Fryderyk Chopin (Polish: Fryderyk [Franciszek] Chopin, sometimes Szopen; French: Frédéric [François] Chopin; surname pronunciation in English: IPA: /ˈʃoʊpæn/, in French: IPA: [ʃɔpɛ̃]; March 1, 1810[1] – October 17, 1849) was a Polish[2][3] composer and virtuoso pianist of the Romantic period. Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 &ndash 13 August 1863 was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A surname is a name added to a Given name and is part of a Personal name. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland A composer (literally meaning 'one who puts together' is a person who creates Music, usually in the medium of notation, for Interpretation and Performance A virtuoso (from Italian virtuoso, late Latin virtuosus, Latin virtus meaning skill manliness excellence is an individual A pianist (/'piənɪst/ is a Musician who plays the Piano. A professional pianist can perform solo pieces play with an ensemble or Orchestra Romantic Music is a Musicological term referring to a particular period theory compositional practice and canon in European music history from about 1815 to 1910 He is widely regarded as the greatest Polish composer, and ranks as one of music's greatest tone poets. A symphonic poem or tone poem is a piece of Orchestral Music in one movement in which some extramusical program provides a narrative or illustrative element [4]
Chopin was born in the village of Żelazowa Wola, in the Duchy of Warsaw, to a Polish mother and French-expatriate father, and in his early life was regarded as a child-prodigy pianist. Żelazowa Wola is a village on the Utrata River in the Masovian Voivodship, about 60 kilometers from Warsaw, Poland. The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie Duché de Varsovie Herzogtum Warschau Варшавское герцогство was a Polish state established by Napoleon This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing List of child prodigies|Fictional child prodigies A child prodigy is a one who masters one or more skills or arts at an early age In November 1830, at the age of 20, Chopin went abroad; following the suppression of the Polish November Uprising of 1830–31, he became one of many expatriates of the Polish "Great Emigration. The November Uprising (1830&ndash1831&mdashalso known as the Cadet Revolution &mdashwas an armed rebellion against the rule of the Russian Empire in Poland An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing The Great Emigration (Wielka Emigracja was an emigration of political elites from Poland from 1831&ndash1870 "
In Paris, Chopin made a comfortable living as a composer and piano teacher, while giving few public performances. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city A Polish patriot,[5] in France he used the French versions of his names and eventually, to avoid having to rely on Imperial Russian documents, became a French citizen. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya [6][7][8] After some ill-fated romantic involvements with Polish women, from 1837 to 1847 he conducted a turbulent relationship with the French writer George Sand (Aurore Dudevant). Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 Always in frail health, in 1849 he died in Paris, at the age of 39, of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common [9]
Chopin's extant compositions were written primarily for the piano as a solo instrument. The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers Though technically demanding, Chopin's style emphasizes nuance and expressive depth rather than virtuosity. Chopin invented musical forms such as the ballade[10] and was responsible for major innovations in forms such as the piano sonata, waltz, nocturne, étude, impromptu and prelude. The term musical form refers to two related concepts the type of composition (for example a musical work can have the form of a Symphony, a A ballade (French for "ballad' pronounced bah-LAHD refers to a one-movement musical piece with lyrical and dramatic narrative qualities The Baroque keyboard sonata In the Baroque era the use of the term "sonata" generally referred to either the Sonata da chiesa ( Church sonata The waltz is a ballroom and folk Dance in time, performed primarily in Closed position. A nocturne (from the French for "nocturnal" is usually a Musical composition that is inspired by or evocative of the Night. An étude (a French word meaning study) is an instrumental Musical composition, most commonly of considerable difficulty usually designed to provide practice An impromptu (loosely meaning "offhand" is a free-form musical composition with the character of an improvisation usually for a solo instrument such as piano A prelude is a short piece of Music, which its form will vary from piece to piece His works are mainstays of Romanticism in 19th-century classical music. Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the The 19th century of the Common Era began on January 1, 1801 and ended on December 31, 1900, according to the Gregorian calendar Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music
Mazurek No. 23 in D major, Op. 33, No. 2
Contents |
Life
Childhood
Fryderyk Chopin was born in Żelazowa Wola, some fifty kilometers west of Warsaw in Sochaczew County, in what was then part of the Duchy of Warsaw. Żelazowa Wola is a village on the Utrata River in the Masovian Voivodship, about 60 kilometers from Warsaw, Poland. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Sochaczew County (powiat sochaczewski is a unit of territorial administration and local government ( Powiat) in Masovian Voivodeship, east-central Poland The Duchy of Warsaw (Księstwo Warszawskie Duché de Varsovie Herzogtum Warschau Варшавское герцогство was a Polish state established by Napoleon His father, Nicolas (in Polish, Mikołaj) Chopin, originally a Frenchman from Lorraine, had emigrated to Poland in 1787 at the age of 16, and had served in Poland's National Guard during the Kościuszko Uprising. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. Mikołaj Chopin (born Nicolas Chopin; April 15, 1771 – May 3, 1844) was a teacher in Prussian and Russian-ruled Poland Lorraine (Lorraine Lothringen is a historical area in present-day northeast France. The Kościuszko Uprising was an uprising led by Tadeusz Kościuszko in Poland and Lithuania in 1794 The elder Chopin subsequently worked in Żelazowa Wola as a tutor to the aristocracy, which included the Skarbeks (one of whose poorer relations, Tekla Justyna Krzyżanowska, he married). Żelazowa Wola is a village on the Utrata River in the Masovian Voivodship, about 60 kilometers from Warsaw, Poland. The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth was a federal monarchic republic comprising the Kingdom of Poland and Grand Duchy of Lithuania, from 1569 until 1795 Counts of Galicia (and Poland Aleksandrowicz of Kruki. Stanislaw Aleksandrowicz (1781-1826 obtained the hereditary title of Count of Galicia from [11]
According to family records, the couple's second child, Fryderyk (Frédéric) Chopin, was born on March 1, 1810. There is no known birth certificate. A birth certificate is a Vital record that documents the birth of a child His baptismal certificate gives the birthdate as February 22, 1810. In Christianity, baptism ( Greek, "immersing" "performing Ablutions " is the ritual act with the use of water by which one is admitted
In October of 1810, when Fryderyk was seven months old, the family moved to Warsaw, where his father took a position as French-language teacher at a school in the Saxon Palace. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" The Saxon Palace ( Polish: Pałac Saski) was one of the most distinctive buildings in prewar Warsaw, Poland. The Chopin family lived on the palace grounds.
In 1817 Mikołaj Chopin began work, still teaching French, at the Warsaw Lyceum at Warsaw University's Kazimierz Palace. This article is about Lyceum as school or as public hall Lyceum can also be short for Lyceum Theatre. University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski is the largest University in Poland, ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement as the second best Polish The Kazimierzowski Palace or Kazimierz Palace (Pałac Kazimierzowski is a building in Warsaw, Poland, adjacent to the Royal Route, at The family lived in a spacious second-floor apartment in an adjacent building. Later, Fryderyk himself would attend the Warsaw Lyceum from 1823 to 1826.
