Geography of Pakistan
Continent	Asia
Region	Southern Asia Indian subcontinent
Coordinates	30°00'N 70°00'E
Area	Ranked 36th 880,940 km² (340,132. This article deals with the geophysical region in Asia For geopolitical treatments see South Asia. This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. 8 sq mi) 97. 13% land 2. 87 % water
Borders	Total: 6,975 km (4,334. 1 mi) Afghanistan: 2,643 km (1,642. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, 3 mi) China: 510 km (316. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National 9 mi) India: 2,910 km (1,808. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country 2 mi) Iran: 912 km (566. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. 7 mi)
Highest point	Tirich mir 7,690 m (25,230 ft)
Lowest point	Indian Ocean 0 m (0. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface 0 ft)
Longest river	Indus River
Largest lake	Manchar Lake

The geography of Pakistan is profoundly a mixture of landscapes varying from mostly plains to deserts, forests, hills and plateaus ranging from the coastal areas of the Arabian Sea in the south to the mountains of the Karakoram range in the north. The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Lake Manchar is the largest freshwater Lake in Pakistan and one of Asia 's largest The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated: Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh, and Pakistan geologically overlaps both with the Indian and the Eurasian tectonic plates where its Sindh and Punjab province lie on the north-western corner of the Indian plate while Balochistan and most of the North-West Frontier Province lies within the Eurasian plate which mainly comprises the Iranian plateau, some parts of the Middle East and central Asia. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The India or Indian Plate is a Tectonic plate that was originally a part of the ancient continent of Gondwanaland from which it split off eventually The Eurasian Plate is a Tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of Eurasia (a landmass consisting of the traditional Continents of Europe Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Balochistan, or Baluchistan, Pashto, ( Balochi, Hazara, Brahui, Sindhi, Urdu: بلوچستان The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. The Iranian Plateau, also known as the Persian plateau is a Geological formation in Southwest Asia, Southern The Middle East is a Subcontinent with no clear boundaries often used as a synonym to Near East, in opposition to Far East. Central Asia is a region of Asia from the Caspian Sea in the west to central China in the east and from southern Russia in the north to northern Pakistan in the south The northern areas and Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir lie mainly in central Asia along the edge of the Indian plate and hence are prone to severe earthquakes where the two tectonic plates collide. The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer

Pakistan is bordered by Afghanistan to the north-west and Iran to the west while People's Republic of China borders the country in the north and India to the east. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The nation is geopolitically placed within some of the most controversial regional boundaries which share disputes and have many-a-times escalated military tensions between the nations, e. g. , that of Kashmir with India and the Durand Line with Afghanistan. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir The Durand Line is the term for the 2640 kilometer (1610 mile Border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. Its western borders include the Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass that have served as traditional invasion routes between central Eurasia and the South Asia. The Khyber Pass, (also spelled Khaiber or Khaybar (درہ خیبر (altitude  m   ft is the Mountain pass that links Pakistan and Bolan Pass ( Urdu: درہ بولان Dharaa Bolan) is a Mountain pass through the Toba Kakar Range of mountains in western Pakistan For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four.

International Boundaries

International boundaries of Pakistan (non-annotated). The dotted lines are the disputed territories of Kashmir. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir

Pakistan shares its borders with four neighbouring countries – Afghanistan, China, India and Iran – adding up to about 6,975 km (4,334. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. 1 mi) in length (excluding the coastal areas).

Pakistan officially borders with Afghanistan at the Durand Line, 2,643 km (1,642. The Durand Line is the term for the 2640 kilometer (1610 mile Border between Afghanistan and Pakistan. 3 mi), which runs from the Hindu Kush and the Pamir mountains. The Hindu Kush is a Mountain range located between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The Pamir Mountains are located in Central Asia and are formed by the junction or Knot of the Tian Shan, Karakoram, Kunlun, and Its proposal was drafted by and named after the former secretary of British India Sir Henry Mortimer Durand and was acceded in 1893 by Amir Abdur Rehman, ruler of Afghanistan. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Sir Henry Mortimer Durand ( 14 February[[ 850]] Sehore Bhopal, India - 8 June 1924, Polden Somerset, England Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Mir (Мир which can mean both Peace and World, and was the name given to peasant communes in pre-revolutionary Russia was a Soviet (and When Pakistan became independent in 1947 however, the legitimacy of the demarcation was questioned and disputed upon by Afghans and the Pakhtun or Pashtun tribes. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Afghanistan claimed the border was imposed upon their weak nation by stronger influences and favoured the establishment of another separatist state to be called Pashtunistan. ^[1] The Durand Line remained disputed for years until 1994 that it was finally accepted. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) A narrow strip of Afghan-occupied Gorno-Badakhshan territory called the Wakhan Corridor extends between Pakistan and Tajikistan. "Gorno" is a portmanteau of "gore" and " porno " which refers to a Splatter film. Badakhshan ( Tajik: Бадахшон is a region comprising parts of northeastern Afghanistan and southeastern Tajikistan. The Wakhan Corridor or Wakhan Salient is a narrow (in some places less than 10 miles wide Corridor in the Wakhan in the Badakhshan province Tajikistan (təˈdʒɪkɨstæn or /təˈdʒiːkɨstæn/ Тоҷикистон tɔʤikɪsˈtɔn or, Persian تاجیکستان‎ taajikestaan officially the Republic of ^[2]

