Gabriel García Márquez
García Márquez during a visit to Valledupar, Colombia (c. Valledupar is a city and municipality in northeastern Colombia, capital of the Department of Cesar founded in 1550 by Spanish Conqueror Hernando de Santana 1984).
Born	March 6, 1927 (1927-03-06) (age 81) Aracataca, Magdalena, Colombia
Occupation	novelist, short-story writer, and journalist. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Aracataca (colloquially sometimes referred to as " Cataca " is a municipality located in the Department of Magdalena, Colombia 's Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. Employment is a Contract between two parties, one being the employer and the other being the employee. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends
Nationality	Colombia
Notable award(s)	Nobel Prize in Literature 1982
Signature

Gabriel José de la Concordia García Márquez (born March 6, 1927^[1]) is a Colombian novelist, short-story writer, screenwriter and journalist. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such Screenwriters or scenarists are Scriptwriters who write the Screenplays from which Films and Television programs are made A journalist (also called a newspaperman) is a person who practices Journalism, the gathering and dissemination of information about current events trends García Márquez, familiarly known as "Gabo" in his native country, is one of Latin America's most famous writers. He is considered one of the most significant authors of the 20th century, and in 1982 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature. The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred In his early years he was strongly influenced by his grandfather who raised him. As he grew, he pursued a highly self-directed education that resulted in his quitting law school in order to begin a career in journalism. Early in this career he demonstrated he had no inhibitions to be critical of politics within Colombia and beyond. In 1958, he married Mercedes Barcha and they have since had two sons together.

He started out as a journalist, and has written many acclaimed non-fiction works, and short stories, but is best-known for his novels, such as One Hundred Years of Solitude (1967) and Love in the Time of Cholera (1985). A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that was first Love in the Time of Cholera (El amor en los tiempos del cólera is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez He has achieved significant critical acclaim and widespread commercial success, most notably for popularizing a literary style labeled as magical realism in which he uses certain magical elements and events in order to explain real experiences. Magic realism, or magical realism, is an artistic Genre in which magical elements or illogical scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or even "normal" Some of his works take place in a fictional village called Macondo, and most of them express the theme of solitude.

Biography

Early life

Billboard of Gabriel García Márquez in Aracataca. Aracataca (colloquially sometimes referred to as " Cataca " is a municipality located in the Department of Magdalena, Colombia 's It reads: "I feel like an American from whatever country, but I have never renounced the nostalgia of my homeland: Aracataca, to which I returned one day and discovered that between the reality and the nostalgia was the primary material for my work". —Gabriel García Márquez

Gabriel García Márquez was born on March 6, 1927 in the town of Aracataca, Colombia, to Gabriel Eligio García and Luisa Santiaga Márquez in the house of his maternal grandparents. Events 1079 - Omar Khayyám completes the Iranian calendar. 1454 - Thirteen Years' War: Delegates of Year 1927 ( MCMXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Aracataca (colloquially sometimes referred to as " Cataca " is a municipality located in the Department of Magdalena, Colombia 's Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. ^[2][3] Soon after García Márquez was born, his father quit telegraph operating and became a pharmacist. In January 1929 his parents moved to Baranquilla^[4][5] while García Marquez stayed in Aracataca. He was raised by his maternal grandparents, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán and Colonel Nicolás Ricardo Márquez Mejía. ^[4][6] When he was eight, his grandfather died, and he moved to his parents' home in Barranquilla where his father owned a pharmacy. ^[7][8]

When his parents fell in love their relationship met with resistance from Luisa Santiaga Marquez's father, the Colonel. Gabriel Eligio García was not exactly the man the Colonel had envisioned winning the heart of his daughter: he was a Conservative, and had the reputation of being a womanizer. The Colombian Conservative Party (Partido Conservador Colombiano is a conservative, Right wing / Center right, Colombian political party ^[9][10] Gabriel Eligio wooed Luisa with violin serenades, love poems, countless letters—and even telegraph messages after her father sent her away with the intention of separating the young couple. Her parents tried everything to get rid of the man, but he kept coming back, and it was obvious their daughter was committed to him. ^[9] Her family finally capitulated and gave her permission to marry him. ^[11][12] (The tragicomic story of their courtship would later be adapted and recast as Love in the Time of Cholera. Love in the Time of Cholera (El amor en los tiempos del cólera is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez ^[10][13])

Since García Márquez's parents were more or less strangers to him for the first few years of his life,^[4] his grandparents influenced his early development very strongly. ^[14][15] His grandfather, who he called "Papalelo",^[14] was a Liberal veteran of the Thousand Days War. The Colombian Liberal Party ( Spanish: Partido Liberal Colombiano PLC is a social liberal - social democratic party in Colombia. The Thousand Days War ( 1899 - 1902) (Spanish Guerra de los Mil Días) was a civil armed conflict in the newly created Republic of Colombia, (including ^[16] The Colonel was considered a hero by Colombian Liberals and was highly respected. ^[17] He was well-known for his refusal to remain silent about the banana massacres that took place the year García Márquez was born. The Banana massacre, in Spanish Matanza de las bananeras or Masacre de las bananeras was a massacre of workers for the United Fruit Company that occurred ^[18] The Colonel, whom García Márquez has described as his "umbilical cord with history and reality",^[5] was also an excellent storyteller because of his unusual past. ^[19] He taught García Márquez lessons from the dictionary, took him to the circus each year, and was the first to introduce his grandson to ice—a "miracle" found at the United Fruit Company store. The United Fruit Company was a major United States Corporation that traded tropical Fruit (primarily Bananas and Pineapples grown ^[20] He would also occasionally tell his young grandson "You can't imagine how much a dead man weighs",^[21][22] reminding him that there was no greater burden than to have killed a man, a lesson that García Márquez would later integrate into his novels.

