Esarhaddon (Greek and Biblical form; Akkadian Aššur-ahhe-iddina "Ashur has given a brother to me"), was a king of Assyria who reigned 681 BC-669 BC, the youngest son of Sennacherib and the Aramean queen Naqi'a (Zakitu), Sennacherib's second wife. Ashur (אַשּׁוּר often also transliterated as Asshur to reflect the pointing of Hebrew letter 'ש' ( Shin) in the Masoretic text which doubles the 'ש' was the Early history The most Neolithic site in Assyria is at Tell Hassuna, the center of the Hassuna culture Events and trends 689 BC — King Sennacherib of Assyria sacks Babylon. Events and trends 669 BC: Ashurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria. Sennacherib ( Akkadian Sîn-ahhe-eriba "(moon god Sîn has replaced (lost brothers for me" was the son of Sargon II, whom he When, despite being the youngest son, he was named successor by his father, his elder brothers tried to discredit him. Oracles had named Esarhaddon as the person to free the exiles and rebuild Babylon, the destruction of which by Sennacherib was felt to be sacrilegious. An oracle is a person or agency considered to be a source of wise counsel or prophetic opinion an Infallible authority usually spiritual in nature Babylon was a City-state of ancient Mesopotamia, the remains of which can be found in present-day Al Hillah, Babil Province, Iraq Esarhaddon remained crown prince, but was forced into exile at an unknown place beyond Hanilgalbat (Mitanni), that is, beyond the Euphrates, most likely somewhere in what is now southeastern Turkey. Crown Princess redirects here for the ship see Crown Princess (ship. Mitanni ( Hittite cuneiform, also Mittani) or Hanigalbat ( Assyrian Hanigalbat Khanigalbat cuneiform) The Euphrates ( ( Arabic: ar نهر الفرات; Turkish: tr Fırat Syriac: syr ܦܪܬ; Hebrew: he פרת Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
Sennacherib was murdered in 681 BC, some claim at the instigation of Esarhaddon, though this seems hardly likely, as he was not in a situation to exploit unrest arising from the death of his father. He returned to the capital of Nineveh in forced marches and defeated his rival brothers in six weeks of civil war. Nineveh ( Akkadian: Ninua; Aramaic: ܢܝܢܘܐ Hebrew נינוה Nīnewē; Arabic نينوى Naīnuwa) A civil war is a War between a State and domestic political actors that are in control of some part of the territory claimed by the state He was formally declared king in spring of 681 BC. His brothers fled the land, and their followers and families were put to death. In the same year he began the rebuilding of Babylon, including the well-known Esagila (sometimes identified with Tower of Babel). The Tower of Babel (מגדל בבל Migdal Bavel برج بابل Burj Babil) is a structure featured in chapter 11 of the Book of Genesis, an enormous The statues of the Babylonian gods were restored and returned to the city. In order not to appear too biased in favor of Babylonia, he ordered the reconstruction of the Assyrian sanctuary of Esharra in Ashur as well. Foreigners were forbidden to enter this temple. Both buildings were dedicated almost at the same date, in year two of his reign.