From the eastern tip of the Wakhan Corridor starts the Sino-Pak border between the People's Republic of China and Pakistan spanning about 510 km (316. Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES 9 mi). It carries on south-eastward and ends near the Karakoram Pass. The Karakoram Pass (5540 m or 18175 ft is the highest pass on the ancient caravan route between Leh in Ladakh and Yarkand in the Tarim Basin This line was determined from 1961 to 1965 in a series of agreements between China and Pakistan and finally upon 1963-03-03 both the governments, of Islamabad and Beijing, formally agreed. Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type It is understood that if the dispute over Kashmir is resolved, the border would need to be discussed upon again. ^[2]

The boundary with Iran, 912 km (566. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. 7 mi), was first delimited by a British commission in the same year as the Durand Line was demarcated, separating Iran from what was then British India's Baluchistan province. The Chief Commissioners Province of Baluchistan was a former province of British India located in the northern parts of modern Balochistan province ^[2] Modern Iran has a province named Sistan va Baluchistan that borders Pakistan and has Baluchis in an ethnic majority. Sistān o Balūchestān ( Persian: استان سیستان و بلوچستان is one of the 30 provinces of Iran. The Baloch ( بلوچ; alternative transliterations Baluch Balouch Bloach Balooch Balush Balosh Baloosh Baloush) are an Iranian people inhabiting In 1957 Pakistan signed a frontier agreement with Iran in Rawalpindi according to which the border was officially declared and the two countries haven't had this border as a subject of serious dispute at all. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar) ( Urdu: Rāwalpindī) is a city in the Potwar Plateau near Pakistan 's capital city of Islamabad, in the province In the northeastern tip of the country, Pakistan politically and militarily controls about 84,159 square kilometres of the former princely state of Jammu and Kashmir, that is geographically and culturally Islamic in nature. For other uses see Principality, Other princely states A Princely State (also called Native State or Indian State) was a ( Dogri: जम्मू और कश्मीर Urdu: جموں و کشمیر is the northernmost state of India. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. This area consists of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, a territorial strip, physically, historically, and geographically part of Pakistan, but not amalgamated constitutionally because of its anomalous sensitive status. The Azad State of Jammu and Kashmir, usually shortened to Azad Jammu and Kashmir ( AJK) or simply Azad Kashmir (literally "free It is an highly contested region territorially disputed area between Islamabad and New Delhi, along with the Indian administered Jammu and Kashmir as a whole, only to be divided by a cease-fire. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type New Delhi (नई दिल्ली ਨਵੀਂ ਦਿੱਲੀ نئی دلی is the Capital city of India. Either of the Kashmirs does not constitutionally form a part of Pakistani or Indian annexed regions of Jammu, Kashmir, and Ladakh Divisions (11,639 square kilometres) and most of the Federally Administered Northern Areas (F. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir History of Jammu Many historians and locals believe that Jammu was founded by Raja Jamboolochan in 14th century BC. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir Ladakh ( Ladakhi lad̪ɑks लदाख لدّاخ "land of high passes" is a region in the Indian state of Jammu and Kashmir between The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA A. N. A) (72,520 square kilometres), which includes Gilgit and Baltistan district. Gilgit ( Urdu: گلگت) is the capital city of the Northern Areas, Pakistan and a Tehsil (headquarters of Gilgit District Baltistan (بلتستان, also known as بلتیول (Baltiyul in the Balti language, is a region in northern Pakistan,bordering Xinjiang It is regarded as one of the most visually stunning regions of the Islamic Republic, ‘Northern Pakistan’, also popularly known as the Eighth Wonderer of the World. Islamic Republic is the name given to several states in the Muslim world including the Islamic Republics of Iran, Pakistan, Afghanistan and Mauritania Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh, and The Northern Areas has five of the world's seventeen highest peaks along with highest range of mountains the Karakoram and Himalayas. The Northern Areas ( Urdu:,) is officially referred to by the government of Pakistan as the Federally Administered Northern Areas (FANA A mountain is a Landform that extends above the surrounding Terrain in a limited area with a peak Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh, and It also has such extensive glaciers that it has sometimes been called the "Third Pole. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. see Siachen conflict for the military conflict over this area The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya " The international border-line has been a matter of pivotal dispute between Pakistan and India ever since 1947, and the Siachen Glacier in northern Kashmir has been an important arena for fighting between the two sides since 1984, although far more soldiers have died of exposure to the cold than from any skirmishes in the conflict between their National Armies facing each other. see Siachen conflict for the military conflict over this area The Siachen Glacier is located in the eastern Karakoram range in the Himalaya

The Pakistan-India cease-fire line runs from the Karakoram Pass west-southwest to a point about 130 kilometres northeast of Lahore. This line, about 770 kilometres long, was arranged with United Nations (UNO) assistance at the end of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1947-48. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The cease-fire line came into effect on January 1, 1949, after eighteen months of fighting between Indian forces and Afridi tribals which Pakistan had send to occupy Kashmir and was last adjusted and agreed upon by the two countries according to the Simla Accord Agreement of July 2, 1972 between Indira Gandhi and Bhutto. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Simla Agreement was signed between India and Pakistan at 1240am on July 3, 1972. Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Indira Priyadarshini Gandhi ( Indirā Priyadarśinī Gāndhī) ( Née: Nehru (19 November 1917 - 31 October 1984 was the Prime Minister of the Bhutto ( Sindhi: ڀُٽو Urdu:) is a Sindhi samat tribe settled in Sindh, Pakistan. Since then, it has been generally known as the Line of Control or the (LoC).