García Márquez's political and ideological views were shaped by his grandfather's stories. ^[21] In an interview, García Márquez told his friend Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza, "my grandfather the Colonel was a Liberal. My political ideas probably came from him to begin with because, instead of telling me fairy tales when I was young, he would regale me with horrifying accounts of the last civil war that free-thinkers and anti-clerics waged against the Conservative government. "^[23][24] This influenced his political views and his literary technique so that "in the same way that his writing career initially took shape in conscious opposition to the Colombian literary status quo, García Márquez's socialist and anti-imperialist views are in principled opposition to the global status quo dominated by the United States". ^[25]

García Márquez's grandmother, Doña Tranquilina Iguarán Cotes, played an equally influential role in his upbringing. He was inspired by the way she "treated the extraordinary as something perfectly natural. "^[7] The house was filled with stories of ghosts and premonitions, omens and portents^[26] —all of which were studiously ignored by her husband. ^[14] According to García Márquez she was "the source of the magical, superstitious and supernatural view of reality". ^[5] He enjoyed his grandmother's unique way of telling stories. No matter how fantastic or improbable her statements, she always delivered them as if they were the irrefutable truth. It was a deadpan style that, some thirty years later, heavily influenced her grandson's most popular novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude. One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that was first ^[27]

Education

In 1940, García Márquez left his family who had moved a year earlier to Sucre in order to begin his secondary school education at the Jesuit boarding school San José in Barranquilla. Barranquilla, an industrial portuary and special district is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea. ^[28][29] At San José he took advantage of his first chance to publish his words in the school magazine Juventud. ^[30] On one of his trips to visit his parents in Sucre he met Mercedes Barcha at a student dance, and knew right away that he intended to marry her when they were both finished with their studies. ^[31]

In 1943, he was awarded a scholarship to attend a private school, the Liceo Nacional de Varones in Zipaquirá, a city thirty miles north of Bogotá. Zipaquirá is a municipality and city of Colombia in the department of Cundinamarca Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá ^[3][32] In an interview, García Márquez noted,"My literary background was basically in poetry, but bad poetry . . . I started out with the poetry that appeared in grammar books. I realized that what I most liked was poetry and what I most hated was Spanish class, grammar. "^[33] During this period García Márquez also read a wide variety of European classics in addition to Spanish and Colombian literature. ^[3][34]

If I had nothing to do and to avoid getting bored I'd hole up at the school library, where they had the Aldeana collection. I read the whole thing! . . . From volume one to the last! I read El carnero, memoirs, reminiscences . . . I read it all! Of course, when I reached my last year in secondary school, I knew more than the teacher did. ^[34]

After graduation, he began to attend law school in Bogotá at the National University of Colombia in 1947. National University of Colombia (Universidad Nacional de Colombia also referred to as UN, is a public, Coeducational Research University ^[3][35] While in Bogotá, García Márquez discovered most of his literary influences through a program of self-directed reading. Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka was one work which particularly inspired him to write. Metamorphosis is a Biological process by which an Animal physically develops after Birth or hatching involving a conspicuous and relatively He was excited by the idea that one could write acceptable literature in this untraditional style that was so similar to his grandmother's stories which "inserted bizarre events into an ordinary setting and related those anomalies as if they were just another aspect of everyday life". ^[36] He was now more inspired to be a writer than ever before. ^[37] Soon after, his first published story La tercera resignación appeared in the September 13, 1947 edition of the newspaper El Espectador. Events 509 BC - The Temple of Jupiter on Rome 's Capitoline Hill is dedicated on the ides of September Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. History Since its foundation El Espectador acted as a speaker for Colombian Liberal Party, at the time opposed to the administrations of the conservative ^[38]

Although his passion was now only to write, he continued to attend law school in 1948 in order to please his father. ^[39] During the riots on April 9, 1948 in Bogotá the university closed indefinitely and his boarding house burnt down. Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[3] García Márquez transferred to the University of Cartagena in 1948. ^[3] By 1950, he gave up on the idea of becoming a lawyer to focus on journalism. He moved back to Barranquilla to write for the El Heraldo newspaper. El Heraldo is a Newspaper based in the city of Barranquilla in northern Colombia. ^[40] In his autobiography, he discusses this transition: "I had left the university a year before with the rash hope that I could earn a living in journalism and literature without any need to learn them, inspired by a sentence I believe I had read in George Bernard Shaw, 'From a very early age I've had to interrupt my education to go to school. George Bernard Shaw ( (26 July 1856 &ndash 2 November 1950 was an Irish Playwright. '"^[41] Although García Márquez never finished university, Columbia University in New York awarded him an honorary doctorate of letters in 1971. Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. ^[42]

