Barbarossa, middle, flanked by his two children, King Henry VI (left) and Duke Frederick VI (right). From the Welf Chronicle

Frederick I Barbarossa^[1] (1122 – 10 June 1190) was elected King of Germany at Frankfurt on 4 March 1152 and crowned in Aachen on 9 March, crowned King of Italy at Pavia in 1154, and finally crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Adrian IV on 18 June 1155. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem This article lists the German monarchs, ruling over the territory of Germany from the creation of a separate Eastern Frankish Kingdom in 843 until the end of monarchy Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French, Events 590 - Bahram Chobin is crowned as king Barham VI of Persia. Pavia (pronounced Pavìa,) the ancient Ticinum, is a town and Comune of south-western Lombardy, northern Italy, 35 km south The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states Pope Adrian IV (or Hadrian IV – c 1100&ndash 1 September, 1159) born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope Events 618 - Coronation of the Chinese governor Li Yuan as Emperor Gaozu of Tang, the new Emperor of China, initiating three centuries He was crowned King of Burgundy at Arles on 30 June 1178. The following is a list of the Kings of Burgundy. Kings of the Burgundians The Burgundians had left Bornholm c Arles (aʁl̥ Provençal Occitan: Arles in both classical and Mistralian norms is a City in the south of France, Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper

Before his royal election, he was by inheritance Duke of Swabia (1147–1152, as Frederick III). The following is a list of Dukes of Swabia in southwest Germany He was the son of Duke Frederick II of the Hohenstaufen dynasty. Frederick II (1090 &ndash 6 April 1147) called the One-Eyed, was the second Hohenstaufen Duke of Swabia from 1105 His mother was Judith, daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, from the rival House of Welf, and Frederick therefore descended from Germany's two leading families, making him an acceptable choice for the Empire's prince-electors. Henry IX (died 13 December 1126) called the Black, a member of the House of Welf, was duke of Bavaria from 1120 to 1126 See also Elder House of Welf The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European Dynasty that has included many German and British The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl

Life and reign

Early years

Frederick was born in 1122. In 1147, he became duke of Swabia and shortly afterwards made his first trip to the East, accompanying his uncle, the German king Conrad III, on the Second Crusade. Conrad III (1093 &ndash 15 February 1152) was the first King of Germany of the Hohenstaufen dynasty The Second Crusade (1147&ndash1149 was the second major Crusade launched from Europe, called in 1145 in response to the fall of the County of Edessa the The expedition proved to be a disaster, but Frederick distinguished himself and won the complete confidence of the king. When Conrad died in February 1152, only Frederick and the prince-bishop of Bamberg were at his deathbed. Both asserted afterwards that Conrad had, in full possession of his mental powers, handed the royal insignia to Frederick and indicated that Frederick, rather than Conrad's own six-year-old son, the future Frederick IV, Duke of Swabia, should succeed him as king. Frederick IV of Hohenstaufen (1145 &ndash 1167 was Duke of Swabia, succeeding his cousin Frederick Barbarossa, Holy Roman Emperor, in 1152 Frederick energetically pursued the crown and at Frankfurt on 4 March the kingdom's princely electors designated him as the next German king. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth The Prince-Electors (or simply Electors) of the Holy Roman Empire ( German: Kurfürst ( pl He was crowned at Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) several days later. ( Ripuarian: Oche, Dutch: Aken, Spanish: Aquisgrán, Italian: Aquisgrana, French,

