Foods from plant sources

Food is any substance, usually composed primarily of carbohydrates, fats, water and/or proteins, that can be eaten or drunk by an animal for nutrition or pleasure. Carbohydrates (from ' Hydrates of Carbon ' or saccharides ( Greek σάκχαρον meaning " Sugar " are the most Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl In general terms eating (formally ingestion) is the process of consuming Food to provide for the Nutritional needs of an Animal, particularly Drinking is the act of consuming a liquid through the mouth Water, for example is required for many of life's physiological processes and excess or decreased water intake Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support Items considered food may be sourced from plants, animals or other categories such as fungus or fermented products like alcohol. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Although many human cultures sought food items through hunting and gathering, today most cultures use farming, ranching, and fishing, with hunting, foraging and other methods of a local nature included but playing a minor role. A hunter-gatherer society is one whose primary subsistence method involves the direct procurement of edible plants and animals from the wild Foraging and Hunting Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. Foraging theory is a branch of Behavioral ecology that studies the foraging behavior of animals in response to the environment in which the animal lives

Most traditions have a recognizable cuisine, a specific set of cooking traditions, preferences, and practices, the study of which is known as gastronomy. The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Gastronomy is the study of the relationship between Culture and Food. Many cultures have diversified their foods by means of preparation, cooking methods and manufacturing. This also includes a complex food trade which helps the cultures to economically survive by-way-of food, not just by consumption.

Many cultures study the dietary analysis of food habits. Habits are habituated routines of behavior that are repeated regularly tend to occur Subconsciously and tend to occur without directly thinking consciously While humans are omnivores, religion and social constructs such as morality often affect which foods they will consume. Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary Food safety is also a concern with foodborne illness claiming many lives each year. Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food In many languages, food is often used metaphorically or figuratively, as in "food for thought". Metaphor (from the Greek: μεταφορά - metaphora, meaning "transfer" is language that directly compares seemingly unrelated subjects

Food sources

Almost all foods are of plant or animal origin, although there are some exceptions. Foods not coming from animal or plant sources include various edible fungi, including mushrooms. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ A mushroom is the fleshy Spore -bearing Fruiting body of a Fungus, typically produced above ground on soil or on its food source Fungi and ambient bacteria are used in the preparation of fermented and pickled foods such as leavened bread, wine, beer, cheese, pickles, and yogurt. A fungus (ˈfʌŋgəs is a eukaryotic Organism that is a member of the kingdom Fungi (ˈfʌndʒaɪ The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions Pickling, also known as brining or corning, is the process of preserving Food by Anaerobic fermentation in Brine (a solution Bread is a Staple food prepared by Baking a Dough of Flour and Water. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. A pickled cucumber, most often simply called a pickle in the United States and Canada, is a Cucumber that has been pickled in a Yoghurt, yogurt, yoghourt, youghurt or yogourt (see spelling below is a Many cultures eat seaweed, which is a protist, or blue-green algae (cyanobacteria) such as Spirulina. Seaweed is a loose colloquial term encompassing macroscopic Multicellular, benthic marine Algae. Protists (ˈproʊtɨst are a diverse group of eukaryotic Microorganisms Historically protists were treated as the kingdom Protista but this Cyanobacteria, also known as blue-green algae, blue-green bacteria or Cyanophyta, is a phylum of Bacteria that obtain their energy Spirulina is the common name for human and animal food supplements produced primarily from two species of Cyanobacteria (also known as blue-green algae Arthrospira ^[1] Additionally, salt is often eaten as a flavoring or preservative, and baking soda is used in food preparation. Salt is a Dietary mineral composed primarily of Sodium chloride that is essential for Animal life but toxic to most land plants Sodium bicarbonate or sodium hydrogen carbonate is the Chemical compound with the formula NaHCO3 Both of these are inorganic substances, as is water, an important part of human diet. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life.

Plants

A variety of foods from plant sources

Many plants or plant parts are eaten as food. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. There are around 2,000 plant species which are cultivated for food, and many have several distinct cultivars. A cultivar is a cultivated Plant that has been selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or useful characteristics it is usually distinct from similar ^[2]

Seeds of plants contain nutrients necessary for the plant's initial growth, and because of this, seeds are a good source of food for animals, including humans. In fact, the majority of food consumed by human beings are seed-based foods. These seeds include cereals (such as maize, wheat, and rice), legumes (such as beans, peas, and lentils), and nuts. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. Rice is a Cereal foodstuff which forms an important part of the diet of many people worldwide and as such it is a staple food for many A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants Bean is a common name for large plant Seeds of several genera of the family Fabaceae (formerly Leguminosae used for human food or animal A pea (inaccurately called a '''sweet pea''' by food distubutors is most commonly the small spherical Seed or the seed-pod of the Legume Pisum The lentil or daal or pulse ( Lens culinaris) is a bushy Annual plant of the legume family grown for its lens-shaped Seeds Nut is a general term for the large dry oily Seeds or Fruit of some Plants. Oilseeds are often pressed to produce rich oils, such as sunflower, rape (including canola oil), and sesame. The sunflower ( Helianthus annuus) is an Annual plant in the family Asteraceae and native to the Americas, with a large flowering Rapeseed ( Brassica napus) also known as rape, oilseed rape, rapa, rapaseed and (in the case of one particular group of Canola is a type of Edible oil derived from plants initially bred in Canada by Keith Downey and Baldur Stefansson in the 1970s Sesame ( Sesamum indicum) is a Flowering plant in the genus Sesamum. ^[3] One of the earliest food recipes made from ground chickpeas is called hummus, which can be traced back to Ancient Egypt times. A recipe is a set of instructions that show how to prepare or make something especially a culinary dish. For the biological matter in soil see Humus; for the band see Humus (band. Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now

Fruits are the ripened extensions of plants, including the seeds within. The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. Many plants have evolved fruits that are attractive as a food source to animals, so that animals will eat the fruits and excrete the seeds some distance away. Fruits, therefore, make up a significant part of the diets of most cultures. Some botanical fruits, such as tomato, pumpkin and eggplant, are eaten as vegetables. ^[4] (For more information, see list of fruits. This list of culinary fruits contains the names of some fruits that are considered edible in some Cuisines The definition of fruit for these lists is a culinary fruit )

