Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic Communist state ← 1940 – 1991 → Flag Coat of arms Motto "Kõigi maade protetaarlased ühienege!" (English: "Workers of the world, unite!") Anthem "Jää kestma, Kalevite kange rahvas" (English: "Endure, the brave people of Kalev") Capital Tallinn Language(s) Russian (de jure) Estonian (de facto) Government Socialist republic  - 1986-1991 Karl Vaino History  - Established December 30, 1940  - Disestablished December 26 1991 Area  - 1991 45,227 km² (17,462 sq mi) Population  - 1991 est. Communist state is a term used by many Political scientists to describe a Form of government in which the State operates under a one-party system Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group The Political slogan "Workers of the world unite!", one of the most famous rallying cries of Communism, comes from Karl Marx English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Throughout the world there are many cities that were once national Capitals but no longer have that status because the country ceased to exist the capital was moved or the capital Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. The term socialist state (or socialist republic, or workers' state) can carry one of several different (but related meanings In strictly speaking any Events 1460 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Wakefield. 1816 - The Treaty of St This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. 1,565,662       Density 34. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 6 /km²  (89. 7 /sq mi) Currency Ruble (SUR) Internet TLD .su Calling code +7 1Official names of the USSR 247,549 km² were defined according to the Tartu Peace Treaty in 1920 between Estonia and Russia. A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The ruble or rouble (рубль see below for other Soviet languages) was the currency of the Soviet Union. A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Today the remaining 2,323 km² is still illegally annexed by Russia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The ceded areas include the Petserimaa county and the boundary in the north of Lake Peipus as the Lands behind the city of Narva including Ivangorod (Jaanilinn). Pechory (Печоры Estonian and Seto: Petseri) is a town in Pskov Oblast, Russia. Lake Peipus (Peipsi-Pihkva järv Чудско-Псковское озеро (Chud Lake Peipussee is a large fresh water lake on the border between Estonia and Russia Narva is the third largest City in Estonia. It is located at the eastern extreme point of Estonia, by the Russian border on the Narva For the fortress see Ivangorod fortress. Ivangorod (Ивангород Estonian: Jaanilinn) is a town in Leningrad Oblast [1][2]

The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian: Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik; Russian: Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика Estonskaya Sovetskaya Sotsalisticheskaya Respublika), also known as the Estonian SSR for short, was one of the republics that made up the former Soviet Union. Estonian (; ˈeːsti ˈkeːl is the official language of Estonia, spoken by about 1 Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages The Republics of the Soviet Union were according to the Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Sovereign Soviet Socialist states that had united with other The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Referred to as a short-lived, Soviet-backed puppet state^[3][4] proclaimed on July 21, 1940 after the invasion and occupation of the Republic of Estonia by USSR, and subsequently to the constituent republic of the U.S.S.R. that succeeded it after annexation between 1940-1941 and 1944-1991. A puppet state is a State that is nominally independent but in reality under the control of another power Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Estonian territory was occupied by Nazi Germany from 1941 to 1944 (see Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany). Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers See also Estonia in World War II After Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the Wehrmacht reached Estonia

History

See also: Estonia in World War II

Soviet Occupation 1940

1940 Soviet map of the Estonian SSR

The fate of the Republic of Estonia before the World War II was decided by the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact and the Secret Additional Protocol of August 1939. fate of Estonia in World War II was decided by the German-Soviet Nonaggression Pact and its Secret Additional Protocol of August 1939 Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region

On September 24, 1939 warships of the Soviet Navy appeared off Estonian ports and Soviet bombers began a threatening patrol over Tallinn and the nearby countryside. Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names ^[5] Moscow demanded that Estonia allow the USSR to establish military bases and station 25,000 troops on Estonian soil for the duration of the European war. ^[6] The government of Estonia accepted the ultimatum signing the corresponding agreement on September 28. 1939.

On June 12, 1940, according to the director of the Russian State Archive of the Naval Department Pavel Petrov (C. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Phil. ), the order for total military blockade of Estonia to the Soviet Baltic Fleet was given. The Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet - (Дважды Краснознамённый Балтийский флот was the Imperial later Soviet and is now the Russian Navy's ^[7][8]

On June 14 the Soviet military blockade of Estonia went into effect while the world’s attention was focused on the fall of Paris to Nazi Germany the day before. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers Two Soviet bombers downed a Finnish passenger airplane "Kaleva" flying from Tallinn to Helsinki carrying three diplomatic pouches from the U. Kaleva was a Junkers Ju 52 transport plane belonging to the Finnish carrier Aero O/Y. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. S. legations in Tallinn, Riga and Helsinki. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Riga (Rīga riːga) the Capital of Latvia, is situated on the Baltic Sea coast on the mouth of the river Daugava. Helsinki (in Finnish;) or Helsingfors (in Swedish;) is the Capital and largest city of Finland. ^[9]

On June 16, the Soviet Union invaded Estonia. Events 1487 - Battle of Stoke Field, the last dying breath of the Wars of the Roses. ^[10] the Soviet Union presented an ultimatum, demanding the replacement of the Estonian government and free access for Soviet troops. The Red Army emerged from the military bases in Estonia and, aided by additional 90,000 of Soviet troops, took over the country, occupying the territories of Republic of Estonia,^[11],^[12] and organizing and supporting communist protests all over the country. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya The occupation of the Baltic states refers to the occupation of the Baltic states ( Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) first by the Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region ^[13]

On June 17, the day France surrendered to Germany, Estonia accepted the ultimatum. Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat The Estonian government decided according to the Kellogg-Briand Pact not to defend themselves; given the overwhelming Soviet force both on the borders and inside the country, the order was given not to resist, to avoid bloodshed and open war. The Kellogg-Briand Pact, also known as the Pact of Paris, after the city where it was signed on August 27, 1928, was an international treaty "providing ^[14]

