreed text of the Georgia-European Union Action Plan within the European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP). Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The European Neighbourhood is the region beyond the frontier of the European Union. The Action Plan was formally approved at the EU-Georgia Cooperation Council session on November 14, 2006 in Brussels. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is [37]
On February 2, 2007, Georgia officially became the most recent regional member of the Asian Development Bank. Events 962 - Translatio imperii: Pope John XII crowns Otto I Holy Roman Emperor, the first Holy Roman Emperor Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Asian Development Bank (ADB is a regional development bank established in 1966 to promote economic and social development in Asian and Pacific countries through loans and technical They currently hold 12,081 shares in the bank, 0. 341 percent of the total.
- See also: Georgia and NATO
Regions, republics, and districts
Georgia is divided into nine regions, two autonomous republics (avtonomiuri respublika), and one city (k'alak'i). | See also ISO 3166-2 codes for regions and autonomous republics of Georgia Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto For the village in Bangladesh see Guria Bangladesh. Guria (გურია is a region ( Mkhare) in Georgia Imereti Province ( Georgian: იმერეთი მხარე Imereti Mxare) is a province in Georgia situated along the middle and upper reaches Kakheti ( Georgian: კახეთი is a province in Eastern Georgia. Expulsion of Meskhetian Turks from Meshketi Meskhetian Turks or Meskhetians are the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti (now known as Samtskhe in Georgia see also | War in South Ossetia (2008 }} See also Samachablo Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches An autonomous area is an area of a Country that has a degree of Autonomy, or freedom from an external authority The regions are further subdivided into 69 districts (raioni). | See also ISO 3166-2 codes for regions and autonomous republics of Georgia
- The nine regions are Guria, Imereti, Kakheti, Kvemo Kartli, Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti, Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti, Samtskhe-Javakheti, and Shida Kartli. For the village in Bangladesh see Guria Bangladesh. Guria (გურია is a region ( Mkhare) in Georgia Imereti Province ( Georgian: იმერეთი მხარე Imereti Mxare) is a province in Georgia situated along the middle and upper reaches Kakheti ( Georgian: კახეთი is a province in Eastern Georgia. Expulsion of Meskhetian Turks from Meshketi Meskhetian Turks or Meskhetians are the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti (now known as Samtskhe in Georgia see also | War in South Ossetia (2008 }} See also Samachablo
- Currently, the status of South Ossetia, a former autonomous administrative district, also known as the Tskhinvali region, is being negotiated with the Russian-supported separatist government. South Ossetia ( or; Хуссар Ирыстон Xussar Iryston; Южная Осетия Yuzhnaya Osetiya; სამხრეთი ოსეთი Samxreti Tskhinvali (also spelled Cchinvali or Cxinvali; ცხინვალი t͡sxinvɑli Цхинвал or Чъреба Tskhinval or Ch'reba Recently these negotiations have more or less broken down in light of Russian decisions to reinforce the region militarily and grant South Ossetians Russian passports. The government of Georgia has expressed that it views these moves as attempts by Russia to effectively annex the region. The Georgian government levels the same criticism against Russian involvement in another of its breakaway regions, Abkhazia. Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto Abkhazia has the status of an autonomous republic, but operates as a defacto state. This condition follows the ethnic cleansing of at least 200,000 Georgians in the War in Abkhazia in 1992-1993. The War in Abkhazia between 1992 and 1993 was waged chiefly between Georgian government forces on one side and Abkhaz separatist forces supporting Upper Kodori Gorge is the only part of Abkhazia that remains under effective Georgian control. The Kodori Valley (also known as the Kodori Gorge, ҭҭа კოდორის ხეობა is a river valley in Abkhazia, Georgia 's breakaway Ajaria gained autonomy unilaterally under local strongman Aslan Abashidze with help from a Russian military brigade located on a base in Ajaria. Aslan Abashidze (ასლან აბაშიძე (born Batumi, July 20, 1938) was the leader of the Ajarian Autonomous Republic in western Current Georgian president Mikheil Saakashvili restored the region to Georgian control after a local uprising against Abashidze's perceived corruption. Mikheil Saakashvili (მიხეილ ნიკოლოზის ძე სააკაშვილი (born 21 December 1967, a Georgian Politician, the
- The largest city is Tbilisi. Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari
The Districts of Georgia are: Abasha, Adigeni, Akhalgori, Akhalkalaki, Akhaltsikhe, Akhmeta, Ambrolauri, Aspindza, Baghdati, Batumi, Bolnisi, Borjomi, Chiatura, Chkhorotsku, Chokhatauri, Dedoplistskaro, Dmanisi, Dusheti, Gagra, Gali, Gardabani, Gori, Gudauta, Gulripshi, Gurjaani, Java, Kareli, Kaspi, Kedi, Kharagauli, Khashuri, Khelvachauri, Khobi, Khoni, Khulo, Kobuleti, Kutaisi, Kvareli, Lagodekhi, Lanchkhuti, Lentekhi, Marneuli, Martvili, Mestia, Mtskheta, Ninotsminda, Oni, Ozurgeti, Poti, Rustavi, Sachkhere, Sagarejo, Samtredia, Senaki, Shuakhevi, Sighnaghi, Sukhumi, Stepantsminda, Telavi, Terjola, Tetritskaro, Tianeti, Tkibuli, Tsageri, Tskhinvali, Tsalenjikha, Tsalka, Tskaltubo, Vani, Zestaponi, and Zugdidi. Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. Absaha can refer to Abasha (district, in Georgia (country Abasha (town, the center of the Abasha district Adigeni ( Georgian:ადიგენის რაიონი is a District in Georgia's southern region of Samtskhe-Javakheti. Akhalgori (ახალგორი or Leningor (Ленингор is a town in South Ossetia, De facto independent partially Akhalkalaki (ახალქალაქი for New City; Ախալքալաք Akhalkalak) is a small city in Georgia 's southern region of Samtskhe-Javakheti Akhaltsikhe (ახალციხე Ahıska Ախալցխա Akhaltskha; also known as Lomsia) is a small city in southwestern Georgia, Mkhare Akhmeta is a very old village in the Kakheti province of Georgia. Ambrolauri (ამბროლაური is a town in western Georgia which serves as a regional capital of Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti and the Aspindza is a town in southern Georgia's region of Samtskhe-Javakheti with a population of 13010 Baghdati (ბაღდათი is a town of 4700 people in the Imereti region of western Georgia, at the edge of the Ajameti forest on the Khanistskali River Batumi (ბათუმი formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and Capital of Adjara, an Autonomous Bolnisi is a city in the country of Georgia. It lost a significant portion of its non-Georgian population after the fall of the Soviet Union and currently has an estimated Borjomi (ბორჯომი is a resort town in south-central Georgia with a population estimated of 14445 Chiatura (ჭიათურა is a city in the Imereti region of Western Georgia. Chokatauri (ჩოხატაური is a town in Georgia ’s Guria region 310 km west to the nation’s capital of Tbilisi. Dmanisi (დმანისი is a Townlet and Archaeological site in Kvemo Kartli region of Georgia approximately 93 km southwest of the nation’s Dusheti (დუშეთი is a town in Georgia, situated in the Mtskheta-Mtianeti region, 54 km northeast of the nation’s capital of Tbilisi Gagra ( Abkhaz and Russian: Гагра გაგრა is a town in Abkhazia, the breakaway republic Gardabani (გარდაბანი is a town in the Georgian region of Kvemo Kartli, and the centre of the Garbabani district, located 39 Gudauta ( Abkhaz: Гəдоуҭа Gwdowtha; გუდაუთა Russian: Гудаута is a town in Georgia ’s breakaway region Abkhazia Gulripsh (Гәылрыҧшь Gwylryphsh, გულრიფში Gulripshi, Гульрипш is an Urban settlement in Abkhazia. Gurjaani (გურჯაანი is a town in Georgia, located in the region of Kakheti and serving as a center of the Gurjaani district Kedi ( 2006) is a Tamil Film directed by debutant Jyothi Krishna Kharagauli is a small town in Western Georgian region of Imereti. Khelvachauri (ხელვაჩაური is a small town in Adjara, an Autonomous republic in southwest Georgia, 8 km southeast to the regional capital For Khoni the circle-drawer see Honi HaM'agel. Khoni (ხონი Xoni) is a town in the Western Georgian region ( Mkhare Khulo (ხულო is a townlet in Adjara, an Autonomous republic in southwest Georgia, 88 km east to the regional capital Batumi. Kobuleti (ქობულეთი is a town in Georgia 's southwestern region of Ajaria. Kutaisi (ქუთაისი ancient names Aea / Aia, Kutatisi, Kutaïssi) is Georgia 's second largest city and the capital of the Kvareli (ყვარელი| Qvareli) is a town in northeastern in Kakheti Province Georgia. Lagodekhi is a small town and district in the Kakheti region of eastern Georgia. Lanchkhuti (Georgian ლანჩხუთი is a Town in Western Georgian region of Guria. Lentekhi (ლენტეხი is a small town and Lentekhi District's ( Raion) capital in Georgia 's western region of Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti Marneuli is a small city in southern Georgia. It is located near the border with neighboring Azerbaijan and Armenia. Martvili is a small town in Samegrelo province of Western Georgia. Mestia (მესტია is a highland Townlet in northwest Georgia, at an elevation of 1 Mtskheta (მცხეთა one of the oldest cities of the country of Georgia (in Kartli province of Eastern Georgia is located approximately 20 kilometers northeast Ninotsminda ( Georgian: ნინოწმინდა Armenian: hy Նինոցմինդա Altunkale is a town and a rayon located in Georgia's southern Oni (ონი is a Town in Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti region ( Mkhare) Georgia. Ozurgeti ( Georgian: ოზურგეთი is a town and the regional administrative centre of Western Georgian province of Guria, former Macharadze or Poti (ფოთი is a Port city in Georgia, located on the eastern Black Sea coast in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti For the village in Azerbaijan see Rüstəm Əliyev. Rustavi or Rust'avi (რუსთავი is a city in the southeast of Georgia Sachkhere ( Georgian: საჩხერე Sačxere) is a town at the northern edge of the Imereti Province in Western Georgia. Sagarejo (საგარეჯო is a town in Kakheti, Georgia. Samtredia (სამტრედია is a town in Imereti, Georgia, lying in a lowland between the rivers Rioni and Tskhenis-Tsqali, 244 km Senaki (სენაკი is a town in Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Mkhare ( Region) western Georgia. Shuakhevi is a small town in Georgia 's autonomous region of Ajaria, 67 km east to the regional capital Batumi. Sighnaghi (Signagi (სიღნაღი is a Town in Georgia 's easternmost region of Kakheti and the administrative center of the Sighnaghi District Sukhumi, also spelled as Sukhum ( Abkhaz: Аҟəа Aqwa; სოხუმი Sokhumi, Сухуми/Сухум is the capital Stepantsminda (სტეფანწმინდა formerly Kazbegi, ყაზბეგი is a small town in the Khevi region of northern Georgia. Telavi (თელავი is the main city and administrative center of Georgia 's eastern province of Kakheti. Tianeti is a town in east-central Georgia, in the Caucasus Mountains. Tkibuli is a town in west-central Georgia, Imereti Region It is located at around. Tskhinvali (also spelled Cchinvali or Cxinvali; ცხინვალი t͡sxinvɑli Цхинвал or Чъреба Tskhinval or Ch'reba Tsalenjikha (წალენჯიხა also transliterated as Tsalendjikha and Tzalenjikha is a town in Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti region of western Georgia with the Tsalka is a town in southern Georgia 's Kvemo Kartli region with a population of 22000 Tskhaltubo is a spa resort in west-central Georgia. It is located at around. Vani is a town in Imereti region of western Georgia, at the Sulori river (a tributary of the Rioni river) 41 km southwest from the regional capital Zestaponi ( Georgian: ზესტაფონი Zestʼaponi) is a town in Western Georgian region of Imereti and famous for its Metals Zugdidi ( Georgian and Mingrelian: ზუგდიდი is a city in the Western Georgian historical province of Mingrelia (Samegrelo.
The main cities of Georgia are:
Other major cities include Chiatura, Gagra, Gori, Poti, Rustavi, Sukhumi, Tkibuli, Tskaltubo, and Tskhinvali. Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Kutaisi (ქუთაისი ancient names Aea / Aia, Kutatisi, Kutaïssi) is Georgia 's second largest city and the capital of the Batumi (ბათუმი formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and Capital of Adjara, an Autonomous Chiatura (ჭიათურა is a city in the Imereti region of Western Georgia. Gagra ( Abkhaz and Russian: Гагра გაგრა is a town in Abkhazia, the breakaway republic Gori (გორი is a city in eastern Georgia, which serves as the regional Capital of Shida Kartli and the centre of the Eponymous Poti (ფოთი is a Port city in Georgia, located on the eastern Black Sea coast in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti For the village in Azerbaijan see Rüstəm Əliyev. Rustavi or Rust'avi (რუსთავი is a city in the southeast of Georgia Sukhumi, also spelled as Sukhum ( Abkhaz: Аҟəа Aqwa; სოხუმი Sokhumi, Сухуми/Сухум is the capital Tkibuli is a town in west-central Georgia, Imereti Region It is located at around. Tskhaltubo is a spa resort in west-central Georgia. It is located at around. Tskhinvali (also spelled Cchinvali or Cxinvali; ცხინვალი t͡sxinvɑli Цхинвал or Чъреба Tskhinval or Ch'reba
Geography and climate
In the north, Georgia has a 723 km common border with Russia, specifically with the Northern Caucasus federal district. Georgia is situated in Southwestern Asia, bordering the Black Sea, between Turkey and Russia. The glaciers of Georgia are mainly located along the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range, covering a total surface area of 506 km² (approx Svaneti or Svanetia ( Suania in ancient sources (სვანეთი Svaneti) is a historic province in Georgia, in the northwestern part of Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The North Caucasus, also Ciscaucasus, Ciscaucasia or Forecaucasia, is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe The following Russian republics/subdivisions — from west to east — border Georgia: Krasnodar Krai, Karachay-Cherkessia, Kabardino-Balkaria, North Ossetia-Alania, Ingushetia, Chechnya, Dagestan. Krasnodar Krai (Краснода́рский край Krasnodarsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) located in the Southern Karachay-Cherkess Republic (Карача́ево-Черке́сская респу́блика Karachay-Balkar: Къарачай-Черкес Республика The Kabardino-Balkar Republic (Кабарди́но-Балка́рская Респу́блика Kabardian: Къэбэрдей-Балъкъэр Республикэ The Republic of North Ossetia-Alania (Респу́блика Се́верная Осе́тия–Ала́ния Ossetic: Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон — Алани The Republic of Ingushetia ( Ingush: ГӀалгӀай Мохк Респу́блика Ингуше́тия Respublika Ingushetiya) is a federal The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika The Republic of Dagestan dæɡɪˈstɑːn (IntEng ˈdeɪɡəstæn (AmEng (Респу́блика Дагеста́н Дагъистанлъул ДжумхIурият Daɣistanłul Georgia also shares borders with Azerbaijan (322 km) to the south-east, Armenia (164 km. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani ) to the south, and Turkey (252 km. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches ) to the south-west.
Mountains are the dominant geographic feature of Georgia. The Likhi Range divides the country into eastern and western halves. Likhi Range or Surami Range is a Mountain range in Georgia, a part of the Caucasus mountains. Historically, the western portion of Georgia was known as Colchis while the eastern plateau was called Iberia. In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians. Due to a complex geographic setting, mountains also isolate the northern region of Svaneti from the rest of Georgia. Svaneti or Svanetia ( Suania in ancient sources (სვანეთი Svaneti) is a historic province in Georgia, in the northwestern part of
The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range separates Georgia from the North Caucasian Republics of Russia. The North Caucasus, also Ciscaucasus, Ciscaucasia or Forecaucasia, is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The southern portion of the country is bounded by the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. This article is about the terrestrial Eurasian mountain range The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range is much higher in elevation than the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, with the highest peaks rising more than 5,000 meters (16,400 ft) above sea level. This article is about the terrestrial Eurasian mountain range This article is about the terrestrial Eurasian mountain range
The highest mountain in Georgia is Mount Shkhara at 5,201 meters (17,059 ft), and the second highest is Mount Janga (Jangi-Tau) at 5,051 meters (16,572 ft) above sea level. Mount Kazbek (მყინვარწვერი Mqinvartsveri) is a dormant Stratovolcano and one of the chief Mountains of the Caucasus. The Khokh Range is a Mountain range in the Caucasus Mountains of Georgia. Shkhara (შხარა Шхара is the highest point in the nation of Georgia. Janga or Jangi-Tau is a summit in the central part of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range. Janga or Jangi-Tau is a summit in the central part of the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range. Other prominent peaks include Kazbegi (Kazbek) at 5,047 meters (16,554 ft), Tetnuldi (4,974 m. Mount Kazbek (მყინვარწვერი Mqinvartsveri) is a dormant Stratovolcano and one of the chief Mountains of the Caucasus. Mount Kazbek (მყინვარწვერი Mqinvartsveri) is a dormant Stratovolcano and one of the chief Mountains of the Caucasus. /16,319ft. ), Shota Rustaveli (4,960 m. /16,273ft. ), Mt. Ushba (4,710 m. Ushba (უშბა is one of the most notable peaks of the Caucasus Mountains. /15,453ft. ), and Ailama (4,525 m. /14,842ft. ). Out of the abovementioned peaks, only Kazbegi is of volcanic origin. Mount Kazbek (მყინვარწვერი Mqinvartsveri) is a dormant Stratovolcano and one of the chief Mountains of the Caucasus. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The region between Kazbegi and Shkhara (a distance of about 200 km. Mount Kazbek (მყინვარწვერი Mqinvartsveri) is a dormant Stratovolcano and one of the chief Mountains of the Caucasus. Shkhara (შხარა Шхара is the highest point in the nation of Georgia. along the Main Caucasus Range) is dominated by numerous glaciers. Out of the 2,100 glaciers that exist in the Caucasus today, approximately 30% are located within Georgia.