The Pakistan-India boundary continues irregularly southward for about 1,280 kilometres, following the line of the 1947 Radcliffe Award, named for Sir Cyril Radcliffe, the head of the British boundary commission on the partition of the Punjabs of Pakistan and Indian-annexed Khalistan in Pre-Pakistani territories and in united Bengal of Bharat (India) into Pakistan’s Eastern wing of Mashriq-e-Bengal on 13th August 1947. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Cyril John Radcliffe 1st Viscount Radcliffe GBE, PC (1899 - 1977 was a British lawyer and law lord most famous for his partitioning of the British Imperial Etymology and ethnology The exact origin of the word Bangla or Bengal is unknown though it is believed to be derived from the Dravidian-speaking tribe Bang Although this boundary with India referring only to present-day Pakistan and not aimed at formerly East Pakistan borders except only all three governments claiming the status of the district of Ferozpur and Pathankot between Pakistan and India. East Pakistan ( Bengali: পূর্ব পাকিস্তান Purbo Pakistan, Urdu: مشرقی پاکستان Mashriqi Pakistan) was WikipediaWikiProject Indian cities for details --> Firozpur (or Ferozepur, Ferozepore, फिरोज़पुर) is a city in Firozpur Pathankot ( Punjabi: ਪਠਾਨਕੋਟ Hindi: पठानकोट Pashto: پٹھان ڪوٽ a city and a Municipal committee in It remains another unresolved issue although it is not formally disputed; passions still run very high indeed on both sides of the international border. Many had expected the original boundary line to run farther to the west, thereby ceding the Lahore region to India, possibly granting them all of Gujranwala Division: Sialkot, Narowal, Gujrat, districts and Sheikhupura, Okara, Kasur districts of Lahore Division; and others had expected the line to run much farther east, possibly granting them control of Delhi, the imperial capital of the Mughal Empire including an east Punjab state for Sikhs of their own to govern. Gujranwala Division, once a district of Lahore Division, was an administrative division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished Narowal ( Urdu / Punjabi: نارووال) is a city in the north-east of the Punjab province of Pakistan. Gujrat ( Urdu / Punjabi:) is a city in Pakistan and is the capital of Gujrat District and the Gujrat Tehsil subdivision in Sheikhupura or Shekhupura ( Urdu: شيخوپورہ formerly Kot Dayal Das (Urdu کوٹ دیال داس is an industrial city in the Kasur ( Urdu / Punjabi:) the city of Bulleh Shah and the capital of Kasur District, is located 55 km southeast of Lahore. Districts are a type of Administrative division, in some countries managed by a Local government. Lahore Division was a former administrative division of the Punjab Province of Pakistan, until the reforms of 2000 abolished the third tier of government Delhi (दिल्ली ਦਿੱਲੀ دلی d̪ɪlːiː sometimes referred to as Dilli) is the second largest metropolis of India, with a population The Mughal Empire ( Persian and self-designation گورکانی; مغلیہ سلطنت) was an Islamic imperial power which ruled most

The southern borders are far less contentious than those in northern Pakistan (Kashmir). The Thar Desert in the province of Sindh is separated in the south from the salt flats of the Rann of Kachchh (Kutch) by a boundary that was first delineated in 1923-24. Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. After partition and dissolution of Empire, Independent and free Pakistan contested the southern boundary of Sindh, and a succession of border incidents resulted. They were less dangerous and less widespread, however, than the conflict that erupted in Kashmir in the Indo-Pakistani War of August 1965 started with this decisive core of issues. These southern hostilities were ended by British mediation during Harold Wilson’s era, and both sides accepted the award of the Indo-Pakistan Western Boundary Case Tribunal designated by the UN secretary general himself. The tribunal made its award on February 19, 1968; delimiting a line of 403 kilometres that was later demarcated by joint survey teams, Of its original claim of some 9,100 square kilometres, Pakistan was awarded only about 780 square kilometres. Beyond the western terminus of the tribunal's award, the final stretch of Pakistan's border with India is about 80 kilometres long, running west and southwest to an inlet of the Arabian Sea. The Arabian Sea ( Arabic: بحر العرب transliterated: Baḥr al-'Arab Sanskrit: सिन्धु सागर transliterated:

