The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come shows Scrooge his future in Dickens' A Christmas Carol

The future is commonly understood to contain all events that have yet to occur. The Ghost of Christmas Yet to Come is a character in English novelist Charles Dickens 's A Christmas Carol. Ebenezer Scrooge is the Main character in Charles Dickens ' 1843 Novel, A Christmas Carol. A Christmas Carol in Prose Being a Ghost Story of Christmas (commonly known as A Christmas Carol) is a Novella by Charles Dickens It is the opposite of the past, and is the time subsequent to the present. PAST (short for Polska Akcyjna Spółka Telefoniczna, Polish Telephone Joint-stock Company) was a Polish telephone operator in the period between World War I For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of The present is the Time that is perceived directly not as a recollection or a speculation Organized efforts to predict or forecast the future may have derived from observations by early man of heavenly objects. A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular Event will occur in the Future in more certain terms than a forecast. Forecasting is the process of Estimation in unknown situations In physics, which uses a linear conception of time, the future is the portion of the projected time line that is anticipated to occur. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of In special relativity the future is considered as absolute future or the future light cone. Special relativity (SR (also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the Physical theory of Measurement in Inertial The causal structure of a Lorentzian manifold describes the causal relationships between points in the manifold In Special relativity, a light cone (or null cone) is the pattern describing the temporal evolution of a flash of Light in Minkowski spacetime In physics, time is considered to be a fourth dimension.

In the philosophy of time, presentism is the belief that only the present exists and the future and the past are unreal. Philosophy of space and time is the branch of Philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the Ontology, Epistemology, and character of Space Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true In common usage existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses but in Philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning and is often contrasted with PAST (short for Polska Akcyjna Spółka Telefoniczna, Polish Telephone Joint-stock Company) was a Polish telephone operator in the period between World War I Reality, in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist" Religions consider the future when they address issues such as karma, life after death, and eschatologies that study what the end of time and the end of the world will be. Karma ( Sanskrit: कर्म, kárman - "act action performance" Pali: kamma) is the concept of "action" AfterLife is a film drama set in Scotland directed by Alison Peebles made in 2003 about an ambitious Scottish journalist forced to choose between Eschatology (from the Greek, Eschatos meaning "last" and -logy meaning "the study of" is a part of Theology Religious figures have claimed to see into the future, such as prophets and diviners. In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining

Future studies or futurology is the science, art and practice of postulating possible futures. Futures Studies, Foresight, or Futurology is the science art and practice of postulating possible probable and preferable futures and the worldviews Modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and probability, versus the creation of possible and preferable futures.

In art and culture, the future was explored in several art movements and genres. The futurism art movement at the beginning of the 20th century explored every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, poetry, theatre, music, architecture and even gastronomy. Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time or at least with the heyday The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Gastronomy is the study of the relationship between Culture and Food. Futurists had passionate loathing of ideas from the past, especially political and artistic traditions. Instead, they espoused a love of speed, technology, and violence. Speed is the rate of motion, or equivalently the rate of change in position often expressed as Distance d traveled per unit of Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes Futuristic music involved homage to, inclusion of, or imitation of machines. Futurism expanded to encompass other artistic domains and ultimately included industrial design, textiles, and architecture. Science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein defines sci-fi as " realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method. Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena "^[1] More generally, science fiction is a broad genre of fiction that often involves speculations based on current or future science or technology. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt

