Europe
| Area | 10,180,000 km² (3,930,000 sq mi)o[›] |
|---|---|
| Population | 731,000,000o[›] |
| Density | 70/km² (181/sq mi) |
| Countries | ca. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 50 |
| Language families | Indo-European Finno-Ugric Turkic Basque Semitic North Caucasian |
| Time Zones | UTC (Iceland) to UTC+4 (Russia) |
Europe is one of the seven traditional continents of Earth. Finno-Ugric (ˌfɪnoʊˈjuːgɹɪk is a grouping of languages in the Uralic language family comprising Finnish, Estonian, Hungarian and The Turkic languages constitute a Language family of some thirty languages spoken by Turkic peoples across a vast area from Eastern Europe and the Basque ( native name: euskara) is the Language spoken by the Basque people who inhabit the Pyrenees in North-Central Spain The Semitic languages are a Language family whose living representatives are spoken by more than 467 million people across much of the Middle East, North Caucasian languages (sometimes called simply Caucasic as opposed to Kartvelian, and to avoid confusion with the concept of " Caucasian race " Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( UTC+4 time zone is used as Moscow Summer Time Iraq Summer Time Azerbaijan Time Single zone countries Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 The westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, it is bounded to the north by the Arctic Ocean, to the west by the Atlantic Ocean, to the south by the Mediterranean Sea, to the southeast by the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major This article is about the terrestrial Eurasian mountain range The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey To the east, Europe is generally divided from Asia by the water divide of the Ural Mountains, the Ural River, and by the Caspian Sea. A drainage divide, water divide, divide or (outside North America) watershed is the line separating neighbouring Drainage basins Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye The Ural (Урал Kazakh: Жайық, Jayıq or Zhayyq) known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. [1]
Europe is the world's second-smallest continent in terms of area, covering about 10,180,000 square kilometres (3,930,000 sq mi) or 2% of the Earth's surface and about 6. A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 8% of the planet's total land area. It hosts a large number of sovereign states (ca. 50), whose precise number depends on the underlying definition of Europe's border, as well as on the in- or exclusion of semi-recognized states. Of all European countries, Russia is the largest by both area and population, while the Vatican is the smallest. In Political geography and International politics, a country is a Political division of a geographical entity Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory Europe is the third most populous continent after Asia and Africa with a population of 731,000,000 or about 11% of the world's population. The world population is the total number of living Humans on Earth at a given time According to UN population projection (medium variant), Europe's share will fall to 7% in 2050, numbering 653 million. [2] However, Europe's borders and population are in dispute, as the term continent can refer to a cultural and political distinction or a physiographic one. Human geography is a branch of Geography that focuses on the study of patterns and processes that shape human interaction with the environment with particular reference to Physical geography (also known as geosystems or physiography) is one of the three major subfields of Geography.
Europe is the birthplace of Western culture. Western culture (sometimes equated with Western Civilization) are terms which are used to refer to Cultures of European origin European nations played a predominant role in global affairs from the 16th century onwards, especially after the beginning of colonization. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism By the 17th and 18th centuries European nations controlled most of Africa, the Americas, and large portions of Asia. As a means of recording the passage of Time, the 17th Century was that Century which lasted from 1601 - 1700 in the Gregorian calendar The 18th century lasted from 1701 to 1800 in the Gregorian calendar, in accordance with the Anno Domini / Common Era numbering system The colonisation of Africa has a long history the most famous phase The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort World War I and World War II led to a decline in European dominance in world affairs as the United States and Soviet Union took prominence. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Cold War between those two superpowers divided Europe along the Iron Curtain. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the A superpower is a State with a leading position in the international system and the ability to Influence events and project power on a worldwide scale The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end European integration led to the formation of the Council of Europe and the European Union in Western Europe, both of which have been expanding eastward since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991. European integration is the process of political legal economic (and in some cases social and cultural integration of European states including some states that are partly in Europe The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe '
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Definition
The term "Europe" has multiple uses. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Corsica (Corse Corsican and Italian: Corsica) is the fourth largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Sardinia (sɑrˈdɪnɪə Sardegna Sardigna or Sardinnya is the second-largest island in the Mediterranean Sea (after Sicily) Sicily ( Italian and Sicilian: Sicilia) is an autonomous region of Italy. Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The Republic of Macedonia (Република Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Kaliningrad (Калининград is a Seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian Exclave between Poland The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. The Barents Sea (Barentshavet Баренцево море is a part of the Arctic Ocean located north of Norway and Russia. Cantabrian Sea redirects here Not to be confused with Biscay Bay Newfoundland and Labrador or Biscayne Bay. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Sea of Azov (Азо́вское мо́ре - Azovskoye more; Азо́вське мо́ре - Azovs'ke more, Azaq deñizi is the world's shallowest sea linked The Celtic Sea (An Mhuir Cheilteach Y Môr Celtaidd An Mor Keltek Ar Mor Keltiek La Mer Celtique is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the South Coast The Skagerrak Strait runs between Norway and the southwest coast of Sweden and the Jutland peninsula of Denmark, connecting the The Greenland Sea is an area of the Arctic Ocean, considered the northern part of the Norwegian Sea, spanning Greenland, Svalbard, The Gulf of Cádiz (in Spanish: Golfo de Cádiz) is the arm of the Atlantic Ocean between Cape St The Ligurian Sea (Mar Ligure Mer Ligurienne is an arm of the Mediterranean Sea, between the Italian Riviera ( Liguria and Tuscany) The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. Currents In the Norwegian Sea and Greenland Sea surface water descends two to three kilometres down to the bottom of the ocean forming cold oxygen-rich groundwater The Strait of Gibraltar ( Arabic: مضيق جبل طارق Spanish: Estrecho de Gibraltar) is the Strait that connects the Atlantic Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Its principal ones are geographical and political. Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions
- Geographically, Europe is the westernmost peninsula of the continent of Eurasia; its limits are well defined by sea to the North, South and West. A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. This article is about the body of water For other uses see SEA and Seas. The Ural mountains are usually taken as the eastern limit of Europe, along with the Ural River, and the Caspian Sea. Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye The Ural (Урал Kazakh: Жайық, Jayıq or Zhayyq) known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. Europe can be considered bounded to the southeast by the Caucasus Mountains, the Black Sea and the waterways connecting the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. This article is about the terrestrial Eurasian mountain range The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey Europe's eastern and southeastern extent are discussed below. [1]
- Politically, Europe comprises those countries in the European Union, but may at times be used formally or more casually to refer to both the EU together with other non-EU countries e. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in g. the Council of Europe has 47 member countries and includes the 27 countries which are part of the EU. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 [3]
- In addition, people in countries such as Ireland, United Kingdom, Scandinavia and the North Atlantic and Mediterranean islands, may routinely refer to "continental" or "mainland" Europe simply as Europe or "the Continent". Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European [4]
Etymology
In ancient Greek mythology, Europa was a Phoenician princess whom Zeus abducted after assuming the form of a dazzling white bull. Greek mythology is the body of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and Heroes the nature of the world and the origins and significance Europa ( Greek Εὐρώπη was a Phoenician woman of high lineage in Greek mythology, from whom the name of the Continent Europe Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun Zeus (zjuːs in Greek: nominative: Zeús /zdeús/ genitive: Diós; Modern Greek /'zefs/ in Greek mythology He took her to the island of Crete where she gave birth to Minos, Rhadamanthus and Sarpedon. Crete ( Greek: Κρήτη transliteration: Krētē, modern transliteration Kriti) is the largest of the Greek islands and the In Greek mythology, Minos ( Ancient Greek:) was a mythical king of Crete son of Zeus and Europa. In Greek myths, Rhadamanthus ( also transliterated as Rhadamanthys or Rhadamanthos) was a wise king the son of Zeus and In Greek mythology, Sarpedon (Σαρπηδὠν referred to at least three different people For Homer, Europe (Greek: Εὐρώπη, Eurṓpē; see also List of traditional Greek place names) was a mythological queen of Crete, not a geographical designation. Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly This is a list of Greek place names. That is a list of the names of places as they exist in the Greek language. Later Europa stood for mainland Greece, and by 500 BC its meaning had been extended to lands to the north. The country of Greece is located in southeastern Europe, on the southern end of the Balkan Peninsula.
Etymologically, the dominant theory suggests the name Europe is derived from the Greek roots meaning broad (eur-) and eye (op-, opt-), hence Eurṓpē, "wide-gazing" (compare with glaukōpis (grey-eyed) Athena or boōpis (ox-eyed) Hera). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly ATHENA was an Antimatter research project that took place at the AD Ring at CERN. In the Olympian pantheon of classical Greek Mythology, Hera (ˈhɪərə or /ˈhɛrə/ Greek) or Here ( in Ionic and Homer Broad has been an epithet of Earth itself in the reconstructed Proto-Indo-European religion. An epithet (from Greek ἐπίθετον - epitheton, neut of ἐπίθετος - epithetos, "attributed added" is a EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 The existence of similarities among the deities and religious practices of the Indo-European (IE peoples allows glimpses of a common Proto-Indo-European A minority, however, suggest that it is really based on a Semitic word such as the Akkadian erebu meaning "to go down, set",[5] cognate to Phoenician 'ereb "evening; west" and Arabic Maghreb, Hebrew ma'ariv. In Linguistics and Ethnology, Semitic (from the Biblical " Shem " Hebrew שם translated as "name" Arabic: ساميّ Cognates in Linguistics are words that have a common origin They may occur within a language such as shirt and skirt as two English words descended from The Maghreb (المغرب العربي al-Maġrib al-ʿArabī) also rendered Maghrib (or rarely Moghreb) meaning "place of Sunset See also Erebus, PIE *h1regwos, "darkness". In Greek mythology, Erebus or Erebos ( Ancient Greek:, English translation: "deep blackness/darkness or shadow" was the son of a primordial
Most major world languages use words derived from "Europa" to refer to the continent. Chinese, for example uses the word Ōuzhōu (歐洲), which is an abbreviation of the transliterated name Ōuluóbā zhōu (歐羅巴洲). However, the Turkish people used the term Frengistan (land of the Franks) in referring to much of Europe. The Turkish people (Türk Halkı also known as " Turks " ( Türkler) are defined mainly as being speakers of Turkish as a First language The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group [6]
History
Prehistory
Homo georgicus, which lived roughly 1. The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day Stone Age Paleolithic See also Paleolithic, Recent African Origin, Early Homo sapiens, Early human migrations "Paleolithic" Homo georgicus is a species of Hominin that was suggested in 2002 to describe fossil skulls and jaws found in Dmanisi, Georgia 8 million years ago in Georgia, is the earliest hominid to have been discovered in Europe. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between A hominid is any member of the biological family Hominidae (the "great apes" including the extinct and extant Humans Chimpanzees [7] Other hominid remains, dating back roughly 1 million years, have been discovered in Atapuerca, Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [8] Neanderthal man (named for the Neander Valley in Germany) first migrated to Europe 150,000 years ago and disappeared from the fossil record about 30,000 years ago. The Neanderthal (neɪˈændərtɑːl also with /niː-/ and /-θɔːl/ or Neandertal, is an extinct member of the Homo genus that is known from The Neandertal is a small valley of the river Düssel in the German Federal State of North Rhine-Westphalia, located about east of Düsseldorf Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The Neanderthals were supplanted by modern humans (Cro-Magnons), who appeared around 40,000 years ago. Cro-Magnon ( French) is one of the main types of Homo sapiens of the European Upper Paleolithic, living approximately 40000 to 10000 years [9] During the latter part of this era, a period of megalith construction took place, with many megalithic monuments such as Stonehenge being constructed throughout Europe. Stonehenge is a Prehistoric Monument located in the English county of Wiltshire, about west of Amesbury and north of Salisbury [10]
In terms of human society, Prehistoric Europe was inhabited first by nomadic bands, subsequently followed by tribal cultures. Early city-states and states spread broadly from the Fertile Crescent outward around 5000 BC. A city-state is a Region controlled exclusively by a City, usually having Sovereignty. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population. The Fertile Crescent is a Crescent -shaped region in the Middle East, originally incorporating the Levant and Ancient Mesopotamia, and often This led to the various Persian empires and the city-states of Ancient Greece around 700 BC. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca
Classical antiquity
- See also: Ancient Greece and Ancient Rome
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Ancient Greece had a profound impact on Western civilization. Classical antiquity (also the classical era or classical period) is a broad term for a long period of cultural History centered on the Mediterranean The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Paestum is the classical Roman name of a major Graeco-Roman city in the Campania region of Italy. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The term ancient Greece refers to the period of Greek history lasting from the Greek Dark Ages ca Western democratic and individualistic culture are often attributed to Ancient Greece. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Culture (from the Latin cultura stemming from colere, meaning "to cultivate" generally refers to patterns of human activity and the symbolic [11] The Greeks invented the polis, or city-state, which played a fundamental role in their concept of identity. A polis ( πόλις, pronunciation, in English-- plural poleis ( πόλεις, pronunciation, in English --is a City, a [12] These Greek political ideals were rediscovered in the late 18th century by European philosophers and idealists. Greece also generated many cultural contributions: in philosophy, humanism and rationalism under Aristotle, Socrates, and Plato; in history with Herodotus and Thucydides; in dramatic and narrative verse, starting with the epic poems of Homer;[11] and in science with Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes. Philosophy is the study of general problems concerning matters such as existence knowledge truth beauty justice validity mind and language Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal In Epistemology and in its broadest sense rationalism is "any view appealing to Reason as a source of knowledge or justification" (Lacey 286 Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. SOCRATES is the European Community action programme in the field of Education. Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece Herodotus of Halicarnassus ( Greek: Hēródotos Halikarnāsseús) was a Greek Historian who lived in the 5th century BC ( 484 BC&ndash Thucydides ( C 460 BC &ndash C 395 BC) ( Greek Θουκυδίδης Thoukydídēs) was a Greek Homer ( Ancient Greek:, Homēros) is a legendary ancient Greek epic Poet, traditionally said to be the author of the epic poems the Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding "Pythagoras of Samos" redirects here For the Samian statuary of the same name see Pythagoras (sculptor. Euclid ( Greek:.) fl 300 BC also known as Euclid of Alexandria, is often referred to as the Father of Geometry Archimedes of Syracuse ( Greek:) ( c. 287 BC – c 212 BC was a Greek mathematician, Physicist, Engineer [13][14][15]
Another major influence on Europe came from the Roman Empire which left its mark on law, language, engineering, architecture, and government. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Roman law is the legal system of Ancient Rome. As used in the West the term commonly refers to legal developments prior to the Roman/Byzantine state's adopting Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Origins The Romans are generally famous for their advanced Engineering accomplishments although some of their own inventions were improvements on older ideas concepts The Architecture of Ancient Rome adopted the external Greek architecture for their own purposes which were so different from Greek buildings as to create a new A centralized government is the Form of government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which Local governments are subject [16] During the pax romana, the Roman Empire expanded to encompass the entire Mediterranean Basin and much of Europe. Pax Romana ( Latin for " Roman Peace " was the long period of relative peace and minimal expansion by military force The Mediterranean Basin refers to the lands around and surrounded by the Mediterranean Sea. [17] Stoicism influenced emperors such as Hadrian, Antoninus Pius, and Marcus Aurelius, who all spent time on the Empire's northern border fighting Germanic, Pictish and Scottish tribes. Stoicism, a school of Hellenistic philosophy, was founded in Athens by Zeno of Citium in the early third century BC Publius Aelius Hadrianus (January 24 76 &ndash July 10 138 as emperor Imperator Caesar Divi Traiani filius Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, and Divus Hadrianus after Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius Arrius Antoninus ( September 19, 86 &ndash March 7 161) generally known in English as Antoninus Pius Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus (often referred to as "the wise" ( April 26, 121 – March 17, 180) was Roman Emperor The Germanic peoples are a historical group of Indo-European -speaking peoples originating in Northern Europe and identified by their use of the Germanic The Picts were a Confederation of tribes in what was later to become eastern and northern Scotland from Roman times until the 10th century The Scots people ( Scots Gaelic: Albannaich) are a Nation and an Ethnic group indigenous to Scotland. [18][19] Christianity was eventually legitimized by Constantine I after three centuries of imperial persecution. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Persecutions See also Persecution of Christians The first recorded significant persecution of Christians at the hands of the authorities of the Roman Empire Flavius Valerius Aurelius Constantinus (27 February ca. 272 &ndash 22 May 337 commonly known as Constantine I, Constantine the Great, or Saint Constantine The persecution of Christians refers to the Religious persecution of Christians both historically and in the current era
Dark Ages
- See also: Dark Ages and Age of Migrations
During the decline of the Roman Empire, Europe entered a long period of change arising from what historians call the "Age of Migrations". Late Antiquity (c 300-600 is a Periodization used by historians to describe the transitional centuries from Classical Antiquity to the Middle Ages, in The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name Roland ( Italian: Orlando or Rolando, Frankish: Hruodland, Dutch: Roeland, Spanish: Roldán An Oath of fealty, from the Latin fidelitas ( Faithfulness) is a pledge of Allegiance of one person to another Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his The Holy Roman Emperor (Römischer Kaiser or Römisch-Deutscher Kaiser Romanorum Imperator was the elected monarch ruling over the many varying numbers of states The Decline of the Roman Empire, leading to the Fall of the Roman Empire, or the Fall of Rome, was the end of the Western Roman Empire. The Migration Period, also called Barbarian Invasions, or sometimes Völkerwanderung ( German for "wandering of peoples" is the English name There were numerous invasions and migrations amongst the Ostrogoths, Visigoths, Goths, Vandals, Huns, Franks, Angles, Saxons, and, later still, the Vikings and Normans. The Ostrogoths (Ostrogothi or Austrogothi were a branch of the Goths, an East Germanic tribe that played a major role in the political events of the late The Visigoths (Visigothi, Wisigothi, Vesi, Visi, Wesi, or Wisi were one of two main branches of the Goths, an East The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group The Angles is a modern English word for a Germanic-speaking people who took their name from the cultural ancestral region of Angeln, a modern district located in The Saxons or Saxon people were a Confederation of Old Germanic tribes. A Viking is one of the Norse ( Scandinavian Explorers Warriors Merchants, and pirates who raided and colonized wide areas The Normans were the people who gave their names to Normandy, a region in northern France. [17] Renaissance thinkers such as Petrarch would later refer to this as the "Dark Ages". Francesco Petrarca ( July 20, 1304 – July 19, 1374) known in English as Petrarch, was an Italian scholar This article is about the phrase "Dark Age(s" as a characterization of the Early Middle Ages in Western Europe [20] Isolated monastic communities were the only places to safeguard and compile written knowledge accumulated previously, apart from this very few written records survive and much literature, philosophy, mathematics, and other thinking from the classical period disappeared from Europe. [21]
During the Dark Ages, the Western Roman Empire fell under the control of Celt, Slav and Germanic tribes. The Western Roman Empire refers to the western half of the Roman Empire, from its division by Diocletian in 285 the other half of the Roman Empire was the Eastern The Celtic tribes established their kingdoms in Gaul, the predecessor to the Frankish kingdoms that eventually became France. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [22] The Germanic and Slav tribes established their domains over Central and Eastern Europe respectively. [23] Eventually the Frankish tribes were united under Clovis I. The Franks or Frankish people (Franci or gens Francorum) were West Germanic tribes first identified in the 3rd century as an Ethnic group Clovis I (c 466 &ndash 27 November 511) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler [24] Charlemagne, a Frankish king of the Carolingian dynasty who had conquered most of Western Europe, was anointed "Holy Roman Emperor" by the Pope in 800. Charlemagne (ˈʃɑrlɨmeɪn Carolus Magnus or Karolus Magnus meaning Charles the Great) (747 – 28 January 814 was King of the Franks from 768 to his The Carolingian dynasty (known variously as the Carlovingians, Carolings, or Karlings) was a Frankish noble family with its origins in the This led to the founding of the Holy Roman Empire, which eventually became centred in the German principalities of central Europe. The Holy Roman Empire ( HRE; German Heiliges Römisches Reich (HRR, Latin Sacrum Romanum Imperium (SRI was a union of territories in [25]
The Eastern Roman Empire became known in the west as the Byzantine Empire. Based in Constantinople, they viewed themselves as the natural successors to the Roman Empire. Constantinople (Κωνσταντινούπολις Konstantinoúpolis, or gr ἡ Πόλις hē Polis, Latin: la CONSTANTINOPOLIS [26] Emperor Justinian I presided over Constantinople's first golden age: he established a legal code, funded the construction of the Hagia Sophia and brought the Christian church under state control. Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus ( Greek: Φλάβιος Πέτρος Σαββάτιος Ιουστινιανός; known in English as Justinian I or The Corpus Juris Civilis ("Body of Civil Law" is the modern name for a collection of fundamental works in Jurisprudence, issued from 529 Hagia Sophia (Ayasofya Αγία Σοφία " Holy Wisdom " Sancta Sophia or Sancta Sapientia) is a former patriarchal Basilica, later [27] Fatally weakened by the sack of Constantinople during the Fourth Crusade, the Byzantines fell in 1453 when they were conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Fourth Crusade (1202&ndash1204 was originally designed to conquer Muslim Jerusalem by means of an invasion through Egypt. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish [28]
Middle Ages
- See also: Medieval demography
The Middle Ages were dominated by the two upper echelons of the social structure: the nobility and the clergy. The High Middle Ages was the period of European history in the 11th 12th and 13th centuries (AD 1000&ndash1299 The Late Middle Ages is a term used by historians to describe European history in the period of the 14th and 15th centuries (AD 1300–1499 Medieval Demography is the study of human Demography in Europe during the Middle Ages. Richard I (8 September 1157 &ndash 6 April 1199 was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death Philip II Augustus (Philippe Auguste ( 21 August[[ 165]] &ndash 14 July 1223) was the King of France from 1180 until his death The Third Crusade (1189&ndash1192 also known as the Kings' Crusade, was an attempt by European leaders to reconquer the Holy Land from Saladin Feudalism developed in France in the Early Middle Ages and soon spread throughout Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Early Middle Ages is a period in the History of Europe following the fall of the Western Roman Empire spanning roughly five centuries from AD 500 [29] The struggle between the nobility and the monarchy in England led to the writing of the Magna Carta and the establishment of a parliament. Magna Carta ( Latin for Great Charter, literally " Great Paper " also called Magna Carta Libertatum ( Great Charter of Freedoms TalkParliament#Screen-size. -->A parliament is a Legislature, especially in those [30] The primary source of culture in this period came from the Roman Catholic Church. Through monasteries and cathedral schools, the Church was responsible for education in much of Europe. [29]
The Papacy reached the height of its power during the High Middle Ages. History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The East-West Schism in 1054 split the former Roman Empire religiously, with the Eastern Orthodox Church in the Byzantine Empire and the Roman Catholic Church in the former Western Roman Empire. The East-West Schism, or the Great Schism, divided medieval Christendom into Eastern (Greek and Western (Latin branches which later became known as the The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world In 1095 Pope Urban II called for a crusade against Muslims occupying Jerusalem and the Holy Land. Pope The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The Holy Land ( Arabic: الأرض المقدسة al-Arḍ ul-Muqaddasah;Ancient Aramaic: ארעא קדישא Ar'a Qaddisha; Hebrew: ארץ_הקודש [31] In Europe itself, the Church organized the Inquisition against heretics. The term Inquisition can refer to any one of several institutions charged with trying and convicting heretics within the Roman Catholic Church and In Spain, the Reconquista concluded with the fall of Granada in 1492, ending over seven centuries of Muslim rule in the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra [32]
In the 11th and 12th centuries, constant incursions by nomadic Turkic tribes, such as the Kipchaks and the Pechenegs, caused a massive migration of Slavic populations to the safer, heavily forested regions of the north. The Turkic peoples are Eurasian peoples residing in northern central and western Eurasia who speak languages belonging to the Turkic language family The Pechenegs or Patzinaks ( Turkish: Peçenekler, Hungarian: Besenyő, Greek: Patzinaki/Petsenegi or Πατζινάκοι/Πετσενέγοι/Πατζινακίται [33] Like many other parts of Eurasia, these territories were overrun by the Mongols. For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. The Mongol invasion of Rus' was heralded by the Battle of the Kalka River in 1223 between Subutai 's reconnaissance unit and the combined force [34] The invaders, later known as Tatars, formed the state of the Golden Horde, which ruled the southern and central expanses of Russia for over three centuries. Tatars ( Tatar: Tatarlar/Татарлар sometimes spelled Tartars, are a Turkic -speaking ethnic group or multiple ethnic groups This article refers to the medieval Turkic state For the Irish rock band see The Golden Horde (band. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending [35]
