The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [1] It comprises the heads of state or government of the Union's member states along with the President of the European Commission. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state This article focuses on the cases where the Head of Government is a separate office from the Head of State A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union. Its meeting is chaired by the member from the member state currently holding Presidency of the Council of the European Union. Presidency of the Council of the European Union is the responsibility for the functioning of the Council of the European Union which is rotated between European Union [2]
While the Council has no formal executive or legislative powers, it is an institution that deals with major issues and any decisions made are "a major impetus in defining the general political guidelines of the European Union". In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation The Council meets at least twice a year; usually in the Justus Lipsius building, the quarters of the Council of the European Union (Consilium) of Brussels. The Justus Lipsius building has been the headquarters of the Council of the European Union since 1995. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is [3][4][5]
Contents |
History
The first Councils were held in February and July 1961 (in Paris and Bonn respectively). Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Bonn is the 19th largest city in Germany. Located about 20 kilometres south of Cologne on the river Rhine in the Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia They were informal summits of the leaders of the European Community and were started due to then-French President Charles de Gaulle's resentment at the domination of supranational institutions (e. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The President of the French Republic (Président de la République française colloquially referred to in English as the President of France, is France 's elected Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle ( ( 22 November 1890 – 9 November 1970) was a French General and statesman who led the Free French g. the European Commission) over the integration process. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. The first influential summit was held in 1969 after a series of irregular summits. The Hague summit of 1969 reached an agreement on the admittance of the United Kingdom into the Community and initiated foreign policy cooperation (the European Political Cooperation) taking integration beyond economics. The European Political Cooperation (EPC was introduced in 1970 and was the synonym for European Union foreign policy coordination until it was superseded by the Common [6][1]
The summits were only formalised in 1974, at the December summit in Paris, following a proposal from then-French President Valéry Giscard d'Estaing. Valéry Marie René Georges Giscard d'Estaing (born 2 February 1926 is a French centre - right politician who was President of the French It was felt that more intergovernmental input was needed following the "empty chair crisis" and economic problems. The inaugural Council, as it had become, was held in Dublin on 1975-03-10/1975-03-11 during Ireland's first Presidency of the Council of the European Union. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 241 BC - First Punic War: Battle of the Aegates Islands - The Romans sink the Carthaginian fleet bringing Year 1975 ( MCMLXXV) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU In 1987 it was included in the treaties for the first time (the Single European Act) and had a defined role for the first time in the Maastricht Treaty. The Single European Act (SEA was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome that formally established the single European market and the European Political Cooperation The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final At first only two meetings per year were required, now there are on average four European Councils each year (two per presidency). The seat of the Council was formalised in 2002, basing it in Brussels (see Seat). In addition to usual councils, there are the occasional extraordinary councils, for example in 2001 the European Council gathered to lead the EUs response to those events. [6][1]
The meetings of the Council are seen by some as turning points in the history of the European Union. This article refers to the development of what is now the European Union, and to developments within those countrieswhich constitute it at the time of or near to For example:[1]
- 1969, The Hague: Foreign policy and enlargement.
- 1974, Paris: Creation of the Council.
- 1985, Milan: Initiate IGC leading to the Single European Act. Milan (Milano Milan (listen) is one of the largest cities in Italy, located in the plains of Lombardy. An Intergovernmental Conference (IGC is the formal procedure for negotiating amendments to the founding treaties of the European Union. The Single European Act (SEA was the first major revision of the Treaty of Rome that formally established the single European market and the European Political Cooperation
- 1991, Maastricht: Agreement on the Maastricht Treaty. Maastricht ( Dutch; Limburgish and city dialect Mestreech; French: Maestricht or Maëstricht; Spanish: The Maastricht Treaty (formally the Treaty on European Union, TEU) was signed on 7 February 1992 in Maastricht, the Netherlands after final
- 1997, Amsterdam: Agreement on the Amsterdam Treaty. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west The Treaty of Amsterdam amending the Treaty of the European Union the Treaties establishing the European Communities and certain related acts, commonly known as the Amsterdam Treaty
- 1998, Brussels: Selected member states to adopt the euro. Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e
- 1999; Cologne: Declaration on military forces. List of European Councils, by presidency, Date, and location Early meetings The first Councils were held in February and July [7]
- 1999, Tampere: Institutional reform
- 2000, Lisbon: Lisbon Strategy
- 2002, Copenhagen: Agreement for May 2004 enlargement. Tampere ( ˈtɑmpɛrɛ Swedish: Tammerfors or) is a city in southern Finland located between two lakes Näsijärvi and Pyhäjärvi Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. The Lisbon Strategy, also known as the Lisbon Agenda or Lisbon Process, is an action and Development plan for the European Union. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Enlargement of the European Union is the process of expanding the European Union (EU through the accession of new member states.