The term, Lesser Caucasus Mountains is often used to describe the mountainous (highland) areas of southern Georgia that are connected to the Greater Caucasus Mountain Range by the Likhi Range. This article is about the terrestrial Eurasian mountain range The area can be split into two separate sub-regions; the Lesser Caucasus Mountains, which run parallel to the Greater Caucasus Range, and the Southern Georgia Volcanic Highland, which lies immediately to the south of the Lesser Caucasus Mountains. The overall region can be characterized as being made up of various, interconnected mountain ranges (largely of volcanic origin) and plateaus that do not exceed 3,400 meters (approximately 11,000 ft) in elevation. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Prominent features of the area include the Javakheti Volcanic Plateau, lakes, including Tabatskuri and Paravani, as well as mineral water and hot springs. Javalkheti Plateau is a Volcanic plateau within the Caucasus Mountains that covers the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of Georgia, along the border The Southern Georgia Volcanic Highland is a young and unstable geologic region with high seismic activity and has experienced some of the most significant earthquakes that have been recorded in Georgia.
The Voronya Cave (aka Krubera-Voronia Cave) is the deepest known cave in the world. The Voronya Cave aka Krubera-Voronia Cave, Cave of Kruber, etc A cave is a natural underground void large enough for a human to enter It is located in the Arabika Massif of the Gagra Range, in Abkhazia, Georgia, Caucasus. Arabika Massif is a Massif of the Gagra Range, Abkhazia in the West Caucasus, by the city of Gagra. Gagra Range (Гагрский хребет is a Mountain range of the Caucasus Major in Abkhazia, the breakaway republic of Georgia. Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The height difference in the cave is 2,140 (± 9) metres. The same cave set the previous record for depth at 1,710 metres in 2001 by a Russian–Ukrainian team. In 2004 the penetrated depth was increased on each of three expeditions. At that point the Ukrainian team crossed the –2000 m mark for the first time in the history of speleology. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Speleology is the scientific study of Caves and other Karst features their make-up structure physical properties history life forms and the processes by In October 2005, a new, unexplored part was found by CAVEX team, and the cave became even deeper. This expedition confirmed the depth of the cave which is now – 2,140 (± 9) metres deep.
Two major rivers in Georgia are the Rioni and the Mtkvari. Phasis redirects here For the Butterfly Genus, see Phasis (butterfly. See Kura for other rivers called Kura Kura ( Turkish: Kura, Azerbaijani: Kür, Georgian: მტკვარი
Landscape
The landscape within the nation's boundaries is quite varied. Western Georgia's landscape ranges from low-land marsh-forests, cow swamps, and temperate rain forests to eternal snows and glaciers, while the eastern part of the country even contains a small segment of semi-arid plains characteristic of Central Asia. Temperate rainforests are Coniferous or broadleaf Forests that occur in the Temperate zone and receive high rainfall Forests cover around 40% of Georgia's territory while the alpine/subalpine zone accounts for roughly around 10% of the land. For the climate of the mountains named the Alps, see Climate of the Alps. The term subalpine refers to the biotic zone immediately below Tree line around the world
Much of the natural habitat in the low-lying areas of Western Georgia has disappeared over the last 100 years due to the agricultural development of the land and urbanization. The large majority of the forests that covered the Colchis plain are now virtually non-existent with the exception of the regions that are included in the national parks and reserves (i. In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís e. Paleostomi Lake area). At present, the forest cover generally remains outside of the low-lying areas and is mainly located along the foothills and the mountains. Western Georgia's forests consist mainly of deciduous trees below 600 meters (1,968 ft) above sea level and comprise of species such as oak, hornbeam, beech, elm, ash, and chestnut. The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin Plants in the genus Carpinus ( Cár-pi-nus) are commonly called Hornbeams. The Oriental Beech ( Fagus orientalis) is a Deciduous Tree in the Beech family Fagaceae. Elms are Deciduous and Semi-deciduous Trees comprising the genus Ulmus, family Ulmaceae, found An ash can be any of four different tree genera from four very distinct families; most commonly in a combined form (e The Sweet Chestnut ( Castanea sativa, family Fagaceae) also known as the Spanish Chestnut Portuguese Chestnut or European chestnut is a species of Chestnut Evergreen species such as box may also be found in many areas. Buxus is a Genus of about 70 species in the family Buxaceae. Common names include box (majority of English-speaking countries or boxwood Ca. 1000 of all 4000 higher plants of Georgia are endemic in this country[38]. The west-central slopes of the Meskheti Range in Ajaria as well as several locations in Samegrelo and Abkhazia are covered by temperate rain forests. Meskheti Range ( Meskh/Meskhet/Meskhetian Range Adzhar-Imereti Range, Adzhar-Akhaltsikh Range) is a part of the Lesser Caucasus Mountain Megrelia, Mingrelia or Samegrelo / Samargalo (სამეგრელო Samegrelo; Mingrelian: სამარგალო Samargalo Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto Temperate rainforests are Coniferous or broadleaf Forests that occur in the Temperate zone and receive high rainfall Between 600–1,500 meters (1,968-4,920 ft) above sea level, the deciduous forest becomes mixed with both broad-leaf and coniferous species making up the plant life. The zone is made up mainly of beech, spruce, and fir forests. The Caucasian Spruce or Oriental Spruce ( Picea orientalis) is a Spruce native to the Caucasus and adjacent northeast Turkey. Nordmann Fir ( Abies nordmanniana) is a Fir native to the Mountains south and east of the Black Sea, in Turkey, Georgia From 1,500-1,800 meters (4,920-5,904 ft), the forest becomes largely coniferous. The tree line generally ends at around 1,800 meters (5,904 ft) and the alpine zone takes over, which in most areas, extends up to an elevation of 3,000 meters (9,840 ft) above sea level. The eternal snow and glacier zone lies above the 3,000 meter line. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period.
Eastern Georgia's landscape (referring to the territory east of the Likhi Range) is considerably different from that of the west. Shatili valleyjpg|thumb|250px|The Shatili valley]] Shatili (შატილი is a historic highland village in Georgia, near the border with Chechnya. Khevsureti is a historic province in eastern Georgia, located along both the northern and southern slopes of the Great Caucasus Mountains. Likhi Range or Surami Range is a Mountain range in Georgia, a part of the Caucasus mountains. Although, much like the Colchis plain in the west, nearly all of the low-lying areas of eastern Georgia including the Mtkvari and Alazani River plains have been deforested for agricultural purposes. In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís See Kura for other rivers called Kura Kura ( Turkish: Kura, Azerbaijani: Kür, Georgian: მტკვარი The Alazani ( Georgian: ალაზანი, Azeri Qanıx) is a river that flows through the Caucasus. In addition, due to the region's relatively drier climate, some of the low-lying plains (especially in Kartli and south-eastern Kakheti) were never covered by forests in the first place. Kartli (ქართლი is the largest and most populated province of Eastern Georgia. Kakheti ( Georgian: კახეთი is a province in Eastern Georgia. The general landscape of eastern Georgia comprises numerous valleys and gorges that are separated by mountains. In contrast with western Georgia, nearly 85% of the forests of the region are deciduous. Coniferous forests only dominate in the Borjomi Gorge and in the extreme western areas. Borjomi Gorge is a picturuesque Canyon of the Mtkvari ( Kura) River in central Georgia. Out of the deciduous species of trees, beech, oak, and hornbeam dominate. For the babyfood see Beech-Nut. Beech ( Fagus) is a genus of ten Species of Deciduous Trees in the The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin Plants in the genus Carpinus ( Cár-pi-nus) are commonly called Hornbeams. Other deciduous species include several varieties of maple, aspen, ash, and hazelnut. Acer ( maple) is a Genus of Trees or Shrubs They are variously classified in a family of their own the Aceraceae, or Aspens are Trees of the willow family and comprise a section of the Poplar genus Populus sect The Common Hazel ( Corylus avellana) is a species of Hazel native to Europe and western Asia, from the British Isles The Upper Alazani River Valley contains yew forests. The Alazani ( Georgian: ალაზანი, Azeri Qanıx) is a river that flows through the Caucasus. Taxus baccata is a conifer native to western central and southern Europe, northwest Africa, northern Iran and southwest At higher elevations above 1,000 meters (3,280 ft) above sea level (particularly in the Tusheti, Khevsureti, and Khevi regions), pine and birch forests dominate. Tusheti, or Tushetia, is a historic region in northeast Georgia. Khevsureti is a historic province in eastern Georgia, located along both the northern and southern slopes of the Great Caucasus Mountains. Khevi (ხევი is a small historical-geographic area in northeastern Georgia. The Scots Pine ( Pinus sylvestris L family Pinaceae) is a species of Pine native to Europe and Asia, ranging from Birch is the name of any Tree of the genus Betula ( Bé-tu-la) in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the In general, the forests in eastern Georgia occur between 500–2,000 metres (1,640–6,560 ft) above sea level, with the alpine zone extending from 2,000/2,200–3,000/3,500 metres (roughly about 6,560–11,480 ft). The only remaining large, low-land forests remain in the Alazani Valley of Kakheti. The Alazani ( Georgian: ალაზანი, Azeri Qanıx) is a river that flows through the Caucasus. Kakheti ( Georgian: კახეთი is a province in Eastern Georgia. The eternal snow and glacier zone lies above the 3,500 metre (11,480 ft) line in most areas of eastern Georgia. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period.