In spite of Mikołaj Chopin's occupation, Polish spirit, culture and language pervaded the Chopins' home, and as a result Fryderyk would never, even in Paris, perfectly master the French language. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people [12] All the family had artistic leanings. Chopin père played the flute and violin; Chopin's mother played piano, and gave lessons to boys in the boarding house that the Chopins operated. Thus Fryderyk early became conversant with music in its various forms. [13] By six, he was already trying to reproduce what he heard or to make up new melodies. [14] He received his earliest piano lessons not from his mother, but from his older sister, Ludwika (in English, "Louise"). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States [13]
Chopin's first professional piano tutor, from 1816 to 1822, was the respected, elderly Wojciech Żywny. Ambroży Mieroszewski (1802–1884 was a Polish painter who was Frédéric Chopin 's first known portraitist Although the youngster's skills soon surpassed those of his teacher, Chopin later spoke highly of him. Seven-year-old "Little Chopin" began to give public concerts that soon prompted comparison with Mozart as a child, and with Chopin's contemporary, Beethoven. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. That same year, Chopin composed two polonaises, in G minor and B-flat major. The polonaise ( Polish: polonez, chodzony; Italian: polacca) or the Bizmarck as it is more colloquially known Also see G major, or G-sharp minor. G minor is a Minor scale based on G consisting of the pitches G Also see B-flat minor, or B major. B major or B-flat major is a Major scale based on B-flat The first was published in the engraving workshop of Father Izydor Józef Cybulski (composer, engraver, director of an organists' school, and one of the few music publishers in Poland); the second survives as a manuscript prepared by Mikołaj Chopin. These small works were said to rival not only the popular polonaises of leading Warsaw composers, but the famous polonaises of Michał Kleofas Ogiński. Michał Kleofas Ogiński (Mykolas Kleopas Oginskis ( Guzów, near Warsaw, October 7 1765 - October 10 1833 Florence, Italy was a Polish-Lithuanian A substantial development of melodic and harmonic invention, and of piano technique, was shown in Chopin's next known polonaise (in A-flat major), which the young artist offered, in 1821, as a name-day present to Żywny. Also see A-flat minor, or A major. A major or A-flat major is a Major scale based on A-flat A name day is a tradition in many countries in Europe and Latin America of celebrating on a particular day of the year associated with the one's Given name [13]
Frédéric Chopin: Polonaise No. 6 in A flat major, Op. 53, Heroique
About this time, at the age of eleven, Chopin performed in the presence of Russian Tsar Alexander I, who was in Warsaw, opening the Sejm. Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Alexander I of Russia ( Russian: Александр I Павлович / Aleksandr I Pavlovich (23 December 1777 – November 19 1825 served as Emperor of [14]
As a child, Chopin showed an intelligence that was said to absorb everything and make use of everything for its development. Ambroży Mieroszewski (1802–1884 was a Polish painter who was Frédéric Chopin 's first known portraitist He early showed remarkable abilities in observation and sketching, a keen wit and sense of humor, and an uncommon talent for mimicry. Biological mimicry occurs when a group of organisms the mimics, have [13] A story from his school years recounts a teacher being pleasantly surprised by a superb portrait that Chopin had drawn of him in class. [15] In those years, Chopin was sometimes invited to the Belweder Palace as playmate to the son of Russian Poland's ruler, Grand Duke Constantine Pavlovich, and charmed the irascible duke with his piano-playing. Belweder (/bɛlvɛdɛr/ Polish: Pałac Belwederski, Belweder Palace from the Italian bello and vedere — "beautiful" Congress Poland Kongresówka, officially and formally Kingdom of Poland (Królestwo Polskie {{IPA-pl|'|p|o|l|s|kʲ|e}} Царство Польское Tsarstvo Polskoye This is a list of those members of the Russian Imperial Family who bore the title Velikiy Knjaz (usually translated into English as Grand Duke, but more accurately Constantine Pavlovich Romanov (Константи́н Па́влович Рома́нов Julian Ursyn Niemcewicz attested to "Little Chopin's" popularity in his dramatic eclogue, Nasze Verkehry (Our Intercourse, 1818), in which the eight-year-old Chopin features as a motif in the dialogues. FourthAve 1253 24 July 2005 An eclogue is a Poem in a classical style on a Pastoral subject [13]
During vacations spent in his mid-teens at the Mazowsze village of Szafarnia (where he was a guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł), Chopin was exposed to folk melodies that he would later transmute into original compositions; his letters home from Szafarnia (the famous "Szafarnia Courier" letters) amused his family with their spoofing of the Warsaw newspapers and demonstrated the youngster's literary talent. Szafarnia, in Poland 's Mazowsze Province (aka Masovian Voivodeship is one of three Villages of that name in Poland (the other two being in Kujawy–Pomorze Masovia or Mazovia (Mazowsze is a geographic and historic region situated in eastern Poland 's Masovian Plain. Szafarnia, in Poland 's Mazowsze Province (aka Masovian Voivodeship is one of three Villages of that name in Poland (the other two being in Kujawy–Pomorze Prince Antoni Henryk Radziwiłł ( 13 June 1775 &ndash 7 April 1833) was a Polish-Lithuanian Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous A parody (ˈpɛɹədiː US, [ˈpaɹədiː] UK) in contemporary usage is a work created to mock comment on or poke fun at an original work its subject [15]
An anecdote describes how Chopin helped quiet rowdy children by first improvising a story and then lulling them to sleep with a berceuse (lullaby) — after which he woke everyone with an ear-piercing chord. A lullaby is a soothing Song, usually sung to Children before they go to sleep A lullaby is a soothing Song, usually sung to Children before they go to sleep [15]
Berceuse, Op. 57, by Frédéric Chopin
Early education
Chopin, tutored at home until he was 13, enrolled in the Warsaw Lyceum in 1823, but continued studying piano under Żywny's direction. Ambroży Mieroszewski (1802–1884 was a Polish painter who was Frédéric Chopin 's first known portraitist In 1825, in a performance of the work of Ignaz Moscheles, he entranced the audience with his free improvisation, and was acclaimed the "best pianist in Warsaw. (Isaac Ignaz Moscheles ( May 23, 1794 &ndash March 10, 1870) was a Bohemian Composer and Piano Virtuoso "[13]
In the autumn of 1826, Chopin began a three-year course of studies with the composer Józef Elsner at the Warsaw Conservatory, which was affiliated with Warsaw University (hence Chopin is counted among that university's alumni). Józef Antoni Franciszek Elsner (often also Józef Ksawery Elsner or Joseph Xaver Elsner) June 1, 1769 – April 18, The Fryderyk Chopin University of Music ( Uniwersytet Muzyczny Fryderyka Chopina w Warszawie) is located at ulica Okólnik 2 in central Warsaw, University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski is the largest University in Poland, ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement as the second best Polish University of Warsaw (Uniwersytet Warszawski is the largest University in Poland, ranked by the Times Higher Education Supplement as the second best Polish Chopin's first contact with the Polish composer may have been as early as 1822; it is certain that Elsner was giving Chopin informal guidance by 1823, and in 1826 Chopin officially commenced the study of music theory, figured bass, and composition with Elsner. Music theory is the field of study that deals with the Mechanics of music and how Music works Figured bass, or thoroughbass, is a kind of integer Musical notation used to indicate intervals, chords and Nonchord tones in relation Musical composition is an original piece of Music the structure of a musical piece the process of creating a new In year-end evaluations, Elsner noted Chopin's "remarkable talent" and "musical genius. " As had Żywny, Elsner observed, rather than influenced or directed, the development of Chopin's blossoming talent. Elsner's teaching style was based on his reluctance to "constrain" Chopin with "narrow, academic, outdated" rules, and to allow the young artist to mature "according to the laws of his own nature. "[16]
In 1827, the family moved to lodgings just across the street, in the Krasiński Palace at Krakowskie Przedmieście 5, in what is now the Warsaw Academy of Fine Arts. Krakowskie Przedmieście, in Warsaw (literal English meaning " Kraków Suburb" until the 19th century also known by the French Chopin would live there until he left Warsaw in 1830.
In 1829, Polish portraitist Ambroży Mieroszewski executed a set of five portraits of Chopin family members (the youngest daughter, Emilia, had died in 1827): Chopin's parents, his elder sister Ludwika, younger sister Izabela, and, in the first known portrait of him, Fryderyk himself. Ambroży Mieroszewski (1802–1884 was a Polish painter who was Frédéric Chopin 's first known portraitist In 1913, historian Édouard Ganche would write that this painting of the precocious composer showed "a youth threatened by tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common His skin is very white, he has a prominent Adam's apple and sunken cheeks, even his ears show a form characteristic of consumptives. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common " Chopin's younger sister Emilia had already died of tuberculosis at the age of fourteen, and their father would succumb to the same disease in 1844. [16]
According to musicologist and Chopin biographer Zdzisław Jachimecki, comparison of the juvenile Chopin with any earlier composer is difficult because of the originality of the works that Chopin was composing already in the first half of his life. Musicology ( Greek: μουσική = "music" and λόγος = "word" or "reason" is the scholarly study of Music At a comparable age, Bach, Mozart and Beethoven had still been apprentices, while Chopin was perceived by peers and audiences to be already a master who was pointing the path of the coming age. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. [16]
Chopin himself never gave thematic titles to his instrumental works, but identified them simply by genre and number. A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other [17] His compositions were, however, often inspired by emotional and sensual experiences in his own life. One of his first such inspirations was a beautiful young singing student at the Warsaw Conservatory and later a singer at the Warsaw Opera, Konstancja Gładkowska. In letters to his friend Tytus Woyciechowski, Chopin indicated which of his works, and even which of their passages, were influenced by his erotic transports. His artist's soul was also enriched by friendships with such leading lights of Warsaw's artistic and intellectual world as Maurycy Mochnacki, Józef Bohdan Zaleski and Julian Fontana. Maurycy Mochnacki ( 13 September 1803 - 20 December 1834) was a Polish publicist Józef Bohdan Zaleski ( Bohatyrka, Kiev Guberniya, February 14, 1802 – March 31, 1886, Villepreux Julian (or Jules Fontana ( July 31, 1810 - December 23, 1869 was a Polish Pianist, Composer, Lawyer, Author [18]
The young man
In September of 1828, Chopin struck out for the wider world in the company of family friend, zoologist Feliks Jarocki, who planned to attend a scientific convention in Berlin. Feliks Paweł Jarocki (b January 14, 1790 in Pacanów - March 25, 1865 in Warsaw) was a Polish Zoologist Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. There Chopin enjoyed several unfamiliar operas directed by Gaspare Spontini, went to several concerts, and saw Carl Friedrich Zelter, Felix Mendelssohn and other celebrities. Gaspare Luigi Pacifico Spontini ( 14 November, 1774 &ndash 24 January, 1851) was an Italian Opera Composer Carl Friedrich Zelter ( 11 December 1758 &ndash 15 May 1832)was a German composer conductor and teacher of music Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer On his return trip, he was the guest of Prince Antoni Radziwiłł, governor of the Grand Duchy of Poznań — himself an accomplished composer and cellist. Prince Antoni Henryk Radziwiłł ( 13 June 1775 &ndash 7 April 1833) was a Polish-Lithuanian The Grand Duchy of Posen (Großherzogtum Posen Wielkie Księstwo Poznańskie was an autonomous province of the Kingdom of Prussia in the Polish lands commonly known as " For his host, Chopin composed his Polonaise for Cello and Piano Op. 3.[19]