Vegetables are a second type of plant matter that is commonly eaten as food. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however These include root vegetables (such as potatoes and carrots), leaf vegetables (such as spinach and lettuce), stem vegetables (such as bamboo shoots and asparagus), and inflorescence vegetables (such as globe artichokes and broccoli). Root vegetables are plant roots used as Vegetables Other underground plants are often erroneously called root vegetables The potato is a Starchy Tuberous crop Vegetable from the perennial Solanum tuberosum of the Solanaceae The carrot ( Daucus carota subsp sativus, Etymology: Middle French carotte, from Late Latin carōta, from Greek karōton Leaf vegetables, also called potherbs, greens, or leafy greens, are plant leaves eaten as a Vegetable, sometimes accompanied Spinach ( Spinacia oleracea) is a Flowering plant in the family of Amaranthaceae. Lettuce ( Lactuca sativa) is a Temperate annual or Biennial plant of the daisy family Asteraceae. Bamboo is a group of Woody perennial Evergreen Plants in the True grass family Poaceae, subfamily Asparagus officinalis is a flowering plant species in the genus Asparagus from which the Vegetable known as asparagus is obtained The Globe Artichoke ( Cynara cardunculus) Globe Artichokes are known to have been cultivated at Naples around the middle of the 9th century and Broccoli is a plant of the Cabbage family Brassicaceae (formerly Cruciferae Many herbs and spices are highly-flavorful vegetables. A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like ^[5]

Animals

Various raw meats

Main article: Animal source foods

Animals can be used as food either directly, or indirectly by the products they produce. Animal source foods (ASF include any Food item that comes from an animal source such as meat milk fish eggs cheese and yogurt Meat is an example of a direct product taken from an animal, which comes from either muscle systems or from organs. In modern English usage meat most often refers to Animal tissue used as food mostly Skeletal muscle and associated Fat, but it may also refer Muscle (from Latin musculus, diminutive of mus "mouse" is contractile tissue of the body and is derived from the In Biology, an organ ( Latin: organum, "instrument tool" from Greek όργανον - organon "organ instrument Food products produced by animals include milk produced by mammals, which in many cultures is drunk or processed into dairy products such as cheese or butter. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. Mammals ( class Mammalia) are a class of Vertebrate Animals characterized by the presence of Sweat glands, including sweat glands Dairy products are generally defined as Foodstuffs produced from Milk. Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. Butter is a Dairy product made by churning fresh or fermented Cream or Milk. In addition birds and other animals lay eggs, which are often eaten, and bees produce honey, a popular sweetener in many cultures. An egg is a round or oval body laid by the female of many animals consisting of an Ovum surrounded by layers of Membranes and an outer casing which acts to nourish Bees are flying Insects closely related to Wasps and Ants Bees are a Monophyletic lineage within the superfamily Apoidea Honey is a sweet and Viscous fluid produced by Honey bees (and some other species and derived from the nectar of Flowers According to the Some cultures consume blood, some in the form of blood sausage, as a thickener for sauces, a cured salted form for times of food scarcity, and others use blood in stews such as civet. Some Cultures consume Blood as Food, often in combination with Meat. Black pudding or (less often blood pudding is a British English term for Sausage made by cooking blood with a filler until it is thick enough to congeal In Food preparation curing refers to various preservation and Flavoring processes especially of Meat or Fish, by the addition of Blood is a specialized Bodily fluid that delivers necessary substances to the body's cells ��such as nutrients and oxygen—and transports Waste products Civets are small lithe-bodied mostly arboreal Mammals native to the tropics of Africa and Asia ^[6]

Production

Tractor and Chaser Bin

Main article: Agriculture

Food is traditionally obtained through farming, ranching, and fishing, with hunting, foraging and other methods of subsistence locally important. A tractor is a Vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high Tractive effort at slow speeds for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used A chaser bin is a trailer towed by a Tractor with a built-in Auger system usually with a large capacity (around 15 tonnes is average Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture A ranch is an area of landscape including various structures given primarily to the practice of ranching the practice of raising grazing livestock such as Cattle For the computer security term see Phishing. Fishing is the activity of catching Fish. Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. Foraging theory is a branch of Behavioral ecology that studies the foraging behavior of animals in response to the environment in which the animal lives Subsistence is the food necessary to sustain life The following is a list of subsistence techniques: Hunting and Gathering More recently, there has been a growing trend towards more sustainable agricultural practices. Sustainable agriculture integrates three main goals environmental Stewardship, Farm Profitability and prosperous Farming communities This approach, which is partly fueled by consumer demand, encourages biodiversity, local self-reliance and organic farming methods. Consumers refers to individuals or households that use goods and services generated within the economy. Supply and demand is an Economic model describing effects on price and quantity in a Market. Biodiversity is the variation of Life forms within a given Ecosystem, Biome or for the entire Earth. Organic farming is a form of agriculture that relies on Crop rotation, Green manure, Compost, Biological pest control, and mechanical Cultivation ^[7] Major influences on food production are international organizations, (e. g. the World Trade Organization and Common Agricultural Policy), national government policy (or law), and war. The Common Agricultural Policy ( CAP) is a system of European Union Agricultural subsidies and programmes Law is a system of rules enforced through a set of Institutions used as an instrument to underpin civil obedience politics economics and society War is an international relations Dispute, characterized by organized Violence between National Military units ^[8]

Preparation

While some food can be eaten raw, many foods undergo some form of preparation for reasons of safety, palatability, or flavor. Flavor or flavour is the sensory impression of a Food or other substance, and is determined At the simplest level this may involve washing, cutting, trimming or adding other foods or ingredients, such as spices. WASHING is one way of Cleaning, namely with Water and often some kind of Soap or Detergent. Cutting is the separation of a physical object or a portion of a physical object into two portions through the application of an acutely directed force A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive It may also involve mixing, heating or cooling, pressure cooking, fermentation, or combination with other food. In a home, most food preparation takes place in a kitchen. For the Banana Yashimoto novel see Kitchen (novel A kitchen, is a room or part of a room (sometimes called "kitchen Some preparation is done to enhance the taste or aesthetic appeal; other preparation may help to preserve the food; and others may be involved in cultural identity. Taste (or more formally gustation) is a form of direct Chemoreception and is one of the traditional five Senses Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called Food preservation is the process of treating and handling Food in a way that preserves its edibility and nutrition value A meal is made up of food which is prepared to be eaten at a specific time and place. For the coarsely ground flour see Flour. A meal is an instance of Eating, specifically one that takes place at a specific time and includes ^[9]

Animal slaughter and butchering

Workers and cattle in a slaughterhouse.