Europe was devastated in the mid-14th century by the Black Death, one of the most deadly pandemics in human history which killed an estimated 50 million people in Europe alone - a third of the European population at the time. The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was one of the deadliest Pandemics in human history widely thought to have been caused by a bacterium named Yersinia A pandemic (from Greek παν pan all + δήμος demos people is an Epidemic of Infectious disease that spreads through [36] This had a devastating effect on Europe's social structure; it induced people to live for the moment as illustrated by Giovanni Boccaccio in The Decameron (1353). The Decameron (subtitle Prencipe Galeotto) is a collection of 100 Novellas by Italian author Giovanni Boccaccio, probably begun in It was a serious blow to the Roman Catholic Church and led to increased persecution of Jews, foreigners, beggars and lepers. See also Antisemitism, History of antisemitism, New antisemitism The persecution of Jews has occurred many times in Jewish history. "Beggar" redirects here Distinguish from Begga and Bega. Leprosy (from the Greek lepi (λέπι meaning scales on a fish or Hansen's disease, is a chronic disease caused by the bacterium [37]
Early modern period
- See also: Renaissance, Protestant Reformation, and Age of Discovery
The Renaissance was a period of cultural change originating in Italy in the fourteenth century. The early modern period is a term initially used by historians to refer mainly to the period roughly from 1500 to 1800 in Western Europe ( Early modern Europe) The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere The rise of a new humanism was accompanied by the recovery of forgotten classical and Arabic knowledge from monastic libraries and the Islamic world. Renaissance Humanism was a European intellectual movement beginning in Florence in the last decades of the 14th century The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere [38][39][40] The Renaissance spread across Europe between the 14th and 16th centuries: it saw the flowering of art, philosophy, music and the sciences, under the joint patronage of royalty, the nobility, the Roman Catholic Church and an emerging merchant class. [41][42][43] Patrons in Italy, including the Medici family of Florentine bankers and the Popes in Rome, funded prolific quattrocento and cinquecento artists such as Raphael, Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci. Florence ( Italian: Firenze Florentia and Fiorenza) is the Capital City of the Italian region of Tuscany History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The cultural and artistic events of 15th century Italy are collectively referred to as the Quattrocento (from the Italian for '400 or from "millequattrocento" 1400 Cinquecento ( Italian for five hundred; short for "millecinquecento" 1500 is a term used to describe the Italian Renaissance of the Raphael Sanzio, usually known by his first name alone (in Italian Raffaello) (April 6 or March 28 1483 – April 6 1520 was an Italian painter and Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni Two biographies were published of him during his lifetime One of them by Giorgio Vasari, proposed that he was the pinnacle of all Leonardo di ser Piero da Vinci ( April 15 1452 – May 2 1519 was an Italian Polymath, having been a scientist Mathematician, Engineer [44][45]
Political intrigue within the Church in the mid-14th century caused the Great Schism. The Great Schism of Western Christianity or Papal Schism (also known as the Western Schism) was a split within the Roman Catholic Church from 1378 to 1417 During this forty-year period, two popes - one in Avignon and one in Rome - claimed rulership over the Church. Avignon (/aviɲɔ̃/ in French) ( Provençal: Avinhon in classical norm or Avignoun in Mistralian norm is a commune Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Although the schism was eventually healed in 1417, the papacy's spiritual authority had suffered greatly. [46] The Church's power was further weakened by the Protestant Reformation of Martin Luther, a result of the lack of reform within the Church. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time Martin Luther (November 10 1483 February 18 1546 was a German Monk, theologian, university professor Father of Protestantism, and church reformer The Reformation also damaged the Holy Roman Empire's power, as German princes became divided between Protestant and Roman Catholic faiths. [47] This eventually led to the Thirty Years War (1618-1648), which crippled the Holy Roman Empire and devastated much of Germany. For the Mauritanian Thirty Years' War see Char Bouba war. For the band see The 30 Years War. In the aftermath of the Peace of Westphalia, France rose to predominance within Europe. The term Peace of Westphalia refers to the two peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster, signed on May 15 and October 24 of This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [48]
The Renaissance and the New Monarchs marked the start of an Age of Discovery, a period of exploration, invention, and scientific development. A separate article is about the mathematician Nicholas Mercator. New Monarchs were the rulers of European nations during the 15th century who unified their nations creating a stable and centralized government The Age of Discovery or Age of Exploration was a period from the early 15th century and continuing into the early 17th century during which Europeans explored In the 15th century, Portugal and Spain, two of the greatest naval powers of the time, took the lead in exploring the world. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. [49][50] Christopher Columbus discovered the New World in 1492, and soon after the Spanish and Portuguese began establishing colonial empires in the Americas. Christopher Columbus (1451 &ndash May 20 1506 was an Italian Navigator, colonizer The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. [51] France, the Netherlands and England soon followed in building large colonial empires with vast holdings in Africa, the Americas, and Asia. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America
18th and 19th centuries
- See also: Industrial Revolution, French Revolution, and Age of Enlightenment
The Age of Enlightenment was a powerful intellectual movement of the eighteenth century in which scientific and reason-based thought predominated. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century The Age of Enlightenment or The Enlightenment is a term used to describe a phase in Western philosophy and cultural life centered upon the eighteenth century [52][53][54] Discontent with the aristocracy and clergy's monopoly on political power in France resulted in the French Revolution and the establishment of the First Republic: the monarchy and many of the nobility perished during the initial reign of terror. The French Revolution (1789–1799 was a period of political and social upheaval in the History of France, during which the French governmental structure previously an The First Republic in France, officially the French Republic (République française was proclaimed on 21 September 1792 during the French Revolution. Saint justjpg|thumbnail|200px| Louis Antoine Léon de Saint-Just]] The Reign of Terror' (5 September 1793 &ndash 28 July 1794 or simply The Terror (la Terreur was [55] Napoleon Bonaparte rose to power in the aftermath of the French Revolution and established the First French Empire that, during the Napoleonic Wars, grew to encompass large parts of Europe before collapsing in 1815 with the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or The Napoleonic Wars (1803-1815 involved Napoleon's French Empire and a shifting set of European allies and opposing coalitions In the Battle of Waterloo (Sunday 18 June 1815 near Waterloo Belgium [56][57]
Napoleonic rule resulted in the further dissemination of the ideals of the French Revolution, including that of nation-state, as well as the widespread adoption of the French model for administration, law and education. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich The Empire of the French (1804-1814 also known as the Empire of France, Greater French Empire, First French Empire, French Empire, or For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy A centralized government is the Form of government in which power is concentrated in a central authority to which Local governments are subject The Napoleonic Code, or Code Napoléon (originally called the Code civil des Français) is the French Civil code, established under The French educational system is highly centralized organised and ramified [58][59][60] The Congress of Vienna was convened after Napoleon's downfall. The Congress of Vienna was a conference of ambassadors of the major powers of Europe, chaired by the Austrian statesman Clemens Wenzel von Metternich It established a new balance of power in Europe centred on the five "great powers": the United Kingdom, France, Prussia, Habsburg Austria and Russia. A great power is a Nation or State that has the ability to exert its influence on a global scale The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Prussia ( Latin: Borussia, Prutenia; Prūsija Prūsija Prusy Old Prussian: Prūsa) was most recently a historic state For the history of these states before 1804 see Holy Roman Empire, Habsburg Monarchy, and articles on each of the component countries. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending [61] This balance would remain in place until the Revolutions of 1848, during which liberal uprisings affected all of Europe except for Russia and Great Britain. The European Revolutions of 1848, known in some countries as the Spring of Nations or the Year of Revolution, were a series of political upheavals throughout the European The revolutions were eventually put down by more conservative elements and few reforms resulted. [62] In 1867 the Austro-Hungarian empire was formed; and 1871 saw the unification of both Italy and Germany as nation-states from smaller principalities. The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 (Ausgleich Kiegyezés established the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Italian Unification ( Italian: il Risorgimento, or "The Resurgence" was the political and social movement that unified different states of the Italian The unification of Germany took place on January 18, 1871, when Prussian Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck managed to unify a number of independent For the online game see Jennifer Government NationStates. The nation-state is a certain form of State that derives its legitimacy [63]
The American Revolutionary war was waged by the Americans and the French against the English and in 1783 Great Britain recognised the sovereignty of the Thirteen States. In this article the inhabitants of the thirteen colonies that supported the American Revolution are primarily referred to as "Americans" with occasional references to "Patriots" The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The Thirteen Colonies were part of what became known as British America, a name that was used by Great Britain until the Treaty of Paris (1783 recognized the
The Industrial Revolution started in Great Britain in the last part of the 18th century and spread throughout Europe. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The Kingdom of Great Britain, also known as the United Kingdom of Great Britain, was a State in northwest Europe, in existence from 1707 to 1800 The invention and implementation of new technology resulted in rapid urban growth, mass employment and the rise of a new working class. [64] Reforms in social and economic spheres followed, including the first laws on child labour, the legalization of Trade Unions[65] and the abolition of slavery. The Factory Acts were a series of Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to limit the number of hours worked by women and children first in the textile Child labor is the employment of Children at regular and sustained labour A trade union or labour union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals in key areas such as wages hours and working conditions forming Abolitionism was a political movement of the 18th and 19th century which sought to make Slavery illegal particularly in the United States and British West Indies In Britain the Public Health Act of 1875 was passed, which significantly improved living conditions in many British cities. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Public Health Act of 1875 was established in the United Kingdom to combat filthy urban living conditions which caused various Public health threats the spreading [66]
20th century to present
- See also: World War I, Great Depression, World War II, Cold War, and History of the European Union
Two World Wars and an economic depression dominated the first half of the 20th century. The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the This article refers to the development of what is now the European Union, and to developments within those countrieswhich constitute it at the time of or near to The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. World War I was fought between 1914 and 1918. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All It started when Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria was assassinated by Gavrilo Princip. Franz Ferdinand ( December 18, 1863 &ndash June 28, 1914) was an Archduke of Austria-Este, Prince Imperial of Gavrilo Princip ( Cyrillic: Гаврило Принцип gaʋ'rilɔ 'prinʦip ( &ndash) was a Bosnian Serb and proclaimed himself to be a Yugoslav [67] Most European nations were drawn into the war, which was fought between the Entente Powers (consisting of France, Russia and the United Kingdom (and by default its Empire), joined later by Italy and the United States) and the Central Powers (led by Austria-Hungary, Germany and the Ottoman Empire). The Entente Powers (from Triple Entente) were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I. The French Third Republic (in French, La Troisième République, sometimes written as La IIIe The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Central Powers ( German: "Mittelmächte" Hungarian: "Központi hatalmak" Turkish: "İttifak The German Empire is the name commonly used in English to describe Germany from 1871 to 1918 when it was a semi- Constitutional monarchy: beginning with the Unification The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The War left around 40 million civilians and military dead. [68] Over 60 million European soldiers were mobilized from 1914 – 1918. [69] Partly as a result of its defeat Russia was plunged into the Russian Revolution, which threw down the Tsarist monarchy and replaced it with the communist Soviet Union. See also Russian Revolution (1905 The Russian Revolution of 1916 refers to a series of popular revolutions in Russia, and the events surrounding them The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 [70] Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire collapsed and broke up into separate nations, and many other nations had their borders redrawn. The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Treaty of Versailles, which officially ended World War I in 1919, was harsh towards Germany, upon whom it placed full responsibility for the war and imposed heavy sanctions. The Treaty of Versailles was one of the peace treaties at the end of World War I. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. [71]
