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Elmira, New York
Skyline of Elmira, New York
Flag of Elmira, New York
Flag
Official seal of Elmira, New York
Seal
Location in Chemung County in the state of New York
Location in Chemung County in the state of New York
Coordinates: 42°5′7″N 76°48′33″W / 42.08528, -76.80917
CountryUnited States
StateNew York
CountyChemung County
Incorporated1864
Government
 - MayorJohn S. Chemung County is a County located in the US state of New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The political units and divisions of the United States include The 50 states (four of these being officially styled as Commonwealths) which are typically New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous There are 62 counties in the State of New York. The first twelve counties in New York were created immediately after the British annexation of the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam Chemung County is a County located in the US state of New York. A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Tonello (D)
Area
 - City7. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. 58 sq mi (12. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile.km²)
 - Land7. To help compare different Orders of magnitude and geographical regions we list here areas between 100 km² and 1000 km² 28 sq mi (11. 72 km²)
 - Water0. 3 sq mi (0. 48 km²)
Elevation873 ft (266 m)
Population (2000)
 - City30,940
 - Density4,229. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 5/sq mi (1,632/km²)
 - Metro90,070 (Chemung County)
Time zoneEST (UTC-5)
 - Summer (DST)EDT (UTC-5)
Website: http://www.cityofelmira.net/

Elmira is a city in Chemung County, New York, USA. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America UTC−5 is the Time offset used in the North American Eastern Time Zone during Standard time and in the North American Central Time Zone during Daylight saving time ( DST The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America UTC−5 is the Time offset used in the North American Eastern Time Zone during Standard time and in the North American Central Time Zone during A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Chemung County is a County located in the US state of New York. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It is the principal city of the 'Elmira, New York Metropolitan Statistical Area' which encompasses Chemung County, New York. Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas|Table of United States Core Based Statistical AreasIn the United States, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB has produced The population was 30,940 at the 2000 census. It is the county seat of Chemung County. A county seat is a term for an Administrative center for a County, primarily used in the United States. Chemung County is a County located in the US state of New York.

The City of Elmira is located in the south-central part of the county, surrounded on three sides by the Town of Elmira. Elmira is a Town in Chemung County, New York, United States. The population was 7199 at the 2000 census It is in the Southern Tier of New York a short distance north of the Pennsylvania state line. The Southern Tier is a geographical term that refers to the counties of New York State west of the The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern

Contents

History

Early history

The Sullivan Expedition of 1779 passed through the area and fought a British force at the Battle of Newtown, south of the current city. Background When the American Revolutionary War began British officials as well as the colonial Continental Congress sought the allegiance (or at least the neutrality Battle This battle which was the most significant military engagement of the Sullivan Campaign of 1779 and played a crucial role in America’s Revolutionary War took place The Iroquois and the new United States made a treaty at Elmira in 1791 to settle territorial disputes in the region. The Iroquois Confederacy (also known as the "League of Peace and Power" the "Five Nations" the "Six Nations" or the "People of the Longhouse

The first settler in Elmira was captain Abraham Miller of the Continental Army. The American Continental Army was an Army formed after the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War by the colonies that became the United States of America He built a cabin after resigning just before the Revolutionary war. Miller's Pond and Miller Street are named after him where his house was originally built.

Elmira's formation

The New York legislature established the Township of Chemung, now Chemung County, in 1788. Chemung is a Town in Chemung County, New York, USA. The population was 2665 at the 2000 census The settlement of Newtown was soon established at the intersection of Newtown Creek and the Chemung River. The Chemung River (shuh-MUHNG is a Tributary of the Susquehanna River, approximately 45 mi (72 km long in south central New York and northern In 1792, the settlement at Newtown joined with the Wisnerburg and DeWittsburg settlements to form the village of Newtown. In 1808, the village officially changed its name to the Town of Elmira, at a town meeting held at Teal's Tavern. Elmira is a Town in Chemung County, New York, United States. The population was 7199 at the 2000 census It's said the town was named after tavern owner Nathan Teal's young daughter, but that story has never been confirmed. In any case, the City of Elmira, also called "The Queen City", was incorporated in 1864 from part of the town of Elmira and the village of Elmira. Year 1864 ( MDCCCLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year The remaining part of the town of Elmira exists still, surrounding the city on the west, north, and east. The city and town share an intricately entwined history. According to Amos B. Carpenter's Family History book printed in 1898, Elmira is named after Major General Matthew Carpenter's daughter. This occurred according to the book in 1821 at the constitutional convention which Matthew was a delegate to.

Elmira served as a transportation hub for New York's Southern Tier in the 1800s, connecting commercial centers in Rochester and Buffalo with Albany and New York City, via the canal system and railroads. The city was the southern terminus of the Chemung Canal (completed in 1833); later, the Junction Canal was constructed to connect Elmira with Corning, facilitating transport of coal from the Pennsylvania mines via the Northern branch of the Susquehanna Canal system. The Chemung Canal is a former Canal in New York, USA. The canal connected Seneca Lake at Watkins Glen to the Chemung River The Junction Canal was a Canal in the states of New York and Pennsylvania in the USA. Some years after, the Erie and New York Railroads were completed and criss-crossed in the midst of the city, making it a prime location for an Army training and muster point early in the Civil War.

A great deal of the 30 acre Union installation, known as Camp Rathbun, fell into disuse as the Civil War progressed, and the camp's "Barracks #3" were converted into a Civil War prison camp in the summer of 1864. Elmira Prison was a Prisoner-of-war camp constructed by the Union Army in Elmira New York, during the American Civil War to house captive Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South The camp, in use from June 6, 1864 until the fall of 1865, was dubbed "Hellmira" by its inmates. Towner's history of 1892 and maps from the period indicate the camp occupied a somewhat irregular parallelogram, running about 1,000 feet (300 m) west and approximately the same distance south of a location a couple of hundred feet west of Hoffman Street (Foster Avenue?) and Winsor Avenue, bordered on the south by Foster's Pond more or less, on the north bank of the Chemung River.