Back in Warsaw, in 1829, Chopin heard Niccolò Paganini play, and met the German pianist and composer Johann Nepomuk Hummel. By musical form Ballade Opus 23 Ballade No 1 in G minor (composed 1835-36 Opus 38 Ballade Niccolò Paganini ( October 27, 1782 &ndash Johann Nepomuk Hummel or Jan Nepomuk Hummel (14 November 1778 &ndash 17 October 1837 was a Composer and virtuoso Pianist of Austrian In August of the same year, and three weeks after completing his studies at the Warsaw Conservatory, Chopin made a brilliant début in Vienna. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. He gave two piano concerts and received many favorable reviews — in addition to some that criticized the "small tone" that he drew from the piano. This was followed by a concert, in December 1829, at the Warsaw Merchants' Club, where Chopin premièred his Piano Concerto No. 2 in F minor, and by his first performance, on March 17, 1830, at the National Theater, of his Piano Concerto No. 1 in E minor. Frédéric Chopin 's Piano Concerto No 2 in F minor, Op 21 was composed in 1830, before he had finished his formal education — he was around 20 years Teatr Narodowy (the National Theater in Warsaw, Poland, was founded by that country's last monarch, Stanisław August Poniatowski The Piano Concerto No 1 in E minor Op 11 by the Polish Composer Frédéric Chopin was composed in 1830. He also began writing his first études (1829–32) in this period. [14]
Chopin Concerto #2 in F minor
Chopin's successes as a performer and composer opened the professional door for him to western Europe, and on November 2, 1830, seen off by friends and admirers, with a ring from Konstancja Gładkowska on his finger and carrying with him a silver cup containing soil from his native land, Chopin set out, writes Jachimecki, "into the wide world, with no very clearly defined aim, forever. Events 1570 - A Tidal wave in the North Sea devastates the coast from Holland to Jutland, killing more than 1000 For the game see 1830 (board game. Year 1830 ( MDCCCXXX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display "[19]
Later that month, in Warsaw, the November Uprising broke out, and Chopin's friend and traveling companion, Tytus Woyciechowski, returned to Poland to enlist. The November Uprising (1830&ndash1831&mdashalso known as the Cadet Revolution &mdashwas an armed rebellion against the rule of the Russian Empire in Poland Chopin, now alone in Vienna, writes Jachimecki, "afflicted by nostalgia, disappointed in his hopes of giving concerts and publishing, matured and acquired spiritual depth. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. From a romantic. . . poet. . . he grew into an inspired national bard who intuited the past, present and future of his country. Only now, at this distance, did he see all of Poland from the proper perspective, and understand what was great and truly beautiful in her, the tragedy and heroism of her vicissitudes. "[19] When in September 1831 Chopin learned, while traveling from Vienna to Paris, that the uprising had been crushed, he poured "profanities and blasphemies" in his native Polish language into the pages of a little journal that he kept secret to the end of his life. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. These outcries of a tormented heart found musical expression in his Scherzo in B Minor, Op. 20, and his Revolutionary Étude. The Scherzo No 1 in B minor Op 20 is a composition for solo piano written by Frédéric Chopin (1810-1849 in 1835 and dedicated to Thomas Albrecht Étude Op 10 No 12 in C minor known as The Revolutionary Étude, is a solo piano work by Frédéric Chopin written circa 1831 [19]
Étude Op. 10, No. 12, Revolutionary
Paris
Chopin arrived in Paris in late September 1831, still uncertain whether he would settle there for good. [19] In February 1832 he gave a concert that garnered admiration from influential musicologist and critic François-Joseph Fétis, who reviewed the performance thus: "Here is a young man who, taking nothing as a model, has found, if not a complete renewal of piano music, then in any case part of what has long been sought in vain, namely, an extravagance of original ideas that are unexampled anywhere. François-Joseph Fétis ( March 25, 1784 &mdash March 26, 1871) was a Belgian musicologist, Composer, critic . . . "[20] Only three months earlier, in December of 1831, Robert Schumann, in reviewing Chopin's Variations on "La ci darem la mano," Op. Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic 2 (from Mozart's opera Don Giovanni), had written: "Hats off, gentlemen! A genius. Don Giovanni ( K527; complete title Il dissoluto punito ossia il Don Giovanni, literally "The Rake Punish'd or Don Giovanni "[21]
After his Paris concert début in February 1832, Chopin realized that his light-handed keyboard technique was not optimal for large concert spaces. However, later that year he was introduced to the wealthy Rothschild banking family, whose patronage opened doors for him to other private salons — whose acoustics were more amenable to Chopin's playing style. [14]
In Paris, Chopin found artists and other distinguished company, as well as opportunities to exercise his talents and achieve celebrity, and before long he was earning a handsome income teaching piano to affluent students from all over Europe. [22] Chopin formed friendships with Hector Berlioz, Franz Liszt, Vincenzo Bellini, Ferdinand Hiller, Felix Mendelssohn, Heinrich Heine, Eugène Delacroix, as well as with Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, French writer Alfred de Vigny, and composer Charles-Valentin Alkan. Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini ( November 3, 1801 &ndash September 23, 1835) was a Sicilian Opera Composer WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Ferdinand (von Hiller ( 24 October 1811 &ndash Jakob Ludwig Felix Mendelssohn Bartholdy, born and generally known as Felix Mendelssohn (February 3 1809 &ndash November 4 1847 was a German Composer Christian Johann Heinrich Heine ( December 13, 1797 – February 17, 1856) was a Journalist, Essayist and one of the Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 &ndash 13 August 1863 was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski (also known in English as Adam George Czartoryski; January 14 1770 – July 15 1861 was a Polish noble, Statesman Alfred Victor de Vigny ( March 27, 1797 &ndash September 17, 1863) was a French Poet, Playwright, and Novelist Charles-Valentin Alkan ( November 30 1813 &ndash March 29 1888) was a French Composer and one of the greatest Virtuoso [22]
However, Chopin seldom performed publicly in Paris. In later years he would generally give only a single annual concert at the Salle Pleyel, a venue that could seat an audience of three hundred. He played more frequently at salons — social gatherings of the aristocracy and artistic and literary elite of the period — but preferred to play, in his own home, for small circles of friends. A salon is a gathering of stimulating people of quality under the roof of an inspiring hostess or host partly to amuse one another and partly to refine their taste and increase their knowledge through His precarious health prevented his touring extensively as a traveling virtuoso, and beyond playing once in Rouen, he seldom ventured out of the capital. A virtuoso (from Italian virtuoso, late Latin virtuosus, Latin virtus meaning skill manliness excellence is an individual Rouen (ʁwɑ̃ in French) is the historical capital city of Normandy, in northwestern France on the River Seine, and currently the capital [22] His high income from teaching and composing freed him from the strains of concert-giving, to which he had an innate repugnance. [14] Arthur Hedley has observed that "As a pianist Chopin was unique in acquiring a reputation of the highest order on the basis of a minimum of public appearances—few more than 30 in the course of his lifetime. "[23]
In 1835, Chopin went to Carlsbad, where, for the last time in his life, he met with his parents. Karlovy Vary ( pronounced, Karlsbad also known in English as Carlsbad) is a spa city situated in western Bohemia, Czech Republic En route through Saxony on his way back to Paris, he met old friends from Warsaw, the Wodzińskis. The Free State of Saxony (Freistaat Sachsen ˈzaksən Swobodny Stat Sakska is the easternmost federal state of Germany. He had met their daughter Maria, now sixteen, in Poland five years earlier, and fell in love with the charming, artistically talented, intelligent young woman. The following year, in September 1836, upon returning to Dresden after having vacationed with the Wodzińskis at Marienbad, Chopin proposed marriage to Maria. Dresden (etymologically from Old Sorbian Drežďany, meaning people of the riverside forest, Drježdźany is the Capital city of the German Mariánské Lázně (ˈmarɪjanskɛ ˈlazɲɛ Marienbad is a Spa town in the Carlsbad Region of the Czech Republic. She accepted, and her mother approved in principle, but Maria's tender age and Chopin's tenuous health (in the winter of 1835–36 he had been so ill that word had circulated in Warsaw that he had died) forced an indefinite postponement of the wedding. The engagement remained a secret to the world and never led to the altar. Chopin finally placed the letters from Maria and her mother in a large envelope, on which he wrote the Polish words "Moja bieda" ("My sorrow"). [22]
Chopin's feelings for Maria left their traces in his "Valse in A-flat major, 'L'Adieu,'" ("The Farewell Waltz"), written on the morning of his September departure from Dresden. Opus 69 No 1 is a Waltz by Chopin. It is sometimes known as The Farewell Waltz, or the L'adieu Valse. On his return to Paris, he composed the "Étude in F minor," the second in the Op. Étude Op 25 No 2 in F minor is a technical study composed by Frédéric Chopin. 25 cycle, which he referred to as "a portrait of Maria's soul. " Along with this, he sent Maria seven songs that he had set to the words of Polish Romantic poets Stefan Witwicki, Józef Zaleski and Adam Mickiewicz. Romanticism in Poland was a period in the evolution of Polish arts and culture that began with the publication of Adam Mickiewicz 's first poems in Stefan Witwicki (1801– 1847 was a Polish Poet of the Romantic period Józef Bohdan Zaleski ( Bohatyrka, Kiev Guberniya, February 14, 1802 – March 31, 1886, Villepreux Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (pronounced ] in Belarusian, Адам Міцкевіч; in Lithuanian, Adomas Bernardas Mickevičius; December [24]
Étude Op. 25, No. 2 in F minor
After Chopin's matrimonial plans ended, Polish countess Delfina Potocka appeared episodically in Chopin's life as muse and romantic interest. Delfina Potocka, Née Komar (Murowane Kuryłowce Podole, March 1807 – April 2 1877 Paris, France) a Polish Countess For her he composed his "Waltz in D flat major," Op. 64 — the famous "Minute Waltz. The "Waltz in D flat major", opus 64 No 1 popularly known as the "Minute Waltz" is a waltz for solo Piano by Frédéric "[22]
Valse in D-flat major, Minute Waltz, Op. 64, No. 1
During his years in Paris, Chopin participated in a small number of public concerts. The list of the programs' participants provides an idea of the richness of Parisian artistic life during this period. Examples include a concert on March 23, 1833, in which Chopin, Liszt and Hiller performed Johann Sebastian Bach's concerto for three harpsichords; and, on March 3, 1838, a concert in which Chopin, Chopin's pupil Adolphe Gutman, Charles-Valentin Alkan, and Alkan's teacher Pierre Joseph Zimmerman performed Alkan's arrangement, for eight hands, of Beethoven's 7th symphony. WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Ferdinand (von Hiller ( 24 October 1811 &ndash WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Charles-Valentin Alkan ( November 30 1813 &ndash March 29 1888) was a French Composer and one of the greatest Virtuoso Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. Ludwig van Beethoven began concentrated work on his Symphony No
Chopin was also involved in the composition of Liszt's Hexaméron; Chopin's was the sixth (and last) variation on Bellini's theme. Hexaméron Morceau de concert, S392, is a set of six variations for solo piano elaborately composed by Franz Liszt et al
George Sand
In 1836, at a party hosted by Countess Marie d'Agoult, the mistress of friend and fellow composer Franz Liszt, Chopin met French author and feminist Amandine Aurore Lucille Dupin, the Baroness Dudevant, better known by her pseudonym, George Sand. Marie Catherine Sophie de Flavigny, Vicomtesse de Flavigny ( December 31, 1805 - March 5, 1876) was a French author known also by her married A mistress is a man's long term female Sexual partner and companion who is not married to him especially used when the man is married to another woman A pseudonym is a fictitious alternative to a person's legal name (see Alias) Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 Sand's earlier romantic involvements had included Jules Sandeau and Alfred de Musset. Leonard Sylvain Julien (Jules Sandeau ( February 19, 1811 &ndash April 24, 1883) was a French Novelist. Alfred Louis Charles de Musset-Pathay Along with his poetry he is known for writing La Confession d'un enfant du siècle ( The Confession of a Child of the Century
Chopin initially felt an aversion for Sand. Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 [22] "Something about her repels me," he wrote his family. Sand, however, in a letter to friend Count Wojciech Grzymała, admitted strong feelings for Chopin, and debated whether to abandon a current affair in order to begin a relationship with Chopin.