The first military campaigns of Esarhaddon were directed against nomadic tribes of southern Mesopotamia, the Dakkuri and Gambulu, who had been harassing the peasants. Nomadic people, (from the νομάδες nomádes, "those who let pasture herds" also known as nomads, are communities of people that Mesopotamia (from the Greek meaning "land between the rivers" is an area geographically located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers largely corresponding In 679 BC the Cimmerians, who had already killed his grandfather Sargon, reappeared in Cilicia and Tabal under their new ruler Teushpa. Events and trends 677 BC — Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes advances as far as the Brook of Egypt See Cimmeria (Conan or Cimmeria (Poem for the fiction of Robert E Sargon II ( Akkadian Šarru-kinu "legitimate king" reigned 722 – 705 BC was an Assyrian king Geography Cilicia extended along the Aegean coast east from Pamphylia, to Mount Amanus ( Gavurdağı Mount) which separated it from Syria Tabal (Bib Tubal, Gk Τιβαρηνοί Tibarenoi, Lat Tibareni, Thobeles in Josephus was a Luwian speaking Neo-Hittite Teushpa (or Teispes or Chaishpish) was a 7th century BC king of the Cimmerians. Esarhaddon defeated them near Hubushna, and defeated the rebellious inhabitants of Hilakku as well. The Cimmerians withdrew to the west, where they were to destroy the kingdom of Phrygia in 676, together with Scythian and Urartun help. In antiquity Phrygia (Φρυγία was a kingdom in the west central part of Anatolia, in what is now modern-day Turkey. Events By Place Europe Æthelred invades Kent. Asia In Japan Emperor Temmu In Classical Antiquity, Scythia ( Greek Skuthia) was the area in Eurasia inhabited by the Scythians, from the 8th Urartu ( Assyrian: Urarṭu Urartian: Biainili Ուրարտու was an Iron Age kingdom in Eastern Anatolia ( Transcaucasia) rising
The Sidonian king Abdi-Milkutti, who had risen up against the Assyrian king, was defeated in 677 BC and beheaded. Sidon,or Saïda, ( Arabic ar صيدا; Phoenician phoenician yodh Abdi-Milkutti (=Abdi-milki was a Sidonian king (reigned c680-677 BC who rose up against Assyrian rule Events and trends 677 BC — Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes advances as far as the Brook of Egypt The town of Sidon was destroyed and rebuilt as Kar-Ashur-aha-iddina, the Harbor of Esarhaddon. The population was deported to Assyria. A share of the plunder went to the loyal king of rival Tyre, Baal I, himself an Assyrian puppet. Tyre ( Arabic صور Ṣūr, Phoenician Phoenician wawsvg|12px|ו]] Ṣur, Hebrew Baal I was the king of Tyre ( 680 - 660 BC) His name is the same as that of the Phoenician deity Baal. The partly conserved text of a treaty with Tyre mentions the kings of Judah, Edom, Moab, Gaza, Ashkelon, Ekron, Byblos, Arvad, Samsi-muruna, Ammon, Ashdod, ten kings from the coast of the sea, and ten kings from the middle of the sea (usually identified with Cyprus), as Assyrian allies. Judea is a term used for the mountainous southern part of the historic Land of Israel. Moab (; Greek Μωάβ; Arabic مؤاب, Assyrian Mu'aba, Ma'ba, Ma'ab; Egyptian Gaza (غزة, עַזָּה ʕazzā is the largest city in the Gaza Strip and the Palestinian territories. Ashkelon (אַשְׁקְלוֹן ٲشكلون also عسقلان; Latin: Ascalon; Akkadian: Isqalluna is a coastal city in southern The city of Ekron (עֶקְרוֹן ʿeqrōn, also transliterated Accaron) Byblos ( Βύβλος) is the Greek name of the Phoenician city Gebal (earlier Gubla) Arwad ( أرواد) &ndash formerly known as Arado ( Άραδο) Arados (Greek Άραδος) Arvad, Arpad Ammon or Ammonites ( also referred to in the Bible as the "children of Ammon" were a people (also known from Assyrian and other records living east Ashdod (אַשְׁדּוֹד اشدود إسدود Isdud) located in the South District of Israel, on the Mediterranean Sea coast Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía
In 676 BC Esarhaddon took the towns of Sissu and Kundu in the Taurus Mountains. Events and trends 677 BC — Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes advances as far as the Brook of Egypt For the Taurus Mountains on the moon see Montes Taurus. For Mount Taurus outside Cold Spring New York, see Bull Hill. The Mannaeans, the Scythians under their king Ishpakaia, and the Guti of the Zagros proved to be a nuisance as well, as is attested by numerous oracle-texts. The Mannaeans (country name usually Mannea; Akkadian: Mannai, possibly Biblical Minni, מנּי were an ancient people of unknown origin The Zagros Mountains (جبال زاجروس (رشته كوههاى زاگرس ( Sorani Kurdish: Zagros - زاگرۆس make up Iran 's and Iraq 's The Mannaeans, former vassals of the Assyrians, were no longer restricted to the area around Lake Urmia, but had spread into Zamua, where they interrupted the horse trade between Parsuash and Assyria and refused to pay further tribute. A vassal (also called feodary or fedary) in the terminology that both preceded and accompanied the feudalism of Medieval Europe, Lake Urmia ( Daryacheh-ye Orumieh; ارومیه گولو, ارومیه گولی ancient name Lake Matiene) is a Salt lake in northwestern Iran After the fall of Phrygia, a daughter of Esarhaddon was wedded to the Scythian prince Partatua of Sakasene in order to improve relations with the nomads. The Medes under Khshathrita (Phraortes) had been the target of a campaign as well, the date of which is unclear (possibly before 676 BC). The Medes were an ancient Iranian people who lived in the northwestern portions of present-day Iran. Phraortes, also known as Fravartish (𐎳𐎼𐎺𐎼𐎫𐎡𐏁 Fravartiš; c Later, Assyrian hosts reached the border of the "salt-desert" near the mountain Bikni, that is, near Teheran. Tehran (or Teheran) ( Persian: تهران Tehrān) is the capital and largest City of Iran, and the administrative center of A number of fortresses secured the Zagros: Bit-Parnakki, Bit-kari and Harhar (Kar-Sharrukin).
A certain Mugallu had taken possession of parts of Meliddu (Melitene), and associated himself with the king of Tabal. Malatya ( Hittite: Melid; Greek: Μαλάτεια Malateia; Armenian: Մալաթիա Malatia; Kurdish: Meliddu was besieged in 675 BC, but without success. Events and trends 677 BC — Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes advances as far as the Brook of Egypt That same year, Humban-Haltash II of Elam began a campaign against Sippar, but was defeated by the Babylonians, and died soon afterwards. Elam is the name of an ancient civilization located in what is now southwest Iran. Sippar ( Sumerian Zimbir "bird city" modern Tell Abu Habbah, Iraq) was an ancient Sumerian and later Babylonian His brother and successor Urtaki restored peace with Assyria.
A preliminary campaign against Egypt begun by Esarhaddon the next year seems to have failed. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Meanwhile, Esarhaddon was waging war in the land of Bazu, situated opposite of the island of Dilmun (Bahrain), probably Qatar, "where snakes and scorpions cover the ground like ants" - a dry land of salt deserts. "Bazu" redirects here For the Romanian aviator see Constantin Cantacuzino. Dilmun (sometimes transliterated Telmun) is a land mentioned by Mesopotamian Civilizations as a trade partner source of raw material copper and Entrepot The Kingdom of Bahrain (in مملكة البحرين,, literally Kingdom of the Two Seas) is an Island country in the Persian Gulf Qatar ( قطر; ˈqɑtˁɑr local pronunciation giṭar officially the State of Qatar (Arabic دولة قطر transliterated In 673 BC, Esarhaddon waged war against Urartu under king Rusas II, that had strengthened again after the ravages of Sargon and the Cimmerians. Events and trends 677 BC — Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes advances as far as the Brook of Egypt Urartu ( Assyrian: Urarṭu Urartian: Biainili Ուրարտու was an Iron Age kingdom in Eastern Anatolia ( Transcaucasia) rising This page lists the kings of Urartu an Iron Age kingdom in what is now eastern Turkey and Armenia.
In 672 BC, crown prince Sin-iddina-apla died. Events and trends 677 BC — Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes advances as far as the Brook of Egypt He had been the oldest son and designated as king of Assyria, while the second son Shamash-shum-ukin was to become the ruler of Babylon. Shamash-shum-ukin was king of Babylon from 668-648 BCHe was the second son of the Assyrian King Esarhaddon. Now, the younger Assurbanipal became crown prince, but he was very unpopular with the court and the priesthood. Ashurbanipal ( Akkadian: Aššur-bāni-apli, " Ashur has made a son" or "Ashur created an heir" (b Contracts were made with leading Assyrians, members of the royal family and foreign rulers, to assure their loyalty to the crown prince.