The preparation of animal-based food will usually involve slaughter, evisceration, hanging, portioning and rendering. Disembowelment ( evisceration) is the removing of some or all of the vital organs usually from the Abdomen. Rendering is a process that converts waste animal tissue into stable value-added materials In developed countries, this is usually done outside the home in slaughterhouses which are used to process animals en mass for meat production. A slaughterhouse, also called an abattoir (from the French verb abattre, "to strike down" or freezing works ( New Zealand Many countries regulate their slaughterhouses by law. For example the United States has established the Humane Slaughter Act of 1958, which requires that an animal be stunned before killing. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the This act, like those in many countries, exempts slaughter in accordance to religious law, such as kosher shechita and dhabiĥa halal. Shechita ( Hebrew:he שחיטה is the Ritual slaughter of mammals and birds according to Jewish dietary laws. Strict interpretations of kashrut require the animal to be fully aware when its carotid artery is cut. Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, he כַּשְׁרוּת refers to Jewish dietary laws. ^[10]

On the local level a butcher may commonly break down larger animal meat into smaller manageable cuts and pre-wrapped for commercial sale or wrapped to order in butcher paper. Butcher paper is cheap but sturdy Paper that is sold in large rolls In addition fish and seafood may be fabricated into smaller cuts by a fish monger at the local level. Seafood is any Sea Animal or Seaweed that is served as Food, or is suitable for eating particularly saltwater animals such A fishmonger ( fishwife for women practitioners - "wife" in this case used in its archaic meaning of "woman" is someone who sells Fish and However fish butchery may be done on board a fishing vessel and quick-frozen for preservation of quality. ^[11]

Cooking

Main article: Cooking

Cooking with a Wok in China

The term "cooking" encompasses a vast range of methods, tools and combinations of ingredients to improve the flavor or digestibility of food. Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible This article is about ingredients in general There is also an American soul and R&B group called The Main Ingredient. Digestion is the breaking down of chemicals in the body into a form that can be absorbed Cooking technique, known as culinary art, generally requires the selection, measurement and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure in an effort to achieve the desired result. Culinary art is the Art of Cooking. The word "culinary" is defined as something related to or connected with cooking or Kitchens A culinarian Constraints on success include the variability of ingredients, ambient conditions, tools, and the skill of the individual cooking. A broader definition of a tool is an entity used to interface between two or more domains that facilitates more effective action of one domain upon the other ^[12] The diversity of cooking worldwide is a reflection of the myriad nutritional, aesthetic, agricultural, economic, cultural and religious considerations that impact upon it. ^[13]

Cooking requires applying heat to a food which usually, though not always, chemically transforms it, thus changing its flavor, texture, appearance, and nutritional properties. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Mouthfeel is a product’s physical and Chemical interaction in the mouth ^[14] Cooking proper, as opposed to roasting, requires the boiling of water in a container, and was practiced at least since the 10th millennium BC with the introduction of pottery. Pottery is the Ceramic ware made by potters It also refers to a group of materials that includes Earthenware, Stoneware ^[15] There is archaeological evidence of roasted foodstuffs at Homo erectus campsites dating from 420,000 years ago. Homo erectus ( Latin: "upright man" is an extinct species of the genus Homo, believed to have been the first hominin ^[16]

Cooking equipment and methods

There are many types of cooking equipment used for cooking. Ovens are one type of cooking equipment which can be used for baking or roasting and offer a dry-heat cooking method. An oven is an enclosed compartment for Heating, Baking or Drying. Different cuisines will use different types of ovens, for example Indian culture uses a Tandoor oven is a cylindrical clay oven which operates at a single high temperature,^[17] while western kitchens will use variable temperature convection ovens, conventional ovens, toaster ovens in addition to non-radiant heat ovens like the microwave oven. An oven is an enclosed compartment for Heating, Baking or Drying. thumb|Looking into the mouth of a tandoor A tandoor is a cylindrical clay Oven used in cooking and baking For the Banana Yashimoto novel see Kitchen (novel A kitchen, is a room or part of a room (sometimes called "kitchen Convection ovens or fan ovens or turbo ovens augment a traditional Oven by circulating heated air using a fan. A toaster is a small electric Kitchen appliance designed to Toast slices of Bread. A microwave oven, or a microwave, is a Kitchen appliance that cooks or heats Food by Dielectric heating. Ovens may be wood-fired, coal-fired, gas, electric, or oil-fired. ^[18]

A stainless steel frying pan.

Various types of cook-tops are used as well. They carry the same variations of fuel types as the ovens mentioned above. cook-tops are used to heat vessels placed on top of the heat source, such as a sauté pan, sauce pot, frying pan, pressure cooker, etc. Sautéing is a method of Cooking Food that uses a small amount of Fat in a shallow pan over relatively high heat A frying pan, frypan, or skillet is a pan used for Frying, Searing, and browning foods These pieces of equipment can use either a moist or dry cooking method and include methods such as steaming, simmering, boiling, and poaching for moist methods; while the dry methods include sautéing, pan frying, or deep-frying. Uses A Steam engine uses the expansion of steam in order to drive a Piston or Turbine to perform Mechanical work. Simmering is a Cooking technique in which Foods are cooked in hot liquids kept at or just barely below the boiling point of Water (at average sea level Boil or furuncle is a skin disease caused by the infection of Hair follicles resulting in the localized accumulation of Pus and dead tissue Poaching is the process of gently Simmering food in liquid generally Water, stock or Wine. Sautéing is a method of Cooking Food that uses a small amount of Fat in a shallow pan over relatively high heat Pan frying is a form of Frying characterized by the use of less Cooking oil than Deep frying; using enough oil to at most cover the food to be cooked Deep frying is a Cooking method in which food is submerged in hot oil or Fat. ^[19]