Rise to power

Anxious to restore the Empire to the position it had occupied under Charlemagne and Otto I the Great, the new king saw clearly that the restoration of order in Germany was a necessary preliminary to the enforcement of the imperial rights in Italy. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his Otto I the Great ( 23 November 912 &ndash 7 May 973) son of Henry I the Fowler and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke Issuing a general order for peace, he made lavish concessions to the nobles. Abroad, Frederick intervened in the Danish civil war between Svend III and Valdemar I of Denmark and began negotiations with the East Roman emperor, Manuel I Comnenus. Sven III Grathe (app 1125 - 1157 was the King of Denmark between 1146 and 1157 Valdemar I of Denmark ( 14 January 1131 - 12 May 1182) also known as Valdemar the Great, was King of Denmark from For the eldest son of Andronikos I Komnenos and father of Alexios I of Trebizond, see Manuel Komnenos (born 1145. It was probably about this time that the king obtained papal assent for the annulment of his childless marriage with Adelheid of Vohburg, on the grounds of consanguinity (his great-great-grandfather was a brother of Adela's great-great-great-grandmother). Adelheid of Vohburg (1122 - 1190 was the first Queen consort of Frederick I Holy Roman Emperor. Consanguinity (" con- (with sanguine (blood -ity" refers to the property of being from the same Lineage as another person He then made a vain effort to obtain a bride from the court of Constantinople. On his accession Frederick had communicated the news of his election to Pope Eugene III, but had neglected to ask for the papal confirmation. Pope In March 1153, Frederick concluded the treaty of Constance with the Pope whereby, in return for his coronation, he promised to defend the papacy, to make no peace with king Roger II of Sicily or other enemies of the Church without the consent of Eugene and to help Eugene regain control of the city of Rome. Roger II ( 22 December 1095 &ndash 26 February 1154) was King of Sicily, son of Roger I of Sicily and successor to his

Reign and wars in Italy

Frederick undertook six expeditions into Italy. In the first he was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome by Pope Adrian IV, following the suppression by Imperial forces of the republican city commune led by Arnold of Brescia. Pope Adrian IV (or Hadrian IV – c 1100&ndash 1 September, 1159) born Nicholas Breakspear or Breakspeare, was Pope Arnold of Brescia, (c 1090&ndash1155 also known as Arnaldus ( Arnaldo da Brescia) was a Monk from Italy who called on the Church to renounce He left Italy in the autumn of 1155 to prepare for a new and more formidable campaign.

Disorder was again rampant in Germany, especially in Bavaria, but general peace was restored by Frederick's vigorous, but conciliatory, measures. The duchy of Bavaria was transferred from Henry II Jasomirgott, margrave of Austria, to Frederick's formidable younger cousin Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony, of the House of Guelph, whose father had previously held both duchies. Heinrich (Henry II, (1107 &ndash January 13, 1177) Count Palatine of the Rhine, 1140-1141 Margrave of Austria from 1141 to 1156 Henry the Lion ( German: Heinrich der Löwe; 1129 &ndash 6 August 1195) was a member of the Guelph dynasty and Duke of Saxony This article lists Dukes Electors and Kings ruling over territories named Saxony from the beginning of the Saxon Duchy in the 9th century to the end of the Saxon Kingdom in 1918 See also Elder House of Welf The House of Welf (or House of Guelph) is a European Dynasty that has included many German and British Henry was named duke of Austria in compensation for his loss of Bavaria. This is a list of Margraves Dukes Archdukes and Emperors of Austria. As part of his general policy of concessions of formal power to the German princes and ending the civil wars within the kingdom, Frederick further appeased Henry by issueing him with the Privilegium Minus, granting him unprecented entitlements as Duke of Austria. The Privilegium Minus (as opposed to the later Privilegium Maius, which was a forgery is a document issued by Emperor Frederick I on September 17, This is a list of Margraves Dukes Archdukes and Emperors of Austria. On June 9, 1156 at Würzburg, Frederick married Beatrice of Burgundy, daughter and heiress of Renaud III, thus adding to his possessions the sizeable realm of the County of Burgundy. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Würzburg (ˈvʏɐ̯ʦbʊɐ̯k is a city in the region of Franconia which lies in the northern tip of Bavaria, Germany Beatrice of Burgundy ( 1143 - November 15, 1184) Beatrice was the only daughter of Renaud III Count of Burgundy and Agatha of Lorraine Renaud III (c 1093 &ndash 1148 son of Stephen I ( Tête-hardi) and Beatrix of Lorraine was the Count of Burgundy between 1127 and 1148 The Free County of Burgundy, in German Freigrafschaft Burgund, was a Medieval County (from 867 to 1678 AD within the traditional province and modern French