Fauna
Due to its high landscape diversity and low latitude Georgia is home to a higher number of animal species, e. g. ca. 1000 species of vertebrates (330 birds, 160 fish, 48 reptiles, 11 amphibians). Vertebrates are members of the Subphylum Vertebrata, Chordates with backbones or spinal columns The grouping sometimes includes Birds ( class Aves) are bipedal endothermic ( Warm-blooded) Vertebrate animals that lay eggs. Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Reptiles, or members of the class Reptilia are air-breathing Cold-blooded Vertebrates that have skin covered in scales as opposed to hair or feathers Prehistoric amphibian Amphibians (class Amphibia such as Frogs Toads Salamanders Newts Gymnophiona, Sirens and A number of large carnivores live in the forests, e. A carnivore (ˈkɑrnɪvɔər meaning 'meat eater' ( Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour' is any animal with a diet consisting g. Persian leopard, Brown bear, wolf, and lynx. The Persian leopard ( Panthera pardus saxicolor) or Iranian leopard, is one of the Leopard subspecies native to western Asia. The Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos) is an Omnivorous Mammal of the family Ursidae, distributed across much of northern Eurasia and The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora A lynx is any of four medium-sized wild cats. All are members of the Genus Lynx, but there is considerable confusion about the best way to classify The species number of invertebrates is considered to be very high but data is distributed across a high number of publications. An invertebrate is an Animal lacking a Vertebral column. The group includes 98% of all animal Species — all animals except those in the Chordate The spider checklist of Georgia, for example, includes 501 species[39]. Spiders are Predatory Invertebrate Animals that have two body segments, eight legs no chewing mouth parts and no wings
Climate
The climate of Georgia is extremely diverse, considering the nation's small size. There are two main climatic zones, roughly separating Eastern and Western parts of the country. The Greater Caucasus Mountain Range plays an important role in moderating Georgia's climate and protects the nation from the penetration of colder air masses from the north. The Lesser Caucasus Mountains partially protect the region from the influence of dry and hot air masses from the south as well.
Much of western Georgia lies within the northern periphery of the humid subtropical zone with annual precipitation ranging from 1000–4000 mm. (39–157 inches). The precipitation tends to be uniformly distributed throughout the year, although the rainfall can be particularly heavy during the Autumn months. The climate of the region varies significantly with elevation and while much of the lowland areas of western Georgia are relatively warm throughout the year, the foothills and mountainous areas (including both the Greater and Lesser Caucasus Mountains) experience cool, wet summers and snowy winters (snow cover often exceeds 2 meters in many regions). Ajaria is the wettest region of the Caucasus, where the Mt. The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East Mtirala rainforest, east of Kobuleti receives around 4500 mm (177 inches) of precipitation per year. Temperate rainforests are Coniferous or broadleaf Forests that occur in the Temperate zone and receive high rainfall Kobuleti (ქობულეთი is a town in Georgia 's southwestern region of Ajaria.
Eastern Georgia has a transitional climate from humid subtropical to continental. The region's weather patterns are influenced both by dry, Central Asian/Caspian air masses from the east and humid, Black Sea air masses from the west. The penetration of humid air masses from the Black Sea is often blocked by several mountain ranges (Likhi and Meskheti) that separate the eastern and western parts of the nation. Likhi Range or Surami Range is a Mountain range in Georgia, a part of the Caucasus mountains. Meskheti is a mountainous area and a former province in southwestern Georgia. Annual precipitation is considerably less than that of western Georgia and ranges from 400–1600 mm (16–63 inches). The wettest periods generally occur during Spring and Autumn while Winter and the Summer months tend to be the driest. Much of eastern Georgia experiences hot summers (especially in the low-lying areas) and relatively cold winters. As in the western parts of the nation, elevation plays an important role in eastern Georgia as well, and climatic conditions above 1500 metres (4920ft) above sea level are considerably cooler (even colder) than those of the low-lying areas. The regions that lie above 2000 meters (6560ft) above sea level frequently experience frost even during the summer months.
Economy
Archaeological research demonstrates that Georgia has been involved in commerce with many lands and empires since the ancient times, largely due its location on the Black Sea and later on the historical Silk Road. Despite the severe damage the economy suffered due to civil strife in the 1990s Georgia, with the help of the IMF and World Bank, has made substantial economic St Ilia the Righteous, born Prince Ilia Ch’avch’avadze, known as Ilia Ch’avch’avadze (ილია ჭავჭავაძე ( &ndash) was a The National Bank of Georgia (საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკი is the Central bank of the European state Georgia. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Silk Road, or Silk Routes, are an extensive interconnected network of Trade routes across the Asian continent connecting East South and Western Asia with the Gold, silver, copper and iron have been mined in the Caucasus Mountains. Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 This article is about the terrestrial Eurasian mountain range Wine making is a very old tradition. Winemaking, or vinification, is the production of Wine, starting with selection of the Grapes and ending with bottling the finished wine
Throughout Georgia's modern history agriculture and tourism have been principal economic sectors, due to the country's climate and topography. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel [1]
For much of the 20th century, Georgia's economy was within the Soviet model of command economy. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. A planned economy or directed economy is an Economic system in which the Government or Workers' councils manages the Economy.
Since the fall of the USSR in 1991, Georgia embarked on a major structural reform designed to transition to a free market economy. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers However, as all other post-Soviet states, Georgia faced a severe economic collapse. The post-Soviet states, also commonly known as former Soviet republics, are the 15 independent nations that split off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics The civil war and military conflicts in South Ossetia and Abkhazia aggravated the crisis. South Ossetia ( or; Хуссар Ирыстон Xussar Iryston; Южная Осетия Yuzhnaya Osetiya; სამხრეთი ოსეთი Samxreti Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto The agriculture and industry output diminished. By 1994 the gross domestic product had shrunk to a quarter of that of 1989. [40]
The first financial help from the West came in 1995, when the World Bank and International Monetary Fund granted Georgia a credit of USD 206 million and Germany granted DM 50 million. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe.
