In political science and constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State Chancellor or chancellour (archaic ( Latin: cancellarius) is an official Title used in countries whose civilization has arisen A premier is a title for the Head of government in some countries This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. A cabinet is a body of high-ranking members of Government, typically representing the executive branch. A ministry is a specialised organisation responsible for a sector of Government Public administration, sometimes led by a minister, but usually a senior A minister or a secretary is a Politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional Government. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature The semi-presidential system is a System of government in which a prime minister and a President are both active participants in the day-to-day administration A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which Cohabitation in government occurs in Semi-presidential systems such as France 's system when the President is from a different Political party The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United This is a list of current heads of state and government, showing heads of state and heads of government where different mainly in Parliamentary systems This is a list of the offices of Heads of state, Heads of government, cabinet, and Legislature, of sovereign states. A governor is a governing official usually the executive (at least nominally to different degrees also politically and administratively of a non-sovereign level of government A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Political science is a branch of Social sciences that deals with the theory and practice of Politics and the description and analysis of Political systems Constitutional law is the study of foundational or basic Laws of nation states and other political organizations A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. In many countries, it is referred to simply as the government, but this usage can be confusing in an international context. The executive branch contains the head of government, who is the head of this branch. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State Under the doctrine of the separation of powers, the executive is not supposed to make laws (role of the legislature), nor to interpret them (role of the judiciary), their purpose is to enforce them: in practice, this separation is rarely absolute. Separation of powers, a term ascribed to French Enlightenment Political philosopher Baron de Montesquieu, is a model for the Governance A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State The executive is identified by the Head of Government. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State In a presidential system, this person (the President) may also be the Head of State, where as in a parliamentary system he or she is usually the leader of the largest party in the legislature and is most commonly termed the Prime Minister (Taoiseach in the Republic of Ireland, (Federal) Chancellor in Germany and Austria). A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature President is a Title leaders of Organizations companies, Trade unions universities, and countries. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Chancellor or chancellour (archaic ( Latin: cancellarius) is an official Title used in countries whose civilization has arisen Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich In France, executive power is shared between the President and the Prime Minister and this system has been reproduced in a number of former French colonies, while Switzerland and Bosnia and Herzegovina likewise have collegiate systems for the role of Head of State and Government. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers France was a dominant empire in the world from the 1600s to the late 1960s possessing many colonies in various locations around the world Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The Head of Government is assisted by a number of ministers, who usually have responsibilities for particular areas (e. A minister or a secretary is a Politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional Government. g. health, education, foreign affairs), and by a large number of government employees or civil servants. See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis

Relation to the legislature

While the legislature is responsible for approving the laws of a state, it does not usually, on its own, have the capacity to enforce them, notably in terms of employees and other infrastructure. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation The necessity to enforce a law if it is to be effective imposes a degree of cooperation between the legislature and the executive: the legislature may vote "free beer for all", but the executive would be in its role to ask "who pays the brewer?" In many countries the executive has the power to veto some or all types of legislation, or at least to delay their approval by insisting on a longer debate of the consequences. A veto, Latin for "I forbid" is used to Denote that a certain party has the right to stop unilaterally a certain piece of Legislation.

Under the Westminster system, the Prime Minister and other ministers are members of the legislature, and in other parliamentary systems the executive is usually headed by the party or parties which control a majority in the legislature. The Westminster system is a democratic Parliamentary system of Government modelled after the British government (the Parliament of the United This article is about the government position For other uses see Prime Minister (disambiguation. A minister or a secretary is a Politician who holds significant public office in a national or regional Government. A parliamentary system, also known as parliamentarianism (and parliamentarism in American English) is a System of government in which A political party is a Political organization that seeks to attain and maintain political power within Government, usually by participating in electoral This gives the executive some control over the legislation which is passed, but this control is rarely absolute in a democracy. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system In presidential systems, the executive and the legislature may be controlled by different political parties, a situation known as cohabitation: both sides must arrive at a compromise to allow the government to continue to function, although complete blockage is rare. A presidential system is a System of government where an executive branch exists and presides (hence the term separately from the Legislature Cohabitation in government occurs in Semi-presidential systems such as France 's system when the President is from a different Political party

In general, the legislature has a supervisory role over the actions of the executive, and may replace the Head of Government and/or individual ministers by a vote of (no) confidence or a procedure of impeachment. This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State A Motion of Confidence is a motion of support proposed by a government in a Parliament or other assembly of elected representatives to give members of parliament (or Impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to forcibly remove a Government official On the other hand, a legislature which refuses to cooperate with the executive, for example by refusing to vote a budget or otherwise starving the executive of funds, may be dissolved by the Head of State, leading to new elections. Budget (from French bougette, purse generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues In Parliamentary systems a dissolution of parliament is the dispersal of a Legislature at the call of an Election. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state An election is a Decision-making process by which a population chooses an individual to hold formal office

