| Francisco Franco | |
 | |
| In office April 1, 1939 – November 20, 1975 | |
| Preceded by | Manuel Azaña (as President) |
| Succeeded by | Juan Carlos I (as King) |
| In office February 5, 1939 – June 9, 1973 | |
| Preceded by | Juan Negrín |
| Succeeded by | Luis Carrero Blanco |
| Born | December 4, 1892 Ferrol, Galicia, Spain |
| Died | November 20, 1975 (aged 82) Galicia, Spain |
| Nationality | Spanish |
| Political party | FET y de las Jons |
| Spouse | Carmen Polo |
| Profession | Chief of the General Staff, Spanish Army |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (El Ferrol, December 4, 1892 - November 20, 1975 in Madrid), commonly known as Francisco Franco (pronounced [fɾanˈθisko ˈfɾaŋko]) or Francisco Franco y Bahamonde was dictator of Spain from October 1936, as de facto regent of the nominally restored Kingdom of Spain from 1947 until his death in 1975. This is a list of Spanish Monarchs &mdashthat is rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Dr Manuel Azaña Díaz ( Alcalá de Henares, near Madrid, January 10 1880 &ndash November 3 1940, Montauban Today Spain is a Constitutional monarchy, and there is thus no person holding the title of President of Spain. Early life Juan Carlos was born in Rome, where his grandfather Alfonso XIII of Spain lived in exile after the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic This is a list of Spanish Monarchs &mdashthat is rulers of the country of Spain in the modern sense of the word The following is the list of those who have served as President of the Government ( i Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. Juan Negrín López ( 3 February 1887 - 12 November 1956) was a Spanish politician and physician Luis Carrero Blanco 1st Duke of Carrero-Blanco ( March 4, 1903, Santoña, Cantabria &ndash December 20, 1973, "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year This article refers to Ferrol Galicia For other uses see Ferrol (disambiguation. Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista ( FET y de las JONS, Spanish for "Traditionalist Spanish Falange and María del Carmen Polo y Martínez-Valdès 1st Señora of Meirás ( June 11, 1900, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain - February 6 The Spanish Army ( Ejército de Tierra in Spanish; literally "Land Army" is one of oldest active armies in the world and a branch of the Spanish This article refers to Ferrol Galicia For other uses see Ferrol (disambiguation. "December 4th" redirects here For the song by Jay-Z, see December 4th (song. Year 1892 ( MDCCCXCII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. His rule was known for a focus on Spanish nationalism, imperial aspirations, centralism and traditional values. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that Centralization (or centralisation) is the process by which the activities of an organization particularly those regarding decision-making become concentrated within Traditional values refer to those Beliefs Moral codes, and Mores that are passed down from generation to generation within a Culture, Subculture [1]
Franco led a notable military career and reached the rank of General. He fought in Morocco and suppressed a strike in 1934 to defend the Republican government's stability. Spanish protectorate of Morocco (حماية إسبانيا في المغرب (Protectorado español de Marruecos was the area of Morocco under colonial rule by the Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War In February 1936, the left-wing Popular Front won the general election and formed a government. The Popular Front (Frente Popular in Spain 's Second Republic was an electoral Coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various A period of severe instability and disarray followed the election, with escalating violence between left and right wing supporters. Anti-clerical violence against the Church by leftist militants further raised tensions. Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political After the assassination of a major opposition figure, José Calvo Sotelo, by a commando unit of the Assault Guards in July 1936, Franco participated in a coup d'etat against the elected Popular Front government. José Calvo Sotelo ( Tui, Pontevedra, May 6, 1893 &mdash Madrid, July 13 1936) was a Spanish political The blue-uniformed Guardia de Asalto (Assault Guard were the urban police force of Spain, during the Spanish Second Republic. The coup failed and evolved into the Spanish Civil War during which he emerged as the leader of the Nationalists against the Popular Front. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of After winning the civil war, he dissolved the Spanish Parliament, establishing an authoritarian regime that lasted until 1978, when a new constitution was drafted. During the Second World War, Franco maintained a policy of neutrality, although he did assist Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy on a small scale against the Soviet Union, most famously by sending troops (known as the Blue Division) to aid Nazi Germany in fighting the Soviet Union. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Blue Division (División Azul Blaue Division or 250 Infanterie-Division in the German Army, was a unit of Spanish volunteers The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Before the invasion of the Soviet Union by the German Army, Franco and Hitler met in Hendaye on October 23, 1940. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Hendaye ( Basque Hendaia) is the most southwesterly town in France. During the Cold War, the United States established a diplomatic alliance with Franco, due to his strong anti-Communist policy. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the American President Richard Nixon toasted Franco, [2] and, after Franco's death, stated: "General Franco was a loyal friend and ally of the United States[3]. " After his death Spain began a transition to democracy. The Spanish transition to democracy was the era when Spain moved from the Dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state.
Contents |
Early life
Franco's father, Nicolás Franco y Salgado-Araújo, was a Navy paymaster, and his mother, María del Pilar Bahamonde y Pardo de Andrade, came from a family that had a tradition of naval service. A paymaster is a civil servant appointed by a Government to dispense Wages or salaries within the Public sector, especially a His siblings were brothers Nicolás (navy officer and diplomat), and Ramón, a pioneering aviator who was hated by many of Francisco Franco's supporters, and sisters María del Pilar and María de la Paz. An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Ramón Franco y Bahamonde Salgado y Pardo de Andrade (1896 — October 1938 born in the naval station of El Ferrol in North-western Spain was a Galician Franco's mother, through the 7th Conde de Lemos and his wife the 3rd Condessa de Villalva, was twice a descendant of Portuguese royalty and thus from other Portuguese kings. [4][5]
Francisco was to follow his father into the navy, but as a result of the Spanish-American War the country had lost much of its navy as well as most of its colonies. Not needing more officers, entry into the Naval Academy was closed from 1906 to 1913. To his father's chagrin, he decided to join the Spanish Army. The Spanish Army ( Ejército de Tierra in Spanish; literally "Land Army" is one of oldest active armies in the world and a branch of the Spanish In 1907, he entered the Infantry Academy in Toledo, from which he graduated in 1910. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain He was commissioned as a lieutenant. Two years later, he obtained a commission to Morocco. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Spanish efforts to physically occupy their new African protectorate provoked the protracted Rif War (from 1909 to 1927) with native Moroccans. In International law, a protectorate is a autonomous territory that is "protected" by a stronger state or entity hense the protector which engages to protect The Rif War of 1920, also called the Second Moroccan War, was fought between Spain (later assisted by France) and the Moroccan Rif Tactics at the time resulted in heavy losses among Spanish military officers, but also gave the chance of earning promotion through merit. An officer is a member of an armed force who holds a position of authority It was said that officers would get either la caja o la faja (a coffin or a general's sash). Franco soon gained a reputation as a good officer. He joined the newly formed regulares, colonial native troops with Spanish officers, who acted as shock troops. Regulares (Spanish for "Regulars" officially called the Fuerzas Regulares Indígenas) was the name commonly used to designate the volunteer Infantry Shock troops or assault troops are Infantry formations and their supporting units intended to lead an attack
In 1916, at the age of 23 and already a captain, he was badly wounded in a skirmish at El Biutz. His survival marked him permanently in the eyes of the native troops as a man of baraka (good luck). He was also recommended unsuccessfully for Spain's highest honor for gallantry, the coveted Cruz Laureada de San Fernando. Instead, he was promoted to major (comandante), becoming the youngest field grade officer in the Spanish Army. Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country A field officer or field grade officer is an Army, Marine, or Air force Commissioned officer senior in rank to a company officer
From 1917 to 1920, he was posted on the Spanish mainland. That last year, Lieutenant Colonel José Millán Astray, a histrionic but charismatic officer, founded the Spanish Foreign Legion, along similar lines to the French Foreign Legion. José Millán-Astray y Terreros ( July 5, 1879 – January 1, 1954) was the founder and first commander of the Spanish Foreign Legion The Spanish Legion ( Spanish: Legión Española or simply La Legión) formerly Spanish Foreign Legion, is an elite unit of the Spanish Franco became the Legion's second-in-command and returned to Africa.
On July 24, 1921, the poorly commanded and overextended Spanish Army suffered a crushing defeat at Annual at the hands of the Rif tribes led by the Abd el-Krim brothers. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1921 ( MCMXXI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1921 calendar of the Gregorian calendar The Battle of Annual was a battle fought in Spanish Morocco between the Spanish Army of Africa and combatants of the Rif region Annual is a settlement in northeastern Morocco about 120 km west of Melilla. For the Eleventh Century Talmudist see Isaac Alfasi The Rif ( Berber: Arabic:جبال الريف is a mainly mountainous Abd el-Krim (c1882 Ajdir &ndash February 6, 1963, Cairo) ( Mulay Abdelkrim, full name Muhammad Ibn 'Abd El-Karim El-Khattabi The Legion symbolically, if not materially, saved the Spanish enclave of Melilla after a gruelling three-day forced march led by Franco. Melilla is an autonomous city of Spain located on the Mediterranean, on the North African coast In 1923, already a lieutenant colonel, he was made commander of the Legion. Lieutenant Colonel ( Lieutenant-Colonel in English from the French grade 's spelling is a rank of Commissioned officer in the armies
The same year, he married María del Carmen Polo y Martínez-Valdès; they had one child, a daughter, María del Carmen, born in 1926. María del Carmen Polo y Martínez-Valdès 1st Señora of Meirás ( June 11, 1900, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain - February 6 María del Carmen Franco y Polo 1st Duchess of Franco (b February 14 1926, in Oviedo, Asturias, Spain) is the only child of [6] As a special mark of honor, his best man (padrino) at the wedding was King Alfonso XIII, a fact that would mark him during the Republic as a monarchical officer. Participants in wedding ceremonies, also known as the wedding party, include the bride and groom (or bridegroom) the maid of honor Reign Although Alfonso's reign would not end well it began well The Second Spanish Republic was the system of government in Spain between April 14 1931, when King Alfonso XIII left the country
Promoted to colonel, Franco led the first wave of troops ashore at Alhucemas in 1925. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Alhucemas is a Spanish name which refers to the Moroccan Rif city of Al Hoceima the Spanish island of Peñón de Alhucemas, named after This landing in the heartland of Abd el-Krim's tribe, combined with the French invasion from the south, spelled the beginning of the end for the shortlived Republic of the Rif. The Republic of the Rif (full name The Confederal Republic of the Tribes of the Rif) ( Amazigh: Tagduda n Arif, جمهورية الريف was created
Becoming the youngest general in Spain in 1926, Franco was appointed in 1928 director of the newly created Joint Military Academy in Zaragoza, a new college for all Army cadets, replacing the former separate institutions for young men seeking to become officers in infantry, cavalry, artillery, and other branches of the army. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former This article refers to the general definition of cadet A Cadet may also be a member of the Cadets, a historical Russian Political party.