- 2007, Lisbon: Agreement on the Lisbon Treaty. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the
Powers and functions
The European Council isn't an official institution of the EU, although it is mentioned in the treaties as a body which "shall provide the Union with the necessary impetus for its development". There are currently five institutions of the European Union which govern the Union Essentially it defines the EU's policy agenda and has thus been considered to be the motor of European integration. European integration is the process of political legal economic (and in some cases social and cultural integration of European states including some states that are partly in Europe It does this without any formal powers, only the influence it has being composed of national leaders. [1][4] Beyond the need to provide "impetus", the Council has developed further roles; to "settle issues outstanding from discussions at a lower level", to lead in foreign policy - acting externally as a "collective Head of State", "formal ratification of important documents" and "involvement in the negotiation of the treaty changes". Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state Ratification is the act of giving official sanction or approval to a formal document such as a treaty or constitution The Treaties of the European Union are a set of international treaties between the Union's member states which sets out the counstitutional basis of the [6][5]
Because it's composed of national leaders, the body brings together the executive power of the member states, having a great deal of influence outside the European Community: for example over foreign policy and police & justice. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 This article deals with the workings of European Union foreign policy Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters (PJC formally Justice and Home Affairs (JHA is the third of the three pillars of the European Union It also exercises the more executive powers of the Council of the European Union (the European Council could be described as a configuration of that body) such as the appointment of the President of the European Commission. The President of the European Commission is the head of the European Commission, the executive branch of the European Union. Hence with powers over the supranational executive of the EU, in addition to its other powers, the European Council has been described by some as the Union's "supreme political authority". [6][2][5]
However, the body has been criticised by some for a lack of leadership, in part stemming from the weak structure of the body, meeting only 4 times a year for 2 days with no staff and no legislative decisions made. [8]
Composition
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Officially the members of the Council consist of the heads of state or government of the Union, plus the Commission President (non-voting). Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common When meetings take place, the national foreign minister usually attends with the leaders. The Commission President likewise is also accompanied by another member of the Commission. These are the members seen in the "family photo" taken at each Council. [4][5][1]
Meetings can also include national ministers, including foreign ministers, other leading national positions (French Prime Minister), Commissioners as required. The Prime Minister of France ( Premier ministre français) in Fifth Republic is the functional Head of the government and Council of Ministers A European Commissioner is a member of the 27-member European Commission. The Secretary General of the Council (and his/her deputy) is also a regular attendee. The position has become highly important due to its regular role in organising the meetings while also acting as the Union's High Representative. The High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (HR is the main co-ordinator of the Common Foreign and Security Policy within the European Union The President of the European Parliament usually attends to give an opening speech outlining the European Parliament's position before talks begin. The President of the European Parliament presides over the debates and activities of the European Parliament. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU [4][5][1]
However the negotiations usually involve a large number of other people working behind the scenes. Most of those people however are not allowed into the conference room, except for two delegates per state to relay messages. At the push of a button members can also call for advice from a Permanent Representative via the "Antici Group" in an adjacent room. The group is composed of diplomats and assistants who convey information and requests. Translators are also required for meetings as members are permitted to speak in their own languages. The languages of the European Union are Languages used by people within the member states of the European Union. [1]
President-in-Office
The role of President-in-Office of the assembled European Council is performed by the head of government or head of state of the member state currently holding the Council Presidency. The President of the European Council is a position in the European Union that chairs the European Council. Presidency of the Council of the European Union is the responsibility for the functioning of the Council of the European Union which is rotated between European Union A Chairman-in-Office or President-in-Office ( CiO or PiO; French président en exercice) is the Ambassador, Foreign minister This presidency rotates every six months, with every three presidencies co-operating on a common programme in triplets, meaning there is also a new president of the European Council every six months. Presidency of the Council of the European Union is the responsibility for the functioning of the Council of the European Union which is rotated between European Union The agenda of the meetings are defined by the Presidency, hence it may be misused by the country holding the Presidency by pushing their national interests up the agenda. The presiding country may also have additional negotiators at the table. [2][5][1]
The role as President-in-Office is in no sense equivalent to an office of a head of state, merely a primus inter pares (first among equals) role with other European heads of government. Head of state is the generic term for the individual or collective office that serves as the chief public representative of a Monarchic or Republican Nation-state The President-in-Office is primarily responsible for preparing and chairing Council meetings, and has no executive powers. It does however offer external representation of the council and the Union and reports to the European Parliament after Council meetings and at the beginning and end of the Presidency. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU [2][5]
Council Members
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Seat and meetings
- Further information: List of European Councils and Location of European Union institutions