As of 2001 54% of the population lived below the national poverty line but by 2006 poverty decreased to 34%. The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of Income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate Standard of living in a given country In 2005 average monthly income of a household was GEL 347 (about 200 USD). [41]
Since early 2000s visible positive developments have been observed in the economy of Georgia. In 2006 Georgia's real GDP growth rate reached 8. Real GDP is a macroeconomic measure of the size of an economy adjusted for price changes and inflation 8%, making Georgia one of the fastest growing economies in Eastern Europe. Economic growth is the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time [1] The World Bank dubbed Georgia "the number one economic reformer in the world" because it has in one year improved from rank 112th to 18th in terms of ease of doing business. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e The Ease of Doing Business Index is an index created by the World Bank. [42]However, the country has high unemployment rate of 12. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. 6% and has fairly low median income compared to European countries. The median household income is commonly used to provide data about geographic areas and divides households into two equal segments with the first half of Households earning less
IMF 2006 estimates place Georgia's nominal GDP at US$7. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE 76 billion. Georgia's economy is becoming more devoted to services (now representing 54. Service economy can refer to one or both of two recent economic developments 8% of GDP), moving away from agricultural sector ( 17. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture 7%). [1]
The country has sizable hydropower resources. Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived from the Force or Energy of moving water which may
The 2006 ban on imports of Georgian wine to Russia, one of Georgia's biggest trading partners, and break of financial links was described by the IMF Mission as an "external shock",[43] In addition, Russia increased the price of gas for Georgia. The 2006 Russian import ban of Moldovan and Georgian wines began in late- March 2006 and created a diplomatic conflict between the Republic of Moldova Georgia is the oldest Wine producing region of Europe, if not the world This was followed by the spike in the Georgian lari's rate of inflation. The lari ( Georgian: ლარი; ISO 4217:GEL is the Currency of Georgia. The National Bank of Georgia stated that the inflation was mainly triggered by external reasons, including Russia’s economic embargo. [44] The Georgian authorities expected that the current account deficit the embargo would cause in 2007 would be financed by "higher foreign exchange proceeds generated by the large inflow of foreign direct investment" and an increase in tourist revenues. [45] The country has also maintained a solid credit in international market securities. [46]
Georgia is becoming more integrated into the global trading network: its 2006 imports and exports account for 10% and 18% of GDP respectively. Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones [1] Georgia's main imports are natural gas, oil products, machinery and parts, and transport equipment. This page is about the physical properties of gas as a state of matter Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit A machine is any device that uses Energy to perform some activity
In 2004, a 12% flat income tax was introduced in Georgia. A flat tax (short for flat rate tax is a Tax system with a constant tax rate [47] Tax collection increased significantly, thereby reducing the government's formerly large budget deficits. A budget deficit occurs when an Entity (often a Government) spends more Money than it takes in
Georgia is developing into an international transport corridor through Batumi and Poti ports, an oil pipeline from Baku through Tbilisi to Ceyhan, the Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline (BTC) and a parallel gas pipeline, the South Caucasus Pipeline. Batumi (ბათუმი formerly Batum or Batoum) is a seaside city on the Black Sea coast and Capital of Adjara, an Autonomous Poti (ფოთი is a Port city in Georgia, located on the eastern Black Sea coast in the region of Samegrelo-Zemo Svaneti Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Ceyhan is one of the most populous towns within the Turkish province of Adana and is an important Mediterranean port The Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan pipeline is a crude oil pipeline from the Azeri-Chirag-Guneshli Oil field in the Caspian Sea to the Mediterranean South Caucasus Pipeline (also Baku - Tbilisi - Erzurum Pipeline, BTE pipeline or Shah-Deniz Pipeline) is a natural gas
Tourism is an increasingly significant part of the Georgian economy. About a million tourists brought US$313 million to the country in 2006. [48] There are "over 12,000 historical and cultural monuments in Georgia, four listed by UNESCO as cultural heritage sites, 103 resorts, 182 potential resort places and more than 2000 mineral springs in Georgia". [49]
Demographics
Ethnic Georgians form a majority, about 83. The demographics of Georgia is characterized by two prominent features since independence decline in total population and significant "Georgeanization" of the ethnic composition The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the 8%, of Georgia's current population of 4,661,473 (July 2006 est. ). [50] Other major ethnic groups include Azeris, who form 6. The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. 5% of the population, Armenians - 5. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large 7%, Russians - 1. The Russian people (Русские— Russkie) are an East Slavic Ethnic group, primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries 5%, Abkhazians, and Ossetians. The Abkhazians or Abkhaz ( Abkhaz: Аҧсуа Apswa; Georgian: აფხაზი Aphkhazi) are a Caucasian The Ossetians (ирæттæ irættæ are an Iranic Ethnic group indigenous to Ossetia, a region that spans the Caucasus Mountains Numerous smaller groups also live in the country, including Assyrians, Chechens, Chinese, Georgian Jews, Greeks, Kabardins, Kurds, Tatars, Turks and Ukrainians. The Assyrians are an Ethnic group whose origins lie in what is today Iraq, Iran, Turkey and Syria. Chechens ( Chechen: Hохчи / Noxçi) constitute the largest native Ethnic group originating in the North Caucasus region The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong The Georgian Jews ( Georgian: ქართველი ებრაელები qartveli ebraelebi, Hebrew: יהודי גאורגיה Yehudei The Greeks ( Greek: Έλληνες) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to Greece, Cyprus and neighbouring regions Kabarda or Kabard are terms referring to a people of the northern Caucasus more commonly known by the plural term Kabardin (or Kebertei Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens Notably, Georgia's Jewish community is one of the oldest Jewish communities in the world. The Georgian Jews ( Georgian: ქართველი ებრაელები qartveli ebraelebi, Hebrew: יהודי גאורגיה Yehudei
Georgia also exhibits significant linguistic diversity. Within the South Caucasian family, Georgians speak Georgian (also known as Kartuli), Laz, Mingrelian, and Svan. The South Caucasian languages (also known as Ibero-Caucasian or Kartvelian) are spoken primarily in Georgia, with smaller groups of speakers in Turkey Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. The Laz language (ლაზური ნენა lazuri nena; ლაზური lazuri, or ჭანური chanuri) is spoken by the Laz people Mingrelian, or Megrelian (მარგალურ ნინა margalur nina; მეგრული ენა megruli ena) is a Language The Svan language (ლუშნუ ნინ/შკა̈ნ lušnu nin/šḳän; სვანური ენა svanuri ena) is a language spoken in Northwest Additionally, non-Georgian ethnic groups within the country often speak their native languages in addition to Georgian. Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. The official languages of Georgia are Georgian and also Abkhaz within the autonomous region of Abkhazia. Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Abkhaz is a Northwest Caucasian language spoken mainly in Abkhazia and Turkey by the Abkhaz people. Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto 71% of the population speaks the South Caucasian (Kartvelian) languages, 9% - Russian, 7% - Armenian, 6% - Azeri and 7% other. Georgia's literacy rate is 100%. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, [7]
In the early 1990s, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, violent separatist conflicts broke out in the autonomous regions of Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which resulted in ethnic cleansing of Georgians from Abkhazia, where ethnic Georgians previously had constituted the largest single ethnic group (46% of population in 1989). The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Separatism refers to the advocacy of a state of cultural ethnic tribal religious racial or gender separation from the larger group often with demands for greater political autonomy Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto South Ossetia ( or; Хуссар Ирыстон Xussar Iryston; Южная Осетия Yuzhnaya Osetiya; სამხრეთი ოსეთი Samxreti Ethnic cleansing is a Euphemism referring to the persecution through imprisonment expulsion or killing of members of an ethnic minority by a majority to achieve ethnic homogeneity Many Ossetians living in Georgia also left the country, mainly to Russia's North Ossetia. The Ossetians (ирæттæ irættæ are an Iranic Ethnic group indigenous to Ossetia, a region that spans the Caucasus Mountains [51] Of the Meskhetian Turks who were forcibly relocated in 1944 only a tiny fraction returned to Georgia as of 2007. Meskhetian Turks or Meskhetians are the former Muslim inhabitants of Meskheti (Georgia along the border with Turkey. Population transfer in the Soviet Union may be classified into the following broad categories deportations of " Anti-Soviet " categories of population often classified
Georgia's net migration rate is -4. 54, excluding Georgian nationals who live abroad. Georgia has nonetheless been inhabited by immigrants from all over the world throughout its independence. According to 2006 statistics, Georgia gets most of its immigrants from Turkey and China. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
Today most of the population practices Orthodox Christianity of the Georgian Orthodox Church (81. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Christianity in ancient and feudal Georgia According to tradition when the Apostles were sent out to preach the Gospel to the nations of the world the Apostle 9%). The religious minorities are: Muslim (9. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. 9%); Armenian Apostolic (3. The Armenian Apostolic Church (Հայաստանեայց Առաքելական Եկեղեցի Hayasdaneaytz Arakelagan 9%); Russian Orthodox Church (2. See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure 0%); Roman Catholic (0. Catholic is an Adjective derived from the Greek adjective '' / 'katholikos' meaning "whole" or "complete". 8%). 0. 8% of those recorded in the 2002 census declared themselves to be adherents of other religions and 0. 7% declared no religion at all. [1]
Religion
According to the Constitution of Georgia, religious institutions are separate from government and every citizen has the right of religion. The Constitution of Georgia is the supreme law of Georgia (country which is based on the first constitution adopted during the Democratic Republic of Georgia 1918–1921 However, most of the population of Georgia (82%) practices Orthodox Christianity and Georgian Orthodox Church is an influential institution in the country. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Christianity in ancient and feudal Georgia According to tradition when the Apostles were sent out to preach the Gospel to the nations of the world the Apostle
The Gospel was preached in Georgia by the Apostles, Andrew the First Called, Simon the Canaanite, and Matthias. St Simon redirects here See also Saint-Simon. The apostle called Simon Zelotes, Simon the Zealot, in Luke Iberia was officially converted to Christinaity in 326 [53] by Saint Nino of Cappadocia, who is considered to be the Enlightener of Georgia and the Equal to Apostles by the Orthodox Church. This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians. Events By Place Roman Empire Constantine I founds Constantinople and incorporates Byzantium into the new city Saint Nino (წმინდა ნინო Αγία Νίνω (sometimes St Cappadocia (or Capadocia, Turkish Kapadokya, from Greek: Καππαδοκία / Kappadokía which in turn is from the Persian: The Georgian Orthodox Church, once being under the See of Antioch, gained an autocephalous status in the 4th century during the reign of King Vakhtang Gorgasali. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Autocephaly, in Hierarchical Christian churches and especially Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches is the status of a hierarchical church whose Saint King Vakhtang I Gorgasali (440 &ndash 502 ვახტანგ I გორგასალი) was the Georgian king ( mepe) of Kartli ( [54]
Religious minorities of Georgia include Russian Orthodox (2%), Armenian Christians (3. 9%), Muslims (9. 9%), Roman Catholics (0. 8%), as well as sizeable Jewish Communities and various Protestant minorities. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ [55]
Despite the long history of religious harmony in Georgia,[56] there have been couple of instances of religious discrimination in the past decade (i. e. Vasil Mkalavishvili Case[57] ).