Geographical regions

Topography of Pakistan

Pakistan is divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands; the Indus River plain, with two major subdivisions corresponding roughly to the provinces of Punjab and Sindh; and the Balochistan Plateau. Pakistan () officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan, is a country located in South Asia, Southwest Asia, Middle East and The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The Punjab ( Urdu:) province of Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. In Geology and Earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting Some geographers designate additional major regions. For example, the mountain ranges along the western border with Afghanistan are sometimes described separately from the Balochistan Plateau, and on the eastern border with India, south of the Sutlej River, the Thar Desert may be considered separately from the Indus Plain. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River (ਸਤਲੁਜ शतद्रु or सुतुद्री, ستلج and सतलुज is the longest The Thar Desert ( Hindi: थार मरुस्थल also known as the Great Indian Desert, is Nevertheless, the country may conveniently be visualized in general terms as divided in three by an imaginary line drawn eastward from the Khyber Pass and another drawn southwest from Islamabad down the middle of the country. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Roughly, then, the northern highlands are north of the imaginary east-west line; the Balochistan Plateau is to the west of the imaginary southwest line; and the Indus Plain lies to the east of that line.

Elevation extremes:
lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m
highest point: K2 (Mt. The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface K2 is the second- highest Mountain on Earth (after Mount Everest) Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m

The northern highlands

The northern highlands include parts of the Hindu Kush, the Karakoram Range, and the Himalayas. Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh, and This area includes such famous peaks as K2 (Mount Godwin Austen, at 8,611 meters the second highest peak in the world), and Nanga Parbat (8,126 m), the twelfth highest. K2 is the second- highest Mountain on Earth (after Mount Everest) Nanga Parbat ( Urdu:) is the ninth highest Mountain on Earth. More than one-half of the summits are over 4,500 meters, and more than fifty peaks reach above 6,500 meters. Travel through the area is difficult and dangerous, although the government is attempting to develop certain areas into tourist and trekking sites. Because of their rugged topography and the rigours of the climate, the northern highlands and the Himalayas to the east have been formidable barriers to movement into Pakistan throughout history.

K2, at 8,619 metres (28,251 ft), is the world's second highest peak

South of the northern highlands and west of the Indus River plain are the Safed Koh Range along the Afghanistan border and the Sulaiman Range and Kirthar Range, which define the western extent of the province of Sindh and reach almost to the southern coast. K2 is the second- highest Mountain on Earth (after Mount Everest) The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd The lower reaches are far more arid than those in the north, and they branch into ranges that run generally to the southwest across the province Balochistan. North-south valleys in Balochistan and Sindh have restricted the migration of peoples along the Makran Coast on the Arabian Sea east toward the plains.

Several large passes cut the ranges along the border with Afghanistan. Afghanistan /æfˈgænɪstæn/ officially the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan ( Pashto: د افغانستان اسلامي جمهوریت, Among them are the Khojak Pass, about eighty kilometres northwest of Quetta in Balochistan; the Khyber Pass, forty kilometres west of Peshawar and leading to Kabul; and the Baroghil Pass in the far north, providing access to the Wakhan Corridor. ( پښور; Urdu: پشاور) is the capital of the North-West Frontier Province and the administrative centre for the Federally Administered } Kābul ( Persian and Pashto: کابل, IPA:) is the Capital and largest city of Afghanistan, with Broghol, also spelled Boroghil and several other ways (el 3798 m

Less than a one-fifth of Pakistan's land area has the potential for intensive agricultural use. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Nearly all of the arable land is actively cultivated, but outputs are low by world standards. Cultivation is sparse in the northern mountains, the southern deserts, and the western plateaus, but the Indus River basin in Punjab and northern Sindh has fertile soil that enables Pakistan to feed its population under usual climatic conditions. In Geology and Earth science, a plateau, also called a high plateau or tableland, is an area of highland, usually consisting The Indus River { Sanskrit: सिन्धु Sindhu; Urdu: urd {{Nastaliq سندھ}} Sindh; Sindhi: snd Fertility is the natural capability of giving life As a measure "Fertility Rate" is the number of children born per couple person or population

The Indus plain

Satellite image of the Indus Basin

The name Indus comes from the Sanskrit word sindhu, meaning ocean, from which also come the words Sindh, Hindu, and India. Sindh ( Sindhī: سنڌ Urdu: سندھ is one of the four provinces of Pakistan and historically is home to the Sindhis. A Hindu ( Devanagari: हिन्दू is an adherent of the philosophies and scriptures of Hinduism, a set of religious, Philosophical India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country The Indus, one of the great rivers of the world, rises in southwestern Tibet only about 160 kilometres west of the source of the Sutlej River, which joins the Indus in Punjab, and the Brahmaputra, which runs eastward before turning southwest and flowing through Bangladesh. The Brahmaputra, also called Tsangpo-Brahmaputra is a Trans-boundary river and one of the major Rivers of Asia. The catchment area of the Indus is estimated at almost 1 million square kilometres, and all of Pakistan's major rivers--the Kabul, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej--flow into it. Kabul River (or Kabal River;) classically called the Cophes (ˈkoʊˌfiːz is a river that rises in the Sanglakh Range in Afghanistan, separated "Hydaspes" redirects here For the historic battle see Battle of the Hydaspes. HeadMarala3jpg|200px|right|thumb|A View of Marala Headworks on Chenab near Sialkot]] The Chenab River (ਚਨਾਬ, चनाब چناب literally 'Moon( The Ravi River (रवि ਰਾਵੀ راوی is a River in Pakistan and India. The Sutlej River (alternatively spelled as Satluj River (ਸਤਲੁਜ शतद्रु or सुतुद्री, ستلج and सतलुज is the longest The Indus River basin is a large, fertile alluvial plain formed by silt from the Indus. This area has been inhabited by agricultural civilizations for at least 5,000 years.