Frederick Barbarossa in a 13th century chronicle

His uncle, Otto of Freising, wrote an account of Frederick's reign entitled Gesta Friderici I imperatoris (Deeds of the Emperor Frederick). Otto von Freising ( Otto Frisingensis) (c 1114 in Klosterneuburg – September 22, 1158) was a German Bishop and chronicler Otto died after finishing the first two books, leaving the last two to Rahewin, his provost. The text is in places heavily dependent on classical precedent. For example, Rahewin's physical description of Frederick:

His character is such that not even those envious of his power can belittle its praise. His person is well-proportioned. He is shorter than very tall men, but taller and more noble than men of medium height. His hair is golden, curling a little above his forehead. . . His eyes are sharp and piercing, his beard reddish, his lips delicate. . . His whole face is bright and cheerful. His teeth are even and snow-white in color. . . Modesty rather than anger causes him to blush frequently. His shoulders are rather broad, and he is strongly built

reproduces word for word (except for details of hair and beard) a description of another monarch written nearly eight hundred years earlier by Sidonius Apollinaris. ^[2]

In June 1158, Frederick set out upon his second Italian expedition, accompanied by Henry the Lion and his fearsome Saxons. This expedition resulted in the establishment of imperial officers in the cities of northern Italy, the revolt and capture of Milan, and the beginning of the long struggle with Pope Alexander III. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Pope Alexander III (c 1100/1105 &ndash August 30, 1181) born Rolando (or Orlando) Bandinelli, was Pope from 1159 In response to his excommunication by the pope in 1160, Frederick declared his support for Antipope Victor IV. Excommunication is a religious Censure used to deprive or suspend membership in a religious community This article is about the former Cardinal Octavianus antipope from 1159 to 1164 Returning to Germany towards the close of 1162, Frederick prevented the escalation of conflicts between Henry the Lion of Saxony and a number of neighbouring princes who were growing weary of Henry's power, influence and territorial gains. He also severely punished the citizens of Mainz for their rebellion against Archbishop Arnold. Mainz (ˈmaɪ̯nʦ (Mayence is a City in Germany and the capital of the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate. The next visit to Italy in 1163 saw his plans for the conquest of Sicily ruined by the formation of a powerful league against him, brought together mainly by opposition to imperial taxes. Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy.

In 1164 Frederick took what are believed to be the relics of the "Biblical Magi" (the Wise Men or Three Kings) from Milan and gave them as a gift (or as loot) to the Archbishop of Cologne, Rainald of Dassel. A relic is an object or a personal item of religious significance carefully preserved with an air of Veneration as a tangible memorial "Three Kings" or "Three Wise Men" redirects here Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. Bishops and Archbishops of Cologne Bishops of Colonia Agrippina, 88–784 All names before Maternus ('II' are to be approached with considerable Rainald of Dassel (c 1120 &ndash August 14, 1167 near Rome) was Archbishop of Cologne from 1159 to 1167 and Archchancellor of The relics had great religious significance and could be counted upon to draw pilgrims from all over Christendom. Christendom usually refers to Christianity as a territorial phenomenon Today they are kept in the Shrine of the Three Kings in the Cologne cathedral. Cologne Cathedral (Kölner Dom officially de Hohe Domkirche St