In 671 BC Esarhaddon went to war against Pharaoh Taharqa of Egypt. Events and trends 677 BC — Esarhaddon leads the Assyrian army against rebellious Arab tribes advances as far as the Brook of Egypt Taharqa was pharaoh of Egypt, and a member of the Nubian or Twenty-fifth dynasty of Egypt. This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Part of his army stayed behind to deal with rebellions in Tyre, and perhaps Ashkelon. The remainder went south to Rapihu, then crossed the Sinai, a desert inhabited by dreadful and dangerous animals, and entered Egypt. The Sinai Peninsula or Sinai ( Coptic: sina; Egyptian Arabic: sina سينا Arabic, sina'a سيناء In the summer he took Memphis, and Taharqa fled to Upper Egypt. Memphis was the ancient capitol of the first nome of Lower Egypt, and of the Old Kingdom of Egypt from its foundation until around 2200 BC and Upper Egypt (صعيد مصر Sa'id Misr) is a narrow strip of land that extends from the cataract boundaries of modern-day Aswan to the area between Esarhaddon now called himself "king of Musur, Patros and Kush", and returned with rich booty from the cities of the delta. This is a list of characters in the Anime and Manga series Bleach who are. Kush civilization centered in the confluence of the Blue Nile and the White Nile, and the confluence of the River Atbara and Nile in what Almost as soon as the king left, Egypt rebelled against Assyrian rule.
Esarhaddon had to contend with court intrigues at Nineveh that led to the execution of several nobles, and sent his general, Sha-Nabu-shu, to restore order in the Nile Valley. The Nile (النيل, Ancient Egyptian iteru or Ḥ'pī, Coptic piaro or phiaro) is a major north-flowing River In 669 BC, he went to Egypt in person, but suddenly died in autumn of the same year, in Harran. Events and trends 669 BC: Ashurbanipal succeeds his father Esarhaddon as king of Assyria. He was succeeded by Assurbanipal as king of Assyria and Shamash-shum-ukin as king of Babylonia. Ashurbanipal ( Akkadian: Aššur-bāni-apli, " Ashur has made a son" or "Ashur created an heir" (b Shamash-shum-ukin was king of Babylon from 668-648 BCHe was the second son of the Assyrian King Esarhaddon.
In fiction
- Leo Tolstoy wrote a short story about Esarhaddon and one of his foes. Leo Tolstoy, or Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy ( –) (Лев Никола́евич Толсто́й, was a Russian Writer widely regarded
- Esarhaddon is also a major character in the novel The Assyrian, written as a narrative of a fictional half-brother to Esarhaddon, "Tiglath". A novel (from Italian novella, Spanish novela, French nouvelle for "new" "news" or "short story The Assyrian is a 1987 novel by Nicholas Guild. Together with its companion sequel The Blood Star, the two volumes tell the history of Tiglath Ashur
- S. R. Hadden, the reclusive, eccentric billionaire in Carl Sagan's novel (played by John Hurt in Robert Zemeckis's film version) Contact, was named for Esarhaddon. John Vincent Hurt, CBE (born 22 January 1940 is an English Actor. Robert Lee "Bob" Zemeckis (born May 14, 1952) is an Academy Award - and Golden Globe -winning American Film director, Contact is a 1997 Science fiction film adapted from the novel by Carl Sagan. Contact is a Science fiction Novel written by Carl Sagan and published in 1985. Similarities between the character and the king are numerous.
External links
- A summary of Assyrian kings
- The murderer of Sennacherib - by Simo Parpola
- Vassal treaties and Esharhaddon's "Letter to the God" take me back!
- Esharhaddon’s Syrio-Palestinian Campaign
- Esarhaddon Chronicle
| Preceded by Sennacherib | King of Assyria 681–669 BC | Succeeded by Ashurbanipal |
| King of Babylon 681–669 BC | Succeeded by Shamash-shum-ukin |
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