Forecasting

Main article: Forecasting

Organized efforts to predict or forecast the future may have derived from observations by early man of heavenly objects, which changed position in predictable patterns. Forecasting is the process of Estimation in unknown situations A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular Event will occur in the Future in more certain terms than a forecast. Forecasting is the process of Estimation in unknown situations The practice of astrology, today considered pseudoscience, evolved from the human desire to forecast the future. Astrology (from Greek grc ἄστρον astron, "constellation star" and grc -λογία -logia) is a group of Systems Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the Much of physical science can be read as an attempt to make quantitative and objective predictions about events. Physical science is an encompassing term for the branches of Natural science and Science that study non-living systems in contrast to the biological sciences Forecasting is the process of estimation in unknown situations. Forecasting is the process of Estimation in unknown situations Estimation is the calculated Approximation of a result which is usable even if Input data may be incomplete or uncertain. Due to the element of the unknown, risk and uncertainty are central to forecasting and prediction. Risk is a Concept that denotes the precise probability of specific eventualities Uncertainty is a term used in subtly different ways in a number of fields including Philosophy, Statistics, Economics, Finance, Insurance Statistical forecasting is the process of estimation in unknown situations. Forecasting is the process of Estimation in unknown situations Estimation is the calculated Approximation of a result which is usable even if Input data may be incomplete or uncertain. It can refer to estimation of time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data. In Statistics, Signal processing, and many other fields a time series is a sequence of Data points measured typically at successive times spaced at (often Cross-sectional data in Statistics and Econometrics is a type of one-dimensional Data set. A longitudinal study is a Correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time - often many decades

Prediction is a similar, but more general term. A prediction is a statement or claim that a particular Event will occur in the Future in more certain terms than a forecast. Both can refer to estimation of time series, cross-sectional or longitudinal data. In Statistics, Signal processing, and many other fields a time series is a sequence of Data points measured typically at successive times spaced at (often Cross-sectional data in Statistics and Econometrics is a type of one-dimensional Data set. A longitudinal study is a Correlational research study that involves repeated observations of the same items over long periods of time - often many decades Econometric forecasting methods use the assumption that it is possible to identify the underlying factors that might influence the variable that is being forecast. Econometrics is concerned with the tasks of developing and applying Quantitative or Statistical methods to the study and elucidation of economic principles If the causes are understood, projections of the influencing variables can be made and used in the forecast. Judgemental forecasting methods incorporate intuitive judgements, opinions and probability estimates, as in the case of the Delphi method, scenario building, and simulations. Probability is the likelihood or chance that something is the case or will happen The Delphi method is a systematic interactive Forecasting method which relies on a panel of independent experts Scenario analysis is a process of analyzing possible future events by considering alternative possible outcomes (scenarios Simulation is the imitation of some real thing state of affairs or process Forecasting is applied in many areas, including weather forecasting, earthquake prediction,transport planning, and labour market planning. Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location An earthquake prediction is a Prediction that an Earthquake in a specific magnitude range will occur in a specific region and time window Transportation planning is the field involved with the siting of Transportation facilities (generally Streets Highways sidewalks bike lanes and Public Labour economics seeks to understand the functioning of the Market and dynamics for labour.

Despite the development of cognitive instruments for the comprehension of future, the stochastic nature of many natural and social processes has made precise forecasting of the future elusive. Cognition is a concept used in different ways by different disciplines but is generally accepted to mean the process of awareness or thought A stochastic process, or sometimes random process, is the counterpart to a deterministic process (or Deterministic system) in Probability theory. Modern efforts such as future studies attempt to predict social trends, while more ancient practices, such as weather forecasting, have benefited from scientific and causal modelling. Futures Studies, Foresight, or Futurology is the science art and practice of postulating possible probable and preferable futures and the worldviews Weather forecasting is the application of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location Scientific modelling is the process of generating abstract, conceptual, Graphical and or mathematical models. A causal model is an abstract model that uses cause and effect logic to describe the behaviour of a System.

Future studies

Future studies or futurology is the science, art and practice of postulating possible, probable, and preferable futures and the worldviews and myths that underlie them. Futures Studies, Foresight, or Futurology is the science art and practice of postulating possible probable and preferable futures and the worldviews Futures studies seeks to understand what is likely to continue, what is likely to change, and what is novel. Part of the discipline thus seeks a systematic and pattern-based understanding of past and present, and to determine the likelihood of future events and trends.