Frederick then focused on restoring peace in the Rhineland, where he organized a magnificent celebration of the canonization of Charlemagne at Aachen. Canonization is the act by which a particular Christian church declares a deceased person to be a Saint and is included in the canon or list of recognized saints In October 1166, he went once more on journey to Italy to secure the claim of his Antipope Paschal III, and the coronation of his wife Beatrice as Holy Roman Empress. Antipope Paschal III (or Paschal III) was Antipope from 1164 to September 20, 1168. This time, Henry the Lion refused to join Frederick on his Italian trip, tending instead to his own disputes with neighbors and his continuing expansion into Slavic territories in northeastern Germany. Frederick's forces achieved a great victory over the Romans at the Battle of Monte Porzio, but his campaign was stopped by the sudden outbreak of an epidemic (malaria or the plague), which threatened to destroy the Imperial army and drove the emperor as a fugitive to Germany, where he remained for the ensuing six years. The Battle of Monte Porzio or Battle of Tusculum was fought on 29 May 1167, Whit Sunday between the Holy Roman Empire and the city of Rome between a small Malaria is a vector -borne Infectious disease caused by Protozoan Parasites It is widespread in tropical and subtropical regions including Bubonic plague is the best-known manifestation of the bacterial disease plague, caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis (formerly known as During this period, Frederick decided conflicting claims to various bishoprics, asserted imperial authority over Bohemia, Poland, and Hungary, initiated friendly relations with the Byzantine emperor Manuel I Comnenus, and tried to come to a better understanding with Henry II of England and Louis VII of France. This is a list of the Emperors of the Eastern Roman Empire, commonly known as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians For the eldest son of Andronikos I Komnenos and father of Alexios I of Trebizond, see Manuel Komnenos (born 1145. Louis VII, called the Younger or the Young (Louis le Jeune 1120 – 18 September 1180) was King of France, the son and successor Many Swabian counts, including his cousin the young Duke of Swabia, Frederick IV, died in 1167, so he was able to organize a new mighty territory in the Duchy of Swabia under his reign in this time. His little son Frederick V became the new Duke of Swabia.

Later years

In 1174, Frederick made his fifth expedition to Italy but was opposed by the pro-papal Lombard League, which had previously formed to stand against him. The Lombard League was an alliance formed around 1167, which at its apex included most of the cities of Northern Italy (although its membership changed in With the refusal of Henry the Lion to bring help to Italy, the campaign was a complete failure. Frederick suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Legnano near Milan, on May 29, 1176, where he was wounded and for some time was believed to be dead. The Battle of Legnano was fought on May 29 1176 between the forces of the Holy Roman Empire, led by emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and the Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the He had no choice other than to begin negotiations for peace with Alexander III and the Lombard League. In the Peace of Venice, 1177, Frederick and Alexander III reconciled. The Treaty or Peace of Venice, 1177, was an important peace treaty between the Papacy and its allies the north Italian city-states of the Lombard The Emperor acknowledged the Pope's sovereignty over the Papal States, and in return Alexander acknowledged the Emperor's overlordship of the Imperial Church. The Lombard cities, however, continued to fight until 1183, when, in the Peace of Constance, Frederick conceded their right to freely elect town magistrates. The Peace of Constance of 1183 was signed in Konstanz by Frederick Barbarossa and representatives of the Lombard League.

Frederick did not forgive Henry the Lion for refusing to come to his aid in 1174. By 1180, Henry had successfully established a powerful and contiguous state comprising Saxony, Bavaria and substantial territories in the north and east of Germany. Taking advantage of the hostility of other German princes to Henry, Frederick had Henry tried in absentia by a court of bishops and princes in 1180, declared that Imperial law overruled traditional German law, and had Henry stripped of his lands and declared an outlaw. He then invaded Saxony with an Imperial army to bring his cousin to his knees. Henry's allies deserted him, and he finally had to submit in November 1181. He spent three years in exile at the court of his father-in-law Henry II of England in Normandy, before being allowed back into Germany. He finished his days in Germany, as much-diminished Duke of Brunswick. He lived a relatively quiet life, sponsoring arts and architecture.