Journalism

García Márquez began his career as a journalist while studying law in university. In 1948 and 1949 he wrote for El Universal in Cartagena. El Universal is a regional newspaper based in Cartagena de Indias, Colombia. Cartagena de Indias (kaɾtaˈhena ð̞e ˈin̪d̪jas in Spanish; the usual English pronunciation is ˌkɑrtəˈheɪnə deɪ ˈɪndiəs is a large city Later, from 1950 until 1952, he wrote a "whimsical column under the name of "Septimus" for the local paper El Heraldo in Barranquilla. El Heraldo is a Newspaper based in the city of Barranquilla in northern Colombia. Barranquilla, an industrial portuary and special district is a city and municipality located in northern Colombia by the Caribbean sea. ^[43] García Márquez noted of his time at El Heraldo, "I'd write a piece and they'd pay me three pesos for it, and maybe an editorial for another three. "^[44] During this time he became an active member of the informal group of writers and journalists known as the Barranquilla Group, an association that provided great motivation and inspiration for his literary career. The Barranquilla Group was the name given to the group of Writers Journalists and Philosophers who congregated in the Colombian city in the middle He worked with inspirational figures such as Ramon Vinyes, who García Márquez depicted as an Old Catalan who owns a bookstore in One Hundred Years of Solitude. ^[45] At this time, García Márquez was also introduced to the works of writers such as Virginia Woolf and William Faulkner. (Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941 was an English Novelist and Essayist, regarded as one of the foremost William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner) ( September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American Author Faulkner's narrative techniques, historical themes and use of provincial locations influenced Latin American authors. ^[46] The environment of Barranquilla gave García Márquez a world-class literary education and provided him with a unique perspective on Caribbean culture. From 1954 to 1955, García Márquez spent time in Bogotá and regularly wrote for Bogotá's El Espectador. Bogotá —officially named Bogotá DC (DC for " Distrito Capital " which means "Capital District" formerly called Santa Fe de Bogotá History Since its foundation El Espectador acted as a speaker for Colombian Liberal Party, at the time opposed to the administrations of the conservative He was a regular film critic which drove his interest in film.

The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor

Main article: The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor

Ending in controversy, his last domestically-written editorial for El Espectador was a series of fourteen news articles^[40][47] in which he revealed the hidden story of how a Colombian Navy vessel's shipwreck "occurred because the boat contained a badly stowed cargo of contraband goods that broke loose on the deck. The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor (original Spanish-language title Relato de un náufrago) is a work of Non-fiction by Colombian "^[48] García Márquez compiled this story through interviews with a young sailor who survived the shipwreck. ^[47] The publication of the articles resulted in public controversy, as they discredited the official account of the events, which had blamed a storm for the shipwreck and glorified the surviving sailor.

In response to this controversy El Espectador sent García Márquez away to Europe to be a foreign correspondent. ^[49] He wrote about his experiences for El Independiente which was later shut down by Colombian authorities. Track listing Intro (El Independiente No Hay Wondering Why Cemento (feat ^[46] García Márquez's background in journalism provided a foundational base for his writing career. Literary critic Bell-Villada noted, "Owing to his hands on experiences in journalism, García Márquez is of all the great living authors the one who is closest to everyday reality. "^[50]

Marriage and family

Since García Márquez had met Mercedes Barcha they had been waiting to finish school in order to get married. When he was sent to Europe as a foreign correspondent Mercedes waited for him to return to Barranquilla so that they could finally wed in 1958. ^[51][52] The following year, their first son, Rodrigo García, who is now a television and film director, was born. Rodrigo Garcia (born 1959 Bogotá, Colombia) is a Colombian television and Film director. ^[52] In 1961 the family traveled by Greyhound bus throughout the southern United States and eventually settled in Mexico City. Greyhound Lines is an intercity Common carrier of passengers by Bus serving over 3700 destinations in the United States. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico ^[53] García Márquez had wanted to see the Southern United States because it had inspired the writings of William Faulkner. William Faulkner (born William Cuthbert Falkner) ( September 25, 1897 – July 6, 1962) was an American Author ^[54] Three years later the couple's second son, Gonzalo, was born in Mexico. ^[55] Gonzalo is currently a graphic designer and he still lives in Mexico City. ^[54]

Leaf Storm

Main article: Leaf Storm

Leaf Storm (La Hojarasca) is García Márquez's first novella and was published in 1955. Leaf Storm is the common translation for Gabriel García Márquez 's Novella La Hojarasca (The title also refers rather ironically García Márquez notes that "of all that he had written (as of 1973), Leaf Storm was his favorite because he felt that it was the most sincere and spontaneous. "^[56] All the events of the novel take place in one room, during a half-hour period on Wednesday September 12, 1928. Events 1213 - Albigensian Crusade: Simon de Montfort 5th Earl of Leicester, defeats Peter II of Aragon at the Year 1928 ( MCMXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It is the story of an old colonel (similar to García Márquez's own grandfather) who tries to give a proper Christian burial to an unpopular French doctor. The colonel is supported only by his daughter and grandson. The novel explores the child's first experience with death by following his stream of consciousness. As well, the book reveals the perspective of Isabel, the Colonel's daughter, which provides a feminine point of view. ^[40]