Futures is an interdisciplinary field, studying yesterday's and today's changes, and aggregating and analyzing both lay and professional strategies, and opinions with respect to tomorrow. It includes analyzing the sources, patterns, and causes of change and stability in the attempt to develop foresight and to map possible futures. Modern practitioners stress the importance of alternative and plural futures, rather than one monolithic future, and the limitations of prediction and probability, versus the creation of possible and preferable futures.

Three factors usually distinguish futures studies from the research conducted by other disciplines (although all disciplines overlap, to differing degrees). First, futures studies often examines not only possible but also probable, preferable, and "wild card" futures. Second, futures studies typically attempts to gain a holistic or systemic view based on insights from a range of different disciplines. Third, futures studies challenges and unpacks the assumptions behind dominant and contending views of the future. The future thus is not empty but fraught with hidden assumptions.

Futures studies does not generally include the work of economists who forecast movements of interest rates over the next business cycle, or of managers or investors with short-term time horizons. Most strategic planning, which develops operational plans for preferred futures with time horizons of one to three years, is also not considered futures. But plans and strategies with longer time horizons that specifically attempt to anticipate and be robust to possible future events, are part of a major subdiscipline of futures studies called strategic foresight.

The futures field also excludes those who make future predictions through professed supernatural means. At the same time, it does seek to understand the models such groups use and the interpretations they give to these models.

Physics

A visualisation of the future light cone (at top), the present, and the past light cone in 2D space. In Special relativity, a light cone (or null cone) is the pattern describing the temporal evolution of a flash of Light in Minkowski spacetime

In classical physics the future is just a half of the timeline. In special relativity the future is considered as absolute future or the future light cone. Special relativity (SR (also known as the special theory of relativity or STR) is the Physical theory of Measurement in Inertial The causal structure of a Lorentzian manifold describes the causal relationships between points in the manifold In Special relativity, a light cone (or null cone) is the pattern describing the temporal evolution of a flash of Light in Minkowski spacetime In physics, time is considered to be a fourth dimension. Physicists argue that space-time can be understood as a sort of stretchy fabric that can bend due to forces such as gravity. While a person can move backwards or forwards in the three spatial dimensions, many physicists argue you are only able to move forward in time. ^[2]

The physicist who advised the makers of the fictional time-travel film Déjà Vu claims that a person could hypothetically travel into the future if they had a spaceship that could travel at the speed of light. Déjà vu ( pronounced; French "already seen" also called "paramnesia" from Greek παρα "para" "near" + μνήμη "mnēmē" After a voyage on this ship, if a person returned to Earth, millions of years would have passed in Earth time. ^[3] Some physicists claim that by using a "wormhole" to connect two regions of space-time a person could theoretically do time travel. In Physics, a wormhole is a hypothetical topological feature of Spacetime that is fundamentally a 'shortcut' through Space and Time Physicist Michio Kaku points out that to power this hypothetical time machine and "punch a hole into the fabric of space-time", it would require the energy of a star. Dr Michio Kaku (b January 24, 1947) is an American theoretical physicist specializing in String field theory, and a Futurist Another theory is that a person could do time travel with "cosmic strings", which are hypothetical "narrow tubes of energy stretched across the entire length of the ever-expanding universe. " ^[4]

Philosophy

In the philosophy of time, presentism is the belief that only the present exists and the future and the past are unreal. Philosophy of space and time is the branch of Philosophy concerned with the issues surrounding the Ontology, Epistemology, and character of Space Belief is the psychological state in which an individual holds a Proposition or Premise to be true In common usage existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses but in Philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning and is often contrasted with PAST (short for Polska Akcyjna Spółka Telefoniczna, Polish Telephone Joint-stock Company) was a Polish telephone operator in the period between World War I Reality, in everyday usage means "the state of things as they actually exist" Past and future "entities" are to be construed as logical constructions or fictions. Logic is the study of the principles of valid demonstration and Inference. Fictionalism is a methodological theory in Philosophy that suggests that statements of a certain sort should not be taken to be literally true but merely a useful Fiction The opposite of presentism is 'eternalism', which is the belief that things in the past and things yet to come exist eternally. Eternalism is a philosophical approach to the ontological nature of time. While in the popular mind eternity often simply means existing for a limitless amount of Time, many have used it to refer to a timeless existence altogether outside of One other view (that has not been held by very many philosophers) is sometimes called the 'growing block' theory of time, which is a theory that takes the past and present to exist but the future to be nonexistent. According to the Growing Block Universe or Evolving Block Universe or The Growing Block View theory of time the past and present exist and the future does not The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. ^[5]