Culture
Georgian culture evolved over thousands of years with its foundations in Iberian and Colchian civilizations,[58] continuing into the rise of the unified Georgian Kingdom under the single monarchy of the Bagrationi. The culture of Georgia has evolved over the country's long history providing it with a unique national culture and a strong literary tradition based on the Georgian The Georgian alphabet (ქართული დამწერლობა is the writing system currently used to write the Georgian language and other South Caucasian This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians. In ancient Geography, Colchis or Kolchis ( Georgian and Laz: კოლხეთი k'olxeti; Greek:, Kolchís Origins See also Origin of the Bagratid dynasties According to a family legend taken down by the eleventh-century Georgian chronicler Sumbat Davitis-Dze Georgian culture enjoyed a golden age and renaissance of classical literature, arts, philosophy, architecture and science in the 11th century. "Classical literature" redirects here For literature in Classical languages outside the Graeco-Roman sphere see Ancient literature. The arts is a broad subdivision of Culture, composed of many expressive disciplines. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding [59] The Georgian language, and the Classical Georgian literature of the poet Shota Rustaveli, were revived in the 19th century after a long period of turmoil, laying the foundations of the romantics and novelists of the modern era such as Grigol Orbeliani, Nikoloz Baratashvili, Ilia Chavchavadze, Akaki Tsereteli, Vazha Pshavela, and many others. Georgian (ka ქართული ენა kartuli ena) is the Official language of Georgia, a country in the Caucasus. Shota Rustaveli (შოთა რუსთაველი 1160 - ? was a Georgian poet of the 12th century, and the greatest classic of Georgian secular literature Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story Grigol Orbeliani (Jambakur-Orbeliani (გრიგოლ ორბელიანი ჯამბაკურ-ორბელიანი ( October 2 1804 - Nik'oloz Baratashvili (ნიკოლოზ ბარათაშვილი ( December 4 1817 - October 21 1844) was a Georgian St Ilia the Righteous, born Prince Ilia Ch’avch’avadze, known as Ilia Ch’avch’avadze (ილია ჭავჭავაძე ( &ndash) was a Prince Ak'ak'i Tsereteli (აკაკი წერეთელი June 9, 1840 - January 26, 1915) was a prominent Georgian poet and Vazha-Pshavela (ვაჟა-ფშაველა ( July 26, 1861 - July 10, 1915) is the Pen-name of the Georgian poet [60] Georgian culture was influenced by Classical Greece, the Roman Empire and the Byzantine Empire, and later by the Russian Empire which contributed to the European elements of Georgian culture. In the context of the art architecture and culture of Ancient Greece, the classical period corresponds to most of the 5th and 4th centuries The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya
Georgia is well known for its rich folklore, unique traditional music, theatre, cinema, and art. Sopho Khalvashi ( Georgian: სოფო ხალვაში born May 31, 1986 in Batumi) is a Georgian musical artist History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Georgians are renowned for their love of music, dance, theatre and cinema. In the 20th century there have been notable Georgian painters such as Niko Pirosmani, Lado Gudiashvili, Elene Akhvlediani; ballet choreographers such as George Balanchine, Vakhtang Chabukiani, and Nino Ananiashvili; poets such as Galaktion Tabidze, Lado Asatiani, and Mukhran Machavariani; and theatre and film directors such as Robert Sturua, Tengiz Abuladze, Giorgi Danelia and Otar Ioseliani. Niko Pirosmanashvili (generally known internationally as Niko Pirosmani) (ნიკო ფიროსმანაშვილი May 5, 1862 -1918 was Lado Gudiashvili (Georgian ლადო გუდიაშვილი ( 1896 &ndash 1980) was a 20th century Georgian painter Elene Akhvlediani (1901-1975 (ელენე ახვლედიანი was a 20th century Georgian painter graphic artist and theater decorator Ballet is a formalized form of Dance with its origins in the French court further developed in France and Russia as a Concert dance See also List of ballets by George Balanchine, George Balanchine (January 22 1904 &ndash April 30 1983 born Giorgi Melitonis dze Balanchivadze Vakhtang Chabukiani (ვახტანგ ჭაბუკიანი ( February 27, 1910 – April 6, 1992) was a Georgian Nina Ananiashvili (also Nino Ananiashvili, ნინო ანანიაშვილი (born March 28 1963) is a Georgian ballerina Galaktion Tabidze (გალაკტიონ ტაბიძე ( November 17, 1891 – March 17, 1959) was a leading Georgian poet Lado Asatiani (ლადო ასათიანი (1917 - 1943 was a noted Georgian Poet. Mukhran Machavariani (მუხრან მაჭავარიანი (Born April 12 1929 is a famous Georgian poet and member of the Robert Sturua (რობერტ სტურუა (born July 31, 1938) is a Georgian Theater director, who gained international acclaim for Tengiz Yevgeniyevich Abuladze (თენგიზ აბულაძე Тенгиз Евгеньевич Абуладзе January 31, 1924 in Kutaisi Georgi Daneliya ( Georgian: გიორგი დანელია Giorgi Danelia Георгий Николаевич Данелия Geo Otar Iosseliani (ოთარ იოსელიანი born February 2 1934 in Tbilisi, Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic) is a Georgian [61]
Architecture
Georgian architecture has been influenced by many civilizations. The "Sioni" Cathedral of the Dormition (სიონი (ტაძარი is a Georgian Orthodox Cathedral in Tbilisi, the capital Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari There are several different architectural styles for castles, towers, fortifications and churches. A castle is a defensive structure seen as one of the main symbols of the Middle Ages. Fortifications are Military Constructions and Buildings designed for defense in Warfare Humans have constructed defensive works for The Upper Svaneti fortifications, and the castle town of Shatili in Khevsureti, are some of the finest examples of medieval Georgian castle architecture. Svaneti or Svanetia ( Suania in ancient sources (სვანეთი Svaneti) is a historic province in Georgia, in the northwestern part of Shatili valleyjpg|thumb|250px|The Shatili valley]] Shatili (შატილი is a historic highland village in Georgia, near the border with Chechnya. Khevsureti is a historic province in eastern Georgia, located along both the northern and southern slopes of the Great Caucasus Mountains.
Georgian ecclesiastic art is one of the most fascinating aspects of Georgian Christian architecture, which combines classical dome style with original basilica style forming what is known as the Georgian cross-dome style. A dome is a common structural element of Architecture that resembles the hollow upper half of a Sphere. The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman Cross-dome architecture developed in Georgia during the 9th century; before that, most Georgian churches were basilicas. Georgian culture strongly emphasizes individualism, and this is expressed through the allocation of interior space in Georgian churches. Other examples of Georgian ecclesiastic architecture can be found outside Georgia: Bachkovo Monastery in Bulgaria (built in 1083 by the Georgian military commander Grigorii Bakuriani), Iviron monastery in Greece (built by Georgians in the 10th century), and the Monastery of the Cross in Jerusalem (built by Georgians in the 9th century). The Bachkovo Monastery (Бачковски манастир Bachkovski manastir, პეტრიწონის მონასტერი Petritsonis Monasteri Iviron monastery ( Greek: Μονή Ιβήρων Georgian: ივერთა მონასტერი is an Eastern Orthodox Monastery May refer to either of the twin Georgian monasteries (one in Mtskheta, Georgia, and the other in Jerusalem.