Irrigation in the Punjab plains

The upper Indus Basin includes Punjab; the lower Indus Basin begins at the Panjnad River (the confluence of the eastern tributaries of the Indus) and extends south to the coast. Panjnad River ( Urdu: پنجند (panj = five nadi = river is a river in Punjab, Pakistan. In Punjab (meaning the "land of five waters") are the Indus, Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi, and Sutlej rivers. The Sutlej, however, is mostly on the Indian side of the border. In the southern part of the province of Punjab, the British attempted to harness the irrigation power of the water over 100 years ago when they established what came to be known as the Canal Colonies. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops The irrigation project, which facilitated the emergence of intensive cultivation despite arid conditions, resulted in important social and political transformations.

Satellite image of the Tarbela Dam

Pakistan has two major river dams: the Tarbela Dam on the Indus, near the early Buddhist site at Taxila, and the Mangla Dam on the Jhelum, where Punjab borders Azad Kashmir built as part of the Indus Basin Project. A dam is a barrier that divides waters. Dams generally serve the primary purpose of retaining water while other structures such as Floodgates, Levees Tarbela Dam ( Urdu: تربیلا بند) is a large dam on the Indus River in Pakistan. For the Genus of metalmark butterflies, see Taxila (butterfly. The Mangla Dam ( Urdu: منگلا بند) in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan is the twelfth largest Dam in the world. "Hydaspes" redirects here For the historic battle see Battle of the Hydaspes. The Indus Basin Project is a water control project that resulted from a treaty Indus Waters Treaty, signed between India and Pakistan in 1960 that guaranteed ^[3][4] The Warsak Dam on the Kabul River near Peshawar is smaller. These dams, along with a series of headworks and barrages built by the British and expanded since independence, are of vital importance to the national economy and played an important role in calming the raging floodwaters of 1992, which devastated large areas in the northern highlands and the Punjab plains.

The Balochistan plateau

Satellite image of the Sulaiman Range

Balochistan is located at the eastern edge of the Iranian plateau and in the border region between Southwest, Central, and South Asia. It is geographically the largest of the four provinces at 347,190 km² or (134,051 square miles) of Pakistani territory; and composes 48% of the total land area of Pakistan. The population density is very low due to the mountainous terrain and scarcity of water. The southern region is known as Makran. Makran ( Urdu / Persian: مکران) is a semi-desert coastal strip in the south of Balochistan, in Iran and Pakistan, along The central region is known as Kalat.

The Sulaiman Mountains dominate the northeast corner and the Bolan Pass is a natural route into Afghanistan towards Kandahar. The Sulaiman Mountains ( Persian, Urdu: سليمان are a major geological feature of Pakistan and one of the bordering ranges between the Iranian Much of the province south of the Quetta region is sparse desert terrain with pockets of inhabitable towns mostly near rivers and streams. ( Urdu: کوئٹہ) ( Pashto: کوټه) also spelled Kwatah City is a variation of kwatkot a Pashto word meaning “fort

This area is subject to frequent seismic disturbances because the tectonic plate under the Indian plate hits the plate under Eurasia as it continues to move northward and to push the Himalayas ever higher. Seismology (from Greek grc σεισμός seismos, "earthquake" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of Earthquakes Plate tectonics (from Greek τέκτων tektōn "builder" or "mason" describes the large scale motions of Earth 's Lithosphere The region surrounding Quetta is highly prone to earthquakes. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer A severe quake in 1931 was followed by one of more destructive force in 1935. The small city of Quetta was almost completely destroyed, and the adjacent military cantonment was heavily damaged. ( Urdu: کوئٹہ) ( Pashto: کوټه) also spelled Kwatah City is a variation of kwatkot a Pashto word meaning “fort At least 20,000 people were killed. Tremors continue in the vicinity of Quetta; the most recent major quake occurred in January 1991. ( Urdu: کوئٹہ) ( Pashto: کوټه) also spelled Kwatah City is a variation of kwatkot a Pashto word meaning “fort Far fewer people were killed in the 1991 quake than died in 1935, although entire villages in the North-West Frontier Province were destroyed. The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP ( Urdu: śimāl maġribī sarhadī sūba) is the smallest of the four main provinces of Pakistan. A major earthquake centred in the North-West Frontier Province's Kohistan District in 1965 also caused heavy damage.