Presentism is compatible with Galilean relativity, in which time is independent of space but is probably incompatible with Lorentzian/Einsteinian relativity in conjunction with certain other philosophical theses which many find uncontroversial. Galilean invariance or Galilean relativity is a Principle of relativity which states that the fundamental laws of physics are the same in all Inertial Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical A dissertation (also called thesis or disquisition) is a document that presents the author's Research and findings and is submitted in support of candidature Saint Augustine proposed that the present is a knife edge between the past and the future and could not contain any extended period of time. In Logic and Philosophy, proposition refers to either (a the content or Meaning of a meaningful Declarative sentence

Contrary to Saint Augustine, some philosophers propose that conscious experience is extended in time. For instance, William James said that time is "the short duration of which we are immediately and incessantly sensible". For other people named William James see William James (disambiguation William James (January 11 1842 – August 26 1910 was a pioneering Augustine proposed that God is outside of time and present for all times, in eternity. While in the popular mind eternity often simply means existing for a limitless amount of Time, many have used it to refer to a timeless existence altogether outside of Other early philosophers who were presentists include the Buddhists (in the tradition of Indian Buddhism). Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Buddhism is a world religion which arose in Bihar, India and is based on the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, who is known as the Buddha (literally A leading scholar from the modern era on Buddhist philosophy is Stcherbatsky, who has written extensively on Buddhist presentism: "Everything past is unreal, everything future is unreal, everything imagined, absent, mental. Buddhist philosophy deals extensively with problems in Metaphysics, phenomenology, Ethics, and Epistemology. . . is unreal. . . Ultimately real is only the present moment of physical efficiency [i. e. , causation]. "^[6]

Psychology

Mother and child personify the optimistic "Spirit of Tomorrow" at Walt Disney World's Epcot. Walt Disney World Resort is the most visited and largest recreational resort in the world containing four Theme parks two Water parks twenty-three themed hotels Epcot is a Theme park at the Walt Disney World Resort. The park is dedicated to international Culture and technological Innovation.

While ethologists consider animal behavior to be largely based on fixed action patterns or other learned traits in an animal's past, human behavior is known to encompass an anticipation of the future. Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal Ethology ( from Greek ἦθος ethos, "character" and λόγος logos, "knowledge") is the scientific study of Animal In Ethology, a fixed action pattern ( FAP) is an Instinctive Behavioral sequence that is indivisible and runs to completion For the Björk song see Human Behaviour Human behavior is the collection of Behaviors exhibited by Human beings and influenced by Anticipatory behavior can be the result of a psychological outlook toward the future, for examples optimism, pessimism, and hope. Pessimism, from the Latin pessimus (worst is the decision to evaluate perceive and view life in a generally negative light Hope is a Belief in a positive outcome related to events and Circumstances in one's life

Optimism is an outlook on life such that one maintains a view of the world as a positive place. People would say that optimism is seeing the glass "half full" of water as opposed to half empty. It is the philosophical opposite of pessimism. Optimists generally believe that people and events are inherently good, so that most situations work out in the end for the best. Hope is a belief in a positive outcome related to events and circumstances in one's life. Hope implies a certain amount of despair, wanting, wishing, suffering or perseverance — i. e. , believing that a better or positive outcome is possible even when there is some evidence to the contrary. "Hopefulness" is somewhat different from optimism in that hope is an emotional state, whereas optimism is a conclusion reached through a deliberate thought pattern that leads to a positive attitude.