During the Second Spanish Republic
With the fall of the monarchy in 1931, in keeping with his long-standing apolitical record, Franco did not take any notable stand. But the closing of the Academy, in June, by War Minister Manuel Azaña, provoked his first clash with the Republic. Dr Manuel Azaña Díaz ( Alcalá de Henares, near Madrid, January 10 1880 &ndash November 3 1940, Montauban Azaña found Franco's farewell speech to the cadets[7] insulting. For six months, Franco was without a post and under surveillance.
On February 5, 1932, he was given a command in La Coruña. Events 1576 - Henry of Navarre converts to Roman Catholicism in order to ensure his right to the throne of France. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. A Coruña ( Spanish: La Coruña; Galician: A Coruña; also Corunna in English, and archaically The Groyne) is Franco avoided involvement in José Sanjurjo's attempted coup that year, and even wrote a hostile letter to Sanjurjo expressing his anger over the attempt. José Sanjurjo Sacanell ( March 28, 1872 – July 20, 1936) Marquess of the Rif and general was a Spanish army officer who was one of the chief As a side result of Azaña's military reform, in January 1933, Franco was relegated from the first to the 24th in the list of Brigadiers; conversely, the same year (February 17), he was given the military command of the Balearic Islands: a post above his rank. Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori The Balearic Islands ( Catalan and official Illes Balears; Spanish: Islas Baleares) are an Archipelago in the western Mediterranean
New elections held in October 1933 resulted in a center-right majority. In opposition to this government, a revolutionary movement broke out October 5, 1934. Anarchism has historically gained more support and influence in Spain than anywhere else especially before Francisco Franco 's victory in the Spanish Civil War Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This uprising was rapidly quelled in most of the country, but gained a stronghold in Asturias, with the support of the miners' unions. The Principality of Asturias ( Spanish: Principado de Asturias, Asturian: Principáu d'Asturies or Asturies) is an Mining is the extraction of valuable Minerals or other geological materials from the earth usually (but not always from an Ore body Franco, already general of a Division and aide to the war minister, Diego Hidalgo, was put in command of the operations directed to suppress the insurgency. Diego Hidalgo may refer to Diego Hidalgo y Durán (1886-1961 Spanish intellectual entrepreneur and politician during the Spanish Second Republic The forces of the Army in Africa were to carry the brunt of this, with General Eduardo López Ochoa as commander in the field. Eduardo López Ochoa y Portuondo (1877 – August 19, 1936) was a Spanish general Africanist and prominent freemason. After two weeks of heavy fighting (and a death toll estimated between 1,200 and 2,000), the rebellion was suppressed.
The insurgency in Asturias sharpened the antagonism between Left and Right. Franco and López Ochoa—who, prior to the campaign in Asturias, was seen as a left-leaning officer—were marked by the left as enemies. At the start of the Civil War, López Ochoa was assassinated. Some time after these events, Franco was briefly commander-in-chief of the Army of Africa (from February 15 onwards), and from May 19, 1935 on, Chief of the General Staff. Events 590 - Khosrau II is crowned as king of Persia 1637 - Ferdinand III becomes Holy Roman Emperor Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
1936 general election
After the ruling centre-right coalition collapsed amid the Straperlo corruption scandal, new elections were scheduled. Straperlo or Stra-Perlo was the brand of a fraudulent electric Roulette game promoted by Strauss and Perlo Two wide coalitions formed: the Popular Front on the left, ranging from Republican Union Party to Communists, and the Frente Nacional on the right, ranging from the center radicals to the conservative Carlists. The Popular Front (Frente Popular in Spain 's Second Republic was an electoral Coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various This is about the former political party in Spain there was also a Republican Union party in Puerto Rico The Communist Party of Spain ( Partido Comunista de España or PCE) is the third largest national Political party of Spain. In Spain, the National Front ( Frente Nacional) was a Far right Political party. For opposition to all forms of government social hierarchy or authority see Anarchism. Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on On February 16, 1936, the left won by a narrow margin. Events 1249 - Andrew of Longjumeau is dispatched by Louis IX of France as his ambassador to meet with the Khan of the Mongols Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [8] Growing political bitterness surfaced again. The government and its supporters, the Popular Front, had launched a campaign against the Opposition whom they accused of plotting against the Republic. The Opposition parties, on the other hand, had reacted with increasing vigour. The latter claimed that the Popular Front had illegally obtained two hundred seats in a Parliament of 473 members. After the loss of 200 seats, the Opposition Parties claimed the government represented only a small minority, adding claims that the Popular Front's parliamentary majority was the result of large-scale electoral fraud, of Government-sponsored mob terror and intimidation, of the arbitrary annulment of all election certificates in many Right-wing constituencies, and of the expulsion, the arrest, or even the assassination, of many legally elected deputies of the Right. According to the Opposition, the real enemies of the Republic were not on the Right but on the Left; Spain was in imminent danger of falling under a Communist dictatorship, and therefore by fighting the Popular Front they, the Opposition, were merely doing their duty in defence of law and order and of the freedom and the fundamental rights of the Spanish people. [9]
The days after the election were marked by near-chaotic circumstances. Franco lobbied unsuccessfully to have a state of emergency declared, with the stated purpose of quelling the disturbances and allowing an orderly vote recount.
Instead, on February 23, Franco was sent to the distant Canary Islands to serve as the islands' military commander, a position in which he had few troops under his command. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish
Meanwhile, a conspiracy led by Emilio Mola was taking shape. Emilio Mola Vidal ( June 9, 1887 &ndash June 3, 1937) was a Nationalist commander during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39 In June, Franco was contacted and a secret meeting was held in Tenerife's La Esperanza Forest to discuss a military coup. Tenerife (previously known and spelled as "Teneriffe" in English before mass tourism adopted the Spanish spelling a Spanish Island, is the largest (A commemorative obelisk commemorating this historic meeting can be found in a clearing at Las Raíces.)
But outwardly Franco maintained an ambiguous attitude almost up until July. On June 23, 1936, he wrote to the head of the government, Casares Quiroga, offering to quell the discontent in the army, but was not answered. Events 1180 - First Battle of Uji, starting the Genpei War in Japan 1305 - The Flemish Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Santiago Casares Quiroga ( A Coruña, Galicia, May 8, 1884 – Paris, February 17, 1950) was a Spanish The other rebels were determined to go ahead, con Paquito o sin Paquito (with Franco or without him), as it was put by José Sanjurjo, the honorary leader of the military uprising. José Sanjurjo Sacanell ( March 28, 1872 – July 20, 1936) Marquess of the Rif and general was a Spanish army officer who was one of the chief After various postponements, July 18 was fixed as the date of the uprising. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, The situation reached a point of no return and, as presented to Franco by Mola, the coup was unavoidable and he had to choose a side. He decided to join the rebels and was given the task of commanding the Army of Africa. A privately owned DH 89 De Havilland Dragon Rapide, was chartered in England July 11 to take Franco to Africa. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy.
The assassination of the right-wing opposition leader José Calvo Sotelo by government police troops, possibly acting on their own in retaliation for the murder of José Castillo, precipitated the uprising. José Calvo Sotelo ( Tui, Pontevedra, May 6, 1893 &mdash Madrid, July 13 1936) was a Spanish political José del Castillo Sáez de Tejada or José Castillo (1901? &ndash July 12, 1936) was a Spanish Police On July 17, one day earlier than planned, the African Army rebelled, detaining their commanders. Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians On July 18, Franco published a manifesto[10] and left for Africa, where he arrived the next day to take command. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls,
A week later, the rebels, who soon called themselves the Nationalists, controlled only a third of Spain, and most navy units remained under control of the Republican loyalist forces, which left Franco isolated. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation The coup had failed, but the Spanish Civil War had begun. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of
From the Spanish Civil War to World War II
The Spanish Civil War began in July 1936 and officially ended with Franco's victory in April 1939, leaving 190,000[11] to 500,000[12] dead. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of While officially Non-belligerent during the Second World War, General Franco's Spanish State gave considerable material economic, and military Despite the Non-Intervention Agreement of August 1936, the war was marked by foreign intervention on behalf of both sides, leading to international repercussions. The purpose of Non-Intervention Committee (1936-1939 was to prevent personnel and matériel reaching the warring parties of the Spanish Civil War. The Spanish Civil War had large numbers of non-Spanish citizens participating in combat and advisory positions The nationalist side was supported by Fascist Italy, which sent the Corpo Truppe Volontarie and later Nazi Germany, which assisted with the Condor Legion infamous for their bombing of Guernica in April 1937. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom The Corps of Volunteer Troops ( Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV was an Italian expeditionary force which was sent to Spain to support General Francisco Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Condor Legion (Legion Condor was a unit composed of "volunteers" from the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe) which served with the Nationalist The bombing of Guernica ( April 26, 1937) was an aerial attack on the Basque town of Guernica, causing widespread destruction and Britain and France strictly adhered to the arms embargo, provoking dissensions within the French Popular Front coalition led by Léon Blum, but the Republican side was nonetheless supported by volunteers fighting in the International Brigades and the Soviet Union. The Popular Front (French Front populaire) was an alliance of left-wing movements including the French Communist Party (PCF the Socialist André Léon Blum (9 April 1872 30 March 1950 was a French politician usually identified with the moderate left and three times the Prime Minister of France. The International Brigades were Republican Military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 (See for example Ken Loach's Land and Freedom. Kenneth Loach (born 17 June 1936) known as Ken Loach, is an English television and Film director. Land and Freedom is a 1995 Film (alternative title Tierra y Libertad) directed by Ken Loach and written by Jim Allen )
Because Hitler and Stalin used the war as a testing ground for modern warfare, some historians, such as Ernst Nolte, have considered the Spanish Civil War, along with the Second World War, part of a "European Civil War" lasting from 1936 to 1945 and characterized mainly as a Left/Right ideological conflict. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party Ernst Nolte (born 11 January 1923) is a German Historian and Philosopher, whose primary interest is the comparative study of World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The European Civil War is a period includes World War I, World War II and Inter-war period referring to the many major European regime changes However, this interpretation has not found acceptance among most historians, who consider the Second World War and the Spanish Civil War two distinct conflicts. Among other things, they point to the political heterogeneity on both sides (See Spanish Civil War: Other Factions in the War) and criticize a monolithic interpretation which overlooks the local nuances of Spanish history. The Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted Coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of The History of Spain spans the period from Prehistoric Iberia, through the rise and fall of the first global empire, to Spain's current position It has to be considered, nevertheless, that the politics that allowed Mussolini and Hitler to establish themselves in Europe and the territorial claims for power and resources for which WWII was triggered worked for Franco as well, regardless of the different origins of the militant Spanish sides. One might as well underline that the fate of Austria and Czechoslovakia was bargained alongside the end of the Spanish Republic on the same negotiation table with Hitler, and the end of the Spanish Civil War (Spring 1939) coincided with the war planning of the two dictators. To that extent the two wars are strongly linked although the Spanish political situation had developed on a different basis.