Meetings of the council usually take place four times a year (two per Presidency) in Brussels and last for two days, although this can sometimes be longer if contentious issues are on the agenda. List of European Councils, by presidency, Date, and location Early meetings The first Councils were held in February and July Locations The Treaties of the European Union outline the locations of the following institutions The European Parliament has its seat in Strasbourg hosting [1] Up until 2002, the venue of the council meeting rotated between member states, as its location was decided by the country holding the rotating presidency. However, the 22nd declaration attached to the Treaty of Nice stated that; "As from 2002, one European Council meeting per Presidency will be held in Brussels. The Nice Treaty was signed by European leaders on 26 February, 2001 and came into force on 1 February 2003. When the Union comprises 18 members, all European Council meetings will be held in Brussels. "[13]
So between 2002 and 2004 half the councils were held in Brussels, and from the 2004 enlargement, all were. The European Council uses the same building as the Council of the European Union (the Justus Lipsius building). The Justus Lipsius building has been the headquarters of the Council of the European Union since 1995. However some extraordinary councils still take place outside of the city in the member holding the Presidency; (Rome, 2003 or Hampton Court Palace in 2005). Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Hampton Court Palace is a former royal palace in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames, south west London, England. The European Council is due to move with the Council of the European Union to a new building, Résidence Palace, next to the existing building. Résidence Palace is a building in the European Quarter of Brussels. [6][14]
The choice of a single seat was due to a number of factors, such as the experience of the Belgian police in dealing with protesters (a protester in Gothenburg was shot by police) as well as Brussels having fixed facilities for the Council and journalists at every meeting. Gothenburg ( Swedish:) /jœte'bɔrj/ is a city, a municipality, and an urban area on the west-coast of Sweden. By having a permanent seat (that's the same as the Council), particularly since enlargement, it was expected the Council would integrate further into the Community framework, rather than continuing under heavy national influence, developing as a governmental body (some have argued it is already the de facto EU government). [6]
In 2007 the new situation became a source of contention with the European Council wanting to sign the Lisbon Treaty in Lisbon. The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. However the Belgian government, keen not to set a precedent, insisted that the actual meeting take place in Brussels as usual. This would mean that after the signing, photo suit and formal dinner the entire summit would transfer from Lisbon to Brussels to continue with normal business. The idea of such an eventuality, mirrored with the "travelling circus" of the European Parliament, garnered protests from environmental groups describing the hypocrisy of demanding lower carbon emissions while flying across Europe for the same summit for political reasons. [15]
Future of the European Council
There would be a number of changes to the European Council under the proposed Treaty of Lisbon, which largely retains the reforms outlined in the rejected Constitutional Treaty. The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe (TCE commonly referred to as the European Constitution, was an unimplemented international Treaty intended [16]
The treaty would make the European Council a formal institution, separate from the Council of the European Union (now the Council of Ministers). While the Council of Ministers would continue with the rotating presidency, the European Council would have a single, fixed, President of the European Council with a renewable two-and-a-half year mandate. The President of the European Council is a position in the European Union that chairs the European Council. The position would stay a non-executive, administrative role. It would have an important role in organising work and meetings, providing external representation (including working with the CFSP) and being able to call extraordinary meetings beyond the four that are now formally required to take place. [17]
The role of the council is clearly separate from the Council, and primarily follows previous definitions. In separating from the Council of Ministers, the European Council gains no legislative power. It does however gain a greater say over police and justice planning, foreign policy and constitutional matters, including: the composition of the Parliament and Commission; matters relating to the rotating presidency; the suspension of membership rights; changing the voting systems in the treaties bridging clauses; and nominating the President of the European Commission and the High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy. The High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy (HR is the main co-ordinator of the Common Foreign and Security Policy within the European Union The High Representative, along with the new post of President, are the only formal changes in composition. Further more, under the "emergency break" procedure, a state may refer contenious legislation from the Council of Ministers to the European Council if it is outvoted in the Council, although it may still be outvoted in the European Council. [17][18][19]
Although there may be some informal changes; currently the President of Finland informally takes part in the European Council as s/he is responsible for the Finland's foreign policy outside the EU. The President of Finland is the Head of State of Finland. Under the Constitution of Finland, executive power is vested in the President and the This is alongside the Prime Minister who deals with policy within the EU. The Prime Minister (pääministeri Swedish: statsminister) is the Head of Government of Finland. Under the new treaty the Council becomes a formal EU institution and deals with foreign policy (making it EU policy). Hence, some see the President's attendance would no longer be justified. [20]
There has been speculation on who would be the first (full time) President of the European Council, being dubbed as the President of the European Union. Currently the most common name is former British Prime Minister, Tony Blair. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the political leader of the United Kingdom Anthony Charles Lynton "Tony" Blair (born 6 May 1953 is a British Politician who was Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 2 May 1997 to [21][22] This was backed up further when, in June 2007, French president Nicolas Sarkozy was the first leader to propose that Blair be the first president. Nicolas Sarkozy (pronounced, [23] However in August of 2007, there has been specuation that Bertie Ahern, the former Irish Taoiseach, could also be a contender. Patrick Bartholomew "Bertie" Ahern ( Irish: Pádraig Parthalán Ó hEachthairn, born 12 September 1951 is an Irish politician who served Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Taoiseach (ˈtiːʃəx in English t̪ˠiːʃʲəx (plural Taoisigh ( or) in Irish) also referred to as An Taoiseach ( t̪ˠiːʃʲəx is the the [24] Lastly Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha was proposed to this function by the Bulgarian governance [25]. Royal history Simeon is the son of Tsar Boris III and Tsaritsa Giovanna di Savoia.