Traditional asado

In addition, many cultures use grills for cooking. Cooking is the process of preparing Food by applying Heat, selecting measuring and combining of ingredients in an ordered procedure for producing safe and edible A grill operates with a radiant heat source from below, usually covered with a metal grid and sometimes a cover. There are multiple varieties of grills, with most falling into one of two categories Gas - Fueled and Charcoal. An open bit barbecue in the American south is one example along with the American style outdoor grill fueled by wood, liquid propane or charcoal along with soaked wood chips for smoking. Wood is hard fibrous lignified structural tissue produced as secondary Xylem in the stems of Woody plants notably trees but also shrubs Propane is a three- Carbon Alkane, normally a gas but compressible to a liquid that is transportable Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation ^[20] A Mexican style of barbecue is called barbacoa, which involves the cooking of meats and whole sheep over open fire. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Barbacoa generally refers to Meats or a whole Sheep slow cooked over an open fire or more traditionally in a hole dug in the ground covered with Maguey In Argentina, asado is prepared on a grill held over an open pit or fire made upon the ground, on which a whole animal is grilled or in other cases smaller cuts of the animal. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Asado is a technique for Cooking cuts of Meat, usually consisting of Beef alongside various other meats which are cooked on a Grill ( parrilla ^[21]

Raw food

Many types of sushi ready to be eaten.

Certain cultures highlight animal and vegetable foods in their raw state. Sushi in Japan is one such cuisine that features raw sliced fish, either in sashimi, nigiri, or maki styles. In Japanese cuisine, is Vinegared Rice, usually topped with other ingredients including fish various meats and vegetables For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. Cuisine (from French cuisine, "cooking culinary art kitchen" ultimately from Latin coquere, "to cook" is a specific set Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two Sashimi ( IPA: /'saɕimi/ 刺身 is a Japanese delicacy primarily consisting of very fresh raw Seafood, sliced into thin pieces about 2 ^[22] Steak tartare and salmon tartare are dishes made from diced or ground raw beef or salmon respectively, mixed with various ingredients and served with baguette, brioche or frites. Steak tartare is a meat dish made from finely chopped or ground raw Beef or Horse meat. A baguette (bəˈɡɛt is a variety of Bread distinguishable by its length very crispy crust and slits cut into it to enable proper expansion Brioche ( Pronunciation, in French; English Received Pronunciation chiefly; American English) is a highly enriched French fries ( North American English; sometimes not capitalized chips ( British English) fries or French-fried potatoes (formal ^[23] In Italy, carpaccio is a dish of very thin sliced raw beef, drizzled with a vinaigrette made with olive oil. Carpaccio is a dish of raw Beef, Veal or Tuna traditionally thinly sliced or pounded thin served as an Appetizer. Beef is the Culinary name for Meat from Bovines especially domestic Cattle (cows Vinaigrette is a mixture of Vinegar (or sometimes citrus juice and oil often flavored with Herbs Spices and other ingredients ^[24] A popular health food movement known as raw foodism promotes a mostly vegan diet of raw fruits, vegetables and grains prepared in various ways, including juicing, food dehydration, not passing the 118 degree mark, and sprouting. Raw foodism (or rawism) is a lifestyle promoting the consumption of un- cooked, un- processed, and often Organic foods as a large percentage The term fruit has different meanings dependent on context and the term is not synonymous in Food preparation and Biology. The term " vegetable " generally means the edible parts of Plants The definition of the word is traditional rather than Scientific, however ^[25]

Restaurants

Tom's Restaurant, a restaurant in New York

Many cultures produce food for sale in restaurants for paying customers. Tom's Restaurant is a Diner located at 2880 Broadway on the corner of that avenue and 112th Street in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of the borough These restaurants often have trained chefs who prepare the food, while trained waitstaff serve the customers. A chef is a person who cooks professionally In a professional kitchen setting the term is used only for the one person in charge of everyone else in the kitchen the executive The term restaurant is credited to the French from the 19th century, as it relates to the restorative nature of the bouillons that were once served in them. A restaurant is a retail establishment that serves prepared Food to Customers. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Bouillon is a Municipality of Belgium. It lies in the country's Walloon Region and Luxembourg Province. However, the concept pre-dates the naming of these establishments, as evidence suggests commercial food preparation may have existed during the age of the city of Pompeii, as well as an urban sales of prepared foods in China during the Song Dynasty. Pompeii is a ruined and partially buried Roman town-city near modern Naples and Caserta in the Italian region of Campania, in China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National The Song Dynasty ( Wade-Giles: Sung Ch'ao was a ruling dynasty in China between 960&ndash1279 CE it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms The coffee shops or cafes of 17th century Europe may also be considered an early version of the restaurant. ^[26] In 2005 the United States spent $496 billion annually for out-of-home dining. Expenditures by type of out-of-home dining was as follows, 40% in full-service restaurants, 37. 2% in limited service restaurants (fast food), 6. Fast food is the term given to food that can be prepared and served very quickly 6% in schools or colleges, 5. A school (from Greek σχολεῖον - scholeion) is an Institution designed to allow and encourage Students (or "pupils" College ( Latin collegium) is a term most often used today to denote an Educational Institution. 4% in bars and vending machines, 4. A vending machine is a machine that provides various snacks beverages and other products to consumers 7% in hotels and motels, 4. A hotel is an establishment that provides paid lodging usually on a short-term basis Entering dictionaries after World War II, the word motel, a Portmanteau of motor and hotel or motorists' hotel, referred 0% in recreational places, and 2. 2% in other which includes military bases. Etymology The word bases is first recorded in English language from c ^[27]