Other architectural aspects of Georgia include Rustaveli avenue in Tbilisi in the Hausmann style, and the Old Town District. Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari
Art
The art of Georgia spans the prehistoric, the ancient Greek, Roman, medieval, ecclesiastic, iconic and modern visual arts. Impressionism was a 19th-century Art movement that began as a loose association of Paris -based Artists exhibiting their art publicly in the 1860s Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Elene Akhvlediani (1901-1975 (ელენე ახვლედიანი was a 20th century Georgian painter graphic artist and theater decorator Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the Iconography is the branch of Art history which studies the identification description and the interpretation of the content of images The visual arts are art forms that focus on the creation of works which are primarily Visual in nature such as Painting, Photography One of the most famous late nineteenth/early twentieth century Georgian artists is the primitivist painter Niko Pirosmani. Primitivism refers to a an artistic movement in particular which originated as a reaction to the Enlightenment, or b the general tendency to idealize any social behavior Niko Pirosmanashvili (generally known internationally as Niko Pirosmani) (ნიკო ფიროსმანაშვილი May 5, 1862 -1918 was Pirosmani's works can also been seen as early impressionistic, due to the fact that his work inspired Lado Gudiashvili and Elene Akhvlediani, who represent the more mainstream impressionism of the twentieth century. Lado Gudiashvili (Georgian ლადო გუდიაშვილი ( 1896 &ndash 1980) was a 20th century Georgian painter Elene Akhvlediani (1901-1975 (ელენე ახვლედიანი was a 20th century Georgian painter graphic artist and theater decorator
Cuisine
Georgian cuisine and wine have evolved through the centuries, adapting traditions in each era. Georgian cuisine is considered one of the main attractions for tourists in Georgia and it is particularly popular throughout the former Soviet Union Georgian cuisine is considered one of the main attractions for tourists in Georgia and it is particularly popular throughout the former Soviet Union Georgia is the oldest Wine producing region of Europe, if not the world One of the most unusual traditions of dining is Supra, or Georgian table, which is also a way of socializing with friends and extended family. The head of Supra is known as Tamada. A tamada is the Toastmaster at a Georgian Supra or feast At all supras regardless of size there is a tamada (or toastmaster one person He also conducts the highly philosophical toasts, and makes sure that everyone is enjoying themselves. Various historical regions of Georgia are known for their particular dishes: for example, Khinkali (meat dumplings), from eastern mountainous Georgia, and Khachapuri, mainly from Imereti, Mingrelia and Adjara. Khinkali (ხინკალი xıngal hıngel are Georgian Dumplings filled with various fillings usually spiced meat Khachapuri ( Georgian ( ხაჭაპური xač’ap’uri or "cheese bread"( Turkish (Peynirli pide) is a filled bread dish from Imereti Province ( Georgian: იმერეთი მხარე Imereti Mxare) is a province in Georgia situated along the middle and upper reaches Megrelia, Mingrelia or Samegrelo / Samargalo (სამეგრელო Samegrelo; Mingrelian: სამარგალო Samargalo
In addition to traditional Georgian dishes, the foods of other countries have been brought to Georgia by immigrants from Russia, Greece, and recently China. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National
Sport
Among the most popular sports in Georgia are football, basketball, rugby union, wrestling, hockey and weightlifting. Historically Georgia has been famous for its physical education it is known that the Romans were fascinated with Georgians' physical qualities after seeing the training techniques For other uses of the term see Icon (disambiguation. For a list of icons for use on Wikipedia see WikipediaIcons. Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Wrestling is the act of physical engagement between two people in which each wrestler strives to get an advantage over or control of the opponent Hockey is any of a family of Sports in which two teams compete by trying to maneuver a Ball, or a hard round rubber or heavy plastic disc called a puck Weightlifting, also called Olympic weightlifting or Olympic-style weightlifting, is a sport in which participants attempt a maximum weight single lift of a barbell Historically, Georgia has been famous for its physical education; it is known that the Romans were fascinated with Georgians' physical qualities after seeing the training techniques of ancient Iberia. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC This article is about the people of ancient Georgia For the Iberians of ancient Iberian Peninsula see Iberians. [62] Wrestling remains a historically important sport of Georgia, and some historians think that the Greco-Roman style of wrestling incorporates many Georgian elements. In modern Olympic and amateur Wrestling, Greco-Roman wrestling is a particular style and variation [63] Within Georgia, one of the most popularized styles of wrestling is the Kakhetian style. However, there were a number of other styles in the past that are not as widely used today. For example, the Khevsureti region of Georgia has three different styles of wrestling. Khevsureti is a historic province in eastern Georgia, located along both the northern and southern slopes of the Great Caucasus Mountains. Other popular sports in 19th century Georgia were polo, and lelo, a traditional Georgian game later replaced by rugby union. Polo is a team sport played outdoors on Horseback in which the objective is to score goals against an opposing team Georgia is the oldest Wine producing region of Europe, if not the world
See also
- Abkhazia
- South Ossetia
- Georgian cuisine
- Georgian cheese
- Human rights in Georgia (country)
- Communications in Georgia
- Georgian Media
- Georgia national football team
- Georgia national rugby league team
- Rugby union in Georgia
- Georgia national rugby union team (nicknamed Lelos)
- Georgian Academy of Sciences
- Georgian National Section of EUROSCIENCE
- Georgian people
- Peoples of the Caucasus
- Georgian Catholic Church
- Georgian Orthodox and Apostolic Church
- Religion and religious freedom in Georgia
- Military of Georgia
- Music of Georgia
- The National Bank of Georgia
- Public holidays in Georgia
- Sakartvelos Skauturi Modzraobis Organizatsia
- State decorations of Georgia
- George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage, Microbiology and Virology (IBMV)
- Transport in Georgia
Education
Universities in Tbilisi include:
- Tbilisi State University
- Tbilisi State Conservatory
- Tbilisi State Medical University
- Georgian Agrarian University
- Georgian Technical University
- Tbilisi State Pedagogical University
- Ilia Chavchavadze State University
- International Black Sea University
- Georgian University of Social Sciences
- Tbilisi Institute of Asia and Africa
Lists
Gallery of Georgia
 Mountain landscape |  Gremi Church |  10 century Ananuri Church |  Famous Georgian vineyards in Kakheti |
 Tbilisi |  Gagra |  Sukhumi |  Medieval fortress of Varzia |
 Gudauri |  Northern Georgia |  9th century Bagrat Church |  Shiomgvime Monastery |
.jpg/120px-David_Gareja_(3).jpg) 8th century Davidgareja Monastery Complex located in Kakheti |  Gremi Kakheti |  Soli, Svaneti |
Notes
- ^ a b c d e f Georgia, from CIA World Factbook
- ^ Department of Statistics under Ministry of Economic Development of Georgia. Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto South Ossetia ( or; Хуссар Ирыстон Xussar Iryston; Южная Осетия Yuzhnaya Osetiya; სამხრეთი ოსეთი Samxreti Georgian cuisine is considered one of the main attractions for tourists in Georgia and it is particularly popular throughout the former Soviet Union List of Georgian cheese: Sulguni (cheese from Samegrelo region Imeruli (cheese from Imereti region Human rights in Georgia are guaranteed by the country's constitution. Telephones - main lines in use 554000 (1995 Telephones - mobile cellular 2400000 (2007 Telephone system domestic Country has three cellular The Media in Georgia is relatively accessible and caters to a wide variety of audiences The Georgia national football team is the national football team of Georgia and is controlled by the Georgian Football Federation. The Georgia national Rugby league team played its first international game in 2005. Rugby union is a popular team sport played in Georgia. Rugby union is considered the second most popular sport in Georgia after football (soccer The Georgia national rugby union team represents the former Soviet Caucasian republic of Georgia in Rugby union. The Georgian National Academy of Sciences ( GAS) ( Georgian: საქართველოს მეცნიერებათა ეროვნული აკადემია The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the This article deals with the various Ethnic groups inhabiting the Caucasus region On Georgian Catholics of Byzantine Rite see Georgian Byzantine-Rite Catholics The Georgian Catholic Church (or Catholic Church in Georgia Christianity in ancient and feudal Georgia According to tradition when the Apostles were sent out to preach the Gospel to the nations of the world the Apostle The Georgian Constitution provides for Freedom of religion, and the Government generally respects this right in practice The Georgian Armed Forces ( საქართველოს შეიარაღებული ძალები) is the name of the unified armed forces of the Georgia Folk music Georgian folk music possesses what is the oldest tradition of polyphonic music in the world predating the introduction of Christianity. The National Bank of Georgia (საქართველოს ეროვნული ბანკი is the Central bank of the European state Georgia. Public holidays in the country of Georgia include the following (Labour Code of Georgia Article 64 Sakartvelos Skauturi Modzraobis Organizatsia (in Georgian: საქართველოს სკაუტური მოძრაობის ორგანიზაცია State decorations are Medals and orders granted by the Government of Georgia for meritorious achievements in national defense state improvement and development The Tbilisi Institute, now called the George Eliava Institute of Bacteriophage Microbiology and Virology (IBMV has been active since the 1930s in the field of Phage therapy Railways total 1583 km in common carrier service does not include industrial lines broad gauge 1583 km 1 Tbilisi Ivane Javakhishvili State University, better known as Tbilisi State University ( TSU) (თბილისის ივანე ჯავახიშვილის Tbilsi State Conservatoire is the State Conservatoire of Georgia, located in the capital Tbilsi. Tbilisi State Medical University (TSMU is a leading Medical University in Europe Georgian Technical University in Tbilisi (formerly VI Lenin Georgian Polytechnical Institute) was founded in 1922 as a Polytechnic faculty of Tbilisi Ilia Chavchavadze State University is an educational institute located in Tbilisi, Georgia. The International Black Sea University ( IBSU) was established in 1995 in Tbilisi, Georgia. The University of Georgia At the end of 2002 two professors from Tbilisi State University and Georgian Technical University, Giuli Alasania The following is a partial list of prominent people from the Republic of Georgia, arranged chronologically within categories This is a selected list of companies from the country of Georgia. An alphabetic list of prose writers and poets from the nation of Georgia. Gremi (გრემი is a 16th-century architectural monument – the royal citadel and the Church of the Archangels – in Kakheti, Georgia. The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the Statistical Yearbook of Georgia: 2007, p. 22. Tbilisi, 2008.