Most of the Estonian Defence Forces and the Estonian Defence League surrendered according to the orders and were disarmed by the Red Army. The Estonian Defence Forces ( Eesti Kaitsevägi is the name of the unified armed forces of the Republic of Estonia. The Estonian Defence League (Kaitseliit is the name of the unified paramilitary armed forces of the Republic of Estonia. Surrender is when Soldiers, nations or other combatants stop fighting and become Prisoners of war, either as Only the Estonian Independent Signal Battalion stationed in Tallinn at Raua Street showed resistance. As the Red Army brought in additional reinforcements supported by six armoured fighting vehicles, the battle lasted several hours until sundown. An armoured fighting vehicle ( AFV) is a military Vehicle, protected by armour and armed with Weapons Most AFVs are equipped for driving in rugged There was one dead, several wounded on the Estonian side and about 10 killed and more wounded on the Soviet side. Finally the military resistance was ended with negotiations and the Independent Signal Battalion surrendered and was disarmed. For Wikipedia's negotiation policy see WikipediaNegotiation. For other uses see Negotiation (disambiguation. ^[15]

On June 21, 1940, the Soviet occupation of the Republic of Estonia was complete. Belligerent military occupation occurs when the control and authority over a territory passes to a hostile army. ^[16] The Flag of Estonia was replaced with a Red flag on Pikk Hermann tower. List of flags of Estonia The national flag of Estonia is a Tricolour featuring three equal horizontal bands of Blue (top Black Red flags can signify a warning Martial law, defiance or Left-wing politics Pikk Hermann ( Tall Hermann) is a tower of the Toompea Castle, on Toompea hill in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia.

On June 21 the President Konstantin Päts (deported to Ufa on July 30 and later arrested) formed a new government under Prime Minister Johannes Vares. The President of the Republic (Eesti Vabariigi President is the Head of state of the Republic of Estonia. Konstantin Päts VR I/1 and III/1 ( February 23 1874 &ndash January 18 1956) was a Politician and the first President Ufa (Уфа́ Өфө Öfö; Уфа|Ufa Ӗпхӳ Ephü) is the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. Johannes Vares ( - November 29, 1946) commonly known as Johannes Vares Barbarus was an Estonian Poet, doctor, and Politician

On July 14-15 the rigged, extraordinary single-party parliamentary election were held where all but pro-Communist candidates were outlawed. People were forced to vote under the threat of prosecution, and those who didn't were later arrested on charges of treason and executed. ^[17] Tribunals were set up to punish "traitors to the people. " those who had fallen short of the "political duty" of voting Estonia into the USSR. The communist "Union of the Estonian Working People" "won" an absolute majority of seats. Communism is a Socioeconomic structure that promotes the establishment of an egalitarian, classless, stateless Society based On July 21 the parliament (Riigivolikogu) proclaimed the formation of the Estonian SSR, and, despite the promises given before the election, petitioned to join the Soviet Union on July 22. In response the Estonian SSR was formally incorporated into the Soviet Union (USSR) on August 6, 1940, and nominally became the 16th constituent republic of the USSR. Annexation ( Latin ad, to and nexus, joining is the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity (either adjacent or non-contiguous The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Republics of the Soviet Union were according to the Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Sovereign Soviet Socialist states that had united with other (On July 16, 1956, the Karelo-Finnish SSR was demoted to the Karelian ASSR; from then on until 1991, the Estonian SSR was considered the 15th constituent republic. Events 622 - The beginning of the Islamic calendar. 1054 - Three Roman legates fractured relations between the Western and Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic (Karjalais-suomalainen sosialistinen neuvostotasavalta Карело-Финская Советская Социалистическая The Karelian ASSR (Карельская АССР was an autonomous republic of the Soviet Union. The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика Estonskaya )

According to Estonian and Western accounts the Republic of Estonia was occupied by the Soviet Union in June 1940,^{[18][19][20][21]} and forcibly incorporated as a result of a communist Coup d'état supported by the Soviet troops. The occupation of the Baltic states refers to the occupation of the Baltic states ( Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) first by the ^[22] The United States, United Kingdom and other western powers considered the annexation of Estonia by USSR illegal following the Stimson Doctrine — a stance that made the doctrine an established precedent of international law. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Annexation ( Latin ad, to and nexus, joining is the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity (either adjacent or non-contiguous The Stimson Doctrine is a policy of the United States federal government, enunciated in a note of January 7 1932 to Japan and International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards ^[23] Although the US and the UK, the allies of the USSR against Germany during the World War II recognized the occupation of the Baltic states by USSR at Yalta Conference in 1945 de facto, they retained diplomatic relations with the exiled representatives of the independent Republic of Estonia,^[24] never formally recognized the annexation of Estonia de jure. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February The Estonian Government in Exile refers to the formally declared governmental authority of the Republic of Estonia in exile existing from 1953 until the reestablishment of ^[25][24]

Russian government and officials however continue to maintain that the Soviet annexation of Estonia was legitimate^[26]

Further information: Occupation of Baltic Republics

Soviet Terror

The Soviet authorities, having gained control over Estonia, immediately imposed their regime and system. The Government of the Russian Federation (Прави́тельство Росси́йской Федера́ции is an executive governmental body that brings together the principal Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region The occupation of the Baltic states refers to the occupation of the Baltic states ( Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania) first by the Order № 001223 "On the Procedure for carrying out the deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia" was issued. Order № 001223, "On the Procedure for carrying out the Deportation of Anti-Soviet Elements from Lithuania Latvia and Estonia", signed January 21,

During the first year of Soviet occupation (1940-1941) over 8,000 people, including most of the country's leading politicians and military officers, were arrested. About 2,200 of the arrested were executed in Estonia, while most others were moved to prison camps in Russia, from where very few were later able to return alive. On July 19, 1940, the Commander-in-chief of the Estonian Army Johan Laidoner was captured by the NKVD and deported together with his wife to the Town of Penza. Events 711 - Muslim forces under Tariq ibn Ziyad defeat the Visigoths led by their king Roderic. A commander-in-chief is the Commander of a nation's Military forces or significant element of those forces The Maavägi, (Ground Forces is the name of the unified ground forces of the Republic of Estonia. Johan Laidoner Born in Viiratsi Parish Viljandi County, Estonia on February 12, 1884. The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat History Penza was founded in 1663 as a frontier outpost on the then southeastern border of Russia Laidoner died in the Vladimir Prison Camp, Russia on March 13, 1953. Events 1138 - Cardinal Gregorio Conti is elected Antipope as Victor IV, succeeding Anacletus II. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ^[27] President of Estonia, Konstantin Päts was arrested and deported by the Soviets to Ufa in Russia on July 30, he died in a psychiatric hospital in Kalinin (currently Tver) in Russia in 1956. The President of the Republic (Eesti Vabariigi President is the Head of state of the Republic of Estonia. Konstantin Päts VR I/1 and III/1 ( February 23 1874 &ndash January 18 1956) was a Politician and the first President Ufa (Уфа́ Өфө Öfö; Уфа|Ufa Ӗпхӳ Ephü) is the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. A psychiatric hospital (previously called insane asylum, mental hospital; or derogatorily looney bin, nut house or Funny Farm) is Tver (Тверь is a city in Russia, the administrative center of Tver Oblast.