One Hundred Years of Solitude

Main article: One Hundred Years of Solitude

Since García Márquez was eighteen, he had wanted to write a novel based on his grandparents' house where he grew up. One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that was first However, he struggled with finding an appropriate tone and put off the idea until one day the answer hit him while driving his family to Acapulco. Acapulco (Officially Acapulco de Juárez) is a City and major sea port in the state of Guerrero on the Pacific coast He turned the car around and the family returned home so he could begin writing. He sold his car so his family would have money to live off of while he wrote, but writing the novel took far longer than he expected, he wrote everyday for eighteen months. His wife had to ask for food on credit from their butcher and their baker as well as nine months of rent on credit from their landlord. ^[57] Fortunately, when the book was finally published in 1967 it became his most commercially successful novel, One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad) (1967; English translation by Gregory Rabassa 1970). Translation is the interpreting of the meaning of a text and the subsequent production of an equivalent text likewise called a " translation Gregory Rabassa (born 9 March 1922) is a renowned literary translator from Spanish and Portuguese to English The story chronicles several generations of the Buendía family from the time they found the fictional South American village Macondo through their trials and tribulations, instances of incest, births, and deaths. Macondo is a fictional town described in Gabriel García Márquez 's Novel One Hundred Years of Solitude. The history of Macondo is often generalized by critics to represent rural towns throughout Latin America or at least near García Márquez's native Aracataca. Aracataca (colloquially sometimes referred to as " Cataca " is a municipality located in the Department of Magdalena, Colombia 's ^[58][59]

This novel was widely popular and led to García Márquez's nobel prize as well as the Rómulo Gallegos Prize in 1972. The Rómulo Gallegos International Novel Prize ( Spanish: Premio internacional de novela Rómulo Gallegos was created on 6 August 1964 by William Kennedy has called it "the first piece of literature since the Book of Genesis that should be required reading for the entire human race,"^[60] and hundreds of articles and books of literary critique have been published in response to it. William Joseph Kennedy (born January 16, 1928) is an American Writer and Journalist born and raised in Albany New York However, García Márquez himself does not completely understand the success of this particular book: "Most critics don't realize that a novel like One Hundred Years of Solitude is a bit of a joke, full of signals to close friends; and so, with some pre-ordained right to pontificate they take on the responsibility of decoding the book and risk making terrible fools of themselves. "^[59]

Fame

García Márquez signing a copy of One Hundred Years of Solitude in Havana, Cuba. One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that was first Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la

After writing One Hundred Year of Solitude García Márquez returned to Europe, this time bringing along his family, to live in Barcelona, Spain for seven years. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia ^[55] The international recognition García Márquez earned with the publication of the novel led to his ability to act as a facilitator in several negotiations between the Colombian government and the guerrillas, including the former 19th of April Movement and the current FARC and ELN organizations. A facilitator is someone who helps a group of people understand their common objectives and assists them to plan to achieve them without taking a particular position in the discussion The 19th of April Movement, "Movimiento 19 de Abril" or M-19, was a Colombian guerrilla movement The Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia – People’s Army (Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia – Ejército del Pueblo also known by the Acronym of National Liberation Army (Ejército de Liberación Nacional ELN is a Revolutionary Marxist, Insurgent guerrilla group that has been operating ^[61][62] The popularity of his writing also led to friendships with powerful leaders, including one with former Cuban president Fidel Castro, which has been analyzed in Gabo and Fidel: Portrait of a Friendship. Fidel Alejandro Castro Ruz (born August 13 1926 is a Cuban revolutionary leader who was prime minister of Cuba from December 1959 to December 1976 and then president until ^[63] In an interview with Claudia Dreifus in 1982 García Márquez notes his relationship with Castro is mostly based on literature: “Ours is an intellectual friendship. It may not be widely known that Fidel is a very cultured man. When we’re together, we talk a great deal about literature. ”^[64]

Also due to his newfound fame and his outspoken views on U. S. imperialism he was labeled as a subversive and for many years was denied visas by U. S. immigration authorities. ^[65] However, after Bill Clinton was elected U. William Jefferson "Bill" Clinton (born William Jefferson Blythe III, August 19 1946 served as the forty-second President of the United States S. president, he finally lifted the travel ban and claimed that García Márquez's One Hundred Years of Solitude was his favorite novel. One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that was first ^[66]

Autumn of the Patriarch

Main article: Autumn of the Patriarch

García Márquez was inspired to write a dictator novel when he witnessed the flight of Venezuelan dictator Marcos Pérez Jiménez. The Autumn of the Patriarch (original Spanish title El otoño del patriarca) is a novel written by Gabriel García Márquez in 1975 The dictator novel ( novela del dictador) is a genre of Latin American literature that challenges the role of the Dictator in Latin American society Marcos Pérez Jiménez ( April 25, 1914 &ndash September 20, 2001) was a soldier and President of Venezuela from 1952 He shares, "it was the first time we had seen a dictator fall in Latin America. "^[67] García Márquez began writing Autumn of the Patriarch (El otoño del patriarca) in 1968 and said it was finished in 1971; however, he continued to embellish the dictator novel until 1975 when it was published in Spain. The dictator novel ( novela del dictador) is a genre of Latin American literature that challenges the role of the Dictator in Latin American society ^[68] According to García Márquez, the novel is a "poem on the solitude of power"^[69] as it follows the life of an eternal dictator known as the General. The novel is developed through a series of anecdotes related to the life of the General, which do not appear in chronological order. ^[70] Although the exact location of the story is not pin-pointed in the novel, the imaginary country is situated somewhere in the Caribbean. ^[71]

García Márquez gave his own explanation of the plot:

My intention was always to make a synthesis of all the Latin American dictators, but especially those from the Caribbean. Nevertheless, the personality of Juan Vicente Gomez [of Venezuela] was so strong, in addition to the fact that he exercised a special fascination over me, that undoubtedly the Patriarch has much more of him than anyone else. ^[71]