The first months
Despite Franco having no money, while the state treasury was in Madrid with the government, there was an organized economic lobby in London looking after his financial needs with Lisbon as their operational base. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Eventually, he was to receive important help from his economic and diplomatic boosters abroad.
Following the July 18, 1936 pronunciamento, Franco assumed the leadership of the 30,000 soldiers of the Spanish Army of Africa. Pronunciamento (from Spanish pronunciamiento, 'proclamation' is a declaration by which a military Coup d'état, i The Spanish Army of Africa was a Spanish field army that garrisoned Spanish Morocco from the early 20th century until Morocco 's independence in 1956 The first days of the insurgency were marked with a serious need to secure control over the Spanish Moroccan Protectorate. Spanish protectorate of Morocco (حماية إسبانيا في المغرب (Protectorado español de Marruecos was the area of Morocco under colonial rule by the On one side, Franco managed to win the support of the natives and their (nominal) authorities, and, on the other, to ensure his control over the army. This led to the summary execution of some 200 senior officers loyal to the Republic (one of them his own first cousin). Also his loyal bodyguard was shot by a man known as Manuel Blanco. [13] Franco's first problem was how to move his troops to the Iberian Peninsula, since most units of the Navy had remained in control of the Republic and were blocking the Strait of Gibraltar. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra The Strait of Gibraltar ( Arabic: مضيق جبل طارق Spanish: Estrecho de Gibraltar) is the Strait that connects the Atlantic He requested help from Mussolini, who responded with an unconditional offer of arms and planes; Wilhelm Canaris, the head of the Abwehr military intelligence, persuaded Hitler, as well, to support the Nationalists. Wilhelm Franz Canaris ( January 1, 1887 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Admiral and head of the Abwehr The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944 Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately From July 20 onward he was able, with a small group of 22 mainly German Junkers Ju 52 airplanes, to initiate an air bridge to Seville, where his troops helped to ensure the rebel control of the city. Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold WikipediaWikiProject Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Through representatives, Franco started to negotiate with the United Kingdom, Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy for more military support, and above all for more airplanes. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom Negotiations were successful with the last two on July 25, and airplanes began to arrive in Tetouan on August 2. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Tétouan ( Arabic: تطوان (meaning eyes in the Berber language) also spelled Tetuan, sometimes Tettawen or Tettawan, is a city Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the On August 5, Franco was able to break the blockade with the newly arrived air support, successfully deploying a ship convoy with some 2,000 soldiers. Events 642 - Battle of Maserfield - Penda of Mercia defeats and kills Oswald of Bernicia.
In early August, the situation in western Andalusia was stable enough to allow him to organize a column (some 15,000 men at its height), under the command of then Lieutenant-Colonel Juan Yagüe, which would march through Extremadura towards Madrid. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Juan Yagüe Blanco (1891 &ndash October 29, 1952) was a Spanish army officer during the Spanish Civil War. Extremadura is an autonomous community of western Spain whose capital city is Mérida. On August 11, Mérida was taken, and on August 15 Badajoz, thus joining both nationalist-controlled areas. Events 2492 BC - Traditional date of the defeat of Bel by Hayk, progenitor and founder of the Armenian nation The Battle of Mérida saw Republican militia twice fail to halt the Spanish Army of Africa near the historic town of Mérida early in the Spanish Events 778 - The Battle of Roncevaux Pass, at which Roland is killed The Battle of Badajoz was one of the first major Nationalist victories in the Spanish Civil War. Additionally, Mussolini ordered a voluntary army, the Corpo Truppe Volontarie (CTV) of some 12,000 Italians of fully motorized units to Seville and Hitler added to them a professional squadron from the Luftwaffe (2JG/88) with about 24 planes. The Corps of Volunteer Troops ( Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV was an Italian expeditionary force which was sent to Spain to support General Francisco ( German 'luftvafe is a generic German term for an Air force. All these planes had the Nationalist Spanish insignia painted on them, but were flown by Italian and German troops. The backbone of Franco's aviation in those days were the Italian SM.79 and SM.81 bombers, the biplane Fiat CR.32 fighter and the German Junkers Ju 52 cargo-bomber and the Heinkel He 51 biplane fighter. WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft. Please see WikipediaWikiProject Aircraft/page content for recommended layout WikipediaWikiProject The Heinkel He 51 was a German single-seat Biplane which was produced in a number of different versions
On September 21, with the head of the column at the town of Maqueda (some 80 km away from Madrid), Franco ordered a detour to free the besieged garrison at the Alcázar of Toledo, which was achieved September 27. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. Maqueda is a Spanish town located in the province of Toledo. It is 80 Kilometers away from Madrid, the Spanish capital The Siege of the Alcázar was a highly symbolic Nationalist victory in Toledo in the opening stages of the Spanish Civil War. Toledo Spain locationpng|thumb|right|200px|Location of Toledo in Spain Events 489 - Odoacer attacks Theodoric at the Battle of Verona and is defeated again This controversial decision gave the Popular Front time to strengthen its defenses in Madrid and hold the city that year but was an important morale and propaganda success. The Popular Front (Frente Popular in Spain 's Second Republic was an electoral Coalition and pact signed in January 1936 by various
Rise to power
The designated leader of the uprising, Gen. José Sanjurjo died on July 20, 1936 in an air crash. José Sanjurjo Sacanell ( March 28, 1872 – July 20, 1936) Marquess of the Rif and general was a Spanish army officer who was one of the chief Events 1304 - Wars of Scottish Independence: Fall of Stirling Castle - King Edward I of England takes the last rebel stronghold Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Therefore, in the nationalist zone, "Political life ceased. "[14] Initially, only military command mattered; this was divided into regional commands: (Emilio Mola in the North, Gonzalo Queipo de Llano in Seville commanding Andalusia, Franco with an independent command and Miguel Cabanellas in Zaragoza commanding Aragon). Emilio Mola Vidal ( June 9, 1887 &ndash June 3, 1937) was a Nationalist commander during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39 Gonzalo Queipo de Llano y Sierra ( February 5, 1875 – March 9, 1951) was a Spanish Army Officer who fought for the Nationalists Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area Miguel Cabanellas Ferrer ( January 1, 1872 &ndash May 14, 1938) was a Spanish Army officer during the Spanish Civil War. Zaragoza, also called Saragossa in English, is the capital city of the Zaragoza province and of the autonomous community and former Aragon ( Spanish: "Aragón") is an autonomous community of Spain. The Spanish Army of Morocco itself was split into two columns, one commanded by General Juan Yagüe and the other commanded by Colonel José Varela. Juan Yagüe Blanco (1891 &ndash October 29, 1952) was a Spanish army officer during the Spanish Civil War. Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country José Enrique Varela Iglesias (born in San Fernando, Cadiz, Spain, April 17, 1891 - died in Tangier, Spanish Morocco
From July 24, a coordinating junta was established, based at Burgos. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. A military junta is a government ruled by a committee of military leaders History Early man of Neanderthal occupied sites around Burgos as early as 800000 years ago Nominally led by Cabanellas, as the most senior general,[15] it initially included Mola, three other generals, and two colonels; Franco was added in early August. [16] On September 21, it was decided that Franco was to be commander-in-chief (this unified command was opposed only by Cabanellas),[17] and, after some discussion, with no more than a lukewarm agreement from Queipo de Llano and from Mola, also head of government. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights. [18] He was doubtless helped to this primacy by the fact that, in late July, Hitler had decided that all of Germany's aid to the nationalists would go to Franco. [19]
Mola considered Franco as unfit and not part of the initial rebel group. But Mola himself had been somewhat discredited as the main planner of the attempted coup that had now degenerated into a civil war, and was strongly identified with the Carlists monarchists and not at all with the Falange, a party with Fascist leanings and connections, nor did he have good relations with Germans; Queipo de Llano and Cabanellas had both previously rebelled against the dictatorship of Miguel Primo de Rivera and were therefore discredited in some nationalist circles; and Falangist leader José Antonio Primo de Rivera was in prison in Madrid (he would be executed a few months later) and the desire to keep a place open for him prevented any other falangist leader from emerging as a possible head of state. Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja 2 Marqués de Estella ( Jerez de la Frontera, January 8, 1870 - Paris, José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia 3rd Marquis of Estella ( April 24 1903, Madrid November 20 1936, Alicante Franco's previous aloofness from politics meant that he had few active enemies in any of the factions that needed to be placated, and had cooperated in recent months with both Germany and Italy. [20]
On October 1, 1936, in Burgos, Franco was publicly proclaimed as Generalísimo of the National army and Jefe del Estado (Head of State). Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state [21] Mola was furious and Cabanellas intervened to calm the spirits down. When Mola was killed in another air accident a year later (which some believe was an assassination) (June 2, 1937), no military leader was left from those who organized the conspiracy against the Republic between 1933 and 1935. Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. [22]
Military command
From that time until the end of the war, Franco personally guided military operations. After the failed assault on Madrid in November 1936, Franco settled to a piecemeal approach to winning the war, rather than bold maneuvering. The Siege of Madrid was a three year Siege of the Spanish capital Madrid, during the Spanish Civil War of 1936-1939 As with his decision to relieve the garrison at Toledo, this approach has been subject of some debate; some of his decisions, such as, in June 1938, when he preferred to head for Valencia instead of Catalonia, remain particularly controversial from a military viewpoint. The Siege of the Alcázar was a highly symbolic Nationalist victory in Toledo in the opening stages of the Spanish Civil War. The Valencian Community ( Valencian and official Comunitat Valenciana; Comunidad Valenciana is an Autonomous community located in central to Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain.
Franco's army was supported by Nazi Germany in the form of the Condor Legion, infamous for the bombing of Guernica on April 26, 1937. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Condor Legion (Legion Condor was a unit composed of "volunteers" from the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe) which served with the Nationalist The bombing of Guernica ( April 26, 1937) was an aerial attack on the Basque town of Guernica, causing widespread destruction and Events 1467 - The miraculous image in Our Lady of Good Counsel appear in Genazzano, Italy. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. These German forces also provided maintenance personnel and trainers, and some 22,000 Germans and 91,000 Italians served over the entire war period in Spain. Principal assistance was received from Fascist Italy (Corpo Truppe Volontarie), but the degree of influence of both powers on Franco's direction of the war seems to have been very limited. The Kingdom of Italy ( Italian: Regno d'Italia) was a state forged in 1861 by the unification of Italy under the influence of the Kingdom The Corps of Volunteer Troops ( Corpo Truppe Volontarie, or CTV was an Italian expeditionary force which was sent to Spain to support General Francisco Nevertheless, the Italian troops, despite not being always effective, were present in most of the large operations in big numbers, while the CTV helped the Nationalist airforce dominate the skies for most of the war. The Battle of Guadalajara ( 8 March &ndash 23 March 1937) saw the Spanish Popular Army defeat Italian and Nationalist forces attempting to António de Oliveira Salazar's Portugal also openly assisted the Nationalists from the start, contributing some 20,000 troops. António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula.