800 Estonian officers, about half of the total, were executed, arrested or starved to death in prison camps. The Gulag was the government agency that administered the penal labor camps of the Soviet Union.

Nazi Occupation 1941-1944

See also: Occupation of Estonia by Nazi Germany

After Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941,the Wehrmacht reached Estonia in (July 1941). See also Estonia in World War II After Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the Wehrmacht reached Estonia Nazi Germany and the Third Reich are the common English names for Germany under the regime of Adolf Hitler and the National Socialist German Workers The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1941 ( MCMXLI) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (the link will display 1941 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Wehrmacht (literally "defense force" was the name of the unified Armed forces of Germany from 1935 to 1945 Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Although initially the Germans were perceived as liberators from the USSR and its repressions by most Estonians in hope for restoration of the countries independence, it was soon realized that they were but another occupying power. Germans pillaged the country for the war effort and unleashed the Holocaust. The Holocaust (from the Greek el ''ὁλόκαυστον'' (el-Latn holókauston holos, "completely" and kaustos, "burnt" also known as Estonia was incorporated into the German province of Ostland. Reichskommissariat Ostland was the German name for the Nazi civil administration of part of the occupied Eastern territories of the Third Reich, occupied

Destruction of graveyards and war memorials

Estonian graveyards and monuments were destroyed. Among others, in the Tallinn Military Cemetery the majority of gravestones from 1918–1944 were destroyed by the Soviet authorities. The Defence Forces Cemetery of Tallinn (Tallinna Kaitseväe kalmistu sometimes called the Tallinn Military Cemetery, is one of the three cemeteries of the Tallinn City Centre This graveyard was then re-used by the Red Army after World War II. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya ^[28]

Other cemeteries destroyed by the authorities during the Soviet era in Estonia include Baltic German cemeteries, Kopli cemetery (established in 1774), Mõigu cemetery and the oldest cemetery in Tallinn, the Kalamaja cemetery (from the 16th century). The Baltic Germans (Deutschbalten or Baltendeutsche) were mostly ethnically German inhabitants of the eastern shore of the Baltic Sea, which today Kopli cemetery ( Friedhof von Ziegelskoppel or Kirchhof von Ziegelskoppel) ( Kopli kalmistu) was Estonia 's largest Lutheran Baltic The Mõigu cemetery ( Friedhof von Moik or Kirchhof von Moik) Mõigu kalmistu) was a large Baltic German Cemetery, located in the The Kalamaja cemetery ( Fischermay Kirchhof or Fischermay Friedhof, Kalamaja kalmistu) in Tallinn in Estonia was once After the re-occupation of Estonia in 1944, the destruction of monuments from the Republic of Estonia, which had survived or had been restored during the German occupation, continued. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region On 15 April 1945, in Pärnu, a monument by Amandus Adamson, erected to 87 persons who had fallen in the Estonian War of Independence, was blown up. Pärnu (Pernau Пярну formerly Пернов Parnawa is a City in southwestern Estonia on the coast of Pärnu Bay an inlet of the Gulf of Riga Amandus Heinrich Adamson ( 12 November 1855, Uuga-Rätsepa near Paldiski – 26 June, 1929, Paldiski was an Estonian The Estonian War of Independence (Vabadussõda literally "freedom war" which occurred in 1918-1920 took place during the Russian Civil War, was the The destruction of war memorials continued for several years and occurred across all districts of the country. A comprehensive file concerning the monuments of the Estonian War of Independence, compiled by the Military Department of the EC(b)P Central Committee in April 1945, has been preserved in the Estonian State Archives. Monuments are listed by counties in this file and it specifies the amount of explosive and an evaluation concerning the transportation that were needed. An extract regarding Võrumaa reads:

"In order to carry out demolition works, 15 Party activists and 275 persons from the Destruction Battalion must be mobilised. ‎ Võrumaa ( Võru County)( Võro: Võro maakund) officially Võru maakond, is a County in Southern Estonia 15 workers are needed for the execution of each demolition and 10 people are needed for protection. . . . In order to carry out demolition works, 225 kg of TNT, 150 metres of rope/fuse and 100 primers are needed, since there is no demolition material on the spot. 11 lorries, which are available but which lack petrol, are needed for carrying the ruins away. "^[29]

Soviet repressions against ethnic Russians in Estonia

• Sergei Zarkevich, an activist involved with Russian organizations in Estonia. The owner of the "Russian Book" store: arrest order issued by NKVD on June 23, 1940, executed on March 25, 1941. The NKVD ( НКВД, ru Народный Комиссариат Внутренних Дел ''Narodnyy Komissariat Vnutrennikh Del'') or People's Commissariat
• Oleg Vasilovsky, a former General in the Russian Imperial Army. The Military history of Imperial Russia encompasses the period of warfare in which Russian Empire ground, naval and air forces participated from its creation Arrest order issued by NKVD on July 1, 1940. Further fate unknown.
• Sergei Klensky, one of the former leaders of the Russian Peasants Labor Party. Arrested on July 22. On November 19 1940, sentenced to 8 years in a prison camp. Further fate unknown.
• Mikhail Aleksandrov
• Arseni Zhitkov. ^[30]