References
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- ^ a b c d How does the EU work. Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ European Council. Council of the European Union. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ a b c d Consolidated versions of the treaty on European Union and of the treaty establishing the European Community (PDF). Europa (web portal) (1992-02-07). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 457 - Leo I becomes emperor of the Byzantine Empire. 1074 - Battle of Montesarchio in which the Prince Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ a b c d e f g European Council. Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ a b c d e f Stark, Christine. Evolution of the European Council: The implications of a permanent seat (PDF). Dragoman. org. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ EU Security Policy & the role of the European Commissio. European Commission. Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-08-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor.
- ^ Laming, Richard (2003-07-10). Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Battle of Dyrrhachium, Julius Caesar barely avoids a catastrophic defeat to Pompey in Macedonia. Too much champagne, not enough leadership. Open Democracy. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ Party holds only observer status with the Party of the European Left
- ^ Silvio Berlusconi's People of Freedom has yet to be formally founded; it is expected to become a member party of the EPP. The European Left party is a Political party at European level and an association of Socialist and Communist political parties in the European Union The People of Freedom ( Il Popolo della Libertà, PdL is a liberal-conservative History Premises Following the run-up to the
- ^ Slovenia currently holds the Presidency of the Council of the European Union; Janez Janša, as Prime Minister of that member state, is the President-in-Office. Presidency of the Council of the European Union is the responsibility for the functioning of the Council of the European Union which is rotated between European Union The President of the European Council is a position in the European Union that chairs the European Council.
- ^ José Manuel Barroso does not represent a member state, but sits in the European Council as the President of the Commission and does not vote.
- ^ Treaty of Nice (PDF). Europa (web portal) (2001-02-21). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ Reconstruction of "Residence Palacel. UIA Architectes (2005-09-26). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ ley Berry, Peter Sain (2007-11-01). Peter Sain ley Berry (* 1946 is a Briton who is editor of the internet journal EuropaWorld (which he co-founded with Annie Ansari in 2000 regular contributor to Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Comment: Travelling circuses are not worth the carbon. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2007-11-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi
- ^ European Council (2007-06-22). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Brussels European Council 21/22 June 2007: Presidency Conclusions (PDF). Europa (web portal). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ a b The Union's institutions: The European Council. Europa (web portal) (2001-02-21). Europa (sometimes written EUROPA) the official Web portal of the European Union, is intended to improve the public’s interaction with EU institutions Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 362 - Athanasius returns to Alexandria. 1245 - Thomas, the first known Bishop of Finland Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ Peers, Steve (2007-08-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the EU Reform Treaty Analysis no. 2.2: Foreign policy provisions of the revised text of the Treaty on the European Union (TEU) (PDF). Statewatch. Statewatch is a non-profit organization founded in 1991 that monitors the state and Civil liberties in the European Union. Retrieved on 2007-09-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a
- ^ Peers, Steve (2007-08-02). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the EU Reform Treaty analysis 1: JHA provisions (PDF). Statewatch. Statewatch is a non-profit organization founded in 1991 that monitors the state and Civil liberties in the European Union. Retrieved on 2007-09-26. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar dedicates a
- ^ Experts calling for new decisions on role of President in EU policy. Helsingin Sanomat (2007-08-22). Helsingin Sanomat is the biggest Subscription Newspaper in Finland. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 392 - Arbogast has Eugenius elected Western Roman Emperor. Retrieved on 2007-08-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - The Roman General Orestes forces western Roman Emperor Julius Nepos to flee his Capital
- ^ Hall, Ben (2007-05-03). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João New post of EU chief tempts Blair. Financial Times. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ Parker, George (2007-05-10). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Blair’s fate may be linked to EU. Financial Times. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ Parker, George (2007-06-16). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. Push for Blair as new EU president. Financial Times. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ Mahony, Honor (2007-08-27). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 479 BC - Greco-Persian Wars: Persian forces led by Mardonius are routed by Pausanias, the Spartan Ireland speculates on Ahern becoming EU president. EU Observer. Retrieved on 2007-07-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1191 - Saladin 's garrison surrenders ending the two-year Siege of Acre.
- ^ psz.pl - UE/ Bułgar unijnym prezydentem?
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