Economic instability, caused in part by debts incurred in the First World War and 'loans' to Germany played havoc in Europe in the late 1920s and 1930s. This and the Wall Street Crash of 1929 brought about the worldwide Great Depression. The Wall Street Crash of 1929, also known as the ’29 Crash, the Crash of 1929, the Great Crash of 1929, the Great Crash of October 1929 Helped by the economic crisis Fascist movements developed throughout Europe placing Adolf Hitler of Nazi Germany, Francisco Franco of Spain and Benito Mussolini of Italy in power. Fascism is a totalitarian nationalist and corporatist ideology Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde (born December 4, 1892 in Ferrol, died November 20, 1975 in Madrid Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest [72][73]
Driven by his ideals of war and power, Hitler started expanding Germany steadily after coming to authority in 1933. The Saarland was incorporated in 1935 and Austria with the so-called Anschluss in 1938. Saarland (ˈzaːɐ̯lant in German; French: Sarre) is one of the 16 federal states (German Bundesländer) of Germany. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The ( German: "link-up" also known as the, was the 1938 Annexation of Austria into Greater Germany by the Nazi Later in 1938 the Sudetenland was annexed in a move that was highly contested by the other powers, but ultimately permitted in hopes of appeasing Hitler. Sudetenland ( Czech and Polish: Sudety) is the German name used in English in the first half of the 20th century for the western regions of In early 1939, the remainder of Czechoslovakia was split into the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, incorporated in Nazi Germany, and the Slovac satellite state. Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. The Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia (Reichsprotektorat Böhmen und Mähren Protektorát Čechy a Morava was the majority ethnic-Czech Protectorate which The Slovak Republic ( Slovak: Slovenská republika) was an independent national Slovak state which existed from 14 March 1939 The German invasion of Poland on 1 September 1939, prompted France and the United Kingdom to declare war to Germany on 3 September. The Invasion of Poland (1939 precipitated World War II. It was carried out by Nazi Germany, the Soviet Union, and a small German-allied [74][75] The Soviet invasion of Poland and the Baltic countries started on 17 September. After occupying the Low Countries, Denmark and Norway quickly, Germany forced French capitulation in June 1940. The Low Countries, the historical region of de Nederlanden, are the countries on low-lying land around the delta of the Rhine, Scheldt The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional Blitzkrieg (German for "lightning war" is a popular name for an Offensive operational-level Military doctrine which involves an initial However, the subsequent bombing offensive on Britain determined the first failure to Germany's bellicose operations. The Battle of Britain (German ''Luftschlacht um England'' is the name given to the sustained strategic effort by the German Luftwaffe during the summer and [76] In 1941 Germany turned on their former Soviet allies with an ultimately unsuccessful invasion of the Soviet Union. Operation Barbarossa ( Unternehmen Barbarossa) was the Codename for Nazi Germany 's invasion of the Soviet Union during World War II [77] On 7 December 1941 Japan's surprise attack on Pearl Harbor drew the United States into the conflict as allies of the British Empire and other allied forces. Events 43 BC - Marcus Tullius Cicero assassinated 1696 - Connecticut Route 108, one of the oldest highways Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Empire of Japan ( {{unicode|Kyūjitai}}: ja 大日本帝國 Shinjitai: ja 大日本帝国 pronounced Dai Nippon Teikoku The attack on Pearl Harbor (or Hawaii Operation, as it was called by the Imperial General Headquarters) was a surprise Military strike conducted by The British Empire was the largest empire in history and for over a century was the foremost global power. The Allies of World War II were the countries officially opposed to the Axis powers during the Second World War. [78][79] After the staggering battle of Stalingrad in 1943, the German offensive on Soviet territory turned into a continual fallback. The Battle of Stalingrad is a commonly used name in English sources for several large operations by Germany and its allies and Soviet forces conducted with the In 1944 British and American forces invaded France in the D-Day landings opening a second front on Germany. The Normandy Landings were the first operations of the Allied Invasion of Normandy, also known as Operation Neptune and Operation Overlord, during Berlin finally fell in 1945, ending World War II in Europe. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. The war was the largest and most destructive in human history, with 60 million dead across the world,[80] including between 9 and 11 million people who perished during the Holocaust. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as [81]
World War I and especially World War II diminished the eminence of Western Europe in world affairs. After World War II the map of Europe was redrawn at the Yalta Conference and divided into two blocs, the Western countries and the communist Eastern bloc, separated by what was later called by Winston Churchill an "iron curtain". The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 The " Iron Curtain " was the symbolic ideological and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II until the end The United States and Western Europe established the NATO alliance and later the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe established the Warsaw Pact. The North Atlantic Treaty The Warsaw Pact (see Nomenclature) was an organization of Communist states in Central and Eastern Europe. [82] The two new superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, became locked in a fifty-year long Cold War, centred on nuclear proliferation. A superpower is a State with a leading position in the international system and the ability to Influence events and project power on a worldwide scale The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Nuclear proliferation is a term now used to describe the spread of Nuclear weapons, fissile material and weapons-applicable nuclear technology and information to nations At the same time decolonization, which had already started after World War I, gradually resulted in the independence of most of the European colonies in Asia and Africa. Decolonization refers to the undoing of Colonialism, the establishment of governance or authority through the creation of settlements by another country or jurisdiction [83] In the 1980s the reforms of Mikhail Gorbachev and the solidarity movement in Poland accelerated the collapse of the Eastern bloc and the end of the Cold War. (Гла́сность)is literally defined as publicity and sometimes figuratively interpreted as "tipping a vase to let someone see into the vase but not the bottom of the vase" Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev ( Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov;; born 2 March 1931 in Privolnoye Stavropol Krai) is a Russian politician Germany was reunited, after the symbolic fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989, and the maps of Eastern Europe were redrawn once more. The Berlin Wall (Berliner Mauer was a physical barrier separating West Berlin from the German Democratic Republic (GDR ( East Germany) including [84]
European integration also grew in the post-World War II years. European integration is the process of political legal economic (and in some cases social and cultural integration of European states including some states that are partly in Europe The Treaty of Rome in 1957 established the European Economic Community between six Western European states with the goal of a unified economic policy and common market. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 [85] In 1967 the EEC, European Coal and Steel Community and Euratom formed the European Community, which in 1993 became the European Union. The European Coal and Steel Community ( ECSC) was a six-nation International organisation serving to unify Western Europe during the Cold War and creating The European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC or Euratom is an international organisation which is semi-independent of but completely controlled by the European Community The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The EU established a parliament, court and central bank and introduced the euro as a unified currency. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU This article refers to the European Union court not the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe The Court of Justice The European Central Bank (ECB is one of the world's most important Central banks responsible for Monetary policy covering the 15 member countries of the Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e [86] Beginning in the 1990s after the end of the Cold War, Eastern European countries began joining, expanding the EU to its current size of 27 European nations, and once more making Europe a major economical and political centre of power. [87]
Geography and extent
Physiographically, Europe is the northwestern constituent of the larger landmass known as Eurasia, or Afro-Eurasia: Asia occupies the eastern bulk of this continuous landmass and all share a common continental shelf. Physical geography (also known as geosystems or physiography) is one of the three major subfields of Geography. For the superstate in George Orwell 's novel see Nations of Nineteen Eighty-Four. Afro-Eurasia or less commonly Afrasia or Eurafrasia Normally it is divided at the Suez Canal into Eurasia and Africa the former of which can be subdivided The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each Continent and associated Coastal plain, which is covered during interglacial periods such Europe's eastern frontier is now commonly delineated by the Ural Mountains in Russia. Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending [1] The first century AD geographer Strabo, took the Tanais River to be the boundary,[88] as did early Judaic sources. Strabo ( Greek: Στράβων 63/64 BC – ca AD 24 was a Greek historian, geographer and philosopher. The Don (Дон is one of the major rivers of Russia. It rises in the town of Novomoskovsk 60 Kilometres southeast from Tula, southeast Judea or Judæa ( Hebrew: יהודה Standard Yəhuda Tiberian Yəhûḏāh, "praised The southeast boundary with Asia is not universally defined. Most commonly the Ural or, alternatively, the Emba River serve as possible boundaries. The Ural (Урал Kazakh: Жайық, Jayıq or Zhayyq) known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through The Emba River (Zhem in west Kazakhstan rises in the Mugodzhar Hills and flows some 400 miles (640 km southwest into the Caspian Sea. The boundary continues to the Caspian Sea, the crest of the Caucasus Mountains or, alternatively, the Kura River in the Caucasus, and on to the Black Sea; the Bosporus, the Sea of Marmara, and the Dardanelles conclude the Asian boundary. The Caspian Sea is the largest enclosed body of water on Earth by area variously classed as the world's largest lake or a full-fledged Sea. This article is about the terrestrial Eurasian mountain range See Kura for other rivers called Kura Kura ( Turkish: Kura, Azerbaijani: Kür, Georgian: მტკვარი The Caucasus ( also referred to as North Caucasus) is a geopolitical region located between Europe Asia & Middle East The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Bosporus or Bosphorus, also known as the Istanbul Strait, (İstanbul Boğazı (Βόσπορος is a Strait that forms the boundary between the The Sea of Marmara ( Turkish: Marmara Denizi, Greek: Θάλασσα του Μαρμαρά or Προποντίς, Bulgarian See also [[Hellespont]] The Dardanelles ( Turkish: Çanakkale Boğazı Greek: Δαρδανέλλια Dardanellia) formerly The Mediterranean Sea to the south separates Europe from Africa. The western boundary is the Atlantic Ocean; Iceland, though nearer to Greenland (North America) than mainland Europe, is generally included in Europe. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the There is ongoing debate on where the geographical centre of Europe is. The location of the geographical centre of Europe depends on the definition of the borders of Europe, mainly whether remote islands are included to define the Extreme For a detailed description of the boundary between Asia and Europe see transcontinental nation. This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent, sometimes referred to as transcontinental states.
Because of sociopolitical and cultural differences, there are various descriptions of Europe's boundary; in some sources, some territories are not included in Europe, while other sources include them. For instance, geographers from Russia and other post-Soviet states generally include the Urals in Europe while including Caucasia in Asia. The post-Soviet states, also commonly known as former Soviet republics, are the 15 independent nations that split off from the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics Similarly, numerous geographers consider Azerbaijan's and Armenia's southern border with Iran and Turkey's southern and eastern border with Syria, Iraq and Iran as the boundary between Asia and Europe because of political and cultural reasons. Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iran topics. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Syria ( سوريّة or) officially the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic ar الجمهورية العربية السورية For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Iraq topics. In the same way, despite being close to Asia and Africa, the Mediterranean islands of Cyprus and Malta are generally considered part of Europe. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands
Physical geography
Land relief in Europe shows great variation within relatively small areas. The southern regions, however, are more mountainous, while moving north the terrain descends from the high Alps, Pyrenees and Carpathians, through hilly uplands, into broad, low northern plains, which are vast in the east. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати This extended lowland is known as the Great European Plain, and at its heart lies the North German Plain. The European Plain or Great European Plain is a Plain in Europe. An arc of uplands also exists along the north-western seaboard, which begins in the western parts of the islands of Britain and Ireland, and then continues along the mountainous, fjord-cut, spine of Norway. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world A fjord or fiord (fjɔːd|fiːɔːd or fiːɔːd is a long narrow Inlet with steep sides created in a valley carved by glacial activity. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional
This description is simplified. Sub-regions such as the Iberian Peninsula and the Italian Peninsula contain their own complex features, as does mainland Central Europe itself, where the relief contains many plateaus, river valleys and basins that complicate the general trend. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra Th Italian Peninsula or Apennine Peninsula (Penisola italiana or Penisola appenninica) is one of the three Peninsulas of Southern Europe Sub-regions like Iceland, Britain and Ireland are special cases. Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( The former is a land unto itself in the northern ocean which is counted as part of Europe, while the latter are upland areas that were once joined to the mainland until rising sea levels cut them off.
