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"Enclave" redirects here. For other uses, see Enclave (disambiguation).
C is A's enclave and B's exclave.
C is A's enclave and B's exclave.
D is an exclave of B, but not an enclave of A since it also shares a border with C.
D is an exclave of B, but not an enclave of A since it also shares a border with C.

In political geography, an enclave is a country or part of a country mostly surrounded by the territory of another country or wholly lying within the boundaries of another country,[1] and an exclave is a part of a country which is geographically separated from the main part by surrounding "alien" territory. Political geography is the field of Human geography that is concerned with the study of both the spatially uneven outcomes of Political processes and the ways in which [2] Many entities are both enclaves and exclaves, but not all are simultaneously both.

Contents

Origin and usage

The word enclave crept into the jargon of diplomacy rather late in English, in 1868, coming from French, the lingua franca of diplomacy, with a sense inherited from late Latin inclavatus meaning 'shut in, locked up" (with a key, late Latin clavis). For Wikipedia jargon see WikipediaGlossary. For hacker slang see Jargon File. Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely Diplomacy is the art and practice of conducting Negotiations between representatives of groups or states Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The word exclave is a logical extension created three decades later.

Although the meanings of both words are close, an exclave may not necessarily be an enclave or vice versa. For example, Kaliningrad, an exclave of Russia, is not an enclave because it is surrounded not by one state, but by two: Lithuania and Poland; it also borders the Baltic Sea. Kaliningrad (Калининград is a Seaport and the administrative center of Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian Exclave between Poland Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland The Baltic Sea is a Brackish inland sea located in Northern Europe, from 53°N to 66°N Latitude and from 20°E to 26°E Longitude. On the other hand, Lesotho is an enclave in South Africa, but it is not politically attached to anything else, meaning that it is not an exclave. Lesotho (lɪˈsuːtuː) officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a Landlocked country and Enclave — entirely surrounded by the Republic of South The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa

In British administrative history, subnational enclaves were usually called detachments. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located In English ecclesiastic history, subnational enclaves were known as peculiars (see also Royal Peculiar). England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Ecclesiology (from Greek grc ἐκκλησίᾱ ekklēsiā, "congregation church" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of the History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology A Royal Peculiar (or Royal Peculier) is a place of worship that falls directly under the jurisdiction of the British monarch, rather than a Diocese

A country almost surrounded by another but having access to the sea is not considered to be an enclave. For this reason, The Gambia is not an enclave of Senegal. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa.

Usage in other fields

In medicine, an exclave is a detached part of an organ, as of the pancreas, thyroid, or other gland.

Characteristics

Enclaves may be created for a variety of historical, political or geographical reasons. History is the study of the past particularly the written record Those who study history as a Profession are called Historians Etymology Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Geography (from Greek γεωγραφία - geografia) is the study of the Earth and its lands features inhabitants and phenomena Some areas have been left as enclaves by changes in the course of a river.

Since living in an enclave can be very inconvenient and many agreements have to be found by both countries over mail addresses, power supply or passage rights, enclaves tend to be eliminated and many cases that existed before have now been removed.

Many exclaves today have an independence movement, especially if the exclave is far away from the mainland. Independence is the Self-government of a Nation, Country, or State by its residents and population or some portion thereof generally exercising

True enclaves

See List of enclaves and exclaves. In Political geography, an enclave is a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a

This refers to those territories where a country is sovereign, but which cannot be reached without entering one particular other country. One example was West Berlin, before the reunification of Germany, which was de facto a West German exclave within East Germany, and thus an East German enclave (many small West Berlin land areas, such as Steinstücken, were in turn separated from the main one, some by only a few meters). West Berlin was the name given to the western part of Berlin between 1949 and 1990 Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. West Germany ( Inf German: Westdeutschland or West-Deutschland) was the common English name for the Federal Republic of Germany ( The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Steinstücken, a small settlement with approximately 200 inhabitants is the southernmost territory of the Berlin borough of Steglitz-Zehlendorf. De jure all of Berlin was ruled by the four Allied powers; this meant that West Berlin could not send voting members to the German Parliament, and that its citizens were exempt from conscription. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority

Most of the enclaves now existing are to be found in Asia, with a handful in Africa and Europe. While administrative enclaves are found frequently elsewhere, there are no nation-level enclaves in Australia or the Americas.

Enclaved countries

Position of Lesotho within South Africa
Position of Lesotho within South Africa

Some enclaves are countries in their own right, completely surrounded by another one, and therefore not exclaves. Three such sovereign countries exist:

See also List of countries that border only one other country. This is a list of Countries that have a Land border with only one other country.

Related constructs and terms

"Practical" enclaves and exclaves and inaccessible districts

Some territories, attached to the motherland by a thin slice of land or territorial water, are more easily accessible by traveling through a foreign country. These territories may be called "practical exclaves" or "pene-exclaves".

Areas that are not geographically separated from the rest of the mother country, but do not have adequate transportation links between the territory and its mother country without going through a foreign country are called inaccessible districts.