Other ethnic Russians in Estonia arrested and executed by different Soviet War Tribunals in 1940-1941: Ivan Salnikov, Pavel Mironov, Mihhail Arhipov, Vassili belugin, Vladimir Strekoytov, Vasili Zhilin, Vladimir Utekhin, Sergei Samennikov, Ivan Meitsev, Ivan Yeremeyev, Konstatin Bushuyev, Yegor Andreyev, Nikolai Sausailov, Aleksandr Serpukhov, Konstatin Nosov, Aleksandr Nekrasov, Nikolai Vasilev-Muroman, Aleksei Sinelshikov, Pyotr Molonenkov, Grigory Varlamov, Stepan Pylnikov, Ivan Lishayev, Pavel Belousev, Nikolai Gusev, Leonid Sakharov, Aleksander Chuganov, Fyodor Dobrovidov, Lev Dobek, Andrei Leontev, Ivan Sokolov, Ivan Svetlov, Vladimir Semenov, Valentin Semenov-Vasilev, Vasili Kamelkov, Georgi Lokhov, Aleksei Forlov, Ivan Ivanov, Vasili Karamsin, Aleksandr Krasilnikov, Aleksandr Zhukov, etc. Aleksandr Nekrasov (1883-1957 was a Russian mathematician known for his mathematical contributions to hydromechanics and Full list at:^[31]

Soviet Deportations

Mass deportations of ethnic Estonians during the Soviet era together with migration into Estonia from other parts of the Soviet Union resulted in the proportion of ethnic Estonians in the country decreasing from 88% in 1934 to 62% in 1989. ^[32] While the Baltic republics had the highest living standard in the Soviet Union and high rates of industrialization, the ethnic Estonians in Estonian SSR (similarly to Latvians in Latvian SSR, but unlike Lithuanians in Lithuanian SSR) suffered a sharp decline of their proportion in the total population due to the large-scale immigration, mostly of Russians. The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population is a process of social and economic change whereby a human group is transformed from a Pre-industrial society into an industrial one The Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvijas Padomju Sociālistiskā Republika Латвийская Советская Социалистическая Республика The Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinė Respublika Литовская Советская Социалистическая Республика While in 1934 the Estonians comprised 88 percent of the total population of Estonia, by 1959 and 1970 their number had decreased to 75 and 68 percent, respectively (and to 61. 5% by 1989. The 1989 Soviet Census was the final and most comprehensive census taken within the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. ^[33])

This decline in percentage was especially severe among the urban and young populations, which made it difficult for Estonians to maintain their ethnic identity. Within 11 years between 1959 and 1970 the proportion of Estonians in Tallinn declined by as much as 4%, from 60% to 56% of the total population. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names ^[34] Population growth throughout the existence of the Estonian SSR was mainly due to immigration from other regions of the Soviet Union. ^[35] Although the percentage of Estonians in the total population of the Estonian SSR declined due to Soviet migration policies, the total number of ethnic Estonians increased over the Soviet period as a whole. ^[36] This was due to a positive natural growth rate of some 1 or 2 thousand per year. As an example, in 1970, the number of live births of Estonians was 14,429 and the number of deaths was 12,356, giving natural increase of 2,073 ethnic Estonians. ^[36]

In 1940-1941 and 1944-1951 during the Soviet deportations from Estonia tens of thousands of Estonian citizens were forcibly resettled to Siberia. As the Soviet Union had occupied Estonia in 1940 and retaken it from Nazi Germany again in 1944 tens of thousands of Estonia's citizens suffered deportation Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving ^[37] During the first year of occupation, 1940-1941, alone, an estimated 43,900 lives were irrecoverably lost, not counting refugees. ^[38] The following three-year Nazi occupation brought with it a loss of 32,740 lives, again not counting refugees. See also Estonia in World War II After Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, the Wehrmacht reached Estonia Another 16,000 people deaths were caused through Soviet repressions in the years following 1944.

See also: Soviet deportations from Estonia

Soviet Occupation 1944-1991

Soviet forces re-occupied Estonia in the autumn of 1944 after fierce battles in the northeast of the country on the Narva river and on the Tannenberg Line (Sinimäed). As the Soviet Union had occupied Estonia in 1940 and retaken it from Nazi Germany again in 1944 tens of thousands of Estonia's citizens suffered deportation The Narva or Narova is a River which drains the Lake Peipus, flowing on the Border of Estonia and Russia. In 1944, faced with the country being re-occupied by the Soviet Army, 80,000 people fled from Estonia by sea to Finland and Sweden. 25,000 Estonians reached Sweden and a further 42,000 Germany. During the war about 8,000 Estonian Swedes and their family members had emigrated to Sweden. After the retreat of the Germans, about 30,000 partisans remained in hiding in the Estonian forests, initiating a massive guerrilla war.

In 1945 some territories of eastern Estonia with the towns of Jaanilinn and Petseri were transferred to the RSFSR. For the fortress see Ivangorod fortress. Ivangorod (Ивангород Estonian: Jaanilinn) is a town in Leningrad Oblast Pechory (Печоры Estonian and Seto: Petseri) is a town in Pskov Oblast, Russia.

In 1949 27,650 Soviet troops were still fighting against the ethnic Estonian guerrilla "forest brothers". The 1949 mass deportation when about 21,000 people were removed from Estonia broke the back of the partisan movement. 6,600 partisans gave themselves up in November 1949. Later on, the failure of the Hungarian uprising broke the morale of 700 men still remaining under cover. According to the Soviet data, up until 1953 20,351 partisans were defeated. Of these, 1,510 perished in the battles. During that period, 1,728 members of the Red Army, NKVD and the militia were killed by the "forest brothers". This article is about Baltic WWII anti-Soviet resistance movement August Sabbe, the last surviving Forest Brother in Estonia, was discovered and killed^[39] by KGB agents in 1978. August Sabbe ( September 1, 1909 – September 27, 1978) was one of the last surviving Estonian members of the Forest Brothers

Border changes of Estonia after World War II

During the first post-war decade of Soviet rule, Estonia was governed by Moscow via Russian-born Estonian governors. Born into the families of native Estonians in Russia, the latter had obtained their education in the Soviet Union during the Stalinist admnistration at the end of the 1930s. Many of them had fought in the Red Army (in the Estonian Rifle Corps), few of them had mastered the Estonian language. ^[40]