A notable episode in their time together was a turbulent and miserable winter on Majorca (8 November 1838 to 13 February 1839), where the four (including her two children) had gone in the hope of improving Chopin's deteriorating health. Majorca ( Spanish and Mallorca is the largest island of Spain. They had difficulty finding accommodations and ended up lodging in a scenic but stark and cold former Carthusian monastery in Valldemossa. The Carthusian Order, also called the Order of St Bruno, is a Roman Catholic religious order of enclosed monastics. Valldemossa (in Catalan or Valldemosa (in Spanish is a Village and Municipality on the island of Majorca, part of the Spanish
Chopin also had problems having his Pleyel piano sent to him. Ignace Joseph Pleyel ( June 18, 1757 &ndash November 14, 1831) was an Austrian-born French Composer of the It arrived from Paris on 20 December but was held up by customs. (Chopin wrote on 28 December: "My piano has been stuck at customs for 8 days. . . They demand such a huge sum of money to release it that I can't believe it. ") In the meantime Chopin had a rickety rented piano on which he practiced and may have composed some pieces.
On 3 December he complained about his bad health and the incompetence of the doctors in Majorca: "I have been sick as a dog during these past two weeks. Three doctors have visited me. The first said I was going to die; the second said I was breathing my last; and the third said I was already dead. "
On 4 January 1839 George Sand agreed to pay 300 francs (half the demanded amount) to have the Pleyel piano released from customs. It was finally delivered on 5 January. From then on Chopin was able to use the long-awaited instrument for almost five weeks, time enough to complete some works: Preludes (Op. The Preludes Op 28, by Frédéric Chopin, are a set of 24 short pieces written for the Piano, one in each key, originally published in 1839 28); a revision of Ballade No. 2, Op. 38; two polonaises, Op. 40; Scherzo No. 3, Op. 39; a mazurka (Op. 41); and he probably revisited his Sonata No. 2, Op. 35. This is why the winter in Majorca is still considered one of the most productive periods in Chopin's life.
During that winter, the bad weather had such a serious effect on Chopin's health and chronic lung disease that, in order to save his life, the entire party were compelled to leave the island. Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 Ferdinand Victor Eugène Delacroix (26 April 1798 &ndash 13 August 1863 was a French Romantic artist regarded from the outset of his career as the leader of The beloved French piano became an obstacle to a hasty escape. Nevertheless George Sand managed to sell it to a French couple (the Canuts), whose heirs are the custodians of Chopin's legacy on Majorca and of the Chopin cell-room museum in Valldemossa.
The party of four went first to Barcelona, then to Marseille, where they stayed for a few months to recover. Barcelona ( Catalan bəɾsəˈlonə Spanish baɾθeˈlona is the capital and most populous city of the Autonomous Community of Catalonia Marseille, ( English alt Marseilles mɑrˈseɪ — French: maʁsɛj locally — Provençal Occitan: Marselha maʀˈsijɔ
As the composer's illness progressed, Sand gradually became less of a lover and more of a nurse to Chopin, whom she called her "third child. " But the nursing began to pall on her. In the years to come she would keep up her friendship with Chopin, but she often gave vent to her impatience, at least in letters to third parties, in which she referred to Chopin as a "child," a "little angel," a "sufferer" and a "beloved little corpse. " Concern for her own health and her children's prompted her to keep a certain distance from him. After their return from Majorca to Paris, they lived, as before, separately. Chopin took up residence on the rue Tronchet, Sand on the rue Pigalle. Later, in 1842, they would exchange these residences for others in the Cité and the Square d'Orléans, in adjacent buildings. [25]
Chopin spent the summers of 1839 through 1843 at Sand's estate in Nohant. Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 Nohant-Vic is a commune in the Indre department in central France. These were quiet but productive days during which Chopin composed many works. They included his great Polonaise in A flat major, Op. The Polonaise in A-flat major Op 53 or ( Polonaise héroïque, Heroic Polonaise) was written by Frédéric Chopin in 1842 for solo piano 53, the "Heroic," one of his most famous pieces. It is to Sand that we owe the most compelling description of Chopin's creative processes, of the rise of his inspirations and of their painstaking working-out, sometimes amid real torments, amid weeping and complaints, with hundreds of changes in the initial concept and finally a return to the first idea. [25]
In 1845, even as a further deterioration occurred in Chopin's health, a serious problem emerged in his relations with Sand. Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 Those relations were further soured in 1846 by problems involving her daughter Solange and the young sculptor Jean Baptiste Auguste Clésinger. In 1847 Sand published her novel Lucrezia Floriani, whose main characters — a rich actress and a prince in weak health — could be interpreted as Sand and Chopin; the story was uncomplimentary to Chopin, who could not have missed the allusions as he helped Sand correct the printer's galleys. Galleys redirects here For other uses see Galley (disambiguation. In 1847 he did not visit Nohant. Mutual friends attempted to reconcile them, but the composer was unyielding. That year, 1847, brought to an end, without any dramatics or formalities, the relations between Sand and Chopin that had lasted ten years, from 1837. [25]
Final two years
Chopin's public popularity as a virtuoso waned, as did the number of his pupils. In February 1848 he gave his last Paris concert. In April he left for London, where he performed at several concerts and at numerous receptions in great houses. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Toward the end of the summer he went to Scotland, staying at the castle of his great admirer Jane Stirling and her sister, Mrs. Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Erskine. Miss Stirling proposed marriage to him; but Chopin, sensing that he was not long for this world, set greater store by his freedom than by the prospect of living on the generosity of a wife. [25]
In late October 1848 in Edinburgh, at the home of Dr. Edinburgh ( ˈɛdɪnb(ərə Dùn Èideann) is the Capital of Scotland and is its second largest city after Glasgow. Adam Łyszczyński, Chopin wrote out his last will and testament — "a kind of disposition to be made of my stuff in the future, if I should drop dead somewhere," he wrote his friend Wojciech Grzymała. In his thoughts he was now constantly with his mother and sisters, and conjured up for himself scenes of his native land by playing his adaptations of its folk music on cool Scottish evenings at Miss Stirling's castle. [25]
Chopin made his last public appearance on a concert platform at London's Guildhall on November 16, 1848, when, in a final patriotic gesture, he played for the benefit of Polish refugees. The Guildhall is a building in the City of London, off Cheapside and Basinghall Street, in the wards of Bassishaw and Cheap. Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Year 1848 ( MDCCCXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap [14] Then at the end of the month he returned to Paris. [25]
Chopin passed the winter in unremitting illness, but in spite of it he continued seeing friends and visited the ailing Adam Mickiewicz, soothing the Polish poet's nerves with his playing. Adam Bernard Mickiewicz (pronounced ] in Belarusian, Адам Міцкевіч; in Lithuanian, Adomas Bernardas Mickevičius; December He no longer had the strength to give lessons, but he was still keen to compose. He lacked money for the most essential expenses and for his physicians. He had to sell off his more valuable furnishings and belongings. [25]
Feeling ever more poorly, Chopin desired to have one of his family with him. In June 1849 his sister Ludwika Jędrzejewicz, who had given him his first piano lessons, agreed to come to Paris. He had lately taken up residence in a very beautiful, sunny apartment at Place Vendôme 12. Place Vendôme is a square in the 1st arrondissement of Paris located to the north of the Tuileries Gardens and east of the Église de la Madeleine It was there, in the small hours of October 17, 1849, that Chopin died. Events 539 BC - King Cyrus The Great of Persia marches into the city of Babylon, releasing the Jews from almost Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [25]
Later that morning, Auguste Clésinger made Chopin's death mask and casts of his hands. In Western cultures a death mask is a Wax or Plaster cast made of a person's face following Death. Before the funeral, pursuant to Chopin's dying wish (which stemmed from a fear of being buried alive), his heart was removed. His sister later took it in an urn to Warsaw, where it was sealed within a pillar of the Holy Cross Church (Kościół Świętego Krzyża) on Krakowskie Przedmieście, beneath an inscription from Matthew VI:21: "For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also. Krakowskie Przedmieście, in Warsaw (literal English meaning " Kraków Suburb" until the 19th century also known by the French " Chopin's heart remains there, within the church that was rebuilt after its virtual destruction in World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
Chopin had requested that Mozart's Requiem be sung at his funeral. The Requiem Mass in D minor ( K 626 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart was composed in 1791 The Requiem has major parts for female voices, but the Church of the Madeleine had never permitted female singers in its choir. L'église de la Madeleine (more formally L'église Sainte-Marie-Madeleine; less formally just La Madeleine) Madeleine Church in English is a church The funeral was delayed almost two weeks until the church relented, provided the female singers remained behind a black velvet curtain.
The funeral was held on October 30, 1849, attended by nearly three thousand people. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge. Year 1849 ( MDCCCXLIX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The soloists in the Requiem included the bass Luigi Lablache, who had sung the same work at Beethoven's funeral and had also sung at the funeral of Vincenzo Bellini. Luigi Lablache ( 6 December 1794 - 23 January 1858) was an Italian bass singer of French and Irish heritage born in Naples. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini ( November 3, 1801 &ndash September 23, 1835) was a Sicilian Opera Composer Also played were Chopin's preludes no. 4 in E minor and no. 6 in B minor.