Pledge

After Autumn of the Patriarch was published the Garcia Marquez family moved from Barcelona to Mexico City. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico ^[55] and García Márquez pledged not to publish again until the Chilean Dictator Augusto Pinochet was deposed. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November However, he ultimately published Chronicle of a Death Foretold while Pinochet was still in power as he "could not remain silent in the face of injustice and repression. "^[72]

Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Main article: Chronicle of a Death Foretold

Chronicle of a Death Foretold (Crónica de una muerte anunciada) recreates a murder that took place in Sucre, Colombia in 1951. Chronicle of a Death Foretold (original Spanish title Crónica de una muerte anunciada) is a Novella by Gabriel García The character named Santiago Nasar is based on a good friend from García Márquez's childhood, Cayetano Gentile Chimento. ^[73] Pelayo classifies this novel as a combination of journalism, realism and detective story. ^[74]

The plot of the novel revolves around Santiago Nasar's murder. The narrator acts as a detective, uncovering the events of the murder second by second. ^[75] Literary critic Ruben Pelayo notes that the story "unfolds in an inverted fashion. Instead of moving forward. . . the plot moves backwards. "^[76] In the first chapter, the narrator tells the reader exactly who killed Santiago Nasar and the rest of the book is left to unfold why.

Chronicle of a Death Foretold was published in 1981, just one year before García Márquez was winner of 1982's Nobel Prize in Literature. ^[73] The novel was also adapted into a film by Spanish director Francesco Rossi in 1987. ^[75]

Love in the Time of Cholera

Main article: Love in the Time of Cholera

Love in the Time of Cholera (El amor en los tiempos del cólera) was first published in 1985. Love in the Time of Cholera (El amor en los tiempos del cólera is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez It is considered a nontraditional love story as "lovers find love in their 'golden years'- in their seventies, when death is all around them". ^[77]

Love in the Time of Cholera is based on the stories of two couples. The young love of Fermina Daza and Florentino Ariza is based on the love affair of García Márquez's parents. ^[78] However, as García Márquez explains in an interview: “The only difference is [my parents] married. And as soon as they were married, they were no longer interesting as literary figures. ”^[78] The love of old people is based on a newspaper story about the death of two Americans, who were almost 80 years old, who met every year in Acapulco. They were out in a boat one day and were murdered by the boatman with his oars. García Márquez notes, “Through their death, the story of their secret romance became known. I was fascinated by them. They were each married to other people. ”^[79]

Illness

In 1999, García Márquez was diagnosed with lymphatic cancer. Lymphoma a type of Neoplasm that originates in Lymphocytes (a type of White blood cell in the vertebrate Immune system) ^[66] Chemotherapy provided by a hospital in Los Angeles proved to be successful, and the illness went into remission. Chemotherapy, in its most general sense refers to treatment of disease by chemicals that kill cells specifically those of micro-organisms or Cancer. ^[66][80] This event prompted García Márquez to begin writing his memoirs: "I reduced relations with my friends to a minimum, disconnected the telephone, canceled the trips and all sorts of current and future plans", he told El Tiempo, the Colombian newspaper, ". . . and locked myself in to write every day without interruption. "^[80] In 2002, three years later, he published Living to Tell the Tale (Vivir para Contarla), the first volume in a trilogy of memoirs. Living to Tell the Tale (original Spanish-language title Vivir para contarla) is the first volume of the Autobiography of Gabriel ^[80]

In 2000, his impending death was incorrectly reported by Peruvian daily newspaper La República. La República is also a Newspaper in numerous other countries The next day other newspapers republished his alleged farewell poem, "La Marioneta" but shortly afterwards García Márquez denied being the author of the poem, which was determined to be the work of a Mexican ventriloquist. ^[81][82]

Recent works

In 2002, García Márquez published the memoir Vivir para contarla, the first of a projected three-volume autobiography. Edith Grossman's English translation, Living to Tell the Tale, was published in November 2003. Edith Grossman (born March 22, 1936) is an award-winning American Translator specializing in English versions of Spanish language Living to Tell the Tale (original Spanish-language title Vivir para contarla) is the first volume of the Autobiography of Gabriel ^[83] As of March 2008 his most recent novel is Memories of My Melancholy Whores (Memoria de mis putas tristes), a love story that follows the romance of a 90-year old man and a drugged, pubescent concubine, that was published in October 2004. Memories of My Melancholy Whores (original Spanish-language title Memoria de mis putas tristes is a Novella by Gabriel García This book caused controversy in Iran, where it was banned after the initial 5,000 copies were printed and sold. ^[84][85]

In May 2008, despite the fact that García Márquez had earlier declared that he "had finished with writing", it was announced that the author was now finishing a new novel, "a novel of love" that had yet to be given a title, to be published by the end of the year. ^[86]

Film

Critics often describe the language that García Márquez's imagination produces as visual or graphic,^[87] and he himself explains each of his stories is inspired by "a visual image,"^[88] so it comes as no surprise that he has a long and involved history with film. He is a film critic, he founded and served as executive director of the Film Institute in Havana,^[87] was the Head of the Latin American Film Foundation, and has written several screenplays. ^[46] For his first script he worked with Carlos Fuentes on Juan Rulfo's El gallo de oro. Carlos Fuentes Macías (born March 11,1928 is a Mexican writer and one of the best-known living novelists and essayists in the Spanish -speaking world ^[87] His other screenplays include the films Tiempo de Morir (1966) and Un senor muy viejo con unas alas enormes (1988), as well as the television series Amores Difíciles (1991). ^[87][89]