Conversely, a territory that is an exclave but does not function as one (instead functioning as a contiguous part of the main nation) is deemed a "quasi-exclave". (Robinson 1959)

Subnational enclaves and exclaves

Sometimes, administrative divisions of a country, for historical or practical reasons, caused some areas to belong to a division while being attached to another one.

Ethnic enclaves

Ethnic enclaves are communities of an ethnic group inside an area where another ethnic group predominates. Jewish ghettos and shtetls, barrios and Chinatowns are examples. A ghetto is described as a "portion of a city in which members of a minority group live especially because of social legal or economic pressure A shtetl (שטעטל diminutive form of Yiddish shtot שטאָט "town" pronounced very similarly to the South German diminutive "Städtle" "little Barrio is a Spanish word meaning District or Neighborhood. The Word has come into use in English mostly through the large A Chinatown is a section of an urban area with a large number of Chinese outside the majority-Chinese countries of Greater China. These areas may have a separate language, culture and economic system.

Extraterritoriality

Embassies and military bases are usually exempted from the jurisdiction of the host country, i. A diplomatic mission is a group of people from one State or an international Inter-governmental organization (such as the United Nations) present in e. , the laws of the host nation the embassy is in do not typically apply to the land of the embassy or base itself. This exemption from the jurisdiction of the host country is defined as extraterritoriality. Extraterritoriality is the state of being exempt from the Jurisdiction of local law usually as the result of diplomatic negotiations Areas of extraterritoriality are not true enclaves as they are still part of the host country. In addition to embassies some other areas have extraterritoriality.

Examples of this include:

Land ceded to a foreign country

Some areas of land in a country are owned by another country and in some cases it has special privileges, such as being exempt from taxes. Moldauhafen ( Vltava port is a lot in the port of Hamburg, Germany, which has been leased in 1929 pursuant to the Treaty of Hamburg (English, German: ˈhambʊɐk local pronunciation Low German / Low Saxon: Hamborg) is the second-largest city in Germany The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, These lands are not enclaves and do not have extraterritoriality.

Examples of this include:

National railway passing through foreign territory

Changes in borders can make a railway that was previously located solely within a country criss-cross the new borders. Since railways are much more expensive than roads to rebuild to avoid this problem, the criss-cross arrangement tends to last a long time. With passenger trains this may mean that doors on carriages are locked and guarded to prevent illicit entry and exit while the train is momentarily in another country.

Examples include:

Also, borders have occasionally been shifted for the purpose of avoiding this sort of arrangement. The best-known example is the Gadsden Purchase, in which the United States bought land from Mexico on which it was planned to build a southern route for the transcontinental railroad. The Gadsden Purchase (known as Venta de La Mesilla or Treaty of La Mesilla in Mexico is a region of what is today southern Arizona and New Mexico The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Transcontinental Railroad is a Railroad that crosses a Continent from "coast-to-coast" Owing to the topography of the area, acquisition of the new land by New Mexico and Arizona would have been the only feasible way to construct such a railroad in the South. New Mexico ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States of America. The State of Arizona ( is a state located in the southwestern region of the United States.

National highway passing through foreign territory

This arrangement is less common as highways are more easily re-aligned as noted above. Examples include:

Border infrastructure

Several bridges cross the frontier rivers separating Germany and Poland. They can share the cost of maintaining these bridges, but it would be foolish to share the work. So they have divided the bridges between them, making each country totally responsible for some of the bridges, even though one end of each bridge is on the other's territory. [6]

Notes

  1. ^ 6 results for: enclave. Dictionary. com. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
  2. ^ 4 results for: exclave. Dictionary. com. Retrieved on 2007-01-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople.
  3. ^ Evans, D. M. Emrys (1965). "John F. Kennedy Memorial Act, 1964". The Modern Law Review 28 (6): 703–706.  
  4. ^ Railway Gazette International April 2008 p 240
  5. ^ Railway Gazette International April 2008 p 240
  6. ^ Railway Gazette: Border bridges rebuilt

References

Robinson, G. Railway Gazette International is a monthly business journal covering the Railway, metro, Light rail and Tram industries worldwide Railway Gazette International is a monthly business journal covering the Railway, metro, Light rail and Tram industries worldwide W. S. (September 1959). "Exclaves". Annals of the Association of American Geographers 49 (3, [Part 1]): 283–295. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8306.1959.tb01614.x. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document. JSTOR.  

See also

External links

In Political geography, an enclave is a piece of land which is totally surrounded by a foreign territory and an exclave is one which is politically attached to a A panhandle or salient is an informal geographic term for an elongated tail-like protrusion of a geo-political entity such as an A shoestring annexation is a term used in the United States for an annexation by a City, Town or other Municipality in which it acquires new A landlocked country is commonly defined as one enclosed or nearly enclosed by land This is a list of Countries that have a Land border with only one other country. This is a list of ethnic enclaves in North American cities. An ethnic enclave in this context denotes an area primarily populated by a population with similar ethnic or racial List of foreign enclaves in China International Shanghai International Settlement Beijing Legation Quarter Gulangyu
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