Chopin was buried, in accordance with his wishes, at Père Lachaise Cemetery. Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris At the graveside, the Funeral March from Sonata Op. 35 was played, in Napoléon Henri Reber's instrumentation. Napoléon Henri Reber ( October 21, 1807, Mulhouse, Alsace – November 24, 1880, Paris) was a French [26]
Chopin's grave, with its monument carved by Clésinger, attracts numerous visitors and is invariably festooned with flowers, even in the dead of winter.
Memorials
In 1926, a bronze statue of Chopin designed by sculptor Wacław Szymanowski in 1907, was erected in the upper part of Warsaw's Łazienki Park, adjacent to Aleje Ujazdowskie (Ujazdów Avenue). Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Wacław Szymanowski ( August 23 1859 – July 22 1930) was a Polish Sculptor and painter. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. The statue was originally to have been erected in 1910, on the centennial of Chopin's birth, but its execution was delayed by controversy about the design, then by the outbreak of World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All
During World War II, the statue was destroyed by the Germans, on May 31, 1940. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It was reconstructed after the war, in 1958. Since 1959, free piano recitals of Chopin's compositions have been performed at the statue's base on summer Sunday afternoons. The stylized willow over Chopin's seated figure echoes a pianist's hand and fingers. Willows, sallows and osiers form the Genus Salix, around 400 species of Deciduous Trees and Shrubs found primarily A pianist (/'piənɪst/ is a Musician who plays the Piano. A professional pianist can perform solo pieces play with an ensemble or Orchestra The hands ( med / lat: manus pl manūs are the two intricate prehensile multi- Fingered body parts normally located at the end of each arm of a Until 2007, the statue was the world's tallest monument to Chopin.
A 1:1-scale replica of Szymanowski's Art Nouveau statue is found in Warsaw's sister city, Hamamatsu, Japan. Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. is a city located in western Shizuoka Prefecture, Japan, and is the largest city in the prefecture For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. There are preliminary plans to erect another replica in Chicago's Chopin Park for the 200th anniversary of Chopin's birth. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Chopin Park is an eight acre park located at 3420 North Long in the Portage Park community area of Chicago Illinois.
There are numerous other monuments to Chopin around the world. The most recent, and by a small margin taller than the Warsaw statue, is a modernistic bronze sculpture by Lu Pin in Shanghai, China, that was unveiled on March 3, 2007. Lu Pin, born 1972 in Shanghai, is a Chinese Sculptor. Completed her studies at the Academy of Fine Arts in Warsaw under the tutelage Shanghai ( 上[[wikt 海|海]] is the largest city in China in terms of population and one of the largest urban areas in the world with over 20 million China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National Events 1284 - Statute of Rhuddlan incorporated the Principality of Wales into England 1575 - Indian Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
Founded in 1927, the world's oldest monographic music competition, the International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition, is held every five years in Warsaw. The International Frederick Chopin Piano Competition is one of the oldest and most prestigious Piano competitions in the world taking place in Warsaw since 1927 and held every Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Periodically the Grand prix du disque de F. Chopin is awarded for notable Chopin recordings, both remastered and newly-recorded work.
Named for the composer are the largest Polish music conservatory, the Fryderyk Chopin Music Academy; Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport; and asteroid 3784 Chopin. A university school of music or college of music, or academy of music or conservatoire ( French, but used in British English) &mdash The Fryderyk Chopin University of Music ( Uniwersytet Muzyczny Fryderyka Chopina w Warszawie) is located at ulica Okólnik 2 in central Warsaw, Warsaw Frederic Chopin Airport (Port Lotniczy im Fryderyka Chopina is an International airport located in the Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but 3784 Chopin is a small main belt Asteroid with a Diameter of 14
Music
Chopin, according to Arthur Hedley, "had the rare gift of a very personal melody, expressive of heart-felt emotion, and his music is penetrated by a poetic feeling that has an almost universal appeal. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. . . . Present-day evaluation places him among the immortals of music by reason of his insight into the secret places of the heart and because of his awareness of the magical new sonorities to be drawn from the piano. "[27]
Chopin, unlike such composers as Mozart and Schubert, did not compose in a facile manner. He created barely 80 opuses, which all involve the piano. Only a few of them ranged beyond solo piano music, as chamber music or concertos for piano and orchestra. He composed two concertos for piano and orchestra, Op. 11 and 21; three piano sonatas, Op. 4, 35 and 58; a sonata for cello and piano, Op. 65 (Chopin's last composition published in his lifetime); 17 polonaises (one with orchestral accompaniment, and one for cello with accompanying piano); 19 nocturnes; 27 etudes (12 in the Op. 10 cycle, 12 in the Op. 25 cycle, and three in a collection without an opus number); 58 mazureks (several treated sketchily, as occasional pieces); 17 waltzes, 26 preludes, 4 ballades, 4 scherzos, 5 rondos, 4 sets of variations, 4 impromptus, one krakowiak for piano and orchestra, one fantasia on themes from Polish songs with accompanying orchestra, one fantasia for piano, three Scottish dances, a barcarolle, a bolero, a tarantella, an allegro de concert, a berceuse, a contredanse, a fugue, a Grand Duo on themes from Giacomo Meyerbeer's opera Robert le diable for cello and piano; a cantabile, a lento, a Funeral March, a Souvenir de Paganini, an Andante spianato before the polonaise in E-flat major, Op. The mazurka is a stylized Polish Folk dance in Triple meter with a lively tempo that has a heavy accent on the third or second beat Krakowiak, sometimes referred to as the Pecker Dance, is a fast Syncopated Polish dance in duple time from the region of Krakow and Little Poland Giacomo Meyerbeer ( September 5, 1791 &ndash May 2, 1864) was a noted German -born Opera Composer, and Robert le diable ( Robert the Devil) is an Opera by Giacomo Meyerbeer, often regarded as the first Grand opera. 22; a Feuille d'album, 19 Polish songs for solo voice with accompanying piano. [28]
It is very difficult to briefly characterize Chopin's oeuvre. Robert Schumann, speaking of Chopin's Sonata in b-flat minor, wrote that "he alone begins and ends a work like this: with dissonances, through dissonances, and in dissonances," and in Chopin's music he discerned "cannon concealed amid blossoms. Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic " Franz Liszt, in the opening of his biography about Chopin, termed him a "gentle, harmonious genius. " Thus disparate have been the views on Chopin's music. The first systematic, if imperfect, study of Chopin's style came in F. P. Laurencin's 1861 Die Harmonik der Neuzeit. Laurencin concluded that "Chopin is one of the most brilliant exceptional natures that have ever stridden onto the stage of history and life, he is one who can never be exhausted nor stand before a void. Chopin is the musical progone of all progones until now. "[28]
Chopin's music for the piano combined a unique rhythmic sense (particularly his use of rubato), frequent use of chromaticism, and counterpoint. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Père Lachaise Cemetery (Cimetière du Père-Lachaise officially cimetière de l'Est, "East Cemetery" is the largest Cemetery in the city of Paris Tempo rubato (Italian stolen time) is a musical term for slightly speeding up or slowing down the Tempo of a piece at the discretion of the soloist In Music, chromaticism is a Compositional technique interspersing the primary Diatonic pitches and chords with other pitches of the Chromatic In Music, counterpoint is the relationship between two or more voices that are independent in contour and Rhythm, and interdependent in Harmony This mixture produces a particularly fragile sound in the melody and the harmony, which are nonetheless underpinned by solid and interesting harmonic techniques. In Music, a melody (from Greek μελῳδία - melōidía, "singing chanting" also tune, voice, or In Western music, harmony is the use of different pitches simultaneously and chords actual or implied in Music. He took the new salon genre of the nocturne, invented by Irish composer John Field, to a deeper level of sophistication. A nocturne (from the French for "nocturnal" is usually a Musical composition that is inspired by or evocative of the Night. John Field (26 July 1782 &ndash 23 January 1837 was an Irish Composer and Pianist. Three of Chopin's twenty-one nocturnes were only published after his death in 1849, contrary to his wishes. [29] He also endowed popular dance forms, such as the Polish mazurek and the Viennese waltz, with a greater range of melody and expression. The mazurka is a stylized Polish Folk dance in Triple meter with a lively tempo that has a heavy accent on the third or second beat Viennese Waltz (Wiener Walzer is the genre of a Ballroom dance. Chopin was the first to write ballades[10] and scherzi as individual pieces. A ballade (French for "ballad' pronounced bah-LAHD refers to a one-movement musical piece with lyrical and dramatic narrative qualities A scherzo (plural scherzi) is a piece of Music or a movement in a certain style that forms part of a larger piece such as a Symphony. He also took the example of Bach's preludes and fugues, transforming the genre in his own preludes. A prelude is a short piece of Music, which its form will vary from piece to piece In Music, a fugue (ˈfjuːg is a type of contrapuntal composition or technique of composition for a fixed number of parts, normally referred
Chopin reinvented the étude, expanding on the idea and making it into a gorgeous, eloquent and emotional showpiece. An étude (a French word meaning study) is an instrumental Musical composition, most commonly of considerable difficulty usually designed to provide practice He also used his études to teach his own revolutionary style,[30] for instance playing with the weak fingers (3, 4, and 5) in fast figures (Op. 10, no. 2) and playing black keys with the thumb (Op. 10, no. 5).