It is said that Franco's direction of the Nazi and Fascist forces was limited, particularly in the direction of the Condor Legion, however, he was officially, by default, their supreme commander and they rarely made decisions on their own. The Condor Legion (Legion Condor was a unit composed of "volunteers" from the German Air Force ( Luftwaffe) which served with the Nationalist For reasons of prestige, it was decided to continue assisting Franco until the end of the war, and Italian and German troops paraded on the day of the final victory in Madrid. [23]
Political command
In April 1937, Franco managed to fuse the ideologically incompatible national-syndicalist Falange ("phalanx", a far-right Spanish political party founded by José Antonio Primo de Rivera) and the Carlist monarchist parties under a single-party under his rule, dubbed Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista (FET y de las JONS), which became the only legal party in 1939. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. Far right, extreme right, ultra-right, or radical right are terms used to discuss the qualitative or quantitative position a group A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia 3rd Marquis of Estella ( April 24 1903, Madrid November 20 1936, Alicante Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on A single-party state, one-party system or single-party system is a type of Party system Government in which a single Political party The Falange Española Tradicionalista de las Juntas de Ofensiva Nacional-Sindicalista ( FET y de las JONS, Spanish for "Traditionalist Spanish Falange and The Falangists' hymn, Cara al Sol, became the semi-national anthem of Franco's not yet established regime. Cara al Sol ( Spanish: "Facing the sun" is the Anthem of the Falange party
This new political formation appeased the pro-Nazi Falangists while tempering them with the anti-German, pro-Spain Carlists. Franco's brother-in-law Ramón Serrano Súñer, who was his main political advisor, was able to turn the various parties under Franco against each other to absorb a series of political confrontations against Franco himself. Ramón Serrano Súñer ( September 12, 1901 – September 1, 2003) was a Spanish politician and creator of the radio station At a certain moment he even expelled the original leading members of both the Carlists (Manuel Fal Conde) and the Falangists (Manuel Hedilla) to secure Franco's political future. Franco also appeased the Carlists by exploiting the Republicans' anti-clericalism in his propaganda, in particular concerning the "Martyrs of the war". Anti-clericalism is a historical movement that opposes Religious (generally Catholic institutional power and influence real or alleged in all aspects of public and political Martyrs of the Spanish Civil War is the name given by the Catholic Church to the people who were killed during the Spanish Civil War because of their connection to the church While the loyalist forces presented the war as a struggle to defend the Republic against Fascism, Franco depicted himself as the defender of "Christian Europe" against "atheist Communism. "
From early 1937, every death sentence had to be signed (or acknowledged) by Franco. From the beginning of the revolt, all the Junta generals ordered massive public and summary executions to spread fear and reduce resistance among the civilians. Morale, also known as esprit de corps when discussing the morale of a group is an intangible term used for the capacity of people to maintain Belief in A civilian under International humanitarian law is a person who is not a member of his or her Country 's Armed forces.
During World War II, the head of the Abwehr, Wilhelm Canaris, had regular meetings with Franco and informed Franco of Hitler's attitude and plans for Spain. The Abwehr was a German intelligence organization from 1921 to 1944 Wilhelm Franz Canaris ( January 1, 1887 &ndash April 9, 1945) was a German Admiral and head of the Abwehr This information prompted Franco to surreptitiously reposition his best and most experienced troops to camps near the Pyrenees and to reshape the terrain to be unfriendly to tanks and other military vehicles . The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés
The end of the civil war
Before the fall of Catalonia in February 1939, the Prime Minister of Spain Juan Negrín unsuccessfully proposed, in the meeting of the Cortes in Figueres, capitulation with the sole condition of respecting the lives of the vanquished. Juan Negrín López ( 3 February 1887 - 12 November 1956) was a Spanish politician and physician for other uses see Figueres (disambiguation Figueres (Figueras is the capital of the comarca (district of Alt Empordà Negrín was ultimately deposed by Colonel Segismundo Casado, later joined by José Miaja. Segismundo Casado López (1893 Nava de la Asunción, Segovia &mdash1968 Madrid) was a Spanish Army officer in the Second Spanish Republic José Miaja Menant ( Oviedo, Asturias, 1878 - Mexico, January 14, 1958) was a Spanish Army Officer in the Second Spanish Republic
Thereafter, only Madrid (see History of Madrid) and a few other areas remained under control of the government forces. Although the site of modern-day Madrid has been occupied since prehistoric times and there are archeological remains of a small Visigoth village near the modern location the On February 27, Chamberlain and Daladier's governments recognized the Franco regime, before the official end of the war. Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Édouard Daladier (18 June 1884 - 10 October 1970 was a French Radical politician and Prime Minister of France at the start of the Second World The PCE attempted a mutiny in Madrid with the aim of re-establishing Negrín's leadership, but José Miaja retained control. Finally, on March 28, 1939, with the help of pro-Franco forces inside the city (the "fifth column" General Mola had mentioned in propaganda broadcasts in 1936), Madrid fell to the Nationalists. Events 37 - Roman Emperor Caligula accepts the titles of the Principate, entitled to him by the Senate. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A fifth column is a group of people who clandestinely undermine a larger group to which it is expected to be loyal such as a Nation. Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people The next day, Valencia, which had held out under the guns of the Nationalists for close to two years, also surrendered. Valencia ( Valencian: València, Valencia Spanish phonology --> is the capital of the Spanish autonomous Victory was proclaimed on April 1, 1939, when the last of the Republican forces surrendered. Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On this very date, Franco placed his sword upon the altar in a church and in a vow, promised that he would never again take up his sword unless Spain itself was threatened with invasion.
At least 50,000 people were executed during the civil war. [24][12][25] Franco's victory was followed by thousands of summary executions (from 15,000 to 25,000 people [26]) and imprisonments, while many were put to forced labour, building railways, drying out swamps, digging canals (La Corchuela, the Canal of the Bajo Guadalquivir), construction of the Valle de los Caídos monument, etc. A summary execution is a type of Extrajudicial punishment in which a person is killed on the spot without Trial. Unfree labour is a generic or collective term for those work relations especially in modern or early modern history in which people are employed against their will The Guadalquivir is the fifth longest River in Spain (after the Tagus, Ebro, Duero and Guadiana) and the longest in The Valle de los Caídos (in English Valley of the Fallen) is a monumental memorial in the municipality of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, erected at Cuelgamuros Valley The 1940 shooting of the president of the Catalan government, Lluís Companys, was one of the most notable cases of this early repression. Lluís Companys i Jover ( June 21 1882 &ndash October 14 1940) was a Spanish Catalan Politician Although leftists suffered from an important death-toll, the Spanish intelligentsia, atheists and military and government figures who had remained loyal to the Madrid government during the war were also targeted by the repression. For the coffee shop company often called Intelligentsia for short see Intelligentsia Coffee & Tea. Atheism
In his recent, updated history of the Spanish Civil War, Antony Beevor "reckons Franco's ensuing 'white terror' claimed 200,000 lives. Antony James Beevor (born 14 December 1946) is a British Historian, educated at Winchester College and Sandhurst. The 'red terror' had already killed 38,000. The Red Terror in Spain is the name given to various acts committed by Spanish Republicans during the Spanish Civil War of the 1930s including "[27] Julius Ruiz concludes that "although the figures remain disputed, a minimum of 37,843 executions were carried out in the Republican zone with a maximum of 150,000 executions (including 50,000 after the war) in Nationalist Spain. "[28] In Checas de Madrid, César Vidal comes to a nationwide total of 110,965 victims of Republican repression; 11,705 people being killed in Madrid alone. [29]
Despite the official end of the war, guerrilla resistance to Franco (known as "the maquis") was widespread in many mountainous regions, and continued well into the 1950s. Guerrilla warfare is the unconventional warfare and combat with which a small group of combatants use mobile tactics (ambushes raids etc In 1944, a group of republican veterans, which also fought in the French resistance against the Nazis, invaded the Val d'Aran in northwest Catalonia, but they were quickly defeated. The French Resistance is the collective name used for the French Resistance movements which fought against the Nazi German Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German The Aran Valley (Era Val d'Aran la Vall d'Aran El Valle de Arán is a small valley (620 Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain.
The end of the war led to hundreds of thousands of exilees, mostly to France (but also Mexico, Chile, etc. Exile means to be away from one's home (ie city state or country while either being explicitly refused permission to return and/or being threatened by prison or death upon return As of January 1, 2008, 64473140 people live in the French Republic. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Chile, officially the Republic of Chile ( Spanish:) is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow Coastal strip wedged between the ). [30] On the other side of the Pyrenees, refugees were confined in internment camps of the French Third Republic, such as Camp Gurs or Camp Vernet, where 12,000 Republicans were housed in squalid conditions (mostly soldiers from the Durruti Division [31]). The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés According to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, a refugee is a person who owing to a well-founded fear of being persecuted for reasons of race There have been Internment camps and Concentration camps in France before during and after World War II. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe Camp Gurs was an internment and refugee camp constructed by the French government in 1939 Le Vernet Internment Camp, or Camp Vernet, was a concentration camp in Le Vernet, Ariège, near Pamiers, in the French Pyrenees The Durruti Column was the most famous column of anarchist fighters during the Spanish Civil War. The 17,000 refugees housed in Gurs were divided into four categories (Brigadists, pilots, Gudaris and ordinary 'Spaniards'). The International Brigades were Republican Military units in the Spanish Civil War, formed of many non-state sponsored volunteers of different countries The Gudaris (Basques) and the pilots easily found local backers and jobs, and were allowed to quit the camp, but the farmers and ordinary people, who could not find relations in France, were encouraged by the Third Republic, in agreement with the Francoist government, to return to Spain. The great majority did so and were turned over to the Francoist authorities in Irún. Irun (old Basque for 'fortified town' Spanish: Irún) is a town of the Bidasoa-Txingudi region in the province of Guipuscoa ( From there they were transferred to the Miranda de Ebro camp for "purification" according to the Law of Political Responsibilities. Miranda de Ebro is a city in the province of Burgos, belonging to the region of the Ebro in Castile and León, Spain.