Climate

Main article: Climate of Pakistan

Dust storm over Pakistan and surrounding countries, April 7, 2005

Pakistan lies in the temperate zone. The climate is mostly semiarid, but arid in the south, characterized by hot summers and cool or cold winters, and wide variations between extremes of temperature at given locations. A Semi-arid climate or steppe climate generally describes climatic regions that receive low annual Rainfall (250-500 mm or 10-20 in In general terms the Climate of a local or region is said to be arid when it is characterized by a severe lack of available Water, to the extent of hindering There is little rainfall. Rain is Liquid precipitation. On Earth it is the condensation of atmospheric Water vapor into drops heavy enough to fall often making it to These generalizations should not, however, obscure the distinct differences existing among particular locations. For example, the coastal area along the Arabian Sea is usually warm, whereas the frozen snow-covered ridges of the Karakoram Range and of other mountains of the far north are so cold year round that they are only accessible by world-class climbers for a few weeks in May and June of each year. Karakoram is a mountain range spanning the borders between Pakistan, China, and India, located in the regions of Gilgit, Ladakh, and

Pakistan has four seasons: a cool, dry winter from December through February; a hot, dry spring from March through May; the summer rainy season, or southwest monsoon period, from June through September; and the retreating monsoon period of October and November. A monsoon is a seasonal prevailing wind which lasts for several months The onset and duration of these seasons vary somewhat according to location.

The climate in the capital city of Islamabad varies from an average daily low of 2°C in January to an average daily high of 40°C in June. |name = Islamabad|native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type = Capital City |total_type Half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August, averaging about 255 millimetres in each of those two months. The remainder of the year has significantly less rain, amounting to about fifty millimetres per month. Hailstorms are common in the spring. Hail is a form of precipitation which consists of balls or irregular lumps of ice (hailstones

Pakistan's largest city, Karachi, which is also the country's industrial centre, is more humid than Islamabad but gets less rain. (ڪراچي) is the largest city in Pakistan. It is the world's second largest city proper behind Mumbai in terms of population which exceeds 10 million For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" Only July and August average more than twenty-five millimetres of rain in the Karachi area; the remaining months are exceedingly dry. The temperature is also more uniform in Karachi than in Islamabad, ranging from an average daily low of 13°C during winter evenings to an average daily high of 34°C on summer days. Although the summer temperatures do not get as high as those in Punjab, the high humidity causes the residents a great deal of discomfort.

Most areas in Punjab experience fairly cool winters, often accompanied by rain. Woolen shawls are worn by women and men for warmth because few homes are heated. A shawl ( Persian شال Shāl from Sanskrit: साडी śāṭī is a simple item of Clothing, loosely worn over the shoulders upper body and arms By mid-February the temperature begins to rise; springtime weather continues until mid-April, when the summer heat sets in. The onset of the southwest monsoon is anticipated to reach Punjab by May, but since the early 1970s the weather pattern has been irregular. The spring monsoon has either skipped over the area or has caused it to rain so hard that floods have resulted. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge June and July are oppressively hot. Although official estimates rarely place the temperature above 46°C, newspaper sources claim that it reaches 51°C and regularly carry reports about people who have succumbed to the heat. Heat records were broken in Multan in June 1993, when the mercury was reported to have risen to 54°C. ( Urdu:, Punjabi ملتان، ਮੁਲਤਾਨ is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District In August the oppressive heat is punctuated by the rainy season, referred to as barsat, which brings relief in its wake. The hardest part of the summer is then over, but cooler weather does not come until late October.

Pollution and environmental issues

Little attention was paid to pollution and environmental issues in Pakistan until the early 1990s. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in Related concerns, such as sanitation and potable water, received earlier scrutiny. Sanitation is the hygienic means of preventing human contact from the hazards of wastes to promote health In 1987 only about 6 percent of rural residents and 51 percent of urban residents had access to sanitary facilities; in 1990 a total of 97. 6 million Pakistanis, or approximately 80 percent of the population, had no access to flush toilets. See also Toilet A washroom, public toilet, public convenience, comfort room, toilet room, bathroom, water closet Greater success has been achieved in bringing potable water within reach of the people; nearly half the population enjoyed such access by 1990. However, researchers at the Pakistan Medical Research Council, recognizing that a large proportion of diseases in Pakistan are caused by the consumption of polluted water, have been questioning the "safe" classification in use in the 1990s. Even the 38 percent of the population that receives its water through pipelines runs the risk of consuming seriously contaminated water, although the problem varies by area. Pipeline transport is the transportation of goods through a pipe. In Punjab, for example, as much as 90 percent of drinking water comes from groundwater, as compared with only 9 percent in Sindh.

The central government's Perspective Plan (1988-2003) and previous five-year plans do not mention sustainable development strategies. Sustainable development is a pattern of resource use that aims to meet human needs while preserving the environment so that these needs can be met not only in the present Further, there have been no overarching policies focused on sustainable development and conservation. The state has focused on achieving self sufficiency in food production, meeting energy demands, and containing the high rate of population growth, not on curtailing pollution or other environmental hazards. Food is any substance usually composed primarily of Carbohydrates Fats water and/or Proteins that can be eaten or drunk by an In Physics and other Sciences energy (from the Greek grc ἐνέργεια - Energeia, "activity operation" from grc ἐνεργός Population growth is the change in Population over time and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population using "per unit time" for

In 1992 Pakistan's National Conservation Strategy Report attempted to redress the previous inattention to the nation's mounting environmental problem. Drawing on the expertise of more than 3,000 people from a wide array of political affiliations, the government produced a document outlining the current state of environmental health, its sustainable goals, and viable program options for the future. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions

Karachi is the financial capital of Pakistan

Of special concern to environmentalists is the diminishing forest cover in watershed regions of the northern highlands, which has only recently come under close scrutiny. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria Forest areas have been thoughtlessly denuded. Deforestation, which occurred at an annual rate of 0. 4 percent in 1989-90, has contributed directly to the severity of the flooding problem faced by the nation in the early 1990s.