Several of Chopin's pieces have become very well known—for instance the Revolutionary Étude (Op. Étude Op 10 No 12 in C minor known as The Revolutionary Étude, is a solo piano work by Frédéric Chopin written circa 1831 10, No. 12), the Minute Waltz (Op. The "Waltz in D flat major", opus 64 No 1 popularly known as the "Minute Waltz" is a waltz for solo Piano by Frédéric 64, No. 1), and the third movement of his Funeral March sonata (Op. Frédéric Chopin composed his Piano Sonata No 2 in B-flat minor Op 35), which is often used as an iconic representation of grief. Chopin himself never named an instrumental work beyond genre and number, leaving all potential extra-musical associations to the listener; the names by which we know many of the pieces were invented by others. A music genre is a categorical and typological construct that identifies musical sounds as belonging to a particular category and type of music that can be distinguished from other [31] The Revolutionary Étude was not written with the failed Polish uprising against Russia in mind; it merely appeared at that time. The Funeral March was written before the rest of the sonata within which it is contained, but the exact occasion is not known; it appears not to have been inspired by any specific personal bereavement. [32] Other melodies have been used as the basis of popular songs, such as the slow section of the Fantaisie-Impromptu (Op. Frédéric Chopin 's Fantaisie-Impromptu in C-sharp minor Opus Posthumous 66 is a solo Piano composition and one of his most posth. 66) and the first section of the Étude Op. 10 No. 3. These pieces often rely on an intense and personalised chromaticism, as well as a melodic curve that resembles the operas of Chopin's day — the operas of Gioachino Rossini, Gaetano Donizetti, and especially Vincenzo Bellini. Domenico Gaetano Maria Donizetti (29 November 1797 &ndash 8 April 1848 was an Italian composer from Bergamo, Lombardy. Vincenzo Salvatore Carmelo Francesco Bellini ( November 3, 1801 &ndash September 23, 1835) was a Sicilian Opera Composer [33] Chopin used the piano to re-create the gracefulness of the singing voice, and talked and wrote constantly about singers.
Chopin's style and gifts became increasingly influential. Robert Schumann was a huge admirer of Chopin's music, and he used melodies from Chopin and even named a piece from his suite Carnaval after Chopin. Robert Schumann, sometimes given as Robert Alexander Schumann (June 8 1810 &ndash July 29 1856 was a German Composer, Aesthete and influential Music critic Carnaval is a work by Robert Schumann for piano solo his op 9 written in 1834-1835 This admiration was not reciprocated.
Franz Liszt was another admirer and personal friend of the composer, and he transcribed for piano six of Chopin's Polish songs. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Church of the Holy Cross (Kościół św Krzyża also Kościół świętokrzyski) is a Roman Catholic place of worship in downtown Warsaw. However Liszt denied that he wrote Funérailles (subtitled "October 1849", the seventh movement of his piano suite Harmonies Poétiques et Religieuses of 1853) in memory of Chopin. The elegy Funérailles, written in October 1849 in response to the crushing of the 1848 Hungarian Revolution by the Hapsburgs, is the 7th piece in the collection Most of the piano pieces known by the generic title Harmonies poétiques et religieuses (Poetic and Religious Harmonies were composed at Woronince (Voronyntsi Ukrainian country estate Though the middle section seems to be modeled on the famous octave trio section of Chopin's Polonaise in A flat major, Op. 53, Liszt said the piece had been inspired by the deaths of three of his Hungarian compatriots in the same month. The Polonaise in A-flat major Op 53 or ( Polonaise héroïque, Heroic Polonaise) was written by Frédéric Chopin in 1842 for solo piano
Brahms and the younger Russian composers, too, found inspiration in Chopin's examples. Johannes Brahms ( pronounced ˈbʁaːms (May 7 1833 &ndash April 3 1897 was a German Composer [28]
Chopin's technical innovations also became influential. His Préludes (Op. The Preludes Op 28, by Frédéric Chopin, are a set of 24 short pieces written for the Piano, one in each key, originally published in 1839 28) and Études (Op. The Études of Frédéric Chopin are 27 solo Piano pieces They comprise two separate collections of twelve numbered Opus 10 and 25 plus a set 10 and Op. 25) rapidly became standard works, and inspired both Liszt's Transcendental Études and Schumann's Symphonic Études. The Transcendental Etudes (Études d'exécution transcendante S Alexander Scriabin was also strongly influenced by Chopin; for example, his 24 Preludes, Op. Alexander Nikolayevich Scriabin (Алекса́ндр Никола́евич Скря́бин Aleksandr Nikolaevič Skrjabin; sometimes transliterated as Skriabin 11, are inspired by Chopin's Op. 28.
Jeremy Siepmann, in his biography of the composer, lists pianists whose recordings of Chopin are generally acknowledged to be among the greatest Chopin performances ever preserved: Vladimir de Pachmann, Raoul Pugno, Ignacy Jan Paderewski, Moriz Rosenthal, Jozef Hofmann, Benno Moiseiwitsch, Sergei Rachmaninoff, Alfred Cortot, Ignaz Friedman, Raoul Koczalski, Arthur Rubinstein, Mieczysław Horszowski, Claudio Arrau, Vlado Perlemuter, Sviatoslav Richter, Vladimir Horowitz, Dinu Lipatti, Vladimir Ashkenazy, Martha Argerich, Maurizio Pollini, Murray Perahia, Krystian Zimerman, Evgeny Kissin. Vladimir von Pachmann or Pachman ( 27 July 1848 &ndash 6 January 1933) was a Pianist of Russian German Ignacy Jan Paderewski GBE (November 18 1860 - June 29 1941 was a Polish Pianist, Composer, Diplomat, and politician and the Moriz Rosenthal ( December 17, 1862 - September 3, 1946) was an American pianist of Austro-Hungarian origin Józef Kazimierz Hofmann (born January 20, 1876 in Krakau (Kraków Austria-Hungary; died February 16, 1957 in Los Benno Moiseiwitsch ( February 22, 1890 - April 9, 1963) was a Pianist. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff (Сергей Васильевич Рахманинов Alfred Denis Cortot ( Nyon, Switzerland September 26, 1877 &ndash Lausanne June 15, 1962) was a Franco-Swiss Pianist Ignaz Friedman (also spelled Ignace or Ignacy) ( February 14 1882 &ndash January 26 1948) was a Polish Armand Georg Raoul von Koczalski ( 3 January 1884, Warsaw - 24 November 1948, Poznan) was a Polish Pianist Arthur Rubinstein KBE ( January 28 1887 &ndash December 20 1982) was a Polish - American pianist who is widely Mieczysław Horszowski ( June 23, 1892 - May 22, 1993) was a Polish pianist Claudio Arrau León ( February 6, 1903 &ndash June 9, 1991) was a Chilean Pianist of world fame for his deep interpretations Vlado Perlemuter ( May 26, 1904 &ndash September 4, 2002) was a French pianist from a Polish Jewish family born in Sviatoslav Teofilovich Richter (Святосла́в Теофи́лович Рихтер Svjatoslav Teofilovič Rikhter) ( &ndash August 1, 1997) was Vladimir Samoylovich Horowitz (ולדימיר הורוביץ Владимир Самойлович Горовиц Vladimir Samojlovič Gorovits; Володимир Самійлович Dinu Lipatti ( March 19 1917, Bucharest &ndash December 2 1950, Geneva) was a Romanian classical WikipediaWikiProject Classical music#Biographical_infoboxes --> Vladimir Davidovich Ashkenazy ( Russian: Владимир Давидович Martha Argerich (born June 5, 1941) is an Argentine concert Pianist. Maurizio Pollini (born January 5, 1942) is an Italian classical Pianist. Murray Perahia KBE (b April 19 1947 is an American concert Pianist. Krystian Zimerman (born December 5, 1956) is a Polish classical pianist. Evgeny Igorevich Kissin (Евге́ний И́горевич Ки́син Evge'nij I'gorevič Ki'sin) (born October
Arthur Rubinstein said the following about Chopin's music and its universality:
Chopin was a genius of universal appeal. Arthur Rubinstein KBE ( January 28 1887 &ndash December 20 1982) was a Polish - American pianist who is widely His music conquers the most diverse audiences. When the first notes of Chopin sound through the concert hall there is a happy sigh of recognition. All over the world men and women know his music. They love it. They are moved by it. Yet it is not "Romantic music" in the Byronic sense. It does not tell stories or paint pictures. It is expressive and personal, but still a pure art. Even in this abstract atomic age, where emotion is not fashionable, Chopin endures. His music is the universal language of human communication. When I play Chopin I know I speak directly to the hearts of people!
Style
Although Chopin lived in the 1800s, he was educated in the tradition of Beethoven, Haydn, Mozart and Clementi; he used Clementi's piano method with his own students. Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. Muzio Clementi (23 January 1752 &ndash 10 March 1832 was a classical Composer, and acknowledged as the first to write specifically for the Piano. He was also influenced by Hummel's development of virtuoso, yet Mozartian, piano technique. Johann Nepomuk Hummel or Jan Nepomuk Hummel (14 November 1778 &ndash 17 October 1837 was a Composer and virtuoso Pianist of Austrian
The series of seven polonaises published in his lifetime (another nine were published posthumously), beginning with the Op. 26 pair, set a new standard for music in the form, and were rooted in Chopin's desire to write something to celebrate Polish culture after the country had fallen back into Russian control. The A major polonaise Op. 40 No. 1, the "Military," and the polonaise in A-flat major Op. Also see A-flat minor, or A major. A major or A-flat major is a Major scale based on A-flat 53, the "Heroic," are among Chopin's best-loved and most-often-played works.
Rubato
One of Chopin's students, Friederike Müller of Vienna, wrote the following in her diary about Chopin's playing style:
His playing was always noble and beautiful; his tones sang, whether in full forte or softest piano. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. In Music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a Sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece either stylistic In Music, dynamics normally refers to the volume of a Sound or note, but can also refer to every aspect of the execution of a given piece either stylistic He took infinite pains to teach his pupils this legato, cantabile style of playing. In Musical notation the Italian word legato (literally meaning "tied together" indicates that musical notes are played or sung smoothly Cantabile is a musical term meaning literally "singable" or "songlike" ( Italian) His most severe criticism was "He—or she—does not know how to join two notes together. " He also demanded the strictest adherence to rhythm. He hated all lingering and dragging, misplaced rubatos, as well as exaggerated ritardandos . Tempo rubato (Italian stolen time) is a musical term for slightly speeding up or slowing down the Tempo of a piece at the discretion of the soloist 2266-Tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl or TEMPO is the Chemical compound with the formula (CH23(CMe22NO . . and it is precisely in this respect that people make such terrible errors in playing his works.