Religion

Religions consider the future when they address issues such as karma, life after death, and eschatologies that study what the end of time and the end of the world will be. Karma ( Sanskrit: कर्म, kárman - "act action performance" Pali: kamma) is the concept of "action" AfterLife is a film drama set in Scotland directed by Alison Peebles made in 2003 about an ambitious Scottish journalist forced to choose between Eschatology (from the Greek, Eschatos meaning "last" and -logy meaning "the study of" is a part of Theology In religion, major prophets are said to have the power to change the future. Common religious figures have claimed to see into the future, such as minor prophets and diviners. In Religion, a prophet (or prophetess) is a person who has encountered the Supernatural or the divine and serves as an intermediary Divination (from Latin divinare "to be inspired by a god" related to Divine, Diva and Deus) is the attempt of ascertaining The term "afterlife" refers to the continuation of existence of the soul, spirit or mind of a human (or animal) after physical death, typically in a spiritual or ghostlike afterworld. In common usage existence is the world of which we are aware through our senses but in Philosophy the word has a more specialized meaning and is often contrasted with The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living The English word " spirit " comes from the Latin " spiritus " (breath MIND ( Moving In New Directions) (est 1975 is an alternative education high school in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific Spirituality, in a narrow sense concerns itself with matters of the Spirit, a concept closely tied to religious belief and Faith, a transcendent reality A ghost is said to be the apparition of a Deceased person frequently similar in appearance to that person and usually encountered in places she or he frequented Deceased persons are usually believed to go to a specific region or plane of existence in this afterworld, often depending on the rightness of their actions during life. In Metaphysics and Esoteric cosmology, a plane, other than the Physical plane, is conceived as a subtle state of Consciousness that transcends

Some believe the afterlife includes some form of preparation for the soul to be transferred to another body (reincarnation). The soul, according to many religious and philosophical beliefs is the self-awareness, or Consciousness, unique to a particular living The major views on the afterlife derive from religion, esotericism and metaphysics. A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Metaphysics is the branch of Philosophy investigating principles of reality transcending those of any particular science There are those who are skeptical of the existence of the afterlife, or believe that it is absolutely impossible, such as the materialist-reductionists, who state that the topic is supernatural, therefore does not really exist or is unknowable. The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events In metaphysical models, theists generally believe some sort of afterlife awaits people when they die. Theism, in its most inclusive usage is the belief in at least one Deity. Atheists generally believe that there is not a life after death. Atheism Members of some generally non-theistic religions such as Buddhism, tend to believe in an afterlife like reincarnation but without reference to God. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity.

Agnostics generally hold the position that like the existence of God, the existence of supernatural phenomena, such as souls or life after death, is unverifiable and therefore unknowable. Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the Some philosophies (i. e. posthumanism, Humanism, and often empiricism) generally hold that there is not an afterlife. In literary and Critical theory, posthumanism or post-humanism, meaning beyond humanism, is a major European Continental philosophy See also philosophical Humanism For the Renaissance liberal arts movement see Renaissance humanism Humanism is In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Many religions, whether they believe in the soul’s existence in another world like Christianity, Islam and many pagan belief systems, or in reincarnation like many forms of Hinduism and Buddhism, believe that one’s status in the afterlife is a reward or punishment for their conduct during life. Paganism (from Latin paganus, meaning "country dweller rustic" is a word used to refer to various religions and religious beliefs from across the world