After the proclamation by Marshall Pétain of the Vichy regime, the refugees became political prisoners, and the French police attempted to round-up those who had been liberated from the camp. Henri Philippe Benoni Omer Joseph Pétain (24 April 1856 – 23 July 1951 generally known as Philippe Pétain or Marshal Pétain ( Maréchal Pétain) Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 The National Police ( police nationale) formerly the Sûreté Nationale, is one of two National police forces and the main civil law enforcement Along with other "undesirables", they were sent to the Drancy internment camp before being deported to Nazi Germany. Drancy deportation campof Paris, France used to hold Jews who were later deported to the Extermination camps. Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers 5,000 Spaniards thus died in Mauthausen concentration camp [32]. Mauthausen Concentration Camp (known from the summer of 1940 as Mauthausen-Gusen Concentration Camp) grew to become a large group of Nazi concentration camps The Chilean poet Pablo Neruda, who had been named by the Chilean President Pedro Aguirre Cerda special consul for immigration in Paris, was given responsibility for what he called "the noblest mission I have ever undertaken": shipping more than 2,000 Spanish refugees, who had been housed by the French in squalid camps, to Chile on an old cargo ship, the Winnipeg. Pablo Neruda ( July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and later legal name of the Chilean writer and politician Pedro Abelino Aguirre Cerda ( February 6, 1879 - November 25, 1941) was a Chilean Political figure. The Winnipeg is the name of a Ship which arrived at Valparaíso, Chile, on 3 September, 1939, with 2200 Spanish Immigrants
World War II
- For more details on this topic, see Spain in World War II. While officially Non-belligerent during the Second World War, General Franco's Spanish State gave considerable material economic, and military
Franco's tactics received important support from Hitler and Mussolini during the civil war. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately He remained emphatically neutral in the Second World War, but nonetheless offered various kinds of support to Italy and Germany. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including He allowed Spanish soldiers to volunteer to fight in the German Army against Stalin (the Blue Division), but forbade Spaniards to fight in the West against the liberal democracies. Joseph Stalin ( ნამდვილი გვარი ჯუღაშვილი|Iosif Vissarionovich Dzhugashvili; March 5 1953 was General Secretary of the Communist Party The Blue Division (División Azul Blaue Division or 250 Infanterie-Division in the German Army, was a unit of Spanish volunteers Franco's common ground with Hitler was particularly weakened by Hitler's propagation of a pseudo-pagan mysticism and his attempts to manipulate Christianity, which went against Franco's deep commitment to defending Christianity and Catholicism. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately This article describes speculative theories about Nazism Semi-religious developments within post-1945 Nazism are discussed under the term Neo-völkisch movements. Positive Christianity ( German: Positives Christentum is a term adopted by Nazi leaders to refer to a model of Christianity consistent with Nazism
In September 1939, World War II broke out in Europe, and although Adolf Hitler met Franco once in Hendaye, France (October 23, 1940), to discuss Spanish entry on the side of the Axis, Franco's demands (food, military equipment, Gibraltar, French North Africa, Portugal, etc. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Hendaye ( Basque Hendaia) is the most southwesterly town in France. Events 4004 BC - Creation of the world begins according to the calculations of Archbishop James Ussher 42 BC - Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world ) proved too much and no agreement was reached. (An oft-cited remark attributed to Hitler is that the German leader would rather have some teeth extracted than to have to deal further with Franco. ) Contributing to the disagreement was an ongoing dispute over German mining rights in Spain. Some historians argue that Franco made demands that he knew Hitler would not accede to in order to stay out of the war. Other historians argue that he, as leader of a destroyed country in chaos, simply had nothing to offer the Germans and their military. Yet, after the collapse of France in June 1940, Spain did adopt a pro-Axis non-belligerency stance (for example, he offered Spanish naval facilities to German ships) until returning to complete neutrality in 1943 when the tide of the war had turned decisively against Germany and its allies. The Axis powers also known as the Axis alliance Axis nations Axis countries or sometimes just the Axis were those Countries Some volunteer Spanish troops (the División Azul, or "Blue Division")—not given official state sanction by Franco—went to fight on the Eastern Front under German command from 1941-1943. The Blue Division (División Azul Blaue Division or 250 Infanterie-Division in the German Army, was a unit of Spanish volunteers The Eastern Front of World War II (die Ostfront 1941-1945, der Rußlandfeldzug 1941-1945 (Russian campaign or der Ostfeldzug 1941-1945 (Eastern Campaign Some historians have argued that not all of the Blue Division were true volunteers and that Franco expended relatively small but significant resources to aid the Axis powers' battle against the Soviet Union. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991
During the entire war, especially after 1942, the Spanish borders were more or less kept open for Jewish refugees from Vichy France and Nazi-occupied territories in Europe. Vichy France, or the Vichy regime are the common terms used to describe the government of France from July 1940 to August 1944 Franco's diplomats extended their diplomatic protection over Sephardic Jews in Hungary, Slovakia and the Balkans. Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Spain was a safe haven for all Jewish refugees and antisemitism was not official policy under the Franco regime. Antisemitism (alternatively spelled anti-semitism or anti-Semitism; also rarely known as judeophobia) is the Prejudice against or hostility
On June 14, 1940, the Spanish forces in Morocco occupied Tangier (a city under the rule of the League of Nations) and did not leave it until 1945. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Tangier or Tangiers ]] ( Tanja طنجة in Berber and Arabic, Tánger in Spanish The League of Nations was an International organization founded as a result of the Treaty of Versailles in 1919–1920
According to author Richard Bassett, Franco's neutrality was bought dearly with a sum paid by Churchill into Swiss bank accounts for him and his generals[33]. Franco thus waited quite a long time after WWII to pressure the United Kingdom regarding Spanish claims on Gibraltar.
Spain under Franco
Franco was recognized as the Spanish head of state by Britain and France in February 1939, two months before the war officially ended. Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general Already proclaimed Generalísimo of the Nationalists and Jefe del Estado (Head of State) in October 1936 [21], he thereafter assumed the official titles of "Su Excelencia el Jefe de Estado" ("His Excellency the Head of State"). Generalissimo or Generalissimus is a military rank of the highest degree superior to a Field Marshal or Grand Admiral. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state A title is a prefix or suffix added to a person's name to signify either veneration an official position or a professional or academic qualification However, he was also referred to in state and official documents as "Caudillo de España" ("the Leader of Spain"), and sometimes called "el Caudillo de la Última Cruzada y de la Hispanidad" ("the Leader of the Last Crusade and of the Hispanic World") and "el Caudillo de la Guerra de Liberación contra el Comunismo y sus Cómplices" ("the Leader of the War of Liberation Against Communism and Its Accomplices"). Caudillo is a Spanish ( caudilho in Portuguese word usually used to designate "a political-military leader at the head of an authoritarian power The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents
In 1947, Franco proclaimed Spain a monarchy, but did not designate a monarch. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or This gesture was largely done to appease the Movimiento Nacional (Carlists and Alfonsists). The Movimiento Nacional (National Movement was the name given to the Fascist inspired mechanism during Francoist rule in Spain, which purported Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on Legitimists are Royalists in France who believe that the King of France and Navarre must be chosen according to the simple application of the Although a self-proclaimed monarchist himself, Franco had no particular desire for a King yet, and as such, he left the throne vacant, with himself as de facto regent. A regent, from the Latin regens "who reigns" is a person selected to act as Head of state (ruling or not because the ruler is a minor He wore the uniform of a Captain General (a rank traditionally reserved for the King) and resided in the El Pardo Palace. Captain General (and its literal equivalent in several languages is a high Military rank and a gubernatorial title In addition, he appropriated the royal privilege of walking beneath a canopy, and his portrait appeared on most Spanish coins. A baldachin, or baldaquin (Italian baldacchino or baldachino) is a canopy of state over an Altar or The peseta ( ISO 4217 code ESP standard abbreviation Pta Pts or Ptas He also added "by the grace of God," a phrase usually part of the styles of monarchs, to his style. By the Grace of God, as well as the various equivalent phrases in other languages thus rendered in English, is not a title in its own right but a common introductory part
Lacking any strong ideology, Franco initially sought support from various right-wing groups. He initially garnered much support from the fascist elements of the Falange, but distanced himself from fascist ideology after the defeat of the Axis in World War II. This article is about the Spanish political party For the Lebanese Phalange see the Kataeb Party. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including These were then marginalized in favor of technocrats, many of whom were linked with Opus Dei[34]. Technocracy: A form of government in which scientists and technical experts are in control "technocracy is described as that society in which those who govern justify themselves Opus Dei, formally known as The Prelature of the Holy Cross and Opus Dei, is a part of the Roman Catholic Church that teaches the Catholic belief that everyone The consistent points in Franco's long rule included above all nationalism, the defence of Catholicism and the family, anti-Freemasonry, and anti-Communism. The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation
With the end of World War II, Spain suffered from the economic consequences of its isolation from the international community. This situation ended in part when, due to Spain's strategic location in light of Cold War tensions, the United States entered into a trade and military alliance with Spain. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This historic alliance commenced with United States President Eisenhower's visit in 1953 which resulted in the Pact of Madrid. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower (October 14 1890 – March 28 1969 was President of the United States from 1953 until 1961 and a five-star general The Pact of Madrid, signed in 1953 by Spain and the United States, ended a period of virtual isolation for Spain although the other victorious allies of Spain was then admitted to the United Nations in 1955. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security
Political repression
Following the initial repression immediately after Franco's military victory, and the failure of the guerrilla attempts against his regime in the 1950s, Franco's regime enjoyed better stability. Imprisonment and abuse of political opponents continued, however, throughout Franco's period in power. Those artists of the Generation of '27 who remained in Spain entered interior exile or even practised with the new regime. The Generation of '27 (Generación del '27 was an influential group of Poets that arose in Spanish literary circles between 1923 and 1927, essentially
During Franco's rule, non-government trade unions and all political opponents across the political spectrum, from communist and anarchist organizations to liberal democrats and Catalan or Basque separatists, were either suppressed or tightly controlled by all means, up to and including violent police repression. A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming A political spectrum (plural Spectra) is a way of modeling different political positions by placing them upon one or more geometric axes Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Anarchism is a Political philosophy encompassing theories and attitudes which support the elimination of all compulsory Government, i The term "liberal" in "liberal democracy" does not imply that the government of such a democracy must follow the political ideology of Catalan Nationalism, or Catalanism (from Catalanisme in Catalan) is a political movement advocating for either further political Basque nationalism is a movement with roots in the Carlism and the loss by the laws of 1839 and 1876 of the Ancien Régime relationship between the Basque provinces The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo (CNT) and the Unión General de Trabajadores (UGT) trade-unions were outlawed, and replaced in 1940 by the corporatist Sindicato Vertical. Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Confederación Nacional del Trabajo ( CNT; English Template talkInfobox Union for usage --> The Unión General de Trabajadores ( UGT, Workers' General Union The Spanish Trade Union Organisation ( Spanish: Organización Sindical Española) commonly known as Vertical Syndicate ( Sindicato Vertical) The PSOE Socialist party and the Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya (ERC) were banned in 1939, while the Communist Party of Spain (PCE) went underground. The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, commonly abbreviated by its Spanish initials PSOE ( P artido S ocialista O brero E spañol is The Republican Left of Catalonia (Esquerra Republicana de Catalunya ERC) is a left-wing Catalan independentist political party in Spain campaigning for The Communist Party of Spain ( Partido Comunista de España or PCE) is the third largest national Political party of Spain. The Basque Nationalist Party (PNV) went into exile, and in 1959, the ETA armed group was created to wage a low-intensity war against Franco. The Basque Nationalist Party is the largest political party in the Basque Autonomous Community. eu '''Euskadi Ta Askatasuna''' or ETA ( Basque for "Basque Homeland and Freedom" ˈɛːta is an illegal armed Basque nationalist Separatist Low intensity conflict (LIC is the use of Military forces applied selectively and with restraint to enforce compliance with the policies or objectives of the political
Franco's Spanish nationalism promoted a unitary national identity by repressing Spain's cultural diversity. Bullfighting and flamenco[35] were promoted as national traditions while those traditions not considered "Spanish" were suppressed. Bullfighting or Tauromachy (from Greek ταυρομαχία - tauromachia, "bull-fight" is a traditional spectacle of Spain Flamenco is a Spanish term that refers both to a musical genre known for its intricate rapid passages and a dance genre characterized by its audible footwork Franco's view of Spanish tradition was somewhat artificial and arbitrary: while some regional traditions were suppressed, Flamenco, an Andalusian tradition, was considered part of a larger, national identity. Andalusia (Andalucía is an autonomous community of Spain. It is the most populous and the second largest in terms of land area All cultural activities were subject to censorship, and many were plainly forbidden (often in an erratic manner). Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of communicative material which may be considered objectionable harmful or sensitive as determined by a censor This cultural policy relaxed with time, most notably in the late 1960s and early 1970s.