As industry has expanded, factories have emitted more and more toxic effluents into the air and water. A factory (previously manufactory) or manufacturing plant is an industrial Building where workers manufacture goods Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism The number of textile and food processing mills in rural Punjab has grown greatly since the mid-1970s, resulting in pollution of its rivers and irrigation canals. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Groundwater quality throughout the country has also suffered from rapidly increasing use of pesticides and fertilizers aimed at promoting more intensive cropping and facilitating self-sufficiency in food production. Groundwater is Water located beneath the Ground surface in Soil pore spaces and in the Fractures of lithologic formations A pesticide is a substance or mixture of substances used to kill a pest. Fertilizers ( also spelt fertiliser are chemical compounds given to Plants to promote growth they are usually applied either through the soil for uptake by plant

The National Conservation Strategy Report has documented how solid and liquid excreta are the major source of water pollution in the country and the cause of widespread waterborne diseases. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly Because only just over half of urban residents have access to sanitation, the remaining urban excreta are deposited on roadsides, into waterways, or incorporated into solid waste. Additionally, only three major sewage treatment plants exist in the country; two of them operate intermittently. Much of the untreated sewage goes into irrigation systems, where the wastewater is reused, and into streams and rivers, which become sewage carriers at low-flow periods. Consequently, the vegetables grown from such wastewater have serious bacteriological contamination. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however Gastroenteritis, widely considered in medical circles to be the leading cause of death in Pakistan, is transmitted through waterborne pollutants. Gastroenteritis (also known as gastro, gastric flu, and stomach flu, although unrelated to Influenza) is Inflammation of the

Motor cycles and scooters are major polluters in the cities

Low-lying land is generally used for solid waste disposal, without the benefit of sanitary landfill methods. The National Conservation Strategy has raised concerns about industrial toxic wastes also being dumped in municipal disposal areas without any record of their location, quantity, or toxic composition. Another important issue is the contamination of shallow groundwater near urban industries that discharge wastes directly into the ground. Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in

Water in Karachi is so contaminated that almost all residents boil it before consuming it. Boil or furuncle is a skin disease caused by the infection of Hair follicles resulting in the localized accumulation of Pus and dead tissue Because sewerage and water lines have been laid side by side in most parts of the city, leakage is the main cause of contamination. High levels of lead also have been found in water in Islamabad and Rawalpindi. Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly

Air pollution has also become a major problem in most cities. There are no controls on vehicular emissions, which account for 90 percent of pollutants. The National Conservation Strategy Report claims that the average Pakistani vehicle emits twenty-five times as much carbon monoxide, twenty times as many hydrocarbons, and more than three and one-half times as much nitrous oxide in grams per kilometer as the average vehicle in the United States. Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Nitrous oxide, commonly known as " laughing gas," is a Chemical compound with the Chemical formula N 2 O.

Another major source of pollution, not mentioned in the National Conservation Strategy Report, is noise. is a one volume manga created by Tsutomu Nihei as a prequel to his ten-volume work Blame!. The hyper-urbanisation experienced by Pakistan since the 1960s has resulted in loose controls for heavy equipment operation in densely populated areas, as well as in crowded streets filled with buses, trucks, automobiles, and motorcycles, which often honk at each other and at the horse-drawn tongas (used for transporting people) and the horse-drawn rehras (used for transporting goods). MotorCycle is the title of a 1993 album by Rock band Daniel Amos, released on BAI Records. The rehras is the evening Prayer of the Sikhs. It is recited at the end of a working day

Natural hazards: frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)

Environment - current issues: water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural fresh water resources; a majority of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Climate change

New data from millennium-long tree-ring analyses are indicating that mountains in northern Pakistan have grown significantly wetter over the past century than they have been over the last millennium — quite possibly due to human-induced global warming. An earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy in the Earth 's crust that creates Seismic waves Earthquakes are recorded with a Seismometer In Karakoram and Himalaya mountains in northern Pakistan, the upper reaches of the Indus Valley (which supplies the world's largest irrigation network), a group of researchers collected samples of Juniper tree rings that dated back as far as 828 CE. ^[5]