- ^ Parsons, Robert (2008-01-11), "Mikheil Saakashvili’s bitter victory", openDemocracy. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. net. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Cutler, David & Balmforth, Richard (2008-05-21), "Timeline – Events leading to Georgia's election", Thomson Reuters. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Thomson Reuters is an information company created by The Thomson Corporation 's purchase of Reuters on 17 April 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily.
- ^ Braund, David. Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia, 550 BC-AD 562, pp. 17-18
- ^ Wilson, Nigel Guy (2006). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. Routledge, 320. ISBN 0415973341.
- ^ "History of Georgia", by Nodar Lomouri, professor, historian
- ^ A New Theory on the Etymology of the Designations of the Georgians
- ^ Hibbert, Christopher. The House of Medici: Its Rise and Fall.
- ^ David Marshall Lang, The Georgians, (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, Inc. , 1966), 17-18.
- ^ St. Nino And The Conversion Of Georgia
- ^ Phoenix: The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus by Charles Burney , David Marshall Lang, Phoenix Press; New Ed edition (December 31, 2001)
- ^ Phoenix: The Peoples of the Hills: Ancient Ararat and Caucasus by Charles Burney, David Marshall Lang, Phoenix Press; New Ed edition (December 31, 2001)
- ^ Lives and Legends of the Georgian Saints, St Vladimirs Seminary Pr; N. e. of 2r. e. edition (March 1997) by David Marshall Lang
- ^ Sketches of Georgian Church History by Theodore Edward Dowling
- ^ Russia Hands Over Batumi Military Base to Georgia. Civil Georgia, Tbilisi. 2007-11-13.
- ^ a b c d e "Christianity and the Georgian Empire" (early history) Library of Congress, March 1994, webpage: LCweb2-ge0015.
- ^ Gvosdev (2000), p. 85
- ^ Avalov (1906), p. 186
- ^ Gvosdev (2000), p. 86
- ^ Lang (1957), p. 249
- ^ Lang (1957), p. 251
- ^ Lang (1957), p. 247
- ^ Lang (1957), p. 252
- ^ Anchabadze (2005), p. 29
- ^ Socialism in Georgian Colors: The European Road to Social Democracy, 1883-1917 by Stephen F. Jones
- ^ EurasiaNet Eurasia Insight - Georgia’s Rose Revolution: Momentum and Consolidation
- ^ * http://www.kyivpost.com/bn/24927/ - "Georgian president proposes military reserve system for defense, disaster response"
- ^ Tbilisi prepares to send Abkhaz government-in-exile to Kodori, Zaal Anjaparidze
- ^ Corruption Perceptions Index 2007. Transparency International. Transparency International ( TI) is a leading international Non-governmental organization addressing corruption Accessed on September 27, 2007
- ^ news.bbc.co.uk, Georgian leader set for poll win
- ^ redirect
- ^ Georgia's way to NATO
- ^ BBC NEWS | Europe | Bush praises Georgian democracy
- ^ Bush Heads to Europe for G - 8 Summit, The New York Times
- ^ redirect
- ^ EU, Georgia Sign ENP Action Plan, Civil Georgia, October 2, 2006. Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Endemic Species of the Caucasus
- ^ Caucasian Spiders » CHECKLISTS & MAPS
- ^ The EBDR country factsheet - [1]. Founded in 1991 the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD uses the tools of investment to help build market economies and democracies in 27 countries from central Europe
- ^ The World Bank's Economic Development and Poverty Reduction Program progress report - [2].
- ^ World Bank Economy Rankings.
- ^ IMF Mission Press Statement at the Conclusion of a Staff Visit to Georgia. June 1, 2007.
- ^ Central Bank Chief Reports on Inflation. Civil Georgia, Tbilisi. 2007-05-10.
- ^ Statement by IMF Staff Mission to Georgia, Press Release No. 06/276. December 15, 2006.
- ^ Sweet Georgia. The Financial Times - [3]
- ^ The Financial Times - Flat taxes could be a flash in the pan, IMF research says
- ^ UNTWO (June 2007). UNTWO World Tourism Barometer, Vol.5 No.2 (PDF). Retrieved on 2008-03-26. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor.
- ^ Invest in Georgia
- ^ This figure includes the territories currently out of the Georgian government's control – Abkhazia and South Ossetia – whose total population, as of 2005, is estimated by the State Department of Statistics of Georgia at 227,200 (178,000 in Abkhazia plus 49,200 in South Ossetia). The Cabinet of Georgia is an Executive council of Government ministers in Georgia. Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto South Ossetia ( or; Хуссар Ирыстон Xussar Iryston; Южная Осетия Yuzhnaya Osetiya; სამხრეთი ოსეთი Samxreti Statistical Yearbook of Georgia, 2005: Population (607kb, Microsoft Word Document).
- ^ Human Rights Watch/Helsinki, RUSSIA. THE INGUSH-OSSETIAN CONFLICT IN THE PRIGORODNYI REGION, May 1996.
- ^ The Early Church, Henry Chadwick, p. 34
- ^ Riassophore, Adrian monk. "A brief history of Orthodox Christian Georgia. " Orthodox Word, 2006: p. 11.
- ^ Riassophore, Adrian monk. "A brief history of Orthodox Christian Georgia. " Orthodox Word, 2006: p. 11.
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Georgia
- ^ Spilling, Michael. Georgia (Cultures of the world). 1997
- ^ Memorandum to the U.S. Government on Religious Violence in the Republic of Georgia (Human Rights Watch August 2001)
- ^ Georgia : in the mountains of poetry 3rd rev. ed. , Nasmyth, Peter
- ^ Studies in medieval Georgian historiography: early texts and European contexts, Rapp, Stephen
- ^ Lang David, Georgians
- ^ Lang David, Georgians
- ^ Romans erected the statue of the Iberian King Pharsman after he demonstrated Georgian training methods during his visit to Rome; Cassius Dio, Roman History, LXIX, 15. Lucius Cassius Dio Cocceianus ( Greek:) (c 155 or 163/164 to after 229 known in English as Cassius Dio, Dio Cassius, or Dio was 3
- ^ Williams, Douglas. Georgia in my Heart, 1999.
References
- Anchabadze, George: History of Georgia: A Short Sketch, Tbilisi 2005 ISBN 99928-71-59-8
- Avalov, Zurab: Prisoedinenie Gruzii k Rossii, Montvid, S. -Peterburg 1906
- Gvosdev, Nikolas K. : Imperial policies and perspectives towards Georgia: 1760-1819, Macmillan, Basingstoke 2000, ISBN 0-312-22990-9
- Lang, David M. : The last years of the Georgian Monarchy: 1658-1832, Columbia University Press, New York 1957
- Suny, Ronald Grigor: The Making of the Georgian Nation, (2nd Edition), Bloomington and Indianapolis, 1994, ISBN 0-253-35579-6
Further reading
- Bradt Guide: Georgia Tim Burford
- Claws of the Crab: Georgia and Armenia in Crisis Stephen Brook
- Enough!: The Rose Revolution in the Republic of Georgia 2003 Zurab Karumidze and James V. Wertshtor
- Georgia: A Sovereign Country in the Caucasus Roger Rosen
- Georgia in Antiquity: A History of Colchis and Transcaucasian Iberia 550 BC–AD 562 Braund, David, 1994. Clarendon Press, Oxford. ISBN 0-19-814473-3
- Georgia: In the Mountains of Poetry Peter Nasmyth
- Please Don't Call It Soviet Georgia: A Journey Through a Troubled Paradise Mary Russell
- The Georgian Feast: The Vibrant Culture and Savory Food of the Republic of Georgia Darra Goldstein
- Lonely Planet World Guide: Georgia, Armenia and Azerbaijan\
- Organized Crime and Corruption in Georgia Louise Shelley, Erik Scott, Anthony Latta, eds. Routledge: Oxford.
- Stories I Stole Wendell Steavenson
External links
- President of Georgia
- Government of Georgia
- Department of Tourism and Resorts
Wikimedia Atlas of Georgia- Georgia (country) travel guide from Wikitravel
- Wikia has a wiki on this subject: Georgia
- Georgia entry at The World Factbook
- Georgia (country) at the Open Directory Project
- Full information about (country) Georgia (In English, German, Russian and Georgian)
- Georgia News
- Georgia News
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