Franco also used language politics in an attempt to establish national homogeneity. Language politics in Francoist Spain centered on attempts in Spain under Franco to increase the dominance of the Spanish language over the other Languages of He promoted the use of Castillian Spanish and repressed other languages such as Catalan, Galician and Basque. Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain The legal usage of languages other than Castillian Spanish was forbidden. All government, notarial, legal and commercial documents were to be drawn up exclusively in Spanish and any written in other languages were deemed null and void. The usage of any other language was forbidden in schools, in advertising, and on road and shop signs. Publications in other languages were generally forbidden. Citizens continued to speak these languages in private. This was the situation throughout the forties and, to a lesser extent, during the fifties, but after 1960 the non-Castillian Spanish languages were freely spoken and written and reached bookshops and stages, although they never received official status. The 1950s Decade refers to the years of 1950 to 1959 inclusive
Civil marriages which had taken place under Republican Spain were declared null and void and had to be reconfirmed by the Catholic Church of Spain. The enforcement by public authorities of Roman Catholic social mores was a stated intent of the regime, mainly by using a law (the Ley de Vagos y Maleantes, Vagrancy Act) enacted by Azaña [2]. Mores (ˈmɔːreɪz are norms or customs Mores derive from the established practices of a society rather than its written Laws. Dr Manuel Azaña Díaz ( Alcalá de Henares, near Madrid, January 10 1880 &ndash November 3 1940, Montauban The remaining nomads of Spain (Gitanos and Mercheros like El Lute) were especially affected. The Romani people in Spain are generally known as Gitanos. Spanish Roma tend to speak Caló which is basically Andalusian Spanish with a large Quinqui is the Jargon of a reduced and possibly vanishing semi-nomadic group present mainly in the northern half of Spain known as Quinquilleros Eleuterio Sánchez (born 1942) known as " El Lute " was a legendary Spanish outlaw now a writer In 1954, homosexuality, pedophilia, and prostitution were, through this law, made criminal offenses [3], although its application was seldom consistent. Homosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the same sex or to a Homosexual orientation. The term pedophilia or paedophilia has a range of definitions as found in Psychology, law enforcement and the popular vernacular Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money.
Most towns were patrolled by pairs of Guardia Civil, a military police for civilians, which functioned as his chief means of social control. The Civil Guard ( Guardia Civil) is the Spanish Gendarmerie. It has both military and civilian functions Franco, like others at the time, evidenced a concern about a possible Masonic conspiracy against his regime. Some non-Spanish authors have described it as being an "obsession".
Student revolts at universities in the late '60s and early '70s were violently repressed by the heavily-armed Policía Armada (Armed Police), also known as "los grises" because of their grey uniforms.
Franco continued to personally sign all death warrants until just months before he died, despite international campaigns requesting him to desist.
Spanish colonial empire and decolonization
- Further information: Spanish Empire
Spain attempted to retain control of its colonial empire throughout Franco's rule. The Royal Bend of Castile ( Banda Real de Castilla) was the positional ensign “ guión ” of the Castilian monarch. The Spanish Empire (Imperio Español was one of the largest Empires in history and one of the first Global empires In the 15th and 16th centuries During the Algerian War (1954-62), Madrid became the base of the Organisation de l'armée secrète (OAS) right-wing French Army group which sought to preserve French Algeria. The Algerian War ( French: Guerre d'Algérie; 1954-1962 also known as Algerian War of Independence, led to Algeria 's independence from The Organisation de l'armée secrète ( OAS &mdash or Organisation armée secrète, lit French rule of Algeria lasted from 1830 to 1962 under a variety of governmental systems Despite this, Franco was forced to make some concessions. Henceforth, when French Morocco became independent in 1956, he surrendered Spanish Morocco to Mohammed V, retaining only a few enclaves (the Plazas de soberanía). Spanish protectorate of Morocco (حماية إسبانيا في المغرب (Protectorado español de Marruecos was the area of Morocco under colonial rule by the Mohammed V ( August 10, 1909 &ndash February 26, 1961) (محمد الخامس was Sultan of Morocco from 1927 to The plazas de soberanía ("places of sovereignty" formerly referred as "África Septentrional Española" (Spanish North Africa or simply "África The year after, Mohammed V invaded Spanish Sahara during the Ifni War (known as the "Forgotten War" in Spain). Spanish Sahara was the name used for the modern territory of Western Sahara when it was ruled as a territory by Spain between 1884 and 1975 The Ifni War, sometimes called the Forgotten War in Spain ( la Guerra Olvidada) was a series of armed incursions into Spanish West Africa by Only in 1975, with the Green March, did Morocco take control of all of the former Spanish territories in the Sahara. The Green March was a strategic mass demonstration in November 1975 coordinated by the Moroccan government to force Spain to hand over the disputed autonomous semi-metropolitan
In 1968, due to United Nations' pressure, Franco granted Spain's colony of Equatorial Guinea its independence, and the next year, ceded the exclave of Ifni to Morocco. The Republic of Equatorial Guinea ( República de Guinea Ecuatorial,) is a country in Central Africa. Ifni was a Spanish province on the Atlantic coast of Morocco, south of Agadir and across from the Canary Islands. Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Under Franco, Spain also pursued a campaign to gain sovereignty of the British overseas territory of Gibraltar, and closed its border with Gibraltar in 1969. The British Overseas Territories are fourteen territories that are under the Sovereignty of the United Kingdom, but which do not form part of the United Kingdom Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar Gibraltar is a British overseas territory on the southern tip of the Iberian peninsula subject to a disputed Irredentist claim by Spain The border would not be fully reopened until 1985.
Economic policy
See also: Economic history of Spain: Economy under Franco
The Civil War had ravaged the Spanish economy. The Economic history of Spain covers the development of the Spanish economy over the course of its history Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The peseta ( ISO 4217 code ESP standard abbreviation Pta Pts or Ptas Infrastructure had been damaged, workers killed, and daily business severely hampered. For more than a decade after Franco's victory, the economy improved little. Franco initially pursued a policy of autarky, cutting off almost all international trade. An autarky is an economy that is self-sufficient and does not take part in International trade, or severely limits trade with the outside world The policy had devastating effects, and the economy stagnated. Economic growth picked up in 1959 after Franco took authority away from ideologues and gave more power to apolitical technocrats. The country implemented several development policies and growth took off creating the "Spanish Miracle". The Spanish miracle (el milagro español was the name given to a broadly based economic boom in Spain between 1959 and 1973. During the 1960s, the wealthy classes of Francoist Spain's population experienced further increases in wealth. It had the second-fastest growing economy in the world (the fastest being Japan). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. At the time of Franco's death, Spain still lagged behind most of Western Europe, but the gap between its GDP per capita and that of Western Europe had narrowed. After periods of rapid growth during the late 1980s and late 1990s, Spain now only lags slightly behind the economies of Britain, Ireland,France and Germany, and has now overtaken Italy on some measures. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest
Regions
Franco was reluctant to enact any form of administrative and legislative decentralisation and kept a fully centralised form of government with a similar administrative structure to that established by the House of Bourbon and General Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja. The House of Bourbon is an important European Royal house, a branch of the Capetian dynasty. Miguel Primo de Rivera y Orbaneja 2 Marqués de Estella ( Jerez de la Frontera, January 8, 1870 - Paris, Such structures were both based in the model of the French centralised State.
Franco's legacy is still particularly poorly perceived in Catalonia and the Basque Country. Catalonia (Cataluña Catalunya Aranese: Catalonha) is an Autonomous Community in the northeast part of Spain. The Basque Country ( Basque Euskadi, Spanish País Vasco) is an autonomous community in northern Spain. The Basque Country and Catalonia were among the regions that offered the strongest resistance to Franco in the Civil War, but one of the strongest to his support during this regime. Franco dissolved the autonomy granted by the Spanish Republic to these two regions and to Galicia. Galicia (occasionally Galiza) is an autonomous community in northwest Spain. Franco abolished the centuries-old fiscal privileges and autonomy in two of the three Basque provinces: Guipuzcoa and Biscay, but kept them for Alava. Guipúzcoa ( Spanish) or Gipuzkoa ( Basque and official is a province of the Basque Country, in Spain. Population Of the 1133444 people who live in Biscay about 35% live in the capital Bilbao and 88% in its metropolitan area. Álava (Araba is a province of northern Spain in the southern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country.