—Friederike Müller, From the diary of Viennese Chopin pupil[34]
Chopin's music is well known for benefiting from rubato (which was the way in which he himself performed his music), as opposed to a strictly regular playing.
Yet there is usually a call for caution, when Chopin's music is performed in a too free manner, with over-exaggerated inappropriate use of rubato. However, while many people can hastily provide quotes about Chopin to the effect that "the left hand was played at the exact tempo, while the right hand was to be played freely, with rubato", these quotes need to be considered in better context (both in terms of the time when they were made, and the situations that may have prompted the original writer's to set down the thoughts).
In particular, there are contradicting views from other contemporary writers, such as Berlioz and others. [35]
This suggests that Chopin is not at one of the two commonly encountered onesided extremes. The two unbalanced differing views are:
- that Chopin requires an overindulgence in rubato
- that Chopin requires an 'absolute meticulously exact' maintenance of strict, even, metronomic rhythm/beat in the left hand during performance
Opinions include that it might be due to some performers' (or piano-schools' ) "too strongly held onesided views, on Chopin's way of playing rubato", that there are some unsatisfactory interpretations of his music. A metronome is any device that produces a regulated aural visual or tactile pulse to establish a steady Tempo in the performance of music
Romanticism
Chopin regarded most of his contemporaries with some indifference, although he had many acquaintances associated with romanticism in music, literature and the arts (many of them via his liaison with George Sand). Romanticism is a complex artistic literary and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Chopin's music is, however, considered by many to epitomise the Romantic style. [36] The relative classical purity and discretion in his music, with little extravagant exhibitionism, partly reflects his reverence for Bach and Mozart. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section.2 This article is written in British English including maximised use of "-ise" Chopin also never indulged in explicit "scene-painting" in his music, or used programmatic titles, castigating publishers who renamed his pieces in this way.
Polish heritage
Zdzisław Jachimecki notes that "Chopin at every step demonstrated his Polish spirit — in the hundreds of letters that he wrote in Polish, in his attitude to Paris's [Polish] émigrés, in his negative view of all that bore the official stamp of the powers that occupied Poland. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. " Likewise Chopin improvised music to accompany Polish texts[37] but never musically illustrated a single French or German text, even though he numbered among his friends several great French and German poets. Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. [28]
According to Arthur Hedley, Chopin "found within himself and in the tragic story of Poland the chief sources of his inspiration. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The theme of Poland's glories and sufferings was constantly before him, and he transmuted the primitive rhythms and melodies of his youth into enduring art forms. "[38]
In asserting his own Polishness, Chopin, according to Jachimecki, exerted "a tremendous influence [toward] the nationalization of the work of numerous later composers, who have often personally — like [the Czech Bedřich] Smetana and [the Norwegian Edvard] Grieg — confirmed this opinion. Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, "Smetana" redirects here For the soured cream see Smetana (dairy product. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional . . "[28]
In popular culture
Chopin's life and his relations with George Sand have been fictionalized in film. Amandine Aurore Lucile Dupin, later Baroness (French baronne) Dudevant ( July 1, 1804 &ndash June 8, 1876 The 1945 biopic A Song to Remember earned Cornel Wilde an Academy Award nomination as Best Actor for his portrayal of the composer. A biographical motion picture &mdash often shortened to biopic &mdash is a film that dramatizes the life of an actual person or people A Song to Remember is a 1945 Columbia Pictures Biographical film which tells a ficitonalised life story of Polish pianist and composer Cornelius Louis Wilde ( October 13, 1915 &ndash October 16, 1989) was an American Actor and film director "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role is one of the Academy Awards of Merit presented annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS to recognize Other film treatments have included Impromptu (1991), starring Hugh Grant as Chopin; La note bleue (1991); and Chopin: Desire for Love (2002). Impromptu is a 1991 movie based on a screenplay written by Sarah Kernochan, directed by James Lapine, produced by Daniel A Hugh John Mungo Grant (born 9 September 1960 is a British Actor and Film producer. Chopin Desire for Love (Chopin Pragnienie miłości is a film created by director Jerzy Antczak based on the life story of the famous Polish pianist
The role-playing video game Eternal Sonata is based on the fictional proposition of a world based on Chopin's music and life, as dreamt by Chopin while on his deathbed. A computer role-playing game ( CRPG) is a broad Video game genre originally developed for personal computers and other home computers A video game is a Game that involves interaction with a User interface to generate visual feedback on a video device. is an original role-playing Video game created by Tri-Crescendo, one of the developers of Baten Kaitos and Baten Kaitos Origins Chopin is a playable character in the game, and much of the music within the game is based on his compositions. The game includes brief descriptions of major events in Chopin's life that reflect on the events and characters in the game. [39]
In the movie The Notebook, Ally plays Chopin's Prelude of Rain several times in the film. The Notebook is a 1996 American Romantic novel by Nicholas Sparks that was later adapted into a popular Romance film
Works
All Chopin's works involve the piano, either solo or accompanied. By musical form Ballade Opus 23 Ballade No 1 in G minor (composed 1835-36 Opus 38 Ballade The piano is a Musical instrument played by means of a keyboard that produces sound by striking steel strings with Felt covered hammers Predominantly for solo piano, his oeuvre includes a small number of works for various ensembles, notably a piano trio and a cello sonata. A musical ensemble is a group of two or more Musicians who perform instrumental or vocal Music. A piano trio is a group of Piano and two other instruments usually a Violin and a Cello, or a piece of Music written for such a group A cello sonata usually denotes a sonata written for Cello and Piano, though other instrumentations are used such as solo cello
Over 230 of Chopin's works survive. Some manuscripts and pieces from his early childhood have been lost.
Étude Op. 10, No. 12, Revolutionary Martha Goldstein playing on an Erard (1851) – 2985KB Valse in D-flat major, Minute Waltz, Op. 64, No. 1 performed by Peter Gerwinski Nocturne Op. 27, no. 20 arrangement by Gabriele Piccinnu - Problems playing the files? See media help.
See also
- Chopin's death mask
- Salon Frédéric Chopin in Paris
- Toruń gingerbread (young Chopin's enthusiasm for the Polish confection)
Notes
- ^ Some sources give February 22; please see Life for details. In Western cultures a death mask is a Wax or Plaster cast made of a person's face following Death. The Salon Frédéric Chopin is a small museum dedicated to Frédéric Chopin. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Toruń gingerbread (pierniki toruńskie Thorner Lebkuchen is a traditional Polish Gingerbread that has been produced since the Middle Ages in the Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
- ^ Kennedy, Michael. Oxford Concise Dictionary of Music, Oxford, 2004, 4th ed. , p. 141.
- ^ Kornel Michałowski, "Fryderyk Franciszek Chopin", Grove Music Online, ed. L. Macy (Accessed January 28, 2008), (subscription access)
- ^ Arthur Hedley et al. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. , "Chopin, Frédéric (François), Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 263.
- ^ David Ewen, p. 164.
- ^ Tad Szulc Chopin in Paris, p. 69: "Chopin of course had not been deported and was not a political refugee, but the French granted him permission to stay in Paris indefinitely 'to be able to perfect his art'. Four years later, Fryderyk became a French citizen and a French passport was issued to him on August 1, 1835. "
- ^ French passport: http://diaph16.free.fr/chopin//chopin7.htm
- ^ Encyclopaedia Britannica, http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9082338/Frederic-Chopin
- ^ Smolenska-Zielinska, Barbara. Chopin — Biography. Fryderyk Chopin. Retrieved on 2006-09-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul meet in the Council of Agde.
- ^ a b Scholes, Percy (1938), The Oxford Companion to Music, "Ballade".
- ^ Zdzisław Jachimecki, "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek," Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. Polski Słownik Biograficzny ( PSB; Polish Biographical Dictionary is a Polish-language Biographical dictionary, comprising an alphabetically III, 1937, p. 420.
- ^ Benita Eisler, Chopin's Funeral, Abacus, 2004, p. 29: "Language was another matter, rooted in anxiety passed from father to son. A foreigner concerned with shrouding his origins and proving his Polishness, Nicolas was as cautious as a spy dropped behind enemy lines; he never seems to have mentioned his French family to his Polish children. French was the lingua franca of the nobility and the subject Nicolas taught to others' sons—but not to his own. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely (Did he fear that the accents of a former vineyard laborer would betray him at home?) Consequently Fryderyk's grasp of French grammar and spelling would always remain shaky. A vineyard is a Plantation of Grape -bearing Vines grown mainly for Winemaking, but also Raisins Table grapes and non-alcoholic Surprising for one blessed with an extraordinary 'ear' and famed from earliest childhood as an extraordinary mimic, his pronunciation, too, was poor. Biological mimicry occurs when a group of organisms the mimics, have More telling was his own unease in his adopted tongue: half-French, living in Paris, the paradise of expatriates, Chopin would always feel twice exiled—from his country and from his language. An expatriate (in abbreviated form expat) is a person temporarily or permanently residing in a country and culture other than that of the person's upbringing Imprisoned by foreign words, the expressive power of his music unbound him. "
- ^ a b c d e f Jachimecki, p. 420.
- ^ a b c d e f Hedley, Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 263.
- ^ a b c Described in the Polish Wikipedia article on "Fryderyk Chopin. "
- ^ a b c Jachimecki, p. 421.
- ^ Jachimecki, p. 421. Hedley, Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 264: "He valued [sensuous beauty] throughout life as much as he abhorred descriptive titles or any hint of an underlying 'program. '" Programmatic titles were given to some of his works, against his wishes, by others, including opportunistic music publishers.
- ^ Jachimecki, pp. 421–22.
- ^ a b c d e Jachimecki, p. 422.
- ^ Jachimecki, pp. 422–23.
- ^ Sheppard, Linda. "Frédéric Chopin's Résumé". Musical overview (1600–2000): from the History à la carte series. Canada: Longbow Publishing Ltd, 2006.