Although the United States and the United Kingdom, the allies of the USSR against Germany during World War II, recognized the occupation of the Republic of Estonia by USSR at Yalta Conference in 1945 de facto, the governments of the rest of the western democracies did not recognize the seizure of Estonia by the USSR in 1940 and in 1944 de jure according to the Sumner Welles' declaration of July 23, 1940^[41][42][43] Such countries recognized Estonian diplomats who still functioned in many countries in the name of their former governments. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Yalta Conference, sometimes called the Crimea Conference and Codenamed the Argonaut Conference, was the wartime meeting from 4 February Benjamin Sumner Welles ( October 14, 1892 &ndash September 24, 1961) was an American government official and diplomat These consuls persisted in this anomalous situation until the ultimate restoration of Estonia's independence in 1991. ^[44]

The first freely elected parliament during the Soviet era in Estonia had passed independence resolutions on May 8, 1990, and renamed the Estonian SSR the Republic of Estonia. Events 589 - Reccared summons the Third Council of Toledo 1450 - Jack Cade's Rebellion: Kentishmen Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) On August 20, 1991 the Estonian parliament issued a Declaration of Independence from the Soviet Union. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. On September 6, 1991, the USSR Supreme Council recognized the independence of Estonia. Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. The Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Верхо́вный Сове́т СССР Verkhóvnyj Sovét SSSR) was the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in ^[45], immediately followed by the international recognitions of the Republic of Estonia.

In 1992, Heinrich Mark, the Prime Minister of the Republic of Estonia in exile,^[46] presented his credentials to the newly elected President of Estonia Lennart Meri. Heinrich Mark was born on October 1, 1911 in the Krootuse (Kõlleste rural municipality in the Võru County of Estonia. Lennart Georg Meri (ˈlennɑr̺t ˈg̥eorg̥ ˈmer̺i ( March 29, 1929 – March 14, 2006) was a Writer, Film director On February 23, 1989 The flag of the Estonian SSR was lowered on Pikk Hermann, and replaced with the blue-black-white flag of Estonia on February 24, 1989. Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Pikk Hermann ( Tall Hermann) is a tower of the Toompea Castle, on Toompea hill in Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. List of flags of Estonia The national flag of Estonia is a Tricolour featuring three equal horizontal bands of Blue (top Black Events 303 - Galerius, Roman Emperor, publishes his edict that begins the persecution of Christians in his portion of the Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar)

The last Soviet troops withdrew from Estonia in August 1994. ^[47]

Historical, pre-Perestroika Soviet Sources

Up to the reassessment of Soviet history in USSR that began during Perestroika, before the USSR had condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Nazi Germany and itself that had led to the invasion and occupation of the three Baltic countries including Estonia. (Перестройка) is the Russian term (now used in English for the economic reforms introduced in June 1987 by the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev ^[48]

The events in 1939 according to the pre-Perestroika Soviet sources were following: in a former province of the Russian Empire, the Province of Estonia (Russian: Эстляндская губерния), Soviet power was established in the end of October 1917. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Governorate of Est(honia (Эстляндская губерния or Estlyandskaya guberniya) or Estland, also known as the Government of Estonia A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. The Estonian Soviet Republic was proclaimed in Narva on November 29, 1918 but fell to counter-revolutionaries and the White Armies in 1919. The Commune of the Working People of Estonia (Eesti Töörahva Kommuun earlier et Eesti Töörahva Kommuuna, Эстляндская Трудовая Коммуна ЭТК Narva is the third largest City in Estonia. It is located at the eastern extreme point of Estonia, by the Russian border on the Narva Events 1777 - San Jose California, is founded as el Pueblo de San José de Guadalupe Year 1918 ( MCMXVIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The White movement (Beloie Dvijenie Белое движение whose military arm is known as the White Army (Belaia Armia Белая Армия or White Guard In June 1940 Soviet power was restored in Estonian as workers overthrew the fascist dictatorship in the country. ^[49][50][51]

According to Soviet sources the Soviet government suggested that the Government of the Republic of Estonia conclude a mutual assistance treaty between the two countries. Council of Ministers of the USSR (Совет Министров СССР tr The Government of the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution and the laws of the Pressure from Estonian working people forced the Estonian government to accept this suggestion. On September 28, 1939 the Pact of Mutual Assistance was signed^[52] which allowed the USSR to station a limited number of Soviet Army units in Estonia. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya Economic difficulties, dissatisfaction with the Estonian government's policies "sabotaging fulfillment of the Pact and the Estonian government", and political orientation towards Nazi Germany lead to a revolutionary situation in June 1940. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A note from the Soviet government to the Estonian Government suggested that they stuck strictly to the Pact of Mutual Assistance. To guarantee fulfillment of the Pact additional military units entered Estonia, welcomed by the Estonian workers who demanded the resignation of the Estonian government. On June 21 under the leadership of the Estonian Communist Party political demonstrations by workers were held in Tallinn, Tartu, Narva and other cities. Events 524 - Godomar, King of the Burgundians defeats the Franks at the Battle of Vézeronce. Communist Party of Estonia (in Estonian: Eestimaa Kommunistlik Partei, in Russian: Kommunisticheskaya Partiya Estonii; EKP) was a Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Tartu is the second largest City of Estonia. In contrast to Estonia's political and financial capital Tallinn, Tartu is often considered the intellectual Narva is the third largest City in Estonia. It is located at the eastern extreme point of Estonia, by the Russian border on the Narva On the same day the fascist government was overthrown, and the People's government lead by Johannes Vares was formed. Johannes Vares ( - November 29, 1946) commonly known as Johannes Vares Barbarus was an Estonian Poet, doctor, and Politician On July 14-15 1940 elections for the Estonian Parliament, the State Assembly(Riigikogu) were held. The Riigikogu (from riigi-, of the state and kogu, assembly is the Parliament of Estonia. The "Working People’s Union", created by an initiative of the Estonian Communist Party received with 84. 1% turnout 92. 8% of the votes. ^[53]. ^[54] On July 21 1940 the State Assembly adopted the declaration of the restoration of Soviet power in Estonia and proclaimed the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic. On July 22 the declaration of Estonia's wish to join the USSR was ratified and the Supreme Soviet of the USSR was petitioned accordingly. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 The Supreme Soviet of the USSR (Верхо́вный Сове́т СССР Verkhóvnyj Sovét SSSR) was the highest legislative body in the Soviet Union in The request was approved by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on August 6, 1940. Events 1538 - Bogotá, Colombia, is founded by Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On July 23 the State Assembly proclaimed all land to be People's Property while banks and heavy industry were nationalized. On August 25 the State Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Estonian SSR, renamed itself the Supreme Soviet of the Estonian SSR and approved the Council of People's Commissars of the Estonian SSR. The Council of the People's Commissars, or the Council of People's Commissars, was the highest government authority under the Bolshevik system after the success ^[54]