García Márquez also originally wrote his Eréndira as a screenplay. However, this version was lost and replaced by the novella. Nonetheless, he worked on rewriting the script in collaboration with Ruy Guerra and the film was released in Mexico in 1983. Ruy Alexandre Guerra Coelho Pereira is a Film director, Screenwriter, Film editor, and Actor in Brazil. ^[90]

Several of his stories have inspired other writers and directors. In 1987, the Italian director Francesco Rosi directed the movie Cronaca di una morte annunciata based on Chronicle of a Death Foretold. Francesco Rosi (born November 15, 1922 in Naples) is an Italian Film director. Chronicle of a Death Foretold (original Spanish title Crónica de una muerte anunciada) is a drama film directed by Francesco ^[91] Several film adaptations have been made in Mexico, including Jaime Humberto Hermosillo's Maria de mi corazón (1979),^[92] and Arturo Ripstein's El coronel no tiene quien le escriba (1998). ^[93]

British director Mike Newell (Four Weddings and a Funeral) filmed Love in the Time of Cholera in Cartagena, Colombia, with the screenplay written by Ronald Harwood (The Pianist). Michael Cormac Newell (born 28 March 1942 is an English director and producer of motion pictures for the screen and for Television. Four Weddings and a Funeral is a 1994 British Romantic comedy film directed by Mike Newell. Love in the Time of Cholera is a 2007 Motion picture directed by Mike Newell. Cartagena de Indias (kaɾtaˈhena ð̞e ˈin̪d̪jas in Spanish; the usual English pronunciation is ˌkɑrtəˈheɪnə deɪ ˈɪndiəs is a large city The film was released in the U. S. on November 16, 2007. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. ^[94]

Style

While there are certain aspects readers can almost always expect in García Márquez's writing, like instances of humor, he does not stick to any clear and predetermined style template. In an interview with Marlise Simons of the New York Times (21 February 1988), García Márquez noted:

In every book I try to make a different path. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) . . One doesn't choose the style. You can investigate and try to discover what the best style would be for a theme. But the style is determined by the subject, by the mood of the times. If you try to use something that is not suitable, it just won't work. Then the critics build theories around that and they see things I hadn't seen. I only respond to our way of life, the life of the Caribbean. ^[95]

García Márquez is also noted for leaving out seemingly important details and events so the reader is forced into a more participatory role in the story development. For example, in No one writes to the colonel the main characters are not given names. This practice is influenced by Greek tragedies, such as Antigone and Oedipus Rex, in which important events occur off-stage and are left to the audience's imagination. Oedipus the King ( Ancient Greek: tyrannos Modern Greek: ( "Oedipus the Tyrant" also known as Oedipus Rex, is a ^[96]

Realism and Magical Realism

Reality is an important theme in all of García Márquez's works. He has said of his early works (with the exception of Leaf Storm), "Nobody Writes to the Colonel, In Evil Hour, and Big Mama's Funeral all reflect the reality of life in Colombia and this theme determines the rational structure of the books. I don't regret having written them, but they belong to a kind of premeditated literature that offers too static and exclusive a vision of reality. "^[97]

In his other works he has experimented more with less traditional approaches to reality, so that "the most frightful, the most unusual things are told with the deadpan expression"^[98]. A commonly cited example is the physical and spiritual ascending into heaven of a character while she is hanging the laundry out to dry in One Hundred Years of Solitude. One Hundred Years of Solitude (Cien años de soledad is a novel by Nobel Prize winning Colombian author Gabriel García Márquez that was first The style of these works fits in the "marvellous realm" described by the Cuban writer Alejo Carpentier and has been labeled as magical realism. Alejo Carpentier y Valmont ( December 26, 1904 – April 24, 1980) was a Cuban novelist essay writer and musicologist who greatly Magic realism, or magical realism, is an artistic Genre in which magical elements or illogical scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or even "normal" ^[99] Literary critic Michael Bell proposes an alternative understanding for García Márquez's style, as the category magic realism is criticized for being dichotimizing and exoticizing, "what is really at stake is a psychological suppleness which is able to inhabit unsentimentally the daytime world while remaining open to the promptings of those domains which modern culture has, by its own inner logic, necessarily marginalised or repressed. "^[100] García Márquez and his friend Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza discuss his work in a similar way, "'The way you treat reality in your books. . . has been called magical realism. Magic realism, or magical realism, is an artistic Genre in which magical elements or illogical scenarios appear in an otherwise realistic or even "normal" I have the feeling your European readers are usually aware of the magic of your stories but fail to see the reality behind it. . . ' 'This is surely because their rationalism prevents them seeing that reality isn't limited to the price of tomatoes and eggs. '"^[101]

Themes

Solitude

The theme of solitude runs through much of García Márquez's works. As Pelayo notes, "Love in the Time of Cholera, like all of Gabriel García Márquez's work, explores the solitude of the individual and of human kind. . . portrayed through the solitude of love and of being in love". ^[102]

In response to Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza's question, "If solitude is the theme of all your books, where should we look for the roots of this over-riding emotion? In your childhood perhaps?" García Márquez replied, "I think it's a problem everybody has. Everyone has his own way and means of expressing it. The feeling pervades the work of so many writers, although some of them may express it unconsciously. "^[103]

In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, "Solitude of Latin America", he relates this theme of solitude to the Latin American experience, "The interpretation of our reality through patterns not our own, serves only to make us ever more unknown, ever less free, ever more solitary. "^[104]