Climate
Europe lies mainly in the temperate climate zones, being subjected to prevailing westerlies. A biome is a climatically and geographically defined area of ecologically similar climatic conditions such as communities of Plants Animals and In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria Temperate broadleaf and mixed forests temperate deciduous forest) --> are a Temperate and Humid Biome. Mediterranean forests woodlands and shrub is a temperate Biome, characterized by hot dry summers and mild and rainy winters In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced A Semi-arid climate or steppe climate generally describes climatic regions that receive low annual Rainfall (250-500 mm or 10-20 in The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful warm and swift Atlantic Ocean current that The Westerlies or the Prevailing Westerlies are the prevailing winds in the Middle latitudes between 30 and 60 degrees Latitude, blowing from
The climate is milder in comparison to other areas of the same latitude around the globe. This is due to the Gulf Stream. The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful warm and swift Atlantic Ocean current that The Gulf Stream is nicknamed "Europe's central heating", because it makes Europe's climate warmer and wetter than it would otherwise be. The Gulf Stream does not only carry warm water to Europe's coast but also warms up the prevailing westerly winds that blow across the continent from the Atlantic Ocean.
Therefore the average temperature throughout the year of Naples is 16 °C (60. 8 °F), while it is only 12 °C (53. 6 °F) in New York City which is almost on the same latitude. Berlin, Germany; Calgary, Canada; and Irkutsk, in the Asian part of Russia, lie at about the same latitude. But January temperatures in Berlin average about 8 °C (15 °F) higher than those in Calgary, and they are almost 22 °C (40 °F) higher than the average temperatures in Irkutsk.
Geology
The Geology of Europe is hugely varied and complex, and gives rise to the wide variety of landscapes found across the continent, from the Scottish Highlands to the rolling plains of Hungary. The geology of Europe is varied and complex and gives rise to the wide variety of Landscapes found across the Continent, from the Scottish Highlands The Scottish Highlands ( Scottish Gaelic: A' Ghàidhealtachd, Scots: Hielans) include the rugged and Mountainous In Geography, a plain is an area of land with relatively low relief — meaning that it is flat Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic [89]
Europe's most significant feature is the dichotomy between highland and mountainous Southern Europe and a vast, partially underwater, northern plain ranging from England in the west to Ural Mountains in the east. The term Southern Europe can have four definitions geographical political climatic phytogeographic England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Riphean redirects here For the time period see Riphean stage The Ural Mountains (Ура́льские го́ры Uralskiye These two halves are separated by the mountain chains of the Pyrenees and Alps/Carpathians. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати The northern plains are delimited in the west by the Scandinavian Mountains and the mountainous parts of the British Isles. The Scandinavian Mountains in Swedish Skanderna, Fjällen ("the Fells quot or Kölen, and in Norwegian Kjølen, The British Isles (Irish variously Na hOileáin Bhriotanacha, Oileáin Iarthair Eorpa, Éire agus an Bhreatain Mhór; Ellanyn Goaldagh Eileanan Major shallow water bodies submerging parts of the northern plains are the Celtic Sea the North Sea, the Baltic Sea complex and Barents Sea. The Celtic Sea (An Mhuir Cheilteach Y Môr Celtaidd An Mor Keltek Ar Mor Keltiek La Mer Celtique is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the South Coast The North Sea is a marginal, Epeiric sea of the Atlantic Ocean on the European Continental shelf. The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. The Barents Sea (Barentshavet Баренцево море is a part of the Arctic Ocean located north of Norway and Russia.
The northern plain contains the old geological continent of Baltica, and so may be regarded geologically as the "main continent", while peripheral highlands and mountainous regions in the south and west constitute fragments from various other geological continents. Baltica redirects here For the Russian beer, see Baltika Breweries Baltica is a name applied by geologists to a late- Proterozoic, Most of the older geology of Western Europe existed as part of the ancient microcontinent Avalonia. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Continental crustal fragments or microcontinents are fragments of continents thought to have been broken off from the main continental mass forming distinct islands possibly Avalonia was an ancient Microcontinent or Terrane whose history formed much of the older rocks of Western Europe, Atlantic Canada and parts of the
Geological history
The geological history of Europe traces back to the formation of the Baltic Shield (Fennoscandia) and the Sarmatian craton, both around 2250 million years ago, followed by the Volgo-Uralia shield, the three together leading to the East European craton (≈ Baltica) which became a part of the supercontinent Columbia. The Baltic Shield (sometimes referred to as the Fennoscandian Shield) is located in Fennoscandia ( Norway, Sweden and Finland) northwest In Geology and Tectonics, the Sarmatian craton is the southern segment/region of the East European craton. The East European craton is the core of the Baltica proto- plate and consists of three crustal regions/segments Fennoscandia to the northwest Volgo-Uralia Baltica redirects here For the Russian beer, see Baltika Breweries Baltica is a name applied by geologists to a late- Proterozoic, In Geology, a supercontinent is a Landmass comprising more than one Continental core or Craton. Columbia is the name of one of the Earth's oldest Supercontinents It was first proposed by J Around 1100 million years ago, Baltica and Arctica (as part of the Laurentia block) became joined to Rodinia, later resplitting around 550 million years ago to reform as Baltica. Laurentia (also known as the North American craton) like all Craton land was created as continents moved about the surface of the Earth For the Genus of Metalmark butterflies, see Rodinia (butterfly. Around 440 million years ago Euramerica was formed from Baltica and Laurentia; a further joining with Gondwana then leading to the formation of Pangea. Euramerica (also known as Laurussia or Old Red Continent) was a minor Supercontinent created in the Devonian as the result of a collision between Gondwana (ɡɒnˈdwɑːnə originally Gondwanaland) was a southern Supercontinent that existed about 500 to 200 Ma ago Pangaea, Pangæa or Pangea (pænˈdʒiːə from παν pan, meaning entire, and Γαῖα Gaea, meaning Earth in Around 190 million years ago, Gondwana and Laurasia split apart due to the widening of the Atlantic Ocean. Laurasia (lɔˈreɪʃiə lɔˈreɪʒə was a Supercontinent that most recently existed as a part of the split of the Pangaean supercontinent in the late Mesozoic Finally, and very soon afterwards, Laurasia itself split up again, into Laurentia (North America) and the Eurasian continent. The land connection between the two persisted for a considerable time, via Greenland, leading to interchange of animal species. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the From around 50 million years ago, rising and falling sea levels have determined the actual shape of Europe, and its connections with continents such as Asia. Europe's present shape dates to the late Tertiary period about five million years ago. The chuprichondira geological time interval covers roughly the time span between the demise of the non- avian Dinosaurs and beginning of the most recent Ice Age, approximately [90]
Biodiversity
- See also: Fauna of Europe
.png/300px-Floristic_regions_in_Europe_(english).png)
Having lived side-by-side with agricultural peoples for millennia, Europe's animals and plants have been profoundly affected by the presence and activities of man. Fauna of Europe is all the animals living in Europe and its surrounding seas and islands With the exception of Fennoscandia and northern Russia, few areas of untouched wilderness are currently found in Europe, except for various national parks. Fennoscandia and Fenno-Scandinavia are geographic and geological terms used to describe the Scandinavian Peninsula, the Kola Peninsula, Karelia Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A national park is a reserve of land usually declared and owned by a national Government, protected from most Human development and pollution
The main natural vegetation cover in Europe is mixed forest. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria The conditions for growth are very favourable. In the north, the Gulf Stream and North Atlantic Drift warm the continent. The Gulf Stream, together with its northern extension towards Europe the North Atlantic Drift, is a powerful warm and swift Atlantic Ocean current that The North Atlantic Current ( North Atlantic Drift and the North Atlantic Sea Movement) is a powerful warm Ocean current that continues the Gulf Stream Southern Europe could be described as having a warm, but mild climate. There are frequent summer droughts in this region. Mountain ridges also affect the conditions. Some of these (Alps, Pyrenees) are oriented east-west and allow the wind to carry large masses of water from the ocean in the interior. The Pyrenees (Pirineos French: Pyrénées; Catalan: Pirineus; Occitan: Pirenèus; Aragonese: Perinés Others are oriented south-north (Scandinavian Mountains, Dinarides, Carpathians, Apennines) and because the rain falls primarily on the side of mountains that is oriented towards sea, forests grow well on this side, while on the other side, the conditions are much less favourable. The Scandinavian Mountains in Swedish Skanderna, Fjällen ("the Fells quot or Kölen, and in Norwegian Kjølen, The Dinaric Alps or Dinarides ( Croatian and Bosnian: Dinarsko gorje or Dinaridi, Alpet Dinaride The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати Few corners of mainland Europe have not been grazed by livestock at some point in time, and the cutting down of the pre-agricultural forest habitat caused disruption to the original plant and animal ecosystems. Livestock is the term used to refer (singularly or plurally to a Domesticated Animal intentionally reared in an agricultural setting to produce such as Food
Probably eighty to ninety per cent of Europe was once covered by forest. [91] It stretched from the Mediterranean Sea to the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean, located in the Northern Hemisphere and mostly in the Arctic north polar region is the smallest and shallowest of the world's five major Though over half of Europe's original forests disappeared through the centuries of deforestation, Europe still has over one quarter of its land area as forest, such as the taiga of Scandinavia and Russia, mixed rainforests of the Caucasus and the Cork oak forests in the western Mediterranean. Deforestation is the conversion of Forested areas to non-forest land for use such as Arable land, Pasture, urban use logged area or wasteland Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests Rainforests are Forests characterized by high Rainfall with definitions setting minimum normal annual rainfall between 1750–2000 mm (68-78 inches The Cork Oak ( Quercus suber) is a medium-sized Evergreen Oak tree in the section ''Quercus'' sect During recent times, deforestation has been slowed and many trees have been planted. However, in many cases monoculture plantations of conifers have replaced the original mixed natural forest, because these grow quicker. Fundamentally a plantation is usually a large Farm or estate, especially in a tropical or semitropical country on which Cotton, Tobacco The plantations now cover vast areas of land, but offer poorer habitats for many European forest dwelling species which require a mixture of tree species and diverse forest structure. The amount of natural forest in Western Europe is just 2–3% or less, in European Russia 5–10%. The country with the smallest percentage of forested area (excluding the micronations) is Iceland (1%), while the most forested country is Finland (77%). Micronations &mdash sometimes also referred to as model countries and new country projects &mdash are entities that resemble independent Nations or Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. [92]
In temperate Europe, mixed forest with both broadleaf and coniferous trees dominate. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group The most important species in central and western Europe are beech and oak. For the babyfood see Beech-Nut. Beech ( Fagus) is a genus of ten Species of Deciduous Trees in the The term oak can be used as part of the common name of any of about 400 species of Trees and Shrubs in the Genus Quercus (from Latin In the north, the taiga is a mixed spruce-pine-birch forest; further north within Russia and extreme northern Scandinavia, the taiga gives way to tundra as the Arctic is approached. Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests Spruce refers to Trees of the genus Picea, a genus of about 35 species of Coniferous Evergreen trees in the Family Pinaceae This article is about the tree For other uses of the term "pine" see Pine (disambiguation. Birch is the name of any Tree of the genus Betula ( Bé-tu-la) in the family Betulaceae, closely related to the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons In the Mediterranean, many olive trees have been planted, which are very well adapted to its arid climate; Mediterranean Cypress is also widely planted in southern Europe. The Olive ( Olea europaea) is a Species of small Tree in the family Oleaceae, native to the coastal areas of the eastern Cupressus sempervirens, the Mediterranean Cypress,(Or Italian Tuscan or Graveyard Cypress or Pencil Pine is a species of cypress native to the eastern The semi-arid Mediterranean region hosts much scrub forest. A narrow east-west tongue of Eurasian grassland (the steppe) extends eastwards from Ukraine and southern Russia and ends in Hungary and traverses into taiga to the north. Grasslands (also called greenswards) are areas where the Vegetation is dominated by Grasses ( Poaceae) and other Herbaceous (non-woody In physical Geography, a steppe ( German, from степь - "a flat and arid land" степ - /stɛp/ тал - tal дала - /dɑlɑ/ pronounced Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Taiga (ˈtaɪgə from Turkic or Mongolian) is a Biome characterized by Coniferous forests
Glaciation during the most recent ice age and the presence of man affected the distribution of European fauna. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets Fauna of Europe is all the animals living in Europe and its surrounding seas and islands As for the animals, in many parts of Europe most large animals and top predator species have been hunted to extinction. The woolly mammoth was extinct before the end of the Neolithic period. The woolly mammoth ( Mammuthus primigenius) also called the tundra mammoth, is an extinct species of Mammoth. The Neolithic (from Greek νεολιθικός — neolithikos from νέος neos, "new" + λίθος lithos Today wolves (carnivores) and bears (omnivores) are endangered. The grey wolf or gray wolf ( Canis lupus) also known as the timber wolf or simply wolf, is a Mammal of the order Carnivora A carnivore (ˈkɑrnɪvɔər meaning 'meat eater' ( Latin carne meaning 'flesh' and vorare meaning 'to devour' is any animal with a diet consisting Omnivores (from Latin omne all everything vorare to devour are species that eat both Plants and Animals as their primary Once they were found in most parts of Europe. However, deforestation and hunting caused these animals to withdraw further and further. By the Middle Ages the bears' habitats were limited to more or less inaccessible mountains with sufficient forest cover. Today, the brown bear lives primarily in the Balkan peninsula, Scandinavia, and Russia; a small number also persist in other countries across Europe (Austria, Pyrenees etc. The Eurasian Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos arctos) is a Subspecies of the Brown bear ( Ursus arctos) and found across northern Eurasia. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending ), but in these areas brown bear populations are fragmented and marginalised because of the destruction of their habitat. In addition, polar bears may be found on Svalbard, a Norwegian archipelago far north of Scandinavia. The polar bear ( Ursus maritimus) is a Bear native to the Arctic Ocean and its surrounding seas Svalbard is an Archipelago in the Arctic Ocean north of mainland Europe, about midway between Norway and the North Pole. Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional The wolf, the second largest predator in Europe after the brown bear, can be found primarily in Eastern Europe and in the Balkans, with a handful of packs in pockets of Western Europe (Scandinavia, Spain, etc. The Eurasian Wolf ( Canis lupus lupus) also known as the Common Wolf, European Wolf, Carpathian Wolf, Steppes Wolf, Tibetan Wolf Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. ).