- ^ a b c d e f Jachimecki, p. 423.
- ^ Hedley, Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 264.
- ^ Jachimecki, p 423.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Jachimecki, p. 424.
- ^ Fryderyk Chopin 1810–1849: A Chronological Biography
- ^ Hedley, Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 264.
- ^ a b c d e Jachimecki, p. 425.
- ^ Letter of 12 December 1853 from Camille Pleyel to Chopin's sister, Louise Jedrzejewicz, cited in Chopin — Nocturnes, with note by Ewald Zimmermann, winter 1979/1980, published by G. Henle Verlag (ISM N M-2018-0185-8).
- ^ Hedley, Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 263.
- ^ Jachimecki, p. 421. Hedley, Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 264.
- ^ Kornel Michałowski, Grove
- ^ Hedley writes: "From the great Italian singers of the age he learned the art of 'singing' on the pianno, and his nocturnes reveal the perfection of his cantabile style and delicate charm of ornamentation. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. A nocturne (from the French for "nocturnal" is usually a Musical composition that is inspired by or evocative of the Night. Cantabile is a musical term meaning literally "singable" or "songlike" ( Italian) " Hedley, Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 264.
- ^ Müller-Streicher, Friederike (1994). "Aus dem Tagebuch einer Wiener Chopin-Schülerin [1839–1841, 1844–1845]". Wiener Chopin-Blätter. International Chopin Society.
- ^ John F. Strauss. "The puzzle of Chopin's Tempo Rubato". Clavier 22, no. 5 (May-June 1983).
- ^ See e. g. Charles Rosen, The Romantic Generation, chapters 5-7, Harvard University Press 1995. Charles Rosen (born May 5 1927 is an American Pianist and music theorist. ISBN 9780674779334
- ^ Jachimecki, pp. 425–26.
- ^ Hedley, Encyclopaedia Britannica, p. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc 264.
- ^ NAMCO BANDAI Games - Eternal Sonata
References
- Selected Correspondence of Fryderyk Chopin, collected and annotated by B. E. Sydow, translated and edited by Arthur Hedley, London, 1962. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin.
- Chopin's Letters, collected by Henryk Opieński, translated by E. L. Voynich, New York, 1973.
- George Marek R. and Maria Gordon-Smith, Chopin: A biography, New York, Harper & Row, 1978.
- Zdzisław Jachimecki, "Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek," Polski słownik biograficzny, vol. Polski Słownik Biograficzny ( PSB; Polish Biographical Dictionary is a Polish-language Biographical dictionary, comprising an alphabetically III, Kraków, Polska Akademia Umiejętności, 1937, pp. The Polish Academy of Learning ( Polish: Polska Akademia Umiejętności) headquartered in Kraków, is one of two institutions in contemporary Poland having 420–26.
- Arthur Hedley et al. Arthur Hedley (1905-1969 English musicologist and scholar biographer of Chopin. , "Chopin, Frédéric (François)," Encyclopaedia Britannica, 15th ed. The Encyclopædia Britannica is a general English-language encyclopaedia published by Encyclopædia Britannica Inc , 2005, vol. 3, pp. 263–64.
- David Ewen, Ewen's Musical Masterworks: The Encyclopedia of Musical Masterpieces, 2nd ed. , New York, ARCO Publishing Company, 1954.
- Benita Eisler, Chopin's Funeral, Abacus, 2004.
- Krystyna Kobylańska, Chopin in His Own Land: Documents and Souvenirs, Kraków, P. W. M. , 1955.
- The Book of the First International Musicological Congress Devoted [to] the Works of Frederick Chopin, Warsaw, 16th-22nd February 1960, edited by Zofia Lissa, Warsaw, PWN, 1963.
- [The Book of the Second International Musicological Congress, Warsaw, 10-17 October 1999:] Chopin and His Work in the Context of Culture, studies edited by Irena Poniatowska, vols. 1-2, Warsaw, 2003.
- (Dutch) Bastet, Frédéric L. (1997). Helse liefde: Biografisch essay over Marie d'Agoult, Frédéric Chopin, Franz Liszt, George Sand. Amsterdam: Querido. Emanuel Querido ( August 6 1871, Amsterdam - July 23 1943, Sobibor) was a successful Dutch publisher as the founder ISBN 90-214-5157-3.
- Eigeldinger, Jean-Jacques, Chopin vu par ses élèves (Chopin as Seen by His Pupils), ed. A LA BACONNIERE.
- Michałowski, Kornel, and Jim Samson, Chopin, Fryderyk Franciszek, Grove Music Online, edited by L. Macy (accessed October 31, 2006) (subscription access)
- Samson, Jim (1996). Chopin. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-816495-5.
- Siepmann, Jeremy (1995). Chopin: The Reluctant Romantic. London: Victor Gollancz. ISBN 0-575-05692-4.
- (German) Wuest, Hans Werner (2001). Frédéric Chopin, Briefe und Zeitzeugnisse. ISBN 3-8311-0066-7.
External links
- Chopin Music - Website and forum dedicated to the music of Chopin, including recordings, sheet music and image galleries.
- The Chopin Project - A guide to Chopin's solo keyboard music, with individual entries, on-demand audio, essays, quotes, references, biographies, and abundant links.
- Chopin 2010: The Chopin Currency - Blogsite devoted to a round up of current news, reviews, previews, blog entries, video postings, etc. in the runup to the 200th anniversary of Chopin's birth in 2010.
- Chopin: the poet of the piano - A favourite Chopin place since 1999 with biography, images, complete music and score, discussion forum, work list and analysis, quizzes and contests, noted interpreters/great pianists. . .
- Internet Chopin Information Centre, Chopin portal including calendar, catalogues, other information about Chopin, Chopin on the Web, and pianists' biographical notes.
- Biographies
- Online biography of Chopin
- Brief Chopin essay at Classical Music Pages
- The Frederick Chopin Society in Warsaw. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Contains a biography, an outline of Chopin's works and musical style and pictures of original manuscripts.
- Biography with Image Gallery and Citations from Chopin Music
- Fryderyk Chopin: Poet of the Piano
- Biographies (Project Gutenberg e-texts):
- Frédéric Chopin discography at MusicBrainz
- Music scores
- Chopin Complete Piano Works Free Public Domain Scores in PDF
- Chopin Piano Sheet Music (out of copyright)
- Free Sheet Music from Chopin Music
- www.kreusch-sheet-music.net Chopin's complete piano works
- Frédéric Chopin was listed in the International Music Score Library Project
- Chopin scores from Mutopia Project
- Free scores by Frédéric Chopin in the Werner Icking Music Archive (WIMA)
- Chopin Early Editions, a collection of over 400 first and early printed editions of musical compositions by Frédéric Chopin published before 1881. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works MusicBrainz is a project that aims to create an Open content Music database The International Music Score Library Project ( IMSLP) is a project for the creation of a virtual library of Public domain music scores, based on the The Mutopia project is a volunteer-run effort to create a library of Free content Sheet music, in a way similar to Project Gutenberg 's library of public The Werner Icking Music Archive, often abbreviated WIMA, is a web archive of Public domain Sheet music.
- Recordings
- Performances by Michael Sayers: Preludes Op. 28 Nos. 1 and 20
- Performances by Donald Betts: 3 ballades, 3 études, 2 nocturnes, 1 mazurka
- Performances by Paul Cantrell from In the Hands
- Performances by Alberto Cobo: Sonata #3, Ballade #1 & Fantasie-Impromptu, Sonata #2, Scherzo #2, Prelude #16
- Free MIDI Downloads from Chopin Music
- Various performers from PianoParadise (some links are broken)
- MIDI files from Kunst der Fuge
- Preludes No. 4 and No. 6 arranged for voices, guitar, and bass by the John Link Project
- Performances of works by Frédéric Chopin in MP3 and MIDI formats at Logos Virtual Library
- Artanhime - Chopin's mp3 Collection.
- Free Chopin Downloads (MP3 and WMA)
- the original Chopin Chopin as played by Angela Lear from autograph manuscripts. "Hear what Chopin really intended" BBC Music Magazine; ". . . Her Chopin recitals were altogether exceptional for perfect interpretation and maximum faithfulness to Chopin's intentions " Le Matin.
Miscellaneous
- Narodowy Instytut Fryderyka Chopina, Warsaw, Poland
- Memorial Page at FindaGrave
- University of Michigan Chopin Project
- International Fryderyk Chopin Piano Competition
- Chopin2010 a/k/a "The Chopin Currency" - a daily compendium of Chopiniana: news, reviews, videos, blogs, and more leading up to the Chopin Bicentennial in 2010
- Valldemossa, Majorca small town whose major asset is the remains of The Royal Chartreuse of Jesus Nazareth where Chopin lived for a short period with George Sand (the memories of this period are recorded in her book "Winter in Majorca") in 1838-39.
- The International Foundation Can Mossenya - Friends of Jorge Luis Borges Historic estate, a significant part of The Royal Chartreuse of Jesus of Nazareth.
- The safekeeping of a large collection of original Chopin manuscripts, including Concerto in F-minor among a total of 49 compositions and other priceless Polish art treasures in Canada during World War II, is documented by new research in 2004–2005 which was published in Chopin in the World.
- Chopin and The Nightingale is a dramatic reading with music in six acts, written by Cecilia and Jens Jorgensen for narrator, two sopranos and piano. It enacts the true-life romance of Chopin and Jenny Lind, which happens to resemble "The Nightingale" story of Hans Christian Andersen. "The Nightingale" (Danish Nattergalen) is a Fairy tale by Danish Poet and Author Hans Christian Andersen Hans Christian Andersen (ˈhanˀs ˈkʰʁæʂd̥jan ˈɑnɐsn̩ in Danish or simply H When Chopin dies of tuberculosis in the arms of Jenny Lind, she decides to devote the rest of her life to paying tribute to his music. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common "Good Morning!", says the emperor / composer the next day. Performed - to celebrate the new Europe and World TB Day - at Brussels (2003), Warsaw (2004), Toronto (2005) and New York State (2008).
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