Macondo

Another important theme in many of García Márquez's work is the setting of the village he calls Macondo. Macondo is a fictional town described in Gabriel García Márquez 's Novel One Hundred Years of Solitude. He uses his home town of Aracataca, Colombia as a geographical reference to create this imaginary town, but the representation of the village is not limited to this specific area. García Márquez shares, "Macondo is not so much a place as a state of mind. "^[105] Even when his stories do not take place in Macondo, there is often still a consistent lack of specificity to the location. So while they are often set with "a Caribbean coastline and an Andean hinterland. . . [the settings are] otherwise unspecified, in accordance with García Márquez's evident attempt to capture a more general regional myth rather than give a specific political analysis. "^[106] G"This fictional town has become well known in the literary world. As Stavans notes of Macondo, "its geography and inhabitants constantly invoked by teachers, politicians, and tourdepictsist agents. . . " makes it ". . . hard to believe it is a sheer fabrication. "^[107] In Leaf Storm García Márquez depicts the realities of the Banana Boom in Macondo, which include a period of great wealth during the presence of the US companies and a period of depression upon the departure of the American banana companies. ^[108] As well, Hundred Years of Solitude takes place in Macondo and tells the complete history of the fictional town from its founding to its doom. ^[109]

In his autobiography, García Márquez explains his fascination with the word and concept Macondo. He describes a trip he made with his mother back to Aracataca as a young man:

The train stopped at a station that had no town, and a short while later it passed the only banana plantation along the route that had its name written over the gate: Macondo. This word had attracted my attention ever since the first trips I had made with my grandfather, but i discovered only as an adult that I liked its poetic resonance. I never heard anyone say it and did not even ask myself what it meant. . . I happened to read in an encyclopedia that it is a tropical tree resembling the Ceiba. ^[110]

La Violencia

In several of García Márquez's works, including No one Writes to the Colonel, Evil Hour, and Leaf Storm he references la violencia (the violence), "a brutal civil war between conservatives and liberals that lasted into the 1960s, causing the deaths of several hundred thousand Colombians. "^[111][47] Throughout all of his novels there are subtle references to la violencia, for example, characters living under various unjust situations like curfew, press censorship, and underground newspapers. ^[112] Evil Hour, while not one of García Márquez's most famous novels is notable for its portrayal of la violencia with its "fragmented portrayal of social disintegration provoked by la violencia. "^[113] However, although García Márquez does portray the corrupt nature and the injustices of times like la violencia, he refuses to use his work as a platform for political propaganda. "For him, duty of the revolutionary writer is to write well, and the ideal novel is one that moves its reader by its political and social content, and, at the same time, by its power to penetrate reality and expose its other side. ^[112]

Legacy

García Márquez is an important part of the Latin American Boom of literature. The Latin American Boom ( Boom Latinoamericano) was a Literary movement of the 1960s and 1970s when the work of a group of relatively young Latin American novelists ^[114] His work has challenged critics of Colombian literature to step out of the conservative criticism that had been dominant before the success of One Hundred Years of Solitude. In a review of literary criticism Robert Sims notes,

"García Márquez continues to cast a lengthy shadow in Colombia, Latin America, and the United States. Critical works on the 1982 Nobel laureate have reached industrial proportion and show no signs of abating. Moreover, García Márquez has galvanized Colombian literature in an unprecedented way by giving a tremendous impetus to Colombian literature. Indeed, he has become a touchstone for literature and criticism throughout the Americas as his work has created a certain attraction-repulsion among critics and writers while readers continue to devour new publications. No one can deny that García Márquez has helped rejuvenate, reformulate, and recontextualize literature and criticism in Colombia and the rest of Latin America. "^[115]

Nobel Prize

In 1982, García Márquez received the Nobel Prize in Literature "for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts". The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred ^[116][117] His acceptance speech was entitled "Solitude of Latin America". ^[118] García Márquez was the first Colombian and fourth Latin American to win a Nobel Prize for Literature. ^[119] After becoming a Nobel laureate, García Márquez told a correspondent: "I have the impression that in giving me the prize they have taken into account the literature of the sub-continent and have awarded me as a way of awarding all of this literature. "^[72]

List of works

Novels

• One Hundred Years of Solitude 1967
• The Autumn of the Patriarch 1975
• Chronicle of a Death Foretold 1981
• Love in the Time of Cholera 1985
• The General in His Labyrinth 1989
• Of Love and Other Demons 1994
• Memories of My Melancholy Whores 2004

Novellas

• Leaf Storm 1954
• No One Writes to the Colonel published 1958 (written in 1957)
• In Evil Hour 1962

Short Story Collections

• Innocent Eréndira, and other stories 1978
• Strange Pilgrims 1993

Non Fiction

• The Novel in Latin America: Dialogue 1968, with Mario Vargas Llosa
• The Story of a Shipwrecked Sailor 1970
• When I Was Happy and Undocumented 1972
• The solitude of Latin America 1982
• The Abduction 1983
• The Fragrance of Guava 1982, with Plinio Apuleyo Mendoza
• Clandestine in Chile 1986
• News of a Kidnapping 1996
• A Country for Children 1998
• Living to Tell the Tale 2002