Other important European carnivores are Eurasian lynx, European wild cat, foxes (especially the red fox), jackal and different species of martens, hedgehogs, different species of reptiles (like snakes as (vipers and grass snakes) and amphibians, different birds (owls, hawks and other birds of prey). The Eurasian lynx ( Lynx lynx) is a medium-sized cat native to European and Siberian forests where it is one of the predators The Wildcat ( Felis silvestris) sometimes Wild Cat or Wild-cat, is a small felid native to Europe, the western part of Asia A fox is an Animal belonging to any one of about 27 Species (of which only 12 actually belong to the Vulpes genus or 'true foxes' of small The Red Fox ( Vulpes vulpes) is a Mammal of the order Carnivora. A jackal (from Turkish çakal, via Persian shaghal ultimately from Sanskrit sṛgālaḥ) is a member of any of three For the Wiltshire village see Marten Wiltshire. For the town in Bulgaria see Marten Bulgaria. A hedgehog is any of the small spiny Mammals of the Subfamily Erinaceinae and the order Erinaceomorpha. This is a list of European reptiles. It includes all Reptiles currently found in Europe. A snake is an elongate Reptile of the suborder Serpentes Like all reptiles snakes are covered in scales. Common names: pitless vipers true vipers Old World vipers true adders This article is about the European Grass Snake or Ringed Snake Natrix natrix This is a list of European amphibians. It includes all Amphibians currently found in Europe. In this article Europe refers to the geographical continent not the somewhat larger Western Palearctic, which includes parts of the Middle East and north Africa The Owls are an order of birds of prey. Most are Solitary, and nocturnal, with some exceptions (e The term hawk can be used in several ways In strict usage in Europe and Asia, to mean any of the Species in the Subfamily Birds of prey are Birds that hunt for food primarily on the wing using their keen senses especially vision
Important European herbivores are snails, larvae, fish, different birds, and mammals, like rodents, deer and roe deer, boars, and living in the mountains, marmots, steinbocks, chamois among others. Herbivory is a form of Predation in which an Organism, known as a herbivore, consumes principally Autotrophs ref name=Campbell>Campbell The word snail is a Common name that can be used for almost all members of the Molluscan class Gastropoda which have coiled shells in the A larva ( Latin; plural larvae) is a juvenile form of Animal with indirect development, undergoing Metamorphosis (for example Fish are aquatic Vertebrate animals that are typically ectothermic (previously Cold-blooded) covered with scales, and equipped with two This is a list of European mammals. It includes all Mammals currently found in Europe whether resident or as regular Migrants It does not include species found only Rodentia is an order of Mammals also known as rodents, characterised by two continuously-growing incisors in the upper and lower jaws which must A deer is a Ruminant Mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. The European Roe Deer ( Capreolus capreolus) is a Deer species of Europe, Asia Minor, and Caspian coastal regions The boar or wild boar ( Sus scrofa) is an Omnivorous, gregarious Mammal of the biological family Suidae. Marmots are members of the Genus Marmota, in the Rodent family Sciuridae (squirrels The Alpine Ibex ( Capra ibex)— commonly called by its local names in the various languages - French bouquetin, German steinbock, The chamois ( Rupicapra rupicapra) is a Goat -like animal native to the Carpathian Mountains of Romania the European Alps, the Gran
Sea creatures are also an important part of European flora and fauna. The sea flora is mainly phytoplankton. Phytoplankton are the Autotrophic component of the Plankton community Important animals that live in European seas are zooplankton, molluscs, echinoderms, different crustaceans, squids and octopuses, fish, dolphins, and whales. Zooplankton are the Heterotrophic (sometimes detritivorous) type of Plankton. Molluscs are animals belonging to the phylum Mollusca. There are around 250000 extant Species within the phylum with an estimated 70000 Echinoderms (Phylum Echinodermata) are a phylum of marine Animals (including Sea stars) Structure of crustaceans As Arthropods crustaceans have a stiff Exoskeleton, which must be shed to allow the animal to grow ( Ecdysis or molting Squid are marine Cephalopods of the order Teuthida, which comprises around 300 species The Dolphins are Marine mammals that are closely related to Whales and Porpoises There are almost forty species of dolphin in seventeen genera. Whales are marine mammals which are neither Dolphins (ie members of the families Delphinidae or Platanistoidae) nor Porpoises Orcas
Biodiversity is protected in Europe through the Council of Europe's Bern Convention), which has also been signed by the European Community as well as non-European states. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992
Demographics
Since the Renaissance, Europe has had a major influence in culture, economics and social movements in the world. Since the Renaissance, Europe has had a dominating influence in culture economics and social movements in the world The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. Immigration to Europe is a phenomenon that has grown dramatically since the end of World War II. The aging of Europe, also known as the greying of Europe, is a social phenomenon in Europe characterized by a decrease in fertility, an increase in The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere European demographics are important not only historically, but also in understanding current international relations and population issues.
Some current and past issues in European demographics have included religious emigration, race relations, economic immigration, a declining birth rate and an aging population. "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia. Race relations is the area of Sociology that studies the Social, Political, and Economic relations between races at all different Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term Crude birth rate is the natality or Childbirths per 1000 people per year Population ageing (Aging Population also or population aging (see English spelling differences) occurs when the median age of a country or region In some countries, such as Ireland and Poland, access to abortion is currently limited; in the past, such restrictions and also restrictions on artificial birth control were commonplace throughout Europe. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland An Furthermore, three European countries (The Netherlands, Belgium and Switzerland) have allowed a limited form of voluntary euthanasia for some terminally ill people. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Euthanasia (literally "good death" in Ancient Greek) refers to the practice of ending a life in a painless manner
In 2005 the population of Europe was estimated to be 731 million according to the United Nations, which is slightly more than one-ninth of the world's population. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place A century ago Europe had nearly a quarter of the world's population. The world population is the total number of living Humans on Earth at a given time The population of Europe has grown in the past century, but in other areas of the world (in particular Africa and Asia) the population has grown far more quickly. [2] According to UN population projection (medium variant), Europe's share will fall to 7% in 2050, numbering 653 million. [2] Within this context, significant disparities exist between religions in relation to fertility rates. Overpopulation refers to a condition where an Organism 's numbers exceed the Carrying capacity of its Habitat. The average number of children per female of child bearing age is 1. This page consists of two tables Table 1 is sourced from the CIA World Factbook''' 52. [93] According to some sources,[94] this rate is higher among Muslims. In 2005 the EU had an overall net gain from immigration of 1. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term 8 million people, despite having one of the highest population densities in the world. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume This accounted for almost 85% of Europe's total population growth. Population growth is the change in Population over time and can be quantified as the change in the number of individuals in a population using "per unit time" for [95]
Political geography
.png/250px-Map_of_Europe_(political).png)
According to different definitions, the territories may be subject to various categorisations. See also Politics of the European Union The politics of Europe deals with the continually evolving politics within the continent A map is a visual representation of an area—a symbolic depiction highlighting relationships between elements of that space such as objects, Regions, and Themes near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 Various geopolitical divisions of Europe into various regions were introduced at different times by different experts and authorities The table below shows the scheme for geographic subregions used by the United Nations,[97] alongside the regional grouping published in the CIA factbook. United Nations geoscheme, created by the United Nations Statistics Division, divides the world into 'macro-geographical Regions ( Continents and sub-regions The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the The socio-geographical data included are per sources in cross-referenced articles. Where they differ, provisos are clearly indicated.