Food manufacture

Packaged household food items

Main article: Food manufacture

Packaged foods are manufactured outside the home for purchase. Food manufacture is the process by which Food is manufactured. This can be as simple as a butcher preparing meat, or as complex as a modern international food industry. A butcher is someone who prepares various Meats and other related goods for sale The food industry is the complex global collective of diverse Businesses that together supply much of the Food energy consumed by the World population. Early food processing techniques were limited by available food preservation, packaging and transportation. Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another This mainly involved salting, curing, curdling, drying, pickling, fermentation and smoking. Salting is the preservation of Food with salt. It is related to Pickling (preparing food with brine rather than dry salt In Food preparation curing refers to various preservation and Flavoring processes especially of Meat or Fish, by the addition of Drying is a method of Food preservation that works by removing Water from the food which prevents the growth of Microorganisms and Decay. Pickling, also known as brining or corning, is the process of preserving Food by Anaerobic fermentation in Brine (a solution Fermentation in Food processing typically refers to the conversion of Sugar to Alcohol using Yeast under Anaerobic conditions Smoking is the process of flavoring, Cooking, or preserving Food by exposing it to the Smoke from burning or smoldering plant materials ^[28] During the industrialization era in the 19th century, food manufacturing arose. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the ^[29] This development took advantage of new mass markets and emerging new technology, such as milling, preservation, packaging and labeling and transportation. Mass Marketing is a market coverage strategy in which a firm decides to ignore market segment differences and go after the whole market with one offer A grinding mill is a Unit operation designed to break a solid material into smaller pieces Packaging is the science art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution storage sale and use Labelling or Labeling (US is defining or describing a person in terms of his or her behavior It brought the advantages of pre-prepared time saving food to the bulk of ordinary people who did not employ domestic servants. A domestic worker, domestic, servingman, servingwoman, or servant is one who works and often also lives within the employer's household ^[30]

At the start of the 21st century, a two-tier structure has arisen, with a few international food processing giants controlling a wide range of well-known food brands. A brand is a collection of Images and ideas representing an economic producer more specifically it refers to the descriptive verbal attributes and concrete symbols such as a There also exists a wide array of small local or national food processing companies. ^[31] Advanced technologies have also come to change food manufacture. Technology is a broad concept that deals with a Species ' usage and knowledge of Tools and Crafts and how it affects a species' ability to control and adapt Computer-based control systems, sophisticated processing and packaging methods, and logistics and distribution advances, can enhance product quality, improve food safety, and reduce costs. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. A control system is a device or set of devices to manage command direct or regulate the behavior of other devices or systems Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw Ingredients into Food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by Packaging is the science art and technology of enclosing or protecting products for distribution storage sale and use Logistics is the management of the flow of Goods, Information and other resources including Energy and people between the point of origin and the point Food distribution, a method of distributing (or transporting food from one place to another is a very important factor in public Nutrition. In the vernacular quality can mean a high degree of excellence (“a quality product” a degree of excellence or the lack of it (“work of average quality” or a property of Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling preparation, and storage of Food in ways that prevent Foodborne illness. ^[30]

Commercial trade

International exports and imports

Food imports in 2005

World Bank reported that the EU was the top food importer in 2005 followed at a distance by the USA and Japan. The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e Food is now traded and marketed on a global basis. Trade is the willing exchange of goods, services, or both Trade is also called Commerce. The variety and availability of food is no longer restricted by the diversity of locally grown food or the limitations of the local growing season. A season is one of the major divisions of the Year, generally based on yearly periodic changes in Weather. ^[32] Between 1961 and 1999 there has been a 400% increase in worldwide food exports. In Economics, an export is any good or Commodity, Transported from one country to another country in a Legitimate fashion ^[33] Some countries are now economically dependent on food exports, which in some cases account for over 80% of all exports. ^[34]

In 1994 over 100 countries became signatories to the Uruguay Round of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade in a dramatic increase in trade liberalization. See also World Trade Organization See also General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade The Uruguay Round commenced in September 1986 and continued until The 'General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade' (typically abbreviated 'GATT' was the outcome of the failure of negotiating governments to create the International Trade Organization (ITO Free trade is a system in which the trade of goods and services between or within countries flows unhindered by government-imposed restrictions This included an agreement to reduce subsidies paid to farmers, underpinned by the WTO enforcement of agricultural subsidy, tariffs, import quotas and settlement of trade disputes that cannot be bilaterally resolved. Agricultural policy describes a set of laws relating to domestic Agriculture and imports of foreign agricultural products The tax tariff and trade laws of a political region State or Trade bloc determine which forms of consumption and production tend to be encouraged A quota share is a specified number or percentage of the allotment as a whole ( Quota) that is prescribed to each individual entity (see Non-tariff barriers to trade ^[35] Where trade barriers are raised on the disputed grounds of public health and safety, the WTO refer the dispute to the Codex Alimentarius Commission, which was founded in 1962 by the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization and the World Health Organization. The Codex Alimentarius (Latin for "food code" or "food book" is a collection of internationally recognized standards codes of practice guidelines and other recommendations The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Trade liberalization has greatly affected world food trade. ^[36]

Marketing and retailing

Packaged food aisles of supermarket in Portland, Oregon

Food marketing brings together the producer and the consumer. Portland is a city located in the Northwestern United States, near the Confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers Food marketing brings together the producer and the consumer It is the chain of activities that brings food from “farm gate to plate It is the chain of activities that brings food from "farm gate to plate. "^[37] The marketing of even a single food product can be a complicated process involving many producers and companies. For example, fifty-six companies are involved in making one can of chicken noodle soup. Canning is a method of preserving food in which the food is processed and sealed in an airtight container These businesses include not only chicken and vegetable processors but also the companies that transport the ingredients and those who print labels and manufacture cans. ^[38] The food marketing system is the largest direct and indirect non-government employer in the United States.