Controversies

While views diverge on history of Estonia, the core of the controversy lies in the different interpretations of the historical events during World War II and after. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including

During the time of glasnost and the reassessment of Soviet history in USSR, the USSR condemned the 1939 secret protocol between Nazi Germany and itself that had led to the invasion and occupation of the three Baltic countries. (Гла́сность)is literally defined as publicity and sometimes figuratively interpreted as "tipping a vase to let someone see into the vase but not the bottom of the vase" ^[55] The collapse of the Soviet Union led to the restoration Republic of Estonia's sovereignty. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Sovereignty is the exclusive Right to control a Government, a country, a people or oneself (See History of Estonia: Regaining independence).

Plaque on the building of Government of Estonia, Toompea, commemorating government members killed by communist terror

The Bronze Soldier, Soviet World War II monument

According to the European Court of Human Rights,^[56] Government of Estonia,^[57] EU,^[58] USA^[59] Estonia remained occupied by the Soviet Union until restoration of its independence in 1991 and the 48 years of Soviet occupation and annexation was never recognized as legal by the Western democracies. The Government of the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution and the laws of the Toompea (Domberg or "Cathedral Hill" is a Limestone Hill in the central part of the city of Tallinn, the capital of Estonia. The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights The Government of the Republic of Estonia ( Estonian: Vabariigi Valitsus) exercises executive power pursuant to the Constitution and the laws of the The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The United States of America —commonly referred to as the

At the same time revisionism in Russia has begun to raise fears among some historians that the Kremlin is trying to rewrite history in a way that risks playing down some of the less palatable events in the history of the Soviet Union. ^[60]

Although it is evident from documentary evidence at the time that in all three Baltic States those who did not turn out to vote in the 1940 referendums were later summarily tried and executed on charges of treason,^[17] the Russian government continues to maintain that the Soviet annexation of the Baltic states was legitimate^[61] and that the Soviet Union liberated the countries from the Nazis. The Baltic states (Balti riigid Baltijas valstis Baltijos valstybės or Baltic countries are three countries in Northern Europe, all members of the The Government of the Russian Federation (Прави́тельство Росси́йской Федера́ции is an executive governmental body that brings together the principal The Baltic states (Balti riigid Baltijas valstis Baltijos valstybės or Baltic countries are three countries in Northern Europe, all members of the ^[62][63] It is commonly stated that the Soviet troops had entered the Baltics in 1940 following the agreements and with the consent of the then governments of the Baltic republics. They maintain that the USSR was not in a state of war and was not waging any combat activities on the territory of the three Baltic states, therefore, the argument goes, the word 'occupation' can not be used. ^[64][65] "The assertions about [the] 'occupation' by the Soviet Union and the related claims ignore all legal, historical and political realities, and are therefore utterly groundless. " (Russian Foreign Ministry)^[66]

See also: Estonian Government in Exile

Militarization

Main article: Baltic Military District

During the Soviet occupation in Estonia between 1940 to 1991, the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic did not have an armed forces of her own. The Estonian Government in Exile refers to the formally declared governmental authority of the Republic of Estonia in exile existing from 1953 until the reestablishment of The Baltic Military District was a Military district of the Soviet armed forces formed briefly before the German invasion, and then reformed after World War The Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Eesti Nõukogude Sotsialistlik Vabariik Эстонская Советская Социалистическая Республика Estonskaya Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Because of the strategic geographical location Estonia was considered as a strategic zone for the Soviet Armed Forces. The Soviet Armed Forces refers to the armed forces of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from its establishment during the Russian Civil War in 1918 by the The territory was therefore heavily militarized and added to the Soviet Baltic Military District which also including a very strong presence of the Soviet Air Defence, Navy and also the Strategic Rocket Forces. A soviet (сове́т, "council" originally was a workers' local council in late Imperial Russia. The Baltic Military District was a Military district of the Soviet armed forces formed briefly before the German invasion, and then reformed after World War Voyska PVO ( Russian: Войска ПВО or PVO Strany until 1981 was the Air defense branch of the Soviet military The Soviet Navy ( Russian: Военно-морской флот СССР Voyenno-morskoy flot SSSR, literally "Naval military forces of the USSR" was The Strategic Rocket Forces of Russian Federation or RVSNRF ( Russian: Ракетные войска стратегического назначения Российской The so-called military of the Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic included the following units:

Soviet troops leaving Estonia, (August, 1994)

• Ground units:

144th Guards Motor Rifle Division, (Tallinn); 182nd Guard Motorized Rifle Regiment, (Klooga)
188th Guard Motorized Rifle Regiment, (Klooga); 254th Guard Motorized Rifle Regiment, (Tallinn)
148th Independent Recon-Battalion, (Klooga); 295th Independent Engineer-Battalion, (Klooga)
228th Tank Regiment, (Keila); 450th Artillery Regiment, (Klooga)

• Air units:

170th Naval Shturmovik Aviation Regiment, (Ämari); 321th Naval Shturmovik Aviation Regiment, (Ämari)
366th Interceptor Aviation Regiment, (Pärnu); 384th Interceptor Aircraft Regiment, (Tallinn)
425th Interceptor Aviation Regiment, (Haapsalu); 655th Interceptor Aviation Regiment, (Pärnu)
656th Interceptor Aviation Regiment, (Tapa); 66th Soviet Attack Air Regiment, (Kunda)
192th Military Transport Aviation Regiment, (Tartu); 196th Military Transport Aviation Regiment, (Tartu)
132nd Heavy Bomber Aviation Regiment, (Tartu); 2nd Air-Defence Army