See also

• McOndo

Notes

References

• Apuleyo Mendoza, Plinio & García Márquez, Gabriel (1983), The Fragrance of Guava, London: Verso, ISBN 0860919652 .
• Bacon, Susan, “Review of Conversations with Latin American Writers: Gabriel Garcia Marquez”, Hispania 84 (4): 833 
• Bell, Michael (1993), Gabriel García Márquez: Solitude and Solidarity, Hampshire: Macmillan, ISBN 0333537653 .
• Bell-Villada, Gene H. (1990), García Márquez: The Man and His Work, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0807818755 .
• Bell-Villada, Gene H. , ed. (2006), Conversations with Gabriel García Márquez, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, ISBN 1578067847 .
• Bhalla, Alok, ed. (1987), García Márquez and Latin America, New Delhi: Sterling Publishers Private Limited .
• Bloom, Harold, ed. (2007), Gabriel García Márquez, New York: Chelsea House, ISBN 0791093123 .
• Cebrian, Juan Luis (1997), Retrato de Gabriel García Márquez, Gutenberg: Círculo de Lectores, ISBN 8422655721 .
• Douglas, Edward, Mike Newell on Love in the Time of Cholera, <http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=39181>. Retrieved on 25 March 2008 .
• Esteban, Angel & Panichelli, Stephanie (2004), Gabo Y Fidel: el paisaje de una amistad, Planeta Publishing .
• Forero, Juan (October 9, 2002), “A Storyteller Tells His Own Story; García Márquez, Fighting Cancer, Issues Memoirs”, New York Times, <http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9507EEDC113BF93AA35753C1A9649C8B63>. Events 768 - Carloman I and Charlemagne are crowned Kings of The Franks. See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 21 March 2008 .
• García Márquez, Gabriel (1982), “Nobel lecture”, in Frangsmyr, Tore, Nobel Lectures, Literature 1981–1990, Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. , 1993 .
• García Márquez, Gabriel (1968), No One Writes to the Colonel (1st ed. No One Writes to the Colonel ( Spanish: El coronel no tiene quién le escriba) is a Novella written by the Colombian novelist ), Harper & Row, ISBN 0060114177 .
• García Márquez, Gabriel (2003), Living to tell the tale, New York: Alfred A. Knopf, ISBN 1-4000-4134-1 .
• Gonzales, Nelly (1994), Bibliographic Guide to Gabriel García Márquez, 1986–1992, Oxford: Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 0313288321 .
• Jehensen, Yvonne & McNerney, Kathleen, “Understanding Gabriel García Márquez”, Hispania 73 (2): 433–434, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0018-2133%28199005%2973%3A2%3C433%3AUGGM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-R>. Retrieved on 29 March 2008 
• Kennedy, William (October 31, 1976), “A Stunning Portrait of a Monstrous Caribbean Tyrant”, New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/15/reviews/marque-autumn.html>. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 24 March 2008 .
• Maurya, Vibha, “Gabriel García Márquez”, Social Scientist 11 (1): 53–58, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0970-0293%28198301%2911%3A1%3C53%3AGGM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-N>. Retrieved on 28 March 2008 
• McMurray, George R. (1987), Critical Essays on Gabriel García Márquez, Boston: G. K. Hall & Co. , ISBN 0816188343 .
• de la Mora, Sergio & Ripstein, Arturo (Summer 1999), “A Career in Perspective: An Interview with Arturo Ripstein”, Film Quarterly (University of California Press) 52 (4): 2–11, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0015-1386%28199922%2952%3A4%3C2%3AACIPAI%3E2.0.CO%3B2-C>. Retrieved on 25 March 2008 .
• Mraz, John (August, 1994), “Review of Cinema of Solitude: A Critical Study of Mexican Film, 1972–1983, by Charles Ramirez Berg”, Historical Journal of Film, Radio and Television 14 (3), ISSN 0143-9685, <http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=ufh&AN=9411104759&site=ehost-live>. An International Standard Serial Number ( ISSN) is a unique eight-digit number used to identify a print or electronic Periodical publication. Retrieved on 27 March 2008 .
• Oberhelman, Harley D. (1995), García Márquez and Cuba: A Study of its Presence in his Fiction, Journalism, and Cinema, Fredericton: York Press Ltd. , ISBN 0919966950 .
• Pelayo, Ruben (2001), Gabriel García Márquez: A Political Companion, Westport: Greenwood Press, ISBN 0313312605 .
• Saldívar, Dasso (1997), García Márquez: El viaje a la semilla: la biografía, Madrid: Alfaguara, ISBN 8420482501 
• Simons, Marlise (December 5, 1982), “A Talk With Gabriel García Márquez”, New York Times, <http://www.nytimes.com/books/97/06/15/reviews/marquez-talk.html>. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Retrieved on 24 March 2008 .
• Sims, Robert, “"Review: Dominant, Residual, and Emergent: Revent Criticism on Colombian Literature and gabriel Garcia Marquez"”, Latin American Research Review (Latin American Studies Association) 29 (2): 223–234, <http://www.jstor.org/stable/2503601>. Retrieved on 7 April 2008 
• Stavans, Ilan (1993), “Gabo in Decline”, Transition (Indiana University Press) 62: 58–78, <http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0041-1191%281993%290%3A62%3C58%3AGID%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8>. Events 529 - First draft of Corpus Juris Civilis (a fundamental work in Jurisprudence) is issued by Eastern Roman Emperor 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Retrieved on 25 March 2008 .
• Williams, Raymond L. (1984), Gabriel García Márquez, Boston: Twayne Publishers, ISBN 0805765972 .

External links

• Nobel Prize: Gabriel García Márquez