In the pre-modern era, the sale of surplus food took place once a week when farmers took their wares on market day, into the local village market place. A village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet, but smaller than a Town or City. A marketplace is the space actual or metaphorical in which a Market operates Here food was sold to grocers for sale in their local shops for purchase by local consumers. Beginning as early as the 14th century a grocer (also called purveyor) was a dealer in comestible dry goods such as spices pepper sugar and (later cocoa tea and coffee ^[13][30] With the onset of industrialization, and the development of the food processing industry, a wider range of food could be sold and distributed in distant locations. Typically early grocery shops would be counter-based shops, in which purchasers told the shop-keeper what they wanted, so that the shop-keeper could get it for them. In Digital logic and Computing, a counter is a device which stores (and sometimes displays the number of times a particular event or process ^[13][39]

In the 20th century supermarkets were born. Customer divider barjpg|thumb|In supermarkets sellers periodically change prices for classes of goods in response to market conditions rather than negotiating the price of each good Supermarkets brought with them a self service approach to shopping using shopping carts, and were able to offer quality food at lower cost through economies of scale and reduced staffing costs. Self service is the practice of serving oneself usually when purchasing items A shopping cart (also called a trolley in British, Australian English, and New Zealand English; sometimes referred to as a carriage In the latter part of the 20th century, this has been further revolutionized by the development of vast warehouse-sized out-of-town supermarkets, selling a wide range of food from around the world. A warehouse is a commercial Building for Storage of Goods. Warehouses are used by Manufacturers Importers Exporters ^[40]

Unlike food processors, food retailing is a two-tier market in which a small number of very large companies control a large proportion of supermarkets. A corporation is a separate legal entity usually used to conduct business The supermarket giants wield great purchasing power over farmers and processors, and strong influence over consumers. Nevertheless, less than ten percent of consumer spending on food goes to farmers, with larger percentages going to advertising, transportation, and intermediate corporations. Advertising is a form of Communication that typically attempts to persuade potential Customers to Purchase or to consume more of a particular Brand Transport or transportation is the movement of people and goods from one place to another ^[41]

Prices

Consumers worldwide faced rising food prices, it was reported on March 24, 2008. Events 1401 - Mongol emperor Timur sacks Damascus. 1603 - James VI of Scotland 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Reasons for this development are freak weather, dramatic changes in the global economy, including higher oil prices, lower food reserves and growing consumer demand in China and India. The rising Technology has allowed our environment to be characterized as a global one This article is about the price of crude oil see Gasoline usage and pricing for information about derivative motor fuels China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country In the long term, prices are expected to stabilize. Farmers will grow more grain for both fuel and food and eventually bring prices down. Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy Already this is happening with wheat, with more crops to be planted in the United States, Canada and Europe in 2009. Wheat ( Triticum spp is a worldwide cultivated grass from the Levant area of the Middle East. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page This article is about the year For the film see 2009 Lost Memories. However, the Food and Agriculture Organization projects that consumers still face at least until 2018 more expensive food. 2018 ( MMXVIII) will be a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar. It is rare that the spikes are hitting all major foods in most countries at once. Food prices rose 4 percent in the United States 2007, the highest rise since 1990, and are expected to climb as much again 2008. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common As of December 2007, 37 countries faced food crises, and 20 had imposed some sort of food-price controls. December 2007 is the twelfth month of that year It began on a Saturday and 31 days later ended on a Monday In China, the price of pork has jumped 58 percent in 2007. Pork' is the Culinary name for Meat from the domestic Pig ( Sus scrofa) often specifically the fresh meat but can be used as an all-inclusive Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. In the 1990s and 1980s, farm subsidies and support programs allowed major grain exporting countries to hold large surpluses, which could be tapped during food shortages to keep prices down. Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar) But new trade policies have made agricultural production much more responsive to market demands -- putting global food reserves at their lowest since 1983. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) ^[42]

Famine and hunger

Italian €2 commemorative coin of 2004 celebrating the World Food Programme

Food deprivation leads to malnutrition and ultimately starvation. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest main - title €2 commemorative coins keywords numismatics coin review - status Starvation (also called inanition) is a severe reduction in Vitamin, Nutrient, and Energy intake and is the most extreme form of This is often connected with famine, which involves the absence of food in entire communities. A famine is a widespread shortage of food that may apply to any Faunal species which phenomenon is usually accompanied by regional Malnutrition, Starvation This can have a devastating and widespread effect on human health and mortality. Rationing is sometimes used to distribute food in times of shortage, most notably during times of war. Rationing is the controlled distribution of resources and scarce goods or services ^[8]

Starvation is a significant international problem. Approximately 815 million people are undernourished, and over 16,000 children die per day from hunger-related causes. ^[43] Food deprivation is regarded as a deficit need in Maslow's hierarchy of needs and is measured using famine scales. Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory in Psychology, proposed by Abraham Maslow in his 1943 paper A Theory of Human Motivation, which Famine scales are the ways in which degrees of Food security are measured from situations in which an entire population has adequate food to full-scale Famine. ^[44]

Food aid

Food aid can benefit people suffering from a shortage of food. It can be used to improve peoples' lives in the short term, so that a society can increase its standard of living to the point that food aid is no longer required. ^[45] Conversely, badly managed food aid can create problems by disrupting local markets, depressing crop prices, and discouraging food production. Sometimes a cycle of food aid dependence can develop. ^[46] Its provision, or threatened withdrawal, is sometimes used as a political tool to influence the policies of the destination country, a strategy known as food politics. Food politics are the political aspects of the production control Regulation, inspection and distribution of Food. Sometimes, food aid provisions will require certain types of food be purchased from certain sellers, and food aid can be misused to enhance the markets of donor countries. ^[47] International efforts to distribute food to the neediest countries are often co-ordinated by the World Food Programme. ^[48]

Safety

Main article: Food safety

Salmonella bacteria is a common cause of foodborne illness, particularly in undercooked chicken and chicken eggs

Foodborne illness, commonly called "food poisoning," is caused by bacteria, toxins, viruses, parasites, and prions. Food safety is a scientific discipline describing handling preparation, and storage of Food in ways that prevent Foodborne illness. Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have A toxin ( Greek:, toxikon, lit (poison for use on arrows is a Poisonous substance produced by living cells or organisms that is active at very low A virus (from the Latin virus meaning Toxin or Poison) is a sub-microscopic infectious agent that is unable Parasitism is a type of symbiotic relationship between Organisms of different Species. A prion (ˈpriːɒn is thought to be an infectious agent that according to current scientific consensus is comprised entirely of a propagated, mis-folded Roughly 7 million people die of food poisoning each year, with about 10 times as many suffering from a non-fatal version. ^[49] The two most common factors leading to cases of bacterial foodborne illness are cross-contamination of ready-to-eat food from other uncooked foods and improper temperature control. Less commonly, acute adverse reactions can also occur if chemical contamination of food occurs, for example from improper storage, or use of non-food grade soaps and disinfectants. Food can also be adulterated by a very wide range of articles (known as 'foreign bodies') during farming, manufacture, cooking, packaging, distribution or sale. These foreign bodies can include pests or their droppings, hairs, cigarette butts, wood chips, and all manner of other contaminants. It is possible for certain types of food to become contaminated if stored or presented in an unsafe container, such as a ceramic pot with lead-based glaze. ^[49]

Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) Flowchart

Food poisoning has been recognized as a disease of man since as early as Hippocrates. Foodborne illness (also foodborne disease) is any Illness resulting from the consumption of food ^[50] The sale of rancid, contaminated or adulterated food was commonplace until introduction of hygiene, refrigeration, and vermin controls in the 19th century. Rancidification is the decomposition of Fats Oils and other Lipids by Hydrolysis or Oxidation, or both Hygiene refers to practices associated with ensuring good health and cleanliness Vermin is a term applied to various animal species regarded as pests or nuisances and especially to those associated with the carrying of Disease. Discovery of techniques for killing bacteria using heat and other microbiological studies by scientists such as Louis Pasteur contributed to the modern sanitation standards that are ubiquitous in developed nations today. The Bacteria ( singular: bacterium) are a large group of unicellular Microorganisms Typically a few Micrometres in length bacteria have In Physics, heat, symbolized by Q, is Energy transferred from one body or system to another due to a difference in Temperature Microbiology (from Greek grc μῑκρος mīkros, "small" grc βίος bios, " Life " and grc -λογία Louis Pasteur (27 December 1822 – 28 September 1895 a French Chemist and Microbiologist, is best known for remarkable breakthroughs in the causes and This was further underpinned by the work of Justus von Liebig, which led to the development of modern food storage and food preservation methods. Justus von Liebig ( May 12, 1803 &ndash April 18, 1873) was a German Chemist Food storage is both a traditional domestic skill and is important industrially Food preservation is the process of treating and handling Food in a way that preserves its edibility and nutrition value ^[51] In more recent years, a greater understanding of the causes of food-borne illnesses has led to the development of more systematic approaches such as the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), which can identify and eliminate many risks. Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP is a systematic preventive approach to Food safety and pharmaceutical safety that addresses physical chemical, Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP is a systematic preventive approach to Food safety and pharmaceutical safety that addresses physical chemical, ^[52]

Allergies

Main article: food allergy

Some people have allergies or sensitivities to foods which are not problematic to most people. A food allergy is an adverse immune response to a food protein Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. This occurs when a person's immune system mistakes a certain food protein for a harmful foreign agent and attacks it. An immune system is a collection of mechanisms within an Organism that protects against Disease by identifying and killing Pathogens and Tumor About 2% of adults and 8% of children have a food allergy. ^[53] The amount of the food substance required to provoke a reaction in a particularly susceptible individual can be quite small. In some instances, traces of food in the air, too minute to be perceived through smell, have been known to provoke lethal reactions in extremely sensitive individuals. Common food allergens are gluten, corn, shellfish (mollusks), peanuts, and soy. Gluten is a composite of the proteins Gliadin and Glutenin. These exist conjoined with Starch, in the Endosperms of some Maize (ˈmeɪz ( Zea mays L. ssp mays) known as corn in some countries is a cereal grain domesticated in Mesoamerica Shellfish is a Culinary and Fisheries term for those aquatic Invertebrate animals that are used as Food: various species of molluscs The peanut, or Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the Legume family Fabaceae native to South America, Mexico ^[53] Allergens frequently produce symptoms such as diarrhea, rashes, bloating, vomiting, and regurgitation. In Medicine, diarrhea, also spelled diarrhoea (see spelling differences) is frequent loose or liquid Bowel movements Acute diarrhea A rash is a change of the Skin which affects its color appearance or Texture. Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the Vomiting (also called throwing up, emesis) is the forceful expulsion of the contents of one's Stomach through the Mouth and sometimes the The digestive complaints usually develop within half an hour of ingesting the allergen. An allergen is a nonparasitic Antigen capable of stimulating a Type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals ^[53]

Rarely, food allergies can lead to a medical emergency, such as anaphylactic shock, hypotension (low blood pressure), and loss of consciousness. A medical emergency is an Injury or Illness that is acute and poses an immediate risk to a person's life or long term health Anaphylaxis is an acute systemic (multi-system and severe Type I Hypersensitivity allergic reaction in humans and other Mammals In Physiology and Medicine, hypotension refers to an abnormally low Blood pressure. An allergen associated with this type of reaction is peanut, although latex products can induce similar reactions. The peanut, or Groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) is a species in the Legume family Fabaceae native to South America, Mexico LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ ^[53] Initial treatment is with epinephrine (adrenaline), often carried by known patients in the form of an Epi-pen. EpiPen is a registered trademark for the most commonly used Autoinjector of Epinephrine (a ^[54]

Diet

A package of halal-certified frozen food (steamed cabbage buns) from Jiangsu province, China

Main article: Diet (nutrition)

Cultural and religious diets

Dietary habits are the habitual decisions a person or culture makes when choosing what foods to eat. ( Postal map spelling: Kiangsu) is a province of the People's Republic of China, located along the east coast of the country This article is primarily about the human diet For a discussion of animal diets see List of feeding behaviours. ^[55] Although humans are omnivores, many cultures hold some food preferences and some food taboos. A taboo is a strong Social prohibition (or ban) against words objects actions or discussions that are considered undesirable or offensive by a group culture Dietary choices can also define cultures and play a role in religion. For example, only kosher foods are permitted by Judaism, and halal/haram foods by Islam, in the diet of believers. Kashrut (also kashruth or kashrus, he כַּשְׁרוּת refers to Jewish dietary laws. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Halal (حلال ḥalāl, halaal) is an Arabic term meaning permissible. This is a sub-article to Hygiene in Islam, Healthy diet and Food and cooking hygiene. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. ^[56] In addition, the dietary choices of different countries or regions have different characteristics. This is highly related to a culture's cuisine. Cuisine (from French cuisine, "cooking culinary art kitchen" ultimately from Latin coquere, "to cook" is a specific set

Children in this photograph from a Nigerian orphanage show symptoms of malnutrition, with four illustrating the gray-blond hair symptomatic of kwashiorkor.