• Naval units:

Red-Banner Baltic Fleet; (Tallinn)-(Paldiski)

Development

On July 23, 1940, the Estonian SSR nationalized all land, banks and major industrial enterprises in Estonia. The Baltic Military District was a Military district of the Soviet armed forces formed briefly before the German invasion, and then reformed after World War Other names In Arabic, the month is called أغسطسص ʾUġusṭuṣ or آب ʾĀb; usage varies from place to place and Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) The 32nd Rifle Division was first raised in 1934 at Vladivostok and organized as a Siberian Rifle Division. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Klooga is a Small borough (alevik in Keila Parish in Harju County in northern Estonia. Klooga is a Small borough (alevik in Keila Parish in Harju County in northern Estonia. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Klooga is a Small borough (alevik in Keila Parish in Harju County in northern Estonia. Klooga is a Small borough (alevik in Keila Parish in Harju County in northern Estonia. Keila (Kegel is a town and an urban municipality in Harju County in north-western Estonia. Klooga is a Small borough (alevik in Keila Parish in Harju County in northern Estonia. Ämari Air Base (also given in references as Suurküla (original Estonian name Vasalemma, Emari, Suurkyul, Shuurkyul, and Ämari Air Base (also given in references as Suurküla (original Estonian name Vasalemma, Emari, Suurkyul, Shuurkyul, and Pärnu Airport is an Airport in Estonia. The airport is situated 4 km (2½ mi from the city of Pärnu. Tallinn Airport or Ülemiste Airport ( IATA: TLL, ICAO: EETN; Estonian: Tallinna lennujaam) is the largest Haapsalu ( German and Hapsal Хаапсалу formerly Гапсаль is a seaside Resort town located on the west coast of Estonia. Pärnu Airport is an Airport in Estonia. The airport is situated 4 km (2½ mi from the city of Pärnu. Tapa is an air base in Estonia located 3 km southwest of Tapa. Kunda (more precisely Rutja) is an air base in Estonia located 13 km west of Kunda. Tartu Air Base is a former air base in Estonia located 4 km northeast of Tartu. Tartu Air Base is a former air base in Estonia located 4 km northeast of Tartu. Tartu Air Base is a former air base in Estonia located 4 km northeast of Tartu. Voyska PVO ( Russian: Войска ПВО or PVO Strany until 1981 was the Air defense branch of the Soviet military The Twice Red Banner Baltic Fleet - (Дважды Краснознамённый Балтийский флот was the Imperial later Soviet and is now the Russian Navy's Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names Paldiski is a town and Baltic Sea Port situated on the Pakri peninsula of north-western Estonia. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government Peasants were only allotted small plots of land during the land reforms. Small businesses were also later nationalized. The occupation brought with it colonisation^[67] According to some Western scholars, relations between the Soviet Union and Estonian SSR were those of internal colonialism. Colonisation (also known as Colonization) occurs whenever any one or more species populates a new area Internal Colonialism refers to Political and Economic inequalities between regions within a single society ^[68][69]

• the earlier economic structures constructed mostly in 1920-1940 were purposefully destroyed;
• new production structures were constructed only to satisfy interests of the colonial power, assigning priorities according to an all-union production chain network;
• local environmental resources were used in an extensive, robber-like manner;
• the employment and migration policies were tailored towards assimilating the native population;
• former economic ties of Estonia were cut off and Estonian economy was isolated from non-Soviet markets. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991

All banks and accounts were essentially nationalized; a lot of industrial machinery was disassembled and relocated to other Soviet territories. Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government ^[70] Before retreating in 1941, Red Army, following the scorched earth policies, burnt most industrial constructions, destroying power plants, vehicles and cattle. The Red Army ( Russian: Рабоче-Крестьянская Красная Армия R aboche- K rest'yanskaya K rasnaya A rmiya A scorched earth policy is a military strategy or operational method (possibly more often referred to as a tactic but this is not entirely correct as there is a difference between Millions of dollars worth of goods were also moved from Estonia to Russia under the pretext of "evacuation" without providing any compensation.

Immediately after the war, major immigration projects were undertaken, labelled "brotherly aid under Stalinist nationality policies". For postwar reconstruction, hundreds of thousands of Russophones were relocated into Estonia, mainly the cities. See also Russophone (novel A Russophone (or russophone; русскоговорящий русскоязычный russkogovoryashchy For example, during the years of 1945-1950, the total urban population count grew from 267,000 to 516,000; over 90% of the increase being fresh immigrants. ^[71]

A special care was taken to change the ethnic structure of population,^[72] especially in Northeastern Estonia. For example, a policy of prioritising immigrants before returning war refugees in assigning dwelling quarters was adopted. ^[73]

Collectivization

On May 21, 1947, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks) authorized collectivization of Estonian agriculture. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Central Committee, abbreviated in Russian as ЦК, "Tse-ka" was the highest body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU All-Union Communist Party (bolsheviks (in Russian: Всесоюзная Коммунистическая партия (большевиков, abbreviated ВКП(б Collectivization in the Soviet Union was a policy pursued under Stalin, between 1928 and 1940(much later for areas further away from capital to consolidate individual Initially it was implemented with great difficulties in the Baltic republics but it was facilitated by mass deportations of dissident farmers, termed 'kulaks'. See also Operation Priboi March deportation (märtsiküüditamine is the name commonly used in Estonia for the mass deportation from Estonia Kulaks ( Russian: кула́к kulak " Fist ", by extension "tight-fisted" were a category of rich Peasants in later As a result, by the end of April 1949, half of the remaining individual farmers in Estonia had joined kolkhozes. A kolkhoz () plural kolkhozy, was a form of Collective farming in the Soviet Union that existed along with state Farms ( Sovkhoz, ^[74][75][76] 99. 3% of farms had been collectivised by 1957^[77]