Eschatology is a part of theology and philosophy concerned with the final events in the history of the world, or the ultimate destiny of humanity, commonly referred to as the end of the world. Eschatology (from the Greek, Eschatos meaning "last" and -logy meaning "the study of" is a part of Theology Theology is the study of a god or the gods from a religious perspective Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Prehistory See also Prehistory Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens Destiny refers to a predetermined course of events It may be conceived as a predetermined future whether in general or of an individual The world population is the total number of living Humans on Earth at a given time While in mysticism the phrase refers metaphorically to the end of ordinary reality and reunion with the Divine, in many traditional religions it is taught as an actual future event prophesied in sacred texts or folklore. Mysticism (from the Greek grc μυστικός mystikos, an initiate of a Mystery religion) is the pursuit of communion with identity A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Prophecy, generally describes the disclosing of Information that is not known to the Prophet by any ordinary means History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological More broadly, eschatology may encompass related concepts such as the Messiah or Messianic Age, the end time, and the end of days. This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions Messianic Age is a Theological term referring to a future time of Peace and brotherhood on the earth without Crime, War and Poverty End time, End times, or End of days are the eschatological writings in the three Abrahamic religions and in doomsday scenarios in various other

In art and culture

Futurism

Futurism was an art movement that originated in Italy at the beginning of the 20th century. Futurism was an Art movement that originated in Italy in the early 20th century Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual An art movement is a tendency or style in art with a specific common philosophy or goal followed by a group of artists during a restricted period of time or at least with the heyday Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The twentieth century of the Common Era began on Futurism was a largely Italian and Russian movement, although it also had adherents in other countries, England for example. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The Futurists explored every medium of art, including painting, sculpture, poetry, theatre, music, architecture and even gastronomy. Painting (pān'tīng in Art, is the practice of applying Color to a Surface (support base such as e Theatre (or theater, see spelling differences) is the branch of the Performing arts defined by Bernard Beckerman as what "occurs when one Music is an Art form in which the medium is Sound organized in Time. The term architecture (from Greek αρχιτεκτονικήarchitektoniki) can be used to mean a process a profession or documentation Gastronomy is the study of the relationship between Culture and Food. Futurists had passionate loathing of ideas from the past, especially political and artistic traditions. He and others also espoused a love of speed, technology, and violence. Speed is the rate of motion, or equivalently the rate of change in position often expressed as Distance d traveled per unit of Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Violence is the exertion of force so as to injure or abuse The word is used broadly to describe the destructive action of natural phenomena like Storms and Earthquakes Futurists dubbed the love of the past passéisme. The car, the plane, the industrial town were all legendary for the Futurists, because they represented the technological triumph of people over nature. Nature, in the broadest sense is equivalent to the natural world, physical universe, material world or material universe. The Futurist Manifesto had declared, "We will glorify war - the world's only hygiene - militarism, patriotism, the destructive gesture of freedom-bringers, beautiful ideas worth dying for, and scorn for woman. " ^[7] Although it owed much of its character and some of its ideas to radical political movements, it was not much involved in politics until the autumn of 1913. ^[8]

One of the many 20th century classical movements in music was one which involved homage to, inclusion of, or imitation of machines. Closely identified with the central Italian Futurist movement were brother composers Luigi Russolo and Antonio Russolo, who used instruments known as "intonarumori", which were essentially sound boxes used to create music out of noise. Luigi Russolo ( April 30, 1885 - February 4, 1947) was an Italian Futurist painter and Composer, and the author of Antonio Russolo (1877 - 1942 was an Italian Futurist composer brother of the more famous Futurist composer and theorist Luigi Russolo. The Intonarumori (noise intoners were a family of Musical instruments invented in 1913 by Italian Futurist painter and musical composer Luigi Russolo Luigi Russolo's futurist manifesto, The Art of Noises, is considered to be one of the most important and influential texts in 20th century musical aesthetics. The Art of Noises (L'arte dei Rumori is a Futurist manifesto written by Luigi Russolo in a 1913 letter to friend and Futurist composer Francesco Other examples of futurist music include Arthur Honegger's Pacific 231, which imitates the sound of a steam locomotive, Prokofiev's "The Steel Step", and the experiments of Edgard Varèse. Arthur Honegger (March 10 1892 &ndash November 27 1955 was a Swiss Composer, who was born in France and lived a large part of his life in Paris. Pacific 231 is an orchestral work by Arthur Honegger, written in 1923