The legislature usually delegates some legislative power to the executive, notably to issue regulations or executive orders which complete a piece of legislation with technical details or points which might change frequently (e. This article is for the legal term For regulation of genes see Regulation of gene expression. g. fees for government services). The executive may also have powers to issue legislation during a state of emergency. A state of emergency is a governmental declaration that may suspend certain normal functions of government alert citizens to alter their normal behaviors or order government agencies

Relation to the Judicial Branch

The Executive Branch acts by and with the advice and consent of the Legislation made by the Legislature and thus is subject to the Legislative Branch. The judiciary acts as a competent administrator to ensure compliance with the laws crafted by the Legislative Branch. In Law, the judiciary or judicial system is the system of Courts which administer Justice in the name of the sovereign or State

The laws which apply specifically to the executive are known as administrative law, although this should not be taken to imply that the executive is exempt from other laws such as human rights or the rules of war. Administrative law is the body of Law that governs the activities of administrative agencies of Government. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled The law of war (also law of armed conflict, LOAC) is Law concerning acceptable practices relating to war The Executive Branch may be challenged in court for failure to comply with the decisions of the Legislative Branch. The idea of judicial review is that the competent administrators in the judiciary have the responsibility to review compliance with Legislation wherever there is a party claiming injury. Judicial review is the power of the courts to annul the acts of the executive and/or the legislative power where it finds them incompatible with a higher norm The Legislature Branch has the responsibility to supervise the execution of its laws and the compliance of the judiciary and the Executive branch with them.

The Legislature makes decisions and the Judiciary and the Executive Branch enforce its decisions with the help of the forces funded by the Legislature to enforce its laws (e. g. police force, prison service). The Legislative Branch is responsible for providing funding for courthouses, establishing and paying the salaries of judges: The Executive Branch is responsible for getting them built and staffed as instructed. The competent administration of the judicial system is the responsibility of the justice minister, also referred to as the attorney general. In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition

The Legislative Branch makes laws and the Executive branch executes them as instructed. In the Department of Justice the Attorney General oversees the staff responsible for taking legal action in the public interest, for example enforcing Civil Rights, Public Safety, policing corporations, prosecuting them as any other criminal and protecting the interests of those who cannot defend themselves (e. The public interest refers to the "common well-being" or "general welfare The prosecutor is the chief legal representative of the prosecution in countries with either the Common law Adversarial system, or the civil law g. children or the mentally handicapped). The authority to perform these functions is delegated by the legislature to be both the executive Branch and the judiciary as required. The executive is responsible for the day-to-day management after the Legislature decides to provide the necessary infrastructure and pay the necessary salaries.

Most countries have safeguards to protect the independence of the judiciary from the executive, such as the impossibility of the executive to dismiss a judge. Similar safeguards may apply to other categories of government employees, in order to allow them to conduct their functions without undue political pressure. See also Bureaucrat The term civil service has two distinct meanings Branch of governmental service in which individuals are hired on the basis In return, judges and government employees may be expected not to take part in active politics themselves. In the United States the Congress has all the power and the sole responsibility of removal by means of impeachment. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses

Local government

Individual states or provinces in a federal system have their own executives, legislatures and judiciaries in addition to the corresponding bodies at federal level. Political federalism is a Political philosophy in which a group of members are bound together (Latin foedus, covenant) with a governing Even in non-federal systems, all but the smallest of countries have some form of local government, although legislative and (especially) judicial powers are often very limited. Local governments are administrative offices that are smaller than a State. The distribution of executive powers between central and local government varies widely between different countries: for example, policing and education are local responsibilities in the United Kingdom but central responsibilities in France. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. An extreme example is Switzerland, where nationality, a central government responsibility in almost all other countries, is a matter for individual municipalities (albeit with federal minimum standards). Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Nationality is a relationship between a Person and their State of Origin, Culture, association Affiliation and/or Loyalty A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or

Local government may be funded through local taxes (often property taxes), through a grant from the central government or through a combination of the two. Property tax, or millage tax, is an Ad valorem tax that an owner pays on the value of the property being taxed The head of the local executive of a municipality is usually known as the mayor; various terms exist for the head of the executive at other levels of local government. A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government The local executive is usually supervised by an elected council, which is responsible for setting the rates of local taxes (where these exist, and often only to a limited extent) and for approving the budget of the local executive. The central government may also have a supervisory role, which may go as far as the power to dissolve the local government completely in exceptional cases.

As mentioned above, it is essential to consider the different roles of local (or State) government when comparing the roles of the executives in different countries: the provision of public education is an executive function whether it is provided by the central government (France), state governments (Germany), local education authorities (England and Wales) or school boards (United States). This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. History The Roman occupation of Britain was the first period in which the area of present-day England and Wales was administered as a single unit (with the exception A board of education or a school Board or school committee is the title of the Board of directors of a school local School district The United States of America —commonly referred to as the