Third Crusade and death

After making his peace with the Pope, Frederick embarked on the Third Crusade (1189), a massive expedition in conjunction with the French, led by king Philip Augustus, and the English, under Richard the Lionheart. The Third Crusade (1189&ndash1192 also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death He organized a grand army of 15,000 men including 3,000 knights (with a total army of about 100,000 men) and set out on the overland route to the Holy Land. ^[3]

The Crusaders passed through Hungary and Serbia and then entered Byzantine territory, arriving at Constantinople in the autumn of 1189. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country From there they pushed on through Anatolia (where they were victorious in taking Aksehir and Konya) and Cilician Armenia. Akşehir is a town and district of Konya Province in the Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Konya ( قونیه; also Koniah, Konieh, Konia, and Qunia; historically also known as Iconium ( Latin The approach of the immense German army greatly concerned Saladin and the other Muslim leaders, who began to rally troops of their own and prepare to confront Barbarossa's forces. Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c

Monument in Sinzig, district Ahrweiler. Ahrweiler is a district in the north of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany.

Frederick sends out the boy to see whether the ravens still fly.

However, on 10 June 1190, Frederick died while crossing the Saleph River (now known as Göksu) in Cilicia, south-eastern Anatolia. Events 1190 - Third Crusade: Frederick I Barbarossa drowns in the Sally River while leading an army to Jerusalem The Göksu (also called Geuk Su, Goksu Nehri, Saleph, Calycadnus) is a river in Çukurova ( Turkey) Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria Anatolia (Anadolu Ανατολία Anatolía) or Asia minor, comprising most of modern Turkey, is the geographic region bounded by the Black The exact circumstances are unknown to Western scholars (Islamic scholars of the time related his death to the will of God). Western scholars suggest that he was jumping in when the shock of the cold water caused him to have a heart attack at the age of 67 or 68. Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply Weighed down by his mail armour, he drowned in water that was barely hip-deep, according to the chronicler Ali ibn al-Athir. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad, better known as Ali 'izz al- Din The armour of the day, designed to be as light as possible, was probably not heavy enough to cause a healthy man to drown in hip-deep waters; however, some reenactors and living historians argue that, in light of Frederick's advanced age, the weight of the armour plus the difficulty of struggling through water (not something many armoured men would be accustomed to), could have forced him under before reaching shore. It is also possible that the river current, perhaps combined with a slippery bottom, swept him off his feet.

Frederick's death plunged his army into chaos. Leaderless, panicked, and attacked on all sides by Turks, many Germans deserted, were killed, or even committed suicide. Only 5,000 soldiers, a small fraction of the original forces, arrived in Acre. Barbarossa's son, Frederick VI of Swabia carried on with the remnants of the army, with the aim of burying the Emperor in Jerusalem, but efforts to conserve his body in vinegar failed. Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen (1167 &ndash January 20 1191) was Duke of Swabia from 1170 to his death at the siege of Acre. Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the Hence, his flesh was interred in the Church of St. Peter in Antiochia, his bones in the cathedral of Tyre, and his heart and inner organs in Tarsus. Antioch on the Orontes (Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Δάφνῃ Ἀντιόχεια ἡ ἐπὶ Ὀρόντου or Ἀντιόχεια ἡ Μεγάλη Antiochia ad Orontem also Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Tarsus ( Greek Ταρσός is a City, and a large district in Mersin Province, Turkey, from the city of Mersin and near (40

Frederick's early death left the Crusader army under the command of the rivals Philip II of France and Richard I of England ("Lionheart"), who had traveled to Palestine separately by sea, and ultimately led to its dissolution. Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Palestine is a name which has been widely used since Roman times to refer to the region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. Richard Lionheart continued to the East where he fought Saladin, but ended without accomplishing the Crusaders' main goal, the capture of Jerusalem and the Holy Land. Salahadin Ayyubi ( Arabic:صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی Selah'edînê Eyubî; c The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש

Legend

Frederick is the subject of many legends, including that of a sleeping hero, like the much older British Celtic legends of Arthur or Bran the Blessed. A king in the mountain, king under the mountain or sleeping hero is a prominent motif in Folklore and Mythology, that is found in many Folktales King Arthur is a legendary British leader who according to medieval histories and romances, led the defence of Britain against the Saxon invaders Bran the Blessed ( Welsh: Bendigeidfran, literally "Blessed Crow" is a giant and king of Britain in Welsh mythology. Legend says he is not dead, but asleep with his knights in a cave in the Kyffhäuser mountain in Thuringia or Mount Untersberg in Bavaria, Germany, and that when the ravens cease to fly around the mountain he will awake and restore Germany to its ancient greatness. The Kyffhäuser (ˈkʰɪfˌhɔɪ̯zɐ is a Mountain range located on the border of the German state of Thuringia with Saxony-Anhalt. The Free State of Thuringia (Freistaat Thüringen is located in central Germany. The Untersberg is a Mountain Massif in the Alps, between Berchtesgaden, Germany and Salzburg, Austria. According to the story, his red beard has grown through the table at which he sits. His eyes are half closed in sleep, but now and then he raises his hand and sends a boy out to see if the ravens have stopped flying. A similar story, set in Sicily, was earlier attested about his grandson, Frederick II. Frederick II ( December 26, 1194 &ndash December 13, 1250) of the Hohenstaufen dynasty was a Pretender to the title ^[4] The Kyffhäuser Monument atop the Kyffhäuser commemorates Frederick. The Kyffhäuser Monument (Kyffhäuserdenkmal also known as the Barbarossa Monument ( Barbarossadenkmal) or the Kaiser Wilhelm Monument ( Kaiser-Wilhelm-Denkmal

The German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941 was codenamed Operation Barbarossa. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II

Frederick's descendants by his wife Beatrix

1. Frederick V, Duke of Swabia (1164-1170)
2. Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor (November 1165-1197)
3. Frederick VI, Duke of Swabia (1167-1191)
4. Otto I, Count of Burgundy (1170-killed 1200)
5. Conrad II, Duke of Swabia and Rothenburg (1173-killed 1196)
6. Philip of Swabia (1177-killed, 1208) King of Germany in 1198
7. Sophie (1161-1187), married to Margrave William VI of Montferrat. Beatrice of Burgundy ( 1143 - November 15, 1184) Beatrice was the only daughter of Renaud III Count of Burgundy and Agatha of Lorraine Frederick V of Hohenstaufen (1164 &ndash 1170 was Duke of Swabia from 1167 to his death Henry VI (November 1165 – 28 September 1197) was King of Germany from 1190 to 1197 Holy Roman Emperor from 1191 to 1197 and King Frederick VI of Hohenstaufen (1167 &ndash January 20 1191) was Duke of Swabia from 1170 to his death at the siege of Acre. Otto I (between 1167 and 1171 &ndash January 13 1200) was the Count of Burgundy from 1190 to his death and briefly Count of Luxembourg from Conrad II, German: Konrad II von Hohenstaufen (February/March 1173 – August 15 1196) was Duke of Swabia from 1191 to Philip of Swabia (1177 &ndash June 21, 1208) was king of Germany and duke of Swabia, the rival of the emperor Otto IV. The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states William VI ( circa 1173 &ndash 17 September 1226) was the Marquess of Montferrat from 1203 and pretender to the Kingdom of Thessalonica
8. Beatrice (1162-1174). She was betrothed to William II of Sicily but died before they could be married. William II (French language Guillaume II, 1155 &ndash November 11 1189 Palermo) called the Good, was king of Sicily
9. Agnes (died October 1184). She was betrothed to Emeric of Hungary but died before they could be married. There was also a Hungarian prince and saint named Emeric of Hungary (died 1031
10. Beatrix (1156). married to Count Guillaume IV de Thiers.