Literary futurism made its debut with F. Futurism as a literary movement made its official debut with F T. Marinetti's Manifesto of Futurism (1909). The Futurist Manifesto, written by the Italian poet Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, was published in French in Le Figaro on 20 February[[ 909]] Year 1909 ( MCMIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting Futurist poetry used unexpected combinations of images and hyper-conciseness (not to be confused with the actual length of the poem). Futurist theater works have scenes that are few sentences long, and which use nonsensical humor and which attempt to discredit the deep-rooted dramatic traditions with parody. The longer forms of literature, such as the novel, had no place in the Futurist aesthetic, which was obsessed with speed and compression.

Futurism expanded to encompass other artistic domains and ultimately included painting, sculpture, ceramics, graphic design, industrial design, interior design, theatre design, textiles, drama, literature, music and architecture. In architecture, it was characterized by a distinctive thrust towards rationalism and modernism through the use of advanced building materials. In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 Modernism describes an array of Cultural movements rooted in the changes in Western society in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century The ideals of futurism remain as significant components of modern Western culture; the emphasis on youth, speed, power and technology finding expression in much of modern commercial cinema and culture. Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin Futurism has produced several reactions, including the 1980s-era literary genre of cyberpunk — in which technology was often treated with a critical eye. Cyberpunk is a Science fiction genre noted for its focus on " High tech and low life.

Science fiction

Science fiction writer Robert A. Heinlein defines sci-fi as " realistic speculation about possible future events, based solidly on adequate knowledge of the real world, past and present, and on a thorough understanding of the nature and significance of the scientific method. Robert Anson Heinlein (July 7 1907 – May 8 1988 was an American Novelist and Science fiction Writer. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena "^[1] More generally, science fiction is a broad genre of fiction that often involves speculations based on current or future science or technology. Fiction is the telling of stories which are not real More specifically fiction is an imaginative form of Narrative, one of the four basic Rhetorical modes. Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Science fiction is found in books, art, television, films, games, theater, and other media. Science fiction differs from fantasy in that, within the context of the story, its imaginary elements are largely possible within scientifically established or scientifically postulated laws of nature (though some elements in a story might still be pure imaginative speculation). Settings may include the future, or alternative time lines, and stories may depict new or speculative scientific principles, such as time travel or psionics, or new technology, such as nanotechnology, faster-than-light travel or robots, Exploring the consequences of such differences is the traditional purpose of science fiction, making it a "literature of ideas". This article details time travel itself For other uses see Time Traveler. Psionics is the study and/or practice of using the mind to induce paranormal phenomena Nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of Applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an Atomic and Molecular A robot is a mechanical or Virtual Artificial agent In practice it is usually an electro-mechanical system which by its appearance or movements ^[9]

Some science fiction authors construct a postulated history of the future called a "future history" which serves as a common background for their fiction. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology This article focuses on future histories in general For Robert A Sometimes the author publishes a timeline of events in their history, while other times the reader can reconstruct the order of the stories from information provided therein. Definition A chronology may be either relative &mdashthat is locating related events relative to each other&mdashor ''absolute'' &mdashlocating Some works were published which constituted "future history" in a more literal sense - i. e. , stories or whole books purporting to be excerpts of a history book from the future and which are written in the form of a history book - i. e. , having no personal protagonists but rather describing the development of nations and societies over decades and centuries. Examples include H.G. Wells' The Shape of Things to Come (1933), which was written in the form of a history book published in the year 2106 and - in the manner of a real history book - containing numerous footnotes and references to the works of (mostly fictitious) prominent historians of the 20th and 21st centuries. Herbert George Wells (21 September 1866 &ndash 13 August 1946 He was an outspoken socialist and a pacifist, his later works becoming increasingly political The Shape of Things to Come is a work of Science fiction by H Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

References

See also

• Futurology
• Futurism
• Cheiromancy
• Alternate future

External links

• Future Wikia, a wiki engaged in fact-based speculations about the future