Among Franco's greatest area of support during the civil war was Navarre, also a Basque speaking region in its north half. Navarre remained a separated region from the Basque Country and Franco decided to preserve its also centuries' old fiscal privileges and autonomy, the so-called Fueros of Navarre. The Fueros of Navarre (Full English Charters of Navarre) or Fuero general de Navarra (Full English General Charter of Navarre) were
Franco abolished the official statute and recognition for the Basque, Galician, and Catalan languages that the Spanish Republic had granted for the first time in the history of Spain. Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain Catalan ˈkætəˌlæn ( català kətəˈla or) is a Romance language, the national and official language of Andorra, and a co-official He returned to Spanish as the only official language of the State and education. The Franco era corresponded with the popularisation of the compulsory national educational system and the development of modern mass media, both controlled by the State and in Spanish language, and heavily reduced the number of speakers of Basque, Catalan and Galician, as it happened during the second half of the twentieth century with other European minority languages which were not officially protected like Scottish Gaelic or French Breton. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. The Breton language ( Brezhoneg) formerly often called Armoric or Armorican, is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany By the 1970s the majority of the population in the urban areas could not speak in the minority language or, as in some Catalan towns, their use had been abandoned. A minority language is a Language spoken by a Minority of the Population of a country The most endangered case was the Basque language. By the 1970s Basque had reached the point where any further reduction in the number of Basque speakers would have not guaranteed the necessary generational renewal and it is now recognised that the language would have disappeared in only a few more decades. This was the main reason that drove the franquist provincial government of Alava to create a network of Basque medium schools (Ikastola) in 1973 which were State financed. Álava (Araba is a province of northern Spain in the southern part of the autonomous community of the Basque Country. An Ikastola (plural Ikastolak) is a type of school in the Basque Autonomous Community, Navarre and (to a much lesser extent the French Basque Country
Franco's death and funerals
In 1969, he designated Prince Juan Carlos de Borbón, with the new title of King of Spain, as his successor. Early life Juan Carlos was born in Rome, where his grandfather Alfonso XIII of Spain lived in exile after the proclamation of the Second Spanish Republic This came as a surprise for the Carlist pretender to the throne, as well as for Juan Carlos's father, Don Juan, the Count of Barcelona, who technically had a superior right to the throne. Carlism is a traditionalist and legitimist political movement in Spain seeking the establishment of a separate line of the Bourbon family on The Infante Don Juan of Spain, Count of Barcelona ( Juan Carlos Teresa Silvestre Alfonso de Borbón y Battenberg) English: ( By 1973, Franco had surrendered the function of prime minister (Presidente del Gobierno), remaining only as head of state and commander in chief of the military. This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. As his final years progressed, tension within the various factions of the Movimiento would consume Spanish political life, as varying groups jockeyed for position to control the country's future. In 1974 Franco fell ill, and Juan Carlos took over as Head of State. Franco soon recovered, but one year later fell ill once again, and after a long illness, Franco died on November 20, 1975, at the age of 82—the same date as the death of José Antonio Primo de Rivera, founder of the Falange. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. José Antonio Primo de Rivera y Sáenz de Heredia 3rd Marquis of Estella ( April 24 1903, Madrid November 20 1936, Alicante It is suspected that the doctors were ordered to keep him barely alive by artificial means until this symbolic date of the far-right. The historian Ricardo de la Cierva says that on the 19th around 6 p. m. he was told that Franco had already died.
After Franco's death, the interim government took decision to bury him at Santa Cruz del Valle de los Caídos, a colossal memorial officially dedicated to all casualties during Spanish Civil War. The Valle de los Caídos (in English Valley of the Fallen) is a monumental memorial in the municipality of San Lorenzo de El Escorial, erected at Cuelgamuros Valley The monument, conceived personally by Franco, however has a distinctly nationalist tone. In popular imagination, he is often remembered as in the black and white images of No-Do newsreels, inaugurating a reservoir, hence his nickname Paco Ranas (Paco – a familiar form of Francisco – "frogs"), or catching huge fish from the Azor yacht during his holidays. No-Do is the colloquial name for Noticiarios y Documentales, ("News and Documentaries" state-controlled series of cinema Newsreels A newsreel is a Documentary film that is regularly released in a public presentation place containing filmed News stories A reservoir is most broadly a place or hollow vessel where Fluid is kept in Reserve, for later use
Franco's legacy
- Further information: Spanish transition to democracy
In Spain and abroad, the legacy of Franco remains controversial. The Spanish transition to democracy was the era when Spain moved from the Dictatorship of Francisco Franco to a liberal democratic state. Symbols of the Franco regime (such as the national flag with the Imperial Eagle) are now banned by law, while the national anthem of Spain, the Marcha Real, is no longer accompanied by the lyrics introduced by Franco. es '''La Marcha Real''' ("The Royal March " is the National anthem of Spain.
In Germany, a squadron named after Werner Mölders has been renamed because as a pilot he led the escorting units of the bombing of Guernica. Werner Mölders ( March 18, 1913 – November 22, 1941) was a German Luftwaffe fighter ace. The bombing of Guernica ( April 26, 1937) was an aerial attack on the Basque town of Guernica, causing widespread destruction and In 2006, the BBC reported that Maciej Giertych, a MEP of the far-right League of Polish Families, had expressed admiration for Franco, stating that he "guaranteed the maintenance of traditional values in Europe" [36]. Maciej Marian Giertych (born March 24 1936 in Warsaw) is a Polish social conservative politician of the League of Polish Families The League of Polish Families ( Liga Polskich Rodzin, LPR is a right-wing political party in Poland.
Many Spaniards, particularly those who suffered under the Franco's rule, have sought to remove official recognition of his regime. Several statues of Franco and other public Francoist symbols have been removed, with the last statue in Madrid having been removed in 2005 [37]. In 2002, José Maria Aznar's conservative government had voted against proposals to remove street names, statues and other symbols of the Franco era [37]. (born 25 February 1953 served as the Prime Minister of Spain from 1996 to 2004
In March 2006, the Permanent Commission of the European Parliament unanimously adopted a resolution "firmly" condemning the "multiple and serious violations" of human rights committed in Spain under the Francoist regime from 1939 to 1975 [38][39]. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The resolution was at the initiative of the MEP Leo Brincat and of the historian Luis María de Puig, and is the first international official condemnation of the repression enacted by Franco's regime [38]. The resolution also urged to provide public access to historians (professional and amateurs) to the various archives of the Francoist regime, including those of the private Fundación Francisco Franco which, as well as other Francoist archives, remain as of 2006 inaccessible to the public [38]. An archive refers to a collection of historical records and also refers to the location in which these records are kept The Fundación Francisco Franco received various archives from the El Pardo Palace, and is alleged to have sold some of them to private individuals[40]. Furthermore, it urged the Spanish authorities to set up an underground exhibition in the Valle de los Caidos monument, in order to explain the "terrible" conditions in which it was built [38]. Finally, it proposes the construction of monuments to commemorate Franco's victims in Madrid and other important cities [38].
In Spain, a Commission to repair the dignity and restore the memory of the victims of Francoism (Comisión para reparar la dignidad y restituir la memoria de las víctimas del franquismo) was approved in the summer of 2004, and is directed by the vice-president María Teresa Fernández de la Vega [38]. María Teresa Fernández de la Vega Sanz, Doctor of Law (born June 15, 1949) is a Spanish Socialist Workers' Party politician
Recently the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory (ARHM) initiated a systematic search for mass graves of people executed during Franco's regime, which has been supported since the PSOE's victory during the 2004 elections by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero's government. Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory ( Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica or ARMH in Spanish) is a Spanish The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party, commonly abbreviated by its Spanish initials PSOE ( P artido S ocialista O brero E spañol is Legislative elections were held in Spain on March 14, 2004. At stake were all 350 seats in the lower house of the Cortes Generales, the José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero (born 4 August 1960 better known by his maternal surname Zapatero (literally "shoemaker" in Spanish is the current A Ley de la memoria histórica de España (Law on the Historical Memory of Spain) has been approved on 28 July, 2006 by the Council of Ministers, but is still to be voted. President of the Government José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero First Vice President Minister Among other things, the draft law is supposed to enforce an official recognition of the crimes committed against civilians during the Francoist rule and organize under state supervision the search for mass graves.
The accumulated wealth of Franco's family (including much real estate inherited from Franco, including the Pazo de Meirás, the Canto del Pico in Torrelodones or the Cornide Palace in the Coruña [41]) has also been discussed. Real estate is a legal term (in some jurisdictions notably in the USA, United Kingdom Torrelodones is a Spanish town 29 km Northwest of Madrid. Population reached 20452 inhabitants in 2007 (http//www A Coruña ( Spanish: La Coruña; Galician: A Coruña; also Corunna in English, and archaically The Groyne) is Estimates of the family's wealth have ranged from 350 million to 600 million euros [41]. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e When Franco was sick, the Cortes voted a pension for his wife, Carmen Polo. María del Carmen Polo y Martínez-Valdès 1st Señora of Meirás ( June 11, 1900, Oviedo, Asturias, Spain - February 6 At her death in 1988, Carmen Polo received more than 12. 5 million pesetas (four million more than Felipe González, then head of the government) [41]. The peseta ( ISO 4217 code ESP standard abbreviation Pta Pts or Ptas Felipe González Márquez (born 5 March 1942 is a Spanish socialist politician
In late 2007, Spain banned all public references to the Franco regime and remove any statues, street names and symbols associated with the dictator. The government is also considering cutting off state aid to churches which retain plaques commemorating Franco and the victims of his republican opponents. [4]
Franco in popular media
Serious and documentary portrayals
- Raza or Espíritu de una Raza (Spirit of a Race) (1941), based on a script by "Jaime de Andrade" (Franco himself), is the semi-autobiographical story of a military officer played by Alfredo Mayo. Raza is a 1942 Spanish semi-auto biographical War film directed by José Luis Sáenz de Heredia. This article deals with the Spanish actor Alfredo Mayo. For the cinematographer sometimes credited under this name see Alfredo F Franco, ese hombre (That man, Franco) (1964) is a pro-Franco documentary film directed by José Luis Sáenz de Heredia, and the film version of Evita (1996) includes archive footage of Franco. Franco ese hombre, translated into English as Franco that man, is a 1964 Documentary film by Spanish director José José Luis Sáenz de Heredia ( 10 April 1911 Madrid - 4 November 1992) was a Spanish Film director. Evita is a musical with music by Andrew Lloyd Webber and lyrics by Tim Rice. The role of Franco himself was interpreted on film by José Soriano in Espérame en el cielo (Wait for Me in Heaven) (1988) and by Ramon Fontserè in ¡Buen Viaje, Excelencia! (Bon Voyage, Your Excellency!) (2003).