Soviet capital investments in Estonia

Cities, such as Tallinn, destroyed during the World War II, were rebuilt. Tallinn (historically known by the German, Swedish and Danish name Reval or the Polish name Rewal, among other names World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In 1955 the TV Centre was built in Tallinn, that began TV broadcasts on June 29 of that year. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. ^[78] During preparations to the 1980 Summer Olympics Tallinn was selected as the host for sailing events and sports buildings were built, along with other general infrstructure and broadcasting facilities. The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Moscow in the Soviet Sailing (also called Yachting) at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by six events This wave of investment included Tallinn TV Tower, Pirita Yachting Centre and Linnahall. Tallinn TV Tower ( Tallinna teletorn) is a free-standing structure with an Observation deck, built to provide better telecommunication services for the 1980 Moscow Linnahall (City Hall is a concert/sports venue in Tallinn, Estonia. The Tallinn Song Grounds, the venue for the song festivals, were built in 1960^[79]

Industry

Oil shale and lumber, later also uranium ore, a number of large-volume capital investments were undertaken by the Soviet central power on Estonian territories, mostly under the guise of "postwar reconstruction". Lumber or timber is Wood in any of its stages from felling through readiness for use as structural Material for Construction, or ^[80][72] The first Five Year Plan of the occupation, called the fourth Five Year Plan, prescribed a total of 3. 5 billion roubles of investments for enterprises in Estonia.

One of the important goals in this reformation of Estonia's economy was providing economic support to Leningrad. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River To this end, 40% of the total capital investments of the fourth Five Year Plan to be spent in Estonia were intended for investments in oil shale mining infrastructure. Gas-rich oil shale was delivered to Leningrad via a specially built pipeline starting from 1948; gas from this very same source did not reach Tallinn until 1953. In 1961, 62. 5% of the gas produced was still delivered to Leningrad.

By the end of 1954, 227,000 apartments in Leningrad were supplied with using the gas output of Kohtla-Järve; only about three percent of that, or 6,041 apartments, had been supplied in Tallinn. Kohtla-Järve is a City and municipality in north-eastern Estonia, founded in 1924 and incorporated as a town in 1946 ^[81]

Healthcare in Estonian SSR

In the year 1950, the major problems meriting medical research were declared to be tuberculosis, traumatism, occupational diseases and dysentery. Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Treatment of physical trauma is described here and in First aid. An occupational disease is any chronic ailment that occurs as a result of work or occupational activity Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe Diarrhea containing mucus and blood In comparison to the war years, birth rate had increased, mortality (including infant mortality) decreased, and the birth rate again exceeded the death rate. ^[82]

Despite the immense needs for research, the Faculty of Medicine at Tartu State University (now University of Tartu) suffered from major purges, culminating after March 1950. The University of Tartu (Tartu Ülikool Тартуский университет Universität Dorpat is a classical University in the city of Tartu, Estonia The University of Tartu (Tartu Ülikool Тартуский университет Universität Dorpat is a classical University in the city of Tartu, Estonia Altogether, 56 staff of the university were purged; in the Faculty of Medicine, 12 professors of 17 were removed from their positions. The meaning of the word professor ( Latin: professor, person who professes to be an expert in some art or science teacher of highest rank) varies They were replaced with less skilled but politically reliable staff.

Only after the Khrushchev Thaw period of 1956 did healthcare networks start to stabilise. Khrushchev's Thaw or the Khrushchev Thaw refers to the period from the mid 1950s to the early 1960s when repression and Censorship in the Soviet Union Due to natural development, science and technology advanced and popular welfare increased. All demographic indicators improved; birth rate increased, mortality decreased. Healthcare became freely available to everybody during the Soviet era.

Alcoholism became a growing health issue. Alcoholism is a term with multiple and sometimes conflicting definitions ^[83] Up until 1985 and the beginning of glasnost, it was illegal to publish statistical data on alcohol sales. (Гла́сность)is literally defined as publicity and sometimes figuratively interpreted as "tipping a vase to let someone see into the vase but not the bottom of the vase" It is estimated that alcoholism peaked in 1982-1984, when consumption reached 11. 2 litres of absolute alcohol per person per annum. (In comparison, in Finland during the same period consumption only 6-7 litres per person per annum).

Budgetary system

In the Soviet system, all local proceeds were initially appropriated into the federal budget at Moscow, and some of them were then invested back in the local economies. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Thus, investment figures do not represent actual income; rather, they resemble the spending side of the national budget. Budget (from French bougette, purse generally refers to a list of all planned expenses and revenues

Economy

The Soviet rule significantly slowed Estonia's economic growth, resulting in a wide wealth gap in comparison with its neighboring countries (e. g. , Finland, Sweden). Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. ^[84] For example, Estonian economy and standard of living exceeded that in Finland prior to WWII. Despite Soviet and now Russian claims of improvements in standards, even three decades after WWII Estonia was rife with housing and food shortages. ^[85] The economic damages directly attributable to the second Soviet occupation (from 1945 to 1991) have been estimated to lie in the range of hundreds of billions of dollars. The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been ^[86] Similarly, the damages to Estonian ecology were estimated at around 4 billion USD. Ecology (from Greek grc οἶκος oikos, "house(hold" and grc -λογία -logia) is the scientific study of

Moscow Olympic Games of 1980

Main article: Sailing at the 1980 Summer Olympics

Tallinn was selected the host of the sailing events which led to controversy since not all Western state had recognized ESSR as part of USSR. The 1980 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXII Olympiad, were an International Multi-sport event held in Moscow in the Soviet Sailing (also called Yachting) at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by six events Sailing (also called Yachting) at the 1980 Summer Olympics was represented by six events In preparations, a number of sports and general infrastructure buildings were built, including Tallinn TV Tower, Pirita Yachting Centre and Linnahall. Tallinn TV Tower ( Tallinna teletorn) is a free-standing structure with an Observation deck, built to provide better telecommunication services for the 1980 Moscow Linnahall (City Hall is a concert/sports venue in Tallinn, Estonia.

See also

• Estonia
• Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact
• History of Estonia
• Demographics of Estonia

Notes and references

External links

• Museum of occupations of Estonia — Project by the Kistler-Ritso Estonian Foundation
• Estonian International Commission for Investigation of Crimes Against Humanity

Further reading