The 27 European Union member states are highly integrated economically and politically, the European Union itself forms part of the political geography of Europe. A Member State of the European Union is any one of the twenty-seven sovereign Nation states that have acceded the European Union (EU since its De facto The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in
| Name of regiona[›] and territory, with flag | Area (km²) | Population (1 July, 2002 est. Since the Renaissance, Europe has had a dominating influence in culture economics and social movements in the world This is a list of European countries and dependencies by Population. A subregion is a conceptual unit which derives from a larger Region or Continent and is usually based on location A flag is a piece of Cloth, often flown from a pole or mast, generally used Symbolically for signaling or identification This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. ) | Population density (per km²) | Capital |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 Åland (Finland) | 1,552 | 26,008 | 16. List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. 8 | Mariehamn |
 Albania | 28,748 | 3,600,523 | 125. Demographics A chart on population growth Sister cities Mariehamn is twinned with Visby, Sweden Kópavogur This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. 2 | Tirana |
 Andorra | 468 | 68,403 | 146. Tirana (Tiranë or Tirana is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Albania. Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western 2 | Andorra la Vella |
 Austria | 83,858 | 8,169,929 | 97. Andorra la Vella is the Capital of the Co-principality of Andorra, and is located high in the east Pyrenees between France and Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich 4 | Vienna |
 Armeniak[›] | 29,800 | 3,229,900 | 101 | Yerevan |
 Azerbaijanl[›] | 86,600 | 8,621,000 | 97 | Baku |
 Belarus | 207,600 | 10,335,382 | 49. Vienna ( in Wien; see also other names) is the Capital of Austria, and is also one of the nine States of Austria. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Yerevan (Երևան Երեւան or Երեվան ˌjɛrəˈvɑːn sometimes written as Erevan, Iravan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Baku (Bakı sometimes known as Baqy, Baky, Baki or Bakü, is the capital the largest city and the largest port of Azerbaijan Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east 8 | Minsk |
.svg/22px-Flag_of_Belgium_(civil).svg.png){kind=small} Belgium | 30,510 | 10,274,595 | 336. Minsk (Мінск mʲinsk Минск mʲinsk is the Capital and largest city in Belarus, situated on the Svislach and Niamiha rivers The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those 8 | Brussels |
 Bosnia and Herzegovina | 51,129 | 4,448,500 | 77. Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan 5 | Sarajevo |
 Bulgaria | 110,910 | 7,621,337 | 68. TemplateInfobox City for more fields--> Sarajevo is the Capital city and largest urban center of Bosnia and Herzegovina, with The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian 7 | Sofia |
 Croatia | 56,542 | 4,437,460 | 77. Sofia (София ˈsɔfija is the Capital and largest city of the Republic of Bulgaria, with a population of 1395568 in the Capital Municipality Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between 7 | Zagreb |
 Cypruse[›] | 9,251 | 788,457 | 85 | Nicosia |
 Czech Republic | 78,866 | 10,256,760 | 130. Zagreb (ˈzɑːgrɛb is the Capital and the largest city of Croatia. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Nicosia, known locally as Lefkosia (Λευκωσία Lefkoşa is the Capital and largest city of Cyprus. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, 1 | Prague |
 Denmark | 43,094 | 5,368,854 | 124. Prague (ˈprɑːg Praha (ˈpraɦa see also other names) is the Capital and Largest city of the Czech Republic. The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe 6 | Copenhagen |
 Estonia | 45,226 | 1,415,681 | 31. Copenhagen (ˌkəʊpənˈheɪgən ˌkəʊpənˈhɑːgən ˈkəʊpənˌheɪgən ˈkəʊpənˌhɑːgən kʰøb̥ənˈhɑʊ̯ˀn kʰøb̥m̩ˈhɑʊ̯ˀn is the capital and largest city Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region 3 | Tallinn |
 Faroe Islands (Denmark) | 1,399 | 46,011 | 32. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names The Faroe Islands or Faeroe Islands or simply Faroe(s or Faeroes (Føroyar meaning " Sheep Islands" Færøerne Old Norse The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe 9 | Tórshavn |
 Finland | 336,593 | 5,157,537 | 15. Tórshavn (ˈtʰɔuʂhaun is the Capital of the Faroe Islands. Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. 3 | Helsinki |
 Franceh[›] | 547,030 | 59,765,983 | 109. Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. 3 | Paris |
 Georgiam[›] | 69,700 | 4,661,473 | 64 | Tbilisi |
 Germany | 357,021 | 83,251,851 | 233. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Tbilisi (ˌtbiˈliːsi in Georgian: თბილისი is the capital and the largest city of the Republic of Georgia, lying on the banks of the Mt'k'vari Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 2 | Berlin |
 Gibraltar (UK) | 5. Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 9 | 27,714 | 4,697. 3 | Gibraltar |
 Greece | 131,940 | 10,645,343 | 80. Gibraltar (dʒɨˈbrɒltər is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία 7 | Athens |
 Guernseyd[›] | 78 | 64,587 | 828. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's The Bailiwick of Guernsey (Bailliage de Guernesey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. 0 | St. Peter Port |
 Hungary | 93,030 | 10,075,034 | 108. St Peter Port is the Capital of Guernsey, as well as the main Port of the island Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic 3 | Budapest |
 Iceland | 103,000 | 307,261 | 2. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( 7 | Reykjavík |
 Ireland | 70,280 | 4,234,925 | 60. For the Greater Reykjavík Area see the Greater Reykjavík Area. Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. 3 | Dublin |
 Isle of Mand[›] | 572 | 73,873 | 129. Dublin (ˈdʌblɨn/ /ˈdʊblɨn or /ˈdʊbəlɪn/, bˠalʲə aːha klʲiəh or cliə(ɸ is both the largest city and capital of Ireland. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical 1 | Douglas |
 Italy | 301,230 | 58,751,711 | 191. Douglas (Doolish is the capital of the Isle of Man and its largest town Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest 6 | Rome |
 Jerseyd[›] | 116 | 89,775 | 773. Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. 9 | Saint Helier |
 Kazakhstanj[›] | 2,724,900 | 15,217,711 | 5. Saint Helier ( French language: Saint-Hélier, Jèrriais: St Hélyi) is one of the twelve parishes of Jersey, the largest Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the 6 | Astana |
 Kosovop[›] | 10,887 | 2,126,708 | 220 | Pristina |
 Latvia | 64,589 | 2,366,515 | 36. Astana ( Kazakh: Астана آستانه former names include Akmola, Akmolinsk, Tselinograd, and Aqmola) is the capital Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. 6 | Riga |
 Liechtenstein | 160 | 32,842 | 205. Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland 3 | Vaduz |
 Lithuania | 65,200 | 3,601,138 | 55. Vaduz (faˈduːts or) is the Capital of the Principality of Liechtenstein and the seat of the national parliament. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the 2 | Vilnius |
 Luxembourg | 2,586 | 448,569 | 173. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by 5 | Luxembourg |
 Macedonia | 25,333 | 2,054,800 | 81. The city of Luxembourg (Lëtzebuerg Luxemburg also known as Luxembourg City (Stad Lëtzebuerg Ville de Luxembourg Luxemburg Stadt is a commune with city The Republic of Macedonia (Република 1 | Skopje |
 Malta | 316 | 397,499 | 1,257. Skopje (Скопје; Shkup or Shkupi is the Capital and largest city in the Republic of Macedonia, with more than a quarter of the population Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands 9 | Valletta |
 Moldovab[›] | 33,843 | 4,434,547 | 131. Valletta ( Belt Valletta or Città Umilissima) is the capital city of Malta. Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania 0 | Chişinău |
 Monaco | 1. Chişinău (kiʃi'nəw (also known as Kishinev, Кишинёв Kishinyov) is the capital and largest city of Moldova. For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque 95 | 31,987 | 16,403. 6 | Monaco |
 Montenegro | 13,812 | 616,258 | 44. For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! 6 | Podgorica |
 Netherlandsi[›] | 41,526 | 16,318,199 | 393. Podgorica ( Montenegrin / Serbian: Подгорица Podgorica ˈpɔdgɔˌriʦa is the Capital and largest city of Montenegro The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands 0 | Amsterdam |
 Norway | 324,220 | 4,525,116 | 14. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional 0 | Oslo |
 Poland | 312,685 | 38,625,478 | 123. (called Christiania from 1624 to 1878 and Kristiania from 1878 to 1924 is the Capital and largest city of Norway. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland 5 | Warsaw |
 Portugalf[›] | 91,568 | 10,409,995 | 110. Warsaw (Warszawa; also known by other names) is the Capital and Largest city of Poland. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. 1 | Lisbon |
 Romania | 238,391 | 21,698,181 | 91. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania 0 | Bucharest |
 Russiac[›] | 17,075,400 | 142,200,000 | 26. Bucharest ( Romanian: Bucureşti) is the Capital city, industrial and commercial centre of Romania. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending 8 | Moscow |
 San Marino | 61 | 27,730 | 454. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. 6 | San Marino |
 Serbia (including Kosovo)g[›] | 88,361 | 9,663,742 | 109. The City of San Marino is the Capital City of the Republic of San Marino on the Italian peninsula near the Adriatic Sea. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country 4 | Belgrade |
 Slovakia | 48,845 | 5,422,366 | 111. Belgrade (Београд Beograd is the Capital and largest city of Serbia. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million 0 | Bratislava |
 Slovenia | 20,273 | 1,932,917 | 95. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west 3 | Ljubljana |
 Spain | 504,851 | 45,061,274 | 89. Ljubljana ( is the largest and Capital city of Slovenia. It is located in the center of the country and is a mid-sized city of some 270000 inhabitants Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. 3 | Madrid |
| Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands (Norway) | 62,049 | 2,868 | 0. Madrid (pronounced in English in Spanish and colloquially in Spain) is the Capital and largest city of Spain. This article is about the collective term "Svalbard and Jan Mayen" as defined by the ISO Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional 046 | Longyearbyen |
 Sweden | 449,964 | 9,090,113 | 19. Longyearbyen is the Administrative centre of Svalbard and is located on Spitsbergen, the largest island of the Svalbard Archipelago. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. 7 | Stockholm |
 Switzerland | 41,290 | 7,507,000 | 176. ('stɔkhɔlm is Sweden 's Capital and its largest City. It is the site of the national Swedish government, the parliament, and the Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation 8 | Bern |
 Turkeyn[›] | 783,562 | 70,586,256 | 93 | Ankara |
 Ukraine | 603,700 | 48,396,470 | 80. The city of Berne or Bern (, Berne, Berna, Romansh: Berna, Bernese German: Bärn) is the Bundesstadt ( Federal Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. 2 | Kiev |
 United Kingdom | 244,820 | 61,100,835 | 244. Kiev, also known as Kyiv ( Ukrainian:, Kyiv, ˈkɪjiw Russian:, Kiyev; see also Cities' alternative names) is the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located 2 | London |
 Vatican City | 0. London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory 44 | 900 | 2,045. 5 | Vatican City |
| Total | 10,180,000o[›] | 731,000,000o[›] | 70 |
Economy
As a continent, the economy of Europe is currently the largest on Earth. Economic development Pre-1945 Industrial growth Prior to World War II, Europe's major financial and industrial states were the United Kingdom, As with other continents, Europe has a large variation of wealth among its countries. The richer states tend to be in the West, some of the Eastern economies are still emerging from the collapse of the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia. Western Europe at its most general meaning means 'all the countries in the West of Europe ' Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian The European Union, an intergovernmental body composed of 27 European states, comprises the largest single economic area in the world. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Currently, 15 EU countries share the euro as a common currency. Euro Enlargement of the Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e Of all European states, Germany has the largest national economy ($3.3 trillion), being third largest globally. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United Kingdom comprises the continent's second largest national economy ($2.756 trillion)[98] and the fifth largest globally. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located However, recently the Financial Times has claimed that the French economy ($2.515 trillion)[99] has surpassed that of the United Kingdom as the pound has fallen to a low against the euro. The Financial Times ( FT) is a British international business Newspaper. The Pound Sterling ( symbol £; ISO code: GBP) subdivided into 100 pence (singular penny) is the Currency Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e [100]
Development since the Industrial Revolution
Pre-1945: Industrial growth
The Industrial Revolution started in Europe, specifically the United Kingdom in the late 18th century,[101] and the 19th century saw Western Europe industrialise. The Industrial Revolution was a period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries when major changes in agriculture manufacturing and transportation had a profound effect on the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Economies were disrupted by World War I but by the beginning of World War II they had recovered and were having to compete with the growing economic strength of the United States. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The United States of America —commonly referred to as the World War II, again, damaged much of Europe's industries. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including
1945-1990: The Cold War
After World War II the economy of the UK was in a state of ruin,[102] and continued to suffer relative economic decline in the following decades. [103] Italy was also in a poor economic condition but regained a high level of growth by the 1950s. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest West Germany recovered quickly and had doubled production from pre-war levels by the 1950s. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The term ( German for "economic miracle" describes the rapid reconstruction and development of the economies of West Germany and Austria [104] France also staged a remarkable comeback enjoying rapid growth and modernisation. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [105] The majority of Eastern European states came under the control of the USSR and thus were members of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON). Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 [106] The states which retained a free-market system were given a large amount of aid by the United States under the Marshall Plan. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Marshall Plan (from its enactment officially the European Recovery Program, ERP) was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger [107] The western states moved to link their economies together, providing the basis for the EU and increasing cross border trade. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in This helped them to enjoy rapidly improving economies, while those states in COMECON were struggling in a large part due to the cost of the Cold War. Cold War is the state of conflict tension and competition that existed between the United States and the Soviet Union (USSR and their respective allies from the Until 1990, the European Community was expanded from 6 founding members to 12. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The emphasis placed on resurrecting the West German economy led to it overtaking the UK as Europe's largest economy. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
1991-2003: The Rise of the EU
With the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1991 the Eastern states had to adapt to a free market system. There were varying degrees of success with Central European countries such as Poland, Hungary, and Slovenia adapting reasonably quickly, while eastern states like Ukraine and Russia taking far longer. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Western Europe helped Eastern Europe by forming economic ties with them. After East and West Germany were reunited in 1990, the economy of West Germany struggled as it had to support and largely rebuild the infrastructure of East Germany. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( Yugoslavia lagged farthest behind as it was ravaged by war and in 2003 there were still many EU and NATO peacekeeping troops in Kosovo, Macedonia, and Bosnia-Herzegovina, with only Slovenia making any real progress. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The North Atlantic Treaty Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west By the millennium change, the EU dominated the economy of Europe comprising the five largest European economies of the time namely Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. In 1999 12 of the 15 members of the EU joined the Eurozone replacing their former national currencies by the common euro. Euro Enlargement of the Please update other articles as well to avoid contradiction within Wikipedia e The three who chose to remain outside the Eurozone were: the United Kingdom, Denmark, and Sweden. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation.