Comic references
- In 1937 Pablo Picasso produced The Dream and Lie of Franco, a series of satirical etchings and a poem denouncing Franco. Pablo Diego José Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno María de los Remedios Cipriano de la Santísima Trinidad Martyr Patricio Clito Ruíz y Picasso (October 25 1881 &ndash April 8 1973 The Dream and Lie of Franco is a series of fourteen or eighteen Etchings, and accompanying Prose poem, by Pablo Picasso produced in early 1937
- In his satirical song The Folk Song Army, Tom Lehrer mocked the popularity of folk songs supporting the Republican side in the Spanish Civil War: "Remember the war against Franco / The one where each of us belongs / While he may have won all the battles / We had all the good songs. Thomas Andrew "Tom" Lehrer (born April 9 1928)is an American Singer-songwriter, satirist, Pianist, and mathematician "
- The weekly announcement "Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead" became a recurring joke on Saturday Night Live, spoken by Chevy Chase during the "Weekend Update" news satire segment during the show's first season. "Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead" is a Catch phrase that originated in 1975 during the first season of Saturday Night Live A catch phrase (or catchphrase) is a phrase or expression recognized by its repeated utterance Saturday Night Live ( SNL) is a weekly late-night 90-minute American Sketch comedy / Variety show based in New York City Cornelius Crane “Chevy” Chase (born October 8 1943 is an American Emmy Award-winning Comedian, Writer, and television and film Weekend Update is a Saturday Night Live sketch which comments on and parodies Current events. News satire, also called fake news, is a type of Parody presented in a format typical of mainstream Journalism, and called a satire because of its content
- Fawlty Towers also made several references. Fawlty Towers is a British sitcom made by the BBC and first broadcast on BBC2 in 1975 In "The Builders", Manuel is puzzled when someone looking for the boss of the hotel asks where the "generalisimo" is. In "The Anniversary", the chef Terry claims that his repertoire of Spanish cuisine includes "Franco Fritters". In "Basil the Rat", Basil Fawlty is moved to ask Manuel: "You have rats in Spain, don't you - or did Franco have them all shot?"
- In the movie You've Got Mail, Socialist Frank Navasky (Greg Kinnear) is shocked to discover that his girlfriend's employee Birdie (Jean Stapleton) had dated Franco. You've Got Mail is an American romantic comedy released in 1998 by Warner Brothers. Gregory Kinnear (born June 17, 1963) is an Academy Award -nominated American Actor and Television personality, who Jean Stapleton (born Jeanne Murray on January 19, 1923 in New York City New York) is an American character actress
Literature
- Paul Preston: Franco: A Biography, Harper Collins, London, 1993, ISBN 0-00-215863-9. Paul Preston (born 1946 is a British Historian, specialized in Spanish history in particular the Spanish Civil War, which he has studied for more than HarperCollins is a Publishing company owned by News Corporation. Updated with later editions.
References
- ^ Hakim, Joy (1995). A History of Us: War, Peace and all that Jazz. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509514-6.
- ^ John T. Woolley and Gerhard Peters, Toasts of the President and General Francisco Franco of Spain at a State Dinner in Madrid, The American Presidency Project. Santa Barbara, California: University of California (hosted), Gerhard Peters (database). Accessed online 24 May 2008.
- ^ New York Times. "Nixon Asserts Franco Won Respect for Spain. " November 21, 1975, Friday, page 16.
- ^ Francisco Franco y Bahamonde, GeneAll. net. Accessed online 24 May 2008.
- ^ Franco, Paul Theroff's Royal Genealogy Site, Prodigy. net. Accessed online 24 May 2008.
- ^ Carmen Franco y Polo, 1st Duquesa de Franco on thePeerage. com. Accessed 8 August 2006. Events 1220 - Sweden is defeated by Estonian tribes in the Battle of Lihula. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Discurso de Franco a los cadetes de la academia militar de Zaragoza (Spanish) (1931-06-14). Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Retrieved on 2006-07-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
- ^ "Riots Sweep Spain on Left's Victory; Jails Are Stormed", The New York Times, February 18, 1936.
- ^ Muggeridge, Malcolm, editor, Ciano's Diplomatic Papers, Odhams, London, 1948: 17-18
- ^ Manifesto de las palmas (Spanish) (1936-07-18). Thomas Malcolm Muggeridge ( Croydon, England 24 March 1903 &ndash 14 November 1990) was a British Journalist Year 1936 ( MCMXXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Retrieved on 2006-07-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
- ^ Santos Juliá, coord. Víctimas de la guerra civil, Madrid, 1999, ISBN 84-8460-333-4
- ^ a b Spanish Civil War
- ^ La Memoria de los Nuestros (Spanish). Retrieved on 2006-07-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World
- ^ Hugh Thomas, The Spanish Civil War, revised and enlarged edition (1977), New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-014278-2. p. 258
- ^ Thomas writes, "to pacify, rather than to dignify, him. " op. cit. , p. 282.
- ^ Thomas, op. cit. , p. 282.
- ^ Thomas, op. cit. , p. 421.
- ^ Thomas, op. cit. , pp 423–424.
- ^ Thomas, op. cit. , p. 356.
- ^ Thomas, op. cit. , pp 420–422.
- ^ a b Thomas, op. cit. , p. 424.
- ^ Thomas, op. cit. , pp 689–690.
- ^ The Spanish Republic and the civil war 1931-39, by Gabriel Jackson, New Jersey, 1967
- ^ Spain torn on tribute to victims of Franco
- ^ Spanish Civil War: Casualties
- ^ Recent searches conducted with parallel excavations of mass graves in Spain (in particular by the Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory, ARMH) estimate that the total of people executed after the war may arrive at a number between 15,000 to 35,000. Association for the Recovery of Historical Memory ( Asociación para la Recuperación de la Memoria Histórica or ARMH in Spanish) is a Spanish See for example Fosas Comunes - Los desaparecidos de Franco. La Guerra Civil no ha terminado, El Mundo, 7 July 2002 (Spanish)
- ^ "Men of La Mancha". El Mundo ( Spanish for "The World" full name El Mundo del Siglo Veintiuno, "The World of the 21st century" is the second largest Rev. of Antony Beevor, The Battle for Spain. The Economist (June 22, 2006).
- ^ Julius Ruiz, "Defending the Republic: The García Atadell Brigade in Madrid, 1936". Journal of Contemporary History 42. 1 (2007):97.
- ^ International justice begins at home by Carlos Alberto Montaner, Miami Herald, August 4, 2003
- ^ Spanish Civil War fighters look back
- ^ (French) Camp Vernet Website
- ^ Film documentary on the website of the Cité nationale de l'histoire de l'immigration (French)
- ^ Bassett, Richard (June 2005). As one of the most widely-read columnist in the Spanish language --his weekly columns are estimated by Poder magazine to be read by six million people-- Carlos Alberto The Miami Herald is a daily Newspaper owned by The McClatchy Company headquartered in Downtown Miami Florida. Hitler's Spy Chief: The Wilhelm Canaris Mystery. Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 352. ISBN 0297846876.
- ^ "The Franco Years: Policies, Programs, and Growing Popular Unrest. " A Country Study: Spain <http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/estoc.html#es0034>
- ^ Roman, Mar. "Spain frets over future of flamenco. " 27 October, 2007. Associated Press. [1]
- ^ Europe diary: Franco and Finland, BBC News, 6 July 2006 (English)
- ^ a b Madrid removes last Franco statue, BBC News, 17 March 2005 (English)
- ^ a b c d e f Primera condena al régimen de Franco en un recinto internacional, EFE, El Mundo, 17 March 2006 (Spanish)
- ^ Von Martyna Czarnowska, Almunia, Joaquin: EU-Kommission (4): Ein halbes Jahr Vorsprung, Weiner Zeitung, 17 February 2005 (article in German language). EFE is a Spanish news agency created in 1939 by Ramón Serrano Súñer and Manuel Aznar Zubigaray while the former was Spain 's minister of the Accessed 26 August 2006.
- ^ Luis Gomez and Mabel Galaz, La cosecha del dictador, El Pais, 9 September 2007 (Spanish)
- ^ a b c Luis Gomez and Mabel Galaz, La cosecha del dictador, El Pais, 9 September 2007 (Spanish)
See also
- History of Spain
- Spain under Franco
- Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead
- Ramón Serrano Súñer
- Luis Carrero Blanco
- Emilio Mola
- Spanish Legion
- Language politics in Francoist Spain
- Movimiento Nacional
- Frente Revolucionario Antifascista y Patriótico
External links
- Death of dictator,Landmark Law Condemns Dictatorship: Spain Confronts Past under Franco
- [5]National Foundation Francisco Franco. The History of Spain spans the period from Prehistoric Iberia, through the rise and fall of the first global empire, to Spain's current position "Generalissimo Francisco Franco is still dead" is a Catch phrase that originated in 1975 during the first season of Saturday Night Live Ramón Serrano Súñer ( September 12, 1901 – September 1, 2003) was a Spanish politician and creator of the radio station Luis Carrero Blanco 1st Duke of Carrero-Blanco ( March 4, 1903, Santoña, Cantabria &ndash December 20, 1973, Emilio Mola Vidal ( June 9, 1887 &ndash June 3, 1937) was a Nationalist commander during the Spanish Civil War (1936-39 The Spanish Legion ( Spanish: Legión Española or simply La Legión) formerly Spanish Foreign Legion, is an elite unit of the Spanish Language politics in Francoist Spain centered on attempts in Spain under Franco to increase the dominance of the Spanish language over the other Languages of The Movimiento Nacional (National Movement was the name given to the Fascist inspired mechanism during Francoist rule in Spain, which purported The Frente Revolucionario Antifascista y Patriótico ("Revolutionary Anti-Fascist Patriotic Front" sometimes also called Frente Revolucionario Antifascista y Patriota
- Biographical page in Spanish about "Francisco Franco"
- Francisco Franco at the Internet Movie Database. He wrote the script for Raza under the name "Jaime de Andrade".
- Franco Biography From Spartacus Educational.
- 1939-1952: Armed resistance to Franco - a history of the marxist guerrilla resistance movement to his regime
- Francisco Franco Gravesite
- Video
- Documentary 52': When Franco died we were 30
- Audio Interview: Sid Low on the Juventud de Accion Popular and the Outbreak of Civil War in Spain [6]
| Preceded by Juan Negrín | President of the Government of Spain 1939–1973 | Succeeded by Luis Carrero Blanco |
| Preceded by Manuel Azaña | President of Spain 1939–1947 | Succeeded by Monarchy reinstated with vacant throne; Franco acts as de facto regent |
| Spanish Head of State 1939–1975 | Succeeded by Juan Carlos I |
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Franco, Francisco |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo, Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo (full name); Franco Bahamonde, Francisco (standard name) |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | Dictator and head of state of Spain |
| DATE OF BIRTH | 4 December 1892 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Ferrol, A Coruña, Spain |
| DATE OF DEATH | 19 November 1975 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Madrid, Spain |
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