Diet deficiencies

Dietary habits play a significant role in the health and mortality of all humans. Health is a state of complete physical mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific Imbalances between the consumed fuels and expended energy results in either starvation or excessive reserves of adipose tissue, known as body fat. "Adipose" redirects here For the Doctor Who monster see " Partners in Crime " ^[57] Poor intake of various vitamins and minerals can lead to diseases which can have far-reaching effects on health. A disease is an abnormal condition of an organism that impairs bodily functions and can be deadly For instance, 30% of the world's population either has, or is at risk for developing, Iodine deficiency. Iodine is an essential Trace element; the Thyroid hormones Thyroxine and Triiodotyronine contain iodine ^[58] It is estimated that at least 3 million children are blind due to vitamin A deficiency. Vitamin A refers to a family of similarly shaped molecules the Retinoids. ^[59] Vitamin C deficiency results in scurvy. Vitamin C or L-ascorbate is an Essential nutrient for a large number of higher primate species a small number of other Mammalian Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans ^[60] Calcium, Vitamin D and phosphorus are inter-related; the consumption of each may affect the absorption of the others. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Vitamin D is a group of fat-soluble Prohormones, the two major forms of which are vitamin D2 (or Ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (or Phosphorus, (ˈfɒsfərəs is the Chemical element that has the symbol P and Atomic number 15 Kwashiorkor and marasmus are childhood disorders caused by lack of dietary protein. Kwashiorkor is a type of malnutrition with controversial causes but it is commonly believed to be caused by insufficient protein intake Marasmus is a form of severe Protein-energy malnutrition characterized by Energy deficiency. ^[61]

Moral, ethical, and health conscious diet

Many individuals limit what foods they eat for reasons of morality, or other habit. For instance vegetarians choose to forgo food from animal sources to varying degrees. Vegetarianism is the practice of a diet that excludes Meat (including game and slaughter by-products Fish (including Shellfish and other sea Others choose a healthier diet, avoiding sugars or animal fats and increasing consumption of dietary fiber and antioxidants. An antioxidant is a Molecule capable of slowing or preventing the oxidation of other molecules ^[62] Obesity, a serious problem in the western world, leads to higher chances of developing heart disease, diabetes, and many other diseases. Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. Diabetes mellitus (ˌdaɪəˈbiːtiːz or /ˌdaɪəˈbiːtəs/ /məˈlaɪtəs/ or /ˈmɛlətəs/ often referred to simply as diabetes ( Ancient Greek: grc ^[63] More recently, dietary habits have been influenced by the concerns that some people have about possible impacts on health or the environment from genetically modified food. Genetically modified (GM foods are food items that have had their DNA changed through Genetic engineering. ^[64] Further concerns about the impact of industrial farming on animal welfare, human health and the environment are also having an effect on contemporary human dietary habits. Animal welfare refers to the viewpoint that it is morally acceptable for humans to use nonhuman animals for food in animal research, as clothing and in entertainment Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of This has led to the emergence of a counterculture with a preference for organic and local food. Counterculture (also " counter-culture " is a sociological term used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a Cultural group, or Organic foods are produced according to certain production standards, meaning they are grown without the use of conventional Pesticides artificial Fertilizers Local food (also regional food or food patriotism) or the local food movement is a "collaborative effort to build more locally based self-reliant ^[65]

Nutrition

USDA Food Pyramid

Between the extremes of optimal health and death from starvation or malnutrition, there is an array of disease states that can be caused or alleviated by changes in diet. The food guide pyramid was the previous nutritional guide (created at Tufts University School of Medicine of the USDA, replaced in April 2005 by the new USDA nutrition Starvation (also called inanition) is a severe reduction in Vitamin, Nutrient, and Energy intake and is the most extreme form of Malnutrition is a general term for a medical condition caused by an improper or insufficient diet. Deficiencies, excesses and imbalances in diet can produce negative impacts on health, which may lead to diseases such as scurvy, obesity or osteoporosis, as well as psychological and behavioral problems. Scurvy (NLat scorbutus is a disease resulting from a deficiency of Vitamin C, which is required for the synthesis of Collagen in humans Obesity is a condition in which excess Body fat has accumulated to such an extent that health may be negatively affected Osteoporosis is a Disease of Bone that leads to an increased risk of fracture. The science of nutrition attempts to understand how and why specific dietary aspects influence health.

Nutrients in food are grouped into several categories. Macronutrients means fat, protein, and carbohydrates. Micronutrients are the minerals and vitamins. Dietary minerals are the Chemical elements required by living Organisms other than the four elements Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, and A vitamin is an Organic compound required as a Nutrient in tiny amounts by an Organism. Additionally food contains water and dietary fiber. Dietary fibers are the indigestible portion of plant foods that move food through the Digestive system, absorbing water and easing Defecation.

Legal definition

Some countries list a legal definition of food. These countries list food as any item that is to be processed, partially processed or unprocessed for consumption. The listing of items included as foodstuffs include any substance, intended to be, or reasonably expected to be, ingested by humans. Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus In addition to these foodstuffs drink, chewing gum, water or other items processed into said food items are part of the legal definition of food. A drink, or beverage, is a Liquid specifically prepared for Human consumption For songs called "Chewing Gum" see Chewing Gum (song Chewing gum is a type of Confectionery traditionally made of Chicle Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. Items not included in the legal definition of food include animal feed, live animals unless being prepared for sale in a market, plants prior to harvesting, medicinal products, cosmetics, tobacco and tobacco products, narcotic or psychotropic substances, and residues and contaminants. Sao Paulo Stock Exchangejpg|thumb| Virtual market arena where buyer and seller are not present and trade via intemediates and electronical information In Agriculture, the harvest is the process of Gathering mature crops from the fields Reaping is the cutting of Grain Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. The term narcotic (ναρκωτικός is believed to have been coined by the Greek physician Galen to refer to agents that benumb or deaden causing loss A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain Pollution is the introduction of contaminants into an environment that causes instability disorder harm or discomfort to the physical systems or living organisms they are in ^[66]

See also

• Category:Lists of foods
• Optimal foraging theory
• Sustainable eating
• Food and Bioprocess Technology
• Contemporary Food Engineering

Notes

References