Language
European languages mostly fall within three Indo-European language groups: the Romance languages, derived from the Latin language of the Roman Empire; the Germanic languages, whose ancestor language came from southern Scandinavia; and the Slavic languages. Most of the many Languages of Europe belong to the Indo-European Language family. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Germanic languages are a group of related languages that constitute a branch of the Indo-European (IE Language family. Terminology and usage As a cultural term "Scandinavia" has no official definition and is subject to usage by those who identify with the culture in question as well The Slavic languages (also called Slavonic languages) a group of closely related Languages of the Slavic peoples and a subgroup of Indo-European languages [90]
Romance languages are spoken primarily in south-western Europe as well as in Romania and Moldova. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Germanic languages are spoken in north-western Europe and some parts of Central Europe. Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Slavic languages are spoken in Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. [90]
Many other languages outside the three main groups are spoken in Europe. While having much of its vocabulary descended from Romance languages, the English language is a Germanic language. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States The Celtic language group is a distinct group like the Romance, Germanic, and Slavic language groups. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Even though it has largely disappeared from daily use, there are still varying numbers of speakers of each of the six Celtic languages: Irish, Scottish Gaelic, Manx, Welsh, Cornish, and Breton. Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Manx ( Gaelg or Gailck, ɡilk or) also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Goidelic language once spoken on the Isle Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic For the Cornish-English dialect see West Country dialects and List of Cornish dialect words. The Breton language ( Brezhoneg) formerly often called Armoric or Armorican, is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany [90]
Multilingualism and the protection of regional and minority languages are recognized political goals in Europe today. The Council of Europe Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities and the Council of Europe's European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages set up a legal framework for language rights in Europe. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 In February 1995 22 member States of the Council of Europe, signed the Framework Convention for the Protection of National Minorities. The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ( ECRML) is a European Treaty (CETS 148 adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe
Religion
Historically, religion in Europe has been a major influence on European art, culture, philosophy and law. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Sunni Islam is the largest denomination of Islam. Sunni Islam is also referred to as Ahl as-Sunnah wa’l-Jamā‘h (Arabic The History of religions ( Religiongeschichteschule, school of religious history was a 19th century German school of thought which was the first to systematically A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos Also see articles History of painting, Western painting Western Art' redirects here The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures Western philosophy is a term that refers to philosophical thinking in the Western or Occidental world, as distinct from Eastern or Oriental philosophies The Law of the European Union is the unique legal system which operates alongside the laws of Member States of the European Union (EU The majority religion in Europe is Christianity while other religions such as Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism and Judaism exist but in smaller numbers. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in the Indian subcontinent. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Europe is a relatively secular continent and has the largest number and proportion of irreligious, agnostic and atheistic people in the Western world, with a particularly high number of self-described non-religious people in the Czech Republic, Estonia, Sweden and France. Irreligion is a lack of religion indifference to religion or hostility to religion Agnosticism ( Greek: α- a-, without + γνώσις gnōsis, knowledge after Gnosticism) is the philosophical view that the Atheism Western religion includes Abrahamic religions that have their roots in the ancient Middle-East including Judaism, Christianity, Islam, and its The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. [108]
Culture
The culture of Europe can be described as a series of overlapping cultures. The culture of Europe might better be described as a series of overlapping cultures Whether it is a question of West and East; Christianity and Islam; cultural mixes exist across the continent. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. There are cultural innovations and movements, sometimes at odds with each other, such as Christian proselytism or Humanism. The term innovation means a new way of doing something It may refer to incremental radical and revolutionary changes in thinking products processes or organisations Humanism is a broad category of ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity and worth of all people based on the ability to determine right and wrong by appealing to universal Thus the question of "common culture" or "common values" is complex.
See also
- List of European languages by country
- Communications in Europe
- Continental Europe
- OSCE
- OSCE countries statistics
- The European miracle
- Europe as a potential superpower
- Euroregion / Eurodistrict
- European American
- Euroscepticism
- Flags of Europe
- List of European countries by geographical area
- Economics
- Economy of the European Union
- Financial and social rankings of European countries
- List of European countries by GDP
- Demographics
- Politics
- Date of independence of European countries
- International Organisations in Europe
- Alternative names of European cities
Notes
^ a: Continental regions as per UN categorisations/map. For more information see these articles about Communications in Europe. Continental Europe, also referred to as mainland Europe or simply the Continent, is the Continent of Europe, explicitly excluding European OSCE countries table with statistics and regional blocs The term European miracle was coined by Eric Jones in his 1981 The European Miracle Environments Economies and Geopolitics in the History of Europe and A superpower is a State with a leading position in the international system and the ability to Influence events and project power on a worldwide scale In European Politics, a Euroregion is a form of Transnational co-operation structure between two (or more territories located in different European A eurodistrict is a European administrative entity that contains urban agglomerations which lie across the border between two or more states A European American (Euro-American is a person who resides in the United States and is either from Europe or is the descendant of European immigrants Euroscepticism Euro (disambiguation --> has become a general term for opposition to the process This is a list of international national and subnational Flags used in Europe. Below is a list of all the European countries in order of geographical area The economy of the European Union combines the economies of 27 member states and is generating an estimated nominal GDP of € 12581 billion ( $ The aim of this page is to act as a comparison between European countries in many different aspects such as population GDP, life expectancy etc Since the Renaissance, Europe has had a dominating influence in culture economics and social movements in the world List of countries/dependencies by Population density The whole of Russia and Turkey are referred to in the table although they are partly in Europe. Statistics in the European Union are collected by Eurostat. Institutional statistics See also Apportionment in the European Parliament This is a list of European countries and dependencies by Population. The European peoples are the various Nations and Ethnic groups of Europe. This is a list of the largest Metropolitan areas of Europe. The population figures for both the metropolitan area and central city are given This is a list of all the Urban areas of the European Union which have more than 750000 inhabitants in 2005 This is a list of the largest cities in the European Union by population within city limits. This is a list of all present countries of Europe, sorted by their date of independence or creation The following table lists the independent European states, and their memberships in selected organisations and treaties and their use of the euro ( €) Many cities in Europe have different names in different languages Depending on definitions, various territories cited below may be in one or both of Europe and Asia, Africa, or Oceania. This is a list of countries spanning more than one continent, sometimes referred to as transcontinental states.
^ b: Includes Transnistria, a region that has declared, and de facto achieved, independence; however, it is not recognised de jure by sovereign states. Transnistria, also known as Trans-Dniester, Transdniestria, and Pridnestrovie (full name Pridnestrovian ||}These lists of unrecognized or partially recognized countries give an overview of contemporary geopolitical entities that wish to be recognized as Sovereign A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population.
^ c: Russia is considered a transcontinental country in Eastern Europe and Northern Asia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending However the population and area figures include the entire state.
^ d: Guernsey, the Isle of Man and Jersey are Crown dependencies of the United Kingdom. The Bailiwick of Guernsey (Bailliage de Guernesey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical The Bailiwick of Jersey ( Jèrriais: Jèrri) is a British Crown dependency off the coast of Normandy, France. The Crown Dependencies are possessions of The Crown in Right of the United Kingdom, as opposed to overseas territories or colonies of the United The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Other Channel Islands legislated by the Bailiwick of Guernsey include Alderney and Sark. The Channel Islands ( Norman: Îles d'la Manche, French: Îles Anglo-Normandes or Îles de la Manche) are a group of Islands The Bailiwick of Guernsey (Bailliage de Guernesey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. Alderney ( French: Aurigny; Auregnais: Aoeur'gny) is the most northerly of the Channel Islands and a British Crown dependency Sark (Sercq Sercquiais: Sèr) is a small Island in the southwestern English Channel.
^ e: Cyprus is sometimes considered transcontinental country. Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Physiographically entirely in Western Asia it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. The population and area figures refer to the entire state, including the de facto independent part Northern Cyprus. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus ( TRNC) (Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti KKTC) commonly called Northern Cyprus (Kuzey Kıbrıs though its
^ f: Figures for Portugal include the Azores and Madeira archipelagos, both in Northern Atlantic. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The Azores ( Açores ɐˈsoɾɨʃ or) is a Portuguese Archipelago in the Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 km (950 mi) from History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the
^ g: Figures for Serbia include Kosovo, a province that has declared, and de facto achieved, independence; however, it's independence is internationally disputed as it is only partially recognized and not a member of the UN. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country ||}These lists of unrecognized or partially recognized countries give an overview of contemporary geopolitical entities that wish to be recognized as Sovereign
^ h: Figures for France include only metropolitan France: some politically integral parts of France are geographically located outside Europe. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Metropolitan France (France métropolitaine or la Métropole, or colloquially l'Hexagone) is the part of France located in Europe, including |||} Metropolitan France As of January 1, 2008, Metropolitan France is divided into 22 regions (including Corsica, although
^ i: Netherlands population for July 2004. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands Population and area details include European portion only: Netherlands and two entities outside Europe (Aruba and the Netherlands Antilles, in the Caribbean) constitute the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Aruba is a -long island of the Lesser Antilles in the southern Caribbean Sea, north of the Paraguaná Peninsula, Falcón State, Venezuela The Netherlands Antilles ( Dutch:) previously known as the Netherlands West Indies or Dutch Antilles/West Indies, is part of the Lesser Antilles The Caribbean (ˌkærəˡbiən kæ'rəbiən Cariben|Caraïben or Caraïben; Caraïbe or more commonly Antilles; Caribe is a Region consisting The Netherlands and The Kingdom of the Netherlands are two distinct geographical and administrative entities Amsterdam is the official capital, while The Hague is the administrative seat. Amsterdam (pronounced) is the capital and largest city of the Netherlands, located in the province of North Holland in the west
^ j: Kazakhstan is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Central Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe, with European territory west of the Ural Mountains and both the Ural and Emba rivers. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the The Ural (Урал Kazakh: Жайық, Jayıq or Zhayyq) known as Yaik before 1775, is a river flowing through Emba or Empa (Έμπα is one of the biggest villages in Paphos. However, area and population figures refer to the entire country.
^ k: Armenia is sometimes considered a transcontinental country. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Physiographically entirely in Western Asia it has strong historical and sociopolitical connections with Europe. Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. The population and area figures include the entire state respectively.
^ l: Azerbaijan is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia (UN region). Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South However the population and area figures are for the entire state. This includes the exclave of Nakhchivan and the region Nagorno-Karabakh that has declared, and de facto achieved, independence. The Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic (Naxçıvan Muxtar Respublikası Նախիջևանի Ինքնավար Հանրապետություն Нахичеванская Автономная For the republic see Nagorno-Karabakh Republic Nagorno-Karabakh is a Region in the South Caucasus. ||}These lists of unrecognized or partially recognized countries give an overview of contemporary geopolitical entities that wish to be recognized as Sovereign Nevertheless, it is not recognised de jure by sovereign states. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population.
^ m: Georgia is often considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia (UN region) and Eastern Europe. Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between However the population and area figures include the entire state. This also includes Abkhazia and South Ossetia, two regions that have declared, and de facto achieved, independence. Abkhazia (Аҧсны Apsny აფხაზეთი Apkhazeti or Abkhazeti Абха́зия Abhazia) is a De facto South Ossetia ( or; Хуссар Ирыстон Xussar Iryston; Южная Осетия Yuzhnaya Osetiya; სამხრეთი ოსეთი Samxreti ||}These lists of unrecognized or partially recognized countries give an overview of contemporary geopolitical entities that wish to be recognized as Sovereign Nevertheless, they are not recognised de jure by any sovereign state. A state is a political association with effective Sovereignty over a geographic Area and representing a Population.
^ n: Turkey is physiographically considered a transcontinental country in Western Asia (UN region) and Southern Europe. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches However the population and area figures include the entire state, both the European and Asian portions.
^ o: The total figures for area and population include only European portions of transcontinental countries. The precision of these figure is compromised by the ambiguous geographical extend of Europe and the lack of references for European portions of transcontinental countries.
^ p: Kosovo declared its independence from Serbia on 17 February 2008. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Its population is a 2007 estimate.
^ p: The CIA factbook states that portion of Turkey west of the Bosporus is geographically part of Europe.
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External links
- Europe travel guide from Wikitravel
- Europe at Night at NASA Earth Observatory
- Council of Europe
- European Union
- "Europe". Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide. The NASA Earth Observatory is an online publishing organization of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration of the United States (US The Columbia Gazetteer of the World Online. 2005. New York: Columbia University Press.
Dictionary
Europe
-proper noun
- A political entity; the European Union.
- A continent north of Africa, west of Asia and east of the Atlantic Ocean. It contains many countries, including (in alphabetical order):
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