Frederick Barbarossa in fiction

• Umberto Eco's novel Baudolino (2000) is set partly at Frederick's court, and also deals with the mystery of Frederick's death. Umberto Eco (born 5 January 1932 is an Italian Medievalist, semiotician, Philosopher, literary critic and Novelist, best Baudolino is a 2000 novel by Umberto Eco about the adventures of a young man named Baudolino in the known and mythical Christian world of The imaginary hero, Baudolino, is the Emperor's adopted son and confidant.
• The computer game Age of Empires II: The Age of Kings has a campaign which follows Fredrick Barbarossa from the period of his struggles in Germany to his death on the Third Crusade. A personal computer Game (also known as a computer game or simply PC game) is a Video game played on a Personal computer, rather Age of Empires II The Age of Kings (often shortened to The Age of Kings or AoK) is a Real-time strategy (RTS Video game developed The Third Crusade (1189&ndash1192 also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin It is of note that Barbarossa never appears as an actual soldier in the game, though the objective of the final level (after his death) is to take a unit named "Emperor in a Barrel" to the Dome of The Rock in Jerusalem. Henry the Lion narrates each level's introduction and epilogue.
• The 1981 novel Little, Big by John Crowley has Frederick Barbarossa as a character in modern times, awoken from his centuries of sleep. Little Big or The Fairies' Parliament is a modern fantasy novel by John Crowley, published in 1981. John Crowley (born December 1, 1942) is an American author of Fantasy, Science fiction and mainstream fiction
• The Land of Unreason, by L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt, mentions the castle of the Kyffhäuser. Lyon Sprague de Camp, ( November 27 1907 – November 6 2000) was an American science fiction and fantasy author Murray Fletcher Pratt (1897–1956 was a Science fiction and Fantasy Writer; he was also well-known as a writer on Naval history and on the
• Frederick is a character in the PC game Stronghold: Crusader.
• In The Thomas Crown Affair (1999 film), the title character is said to be in possession of "an ornament worn by Frederick Barbarossa at his coronation in 1152. The Thomas Crown Affair is a 1999 Heist film by John McTiernan, a Remake of the 1968 film of the same name "
• In the computer game Stronghold Warchest, Emperor Frederick is an AI player that you can challenge in skirmish play. A personal computer Game (also known as a computer game or simply PC game) is a Video game played on a Personal computer, rather

See also

• Kings of Germany family tree. The following image is a Family tree of every king monarch confederation president and emperor of Germany, from Louis the German in 843 through to He was related to every other king of Germany.

Notes

Sources

• Otto of Freising and his continuator Rahewin, The deeds of Frederick Barbarossa tr. Ernst Hartwig Kantorowicz ( May 3 1895 - September 9 1963) was a German-Jewish historian of medieval political and intellectual history known Otto von Freising ( Otto Frisingensis) (c 1114 in Klosterneuburg – September 22, 1158) was a German Bishop and chronicler Charles Christopher Mierow with Richard Emery. New York: Columbia University Press, 1953. Reprinted: Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1994.
• Ibn al-Athir
• Romuald of Salerno. TemplateInfobox Muslim scholars --> Abu al-Hassan Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad, better known as Ali 'izz al- Din Chronicon in Rerum Italicarum scriptores.
• Otto of St Blasien.
• The "Bergamo Master". Carmen de gestis Frederici I imperatoris in Lombardia.
• Haverkamp, Alfred. Friedrich Barbarossa, 1992
• Opll, Ferdinand. Friedrich Barbarossa, 1998
• Reston, James. Warriors of God, 2001
• Ancestral Roots of Certain American Colonists Who Came to America Before 1700 by Frederick Lewis Weis, Line 45-26

See also

• Dukes of Swabia family tree

External links

• Catholic Encyclopedia: Frederick I
• MSN Encarta - Frederick I (Holy Roman Empire)
• Famous Men of the Middle Ages - Frederick Barbarossa
• The Death of Frederick Barbarossa 1190
• The Deeds of Frederick Barbarossa - Otto of Freising
• Crusade of Frederick Barbarossa