National conservation goals

The National Conservation Strategy Report has three explicit objectives: conservation of natural resources, promotion of sustainable development, and improvement of efficiency in the use and management of resources. It sees itself as a "call for action" addressed to central and provincial governments, businesses, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), local communities, and individuals. The primary agricultural nonpoint source pollutants are nutrients (particularly nitrogen and phosphorus), sediment, animal wastes, pesticides, and salts. Agricultural nonpoint sources enter surface water through direct surface runoff or through seepage to ground water that discharges to a surface water outlet. Various farming activities result in the erosion of soil particles. The sediment produced by erosion can damage fish habitat and wetlands and, in addition, often transports excess agricultural chemicals resulting in contaminated runoff. This runnoff in turn affects changes to aquatic habitat such as temperature increases and decreased oxygen. The most common sources of excess nutrients in surface water from nonpoint sources are chemical fertilizers and manure from animal facilities. Such nutrients cause eutrophication in surface water. Pesticides used for pest control in agricultural operations can also contaminate surface as well as ground-water resources. Return flows, runoff, and leachate from irrigated lands may transport sediment, nutrients, salts, and other materials. Finally, improper grazing practices in riparian, as well as upland areas, can also cause water quality degradationable development of Pakistan is viewed as a multigenerational enterprise. In seeking to transform attitudes and practices, the National Conservation Strategy recognizes that two key changes in values are needed: the restoration of the conservation ethic derived from Islamic moral values, called qanaat, and the revival of community spirit and responsibility, haquq-ul-abad. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation.

The National Conservation Strategy Report recommends fourteen program areas for priority implementation: maintaining soils in croplands, increasing efficiency of irrigation, protecting watersheds, supporting forestry and plantations, restoring rangelands and improving livestock, protecting water bodies and sustaining fisheries, conserving biodiversity, increasing energy efficiency, developing and deploying renewable resources, preventing or decreasing pollution, managing urban wastes, supporting institutions to manage common resources, integrating population and environmental programs, and preserving the cultural heritage. Irrigation is an artificial application of water to the soil usually for assisting in growing crops It identifies sixty-eight specific programs in these areas, each with a long-term goal and expected outputs and physical investments required within ten years. Special attention has been paid to the potential roles of environmental NGOs, women's organizations, and international NGOs in working with the government in its conservation efforts. Recommendations from the National Conservation Strategy Report are incorporated in the Eighth Five-Year Plan (1993-98).

In a recent study conducted by Global CLEAN campaign, it was found that the average temperature in Pakistan had risen by . 2 degrees in only 2 years, This is a dramatic change and puts emphisys on Climate Change Campaigns.

Natural resources

Pakistan's principal natural resources are arable land, water, and extensive natural gas and oil reserves. Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions About 28% of Pakistan's total land area is under cultivation and is watered by one of the largest irrigation systems in the world. The most important crops are cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, maize, sorghum, millets, pulses, oil seeds, barley, fish, fruits and vegetables, which together account for more than 75% of the value of total crop output. Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Sorghum is a genus of numerous species of grasses, some of which are raised for grain and many of which are used as Fodder plants either cultivated or as part In Medicine, a person's pulse is the throbbing of their arteries. Barley ( Hordeum vulgare) is an annual Cereal Grain, which serves as a major animal Feed crop, with smaller amounts used for Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however Pakistan also exports wood, cement, tiles, marbles, cotton textiles, leather goods, sports goods, surgical instruments, electrical appliances, carpets, rugs and hides & skins. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs In the most general sense of the word a cement is a binder a substance which sets and hardens independently and can bind other materials together A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as Ceramic, stone, metal or even Glass. Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process Sport is an Activity that is governed by a set of rules or Customs and often engaged in competitively Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental A carpet is any loom-woven felted textile or grass floor covering The skin is the outer covering of living tissue of an animal (or plant The Salt Range in Punjab Province has large deposits of pure salt. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Pakistan has extensive energy resources, including fairly sizable natural gas reserves, oil reserves, coal, gypsum, limestone, chromites, iron ore, rock salt, silver, gold, precious stones, gems, marbles, tiles, copper, sulphur, Fire clay, silica sand and large hydropower potential. Gypsum is a very soft Mineral composed of Calcium sulfate dihydrate with the Chemical formula Ca[[sulfur S]] O 4·2 Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Chromite is iron magnesium chromium oxide (Fe MgCr2O4 It is an Oxide Mineral belonging to the Spinel group Iron ores are rocks and Minerals from which Metallic Iron can be economically extracted Halite is the Mineral form of Sodium chloride, Na[[chlorine Cl]] commonly known as rock salt. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as Ceramic, stone, metal or even Glass. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16 Fire clay is a specific kind of Clay used in the manufacture of Ceramics especially Fire brick. Hydropower, hydraulic power or water power is power that is derived from the Force or Energy of moving water which may However, the exploitation of energy resources has been slow due to a shortage of capital and domestic and international political constraints.

Mango trees growing in Multan

Land use

Land use:
arable land: 27%
permanent crops: 1%
permanent pastures: 6%
forests and woodland: 5%
other: 61% (1993 est. ( Urdu:, Punjabi ملتان، ਮੁਲਤਾਨ is a city in the Punjab Province of Pakistan and capital of Multan District )

Irrigated land: 171,100 km² (1993 est. )

International agreements

Pakistan is a party to several international agreements related to environment and climate, the most prominent among them are:

See also

• List of mountains in Pakistan
• Mountain ranges of Pakistan

Citation

References

• Brecher, Michael & Jonathan Wilkenfeld (1997), A Study of Crisis, University of Michigan Press, ISBN 0-47210-806-9, <http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=GjY7aV_6FPwC&client=firefox-a>

Further reading

External links

• Wikimedia Atlas of Pakistan