In the months the site was used as a camp, 12,123 Confederate soldiers were incarcerated; of these, 2,963 died during their stay from a combination of malnutrition, prolonged exposure to brutal winter weather, and disease directly attributable to the dismal sanitary conditions on Foster's Pond and lack of medical care. The camp's dead were prepared for burial and laid to rest by the sexton at Woodlawn National Cemetery, ex-slave John W. Jones. Woodlawn National Cemetery is a United States National Cemetery located in the city of Elmira, in Chemung County New York. There have been several notable people named John W Jones: Political figures John William Jones (1806–1871 U At the end of the war, each prisoner was given a loyalty oath and given a train ticket back home; the last prisoner left the camp on September 27, 1865. The camp was closed, demolished and converted to farm land. Woodlawn cemetery, about 2 miles (3 km) north of the original prison camp site (bounded by West Hill, Bancroft, Davis, and Mary Streets), was designated a National Cemetery in 1877. The prison camp site is today a residential area.

As Elmira grew, so did the citizens' concern about increased crime after the end of the war; the idea of constructing a reformatory within the city had been discussed for some years. Finally, lands on which the present-day Elmira Correctional Facility resides, approximately 280 acres (1. Elmira Correctional Facility, known otherwise as " the Hill " is a maximum security Prison located in New York in the USA 1 km²) in all (north of Bancroft across the street from Woodlawn Cemetery), were purchased in 1869 and 1870 by the state legislature, specifically for construction of the reformatory and an armory. These lay within the boundaries of the town of Elmira, rather than the city. Around the same time, Dr. Eldwin Eldridge purchased a large tract of wilderness (~ 100 acres (0. 4 km²)) with a small pond, also within the township, and developed it into a fabulous garden spot. His sudden death in 1876 put paid to his plans to develop the land further. After his death, Dr. Eldridge's estate granted access to the parkland to Elmira residents and tourists. In 1889, the city purchased the land, calling it Eldridge Park in the doctor's honor. The park this time held a nearly 15 acre lake in its center, along with marble statuary, flower gardens, fountains, driving and walking paths, and a labyrinth. In 1890, along with Eldridge park, the Reformatory, and Armory, the city added a well-populated area known as "Carr's Corners" (area bounded by Hoffman, West Hill, and Hillcrest (old Carr Road) - and appears to include the residential area around and to the south of Woodlawn National Cemetery.

Elmira Economy

In 1950, the population of the City of Elmira peaked at about 50,000, which represented 57 percent of Chemung County’s total population at that time. Today, the City has approximately 30,000 residents, which represents 34 percent of Chemung County’s total population. This population decline is due to the national decline in railroads and manufacturing.

Today, the primary manufacturing employers are:

Anchor Glass Container Corporation, located in Elmira Heights, is a manufacturer of glass containers. Anchor Glass produces a diverse line of flint, amber, green, and other colored glass containers of various types and designs for the beer, food, beverage and liquor markets. [1]

Notable people with ties to Elmira

Geography

Elmira is located at 42°5′23″N, 76°48′34″W (42. Tedd Arnold is a children's book writer and illustrator He has written over 50 books and he has won the "Theodor Seuss Geisel Honor" for his book "Hi! Fly Guy!" Userpolbot from http//bioguidecongressgov/scripts/biodisplaypl?index=A000301 Olivia Langdon Clemens ( November 27, 1845 &ndash June 5, 1904) was the wife of the famous American author Samuel Langhorne Clemens Frederick Collin (August 2 1850 Benton New York – November 1939 was a major figure in the New York legal community and the Democratic Party (United States in Eileen Marie Collins (b 19 November, 1956 in Elmira New York) is a retired American Astronaut and a retired U Ernie Davis (December 14 1939 &ndash May 18 1963 was an American football Running back and the first African-American athlete to win the Heisman Michael Anthony Fredo (born July 17 1978 in Elmira New York) is an American pop Singer-songwriter. Henry Jacob Friendly ( July 3 1903 in Elmira New York – March 11 1986, New York City) was a prominent Judge Charles Tomlinson Griffes ( Elmira New York, September 17 1884 &ndash New York City, April 8 1920) was an American Thomas Jacob Hilfiger (born March 24, 1951 in Elmira New York) is a American Fashion designer and founder of the brand Tommy There have been several notable people named John W Jones: Political figures John William Jones (1806–1871 U Charles Thomas "Tom" McMillen (born May 26, 1952 in Elmira New York) is a retired NBA professional Basketball player William P Perry is an American Composer and Television producer. Elizabeth Carolan née Kocanski (born November 24 1980 better known by her Ring name "The Glamazon" Beth Phoenix, is an American Jeanine Ferris Pirro (born June 2, 1951) is an American Lawyer, Prosecutor, Harold Eugene "Hal" Roach Sr ( January 14, 1892 – November 2, 1992) was an American film and Jane Roberts ( May 8, 1929 &ndash September 5, 1984) was an American author Psychic and trance medium Joel Dorman Steele (1836 &ndash 1886 was an American educator Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Brian Douglas Williams (born May 5, 1959) is the seventh anchor and managing editor of NBC Nightly News, the flagship evening Donald William Zimmer (born January 17, 1931 in Cincinnati Ohio) is a former Infielder, manager, and a coach in Major League 089874, -76. 809559)[2].

The Chemung River at Elmira
The Chemung River at Elmira

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 7. The Chemung River (shuh-MUHNG is a Tributary of the Susquehanna River, approximately 45 mi (72 km long in south central New York and northern The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census square miles (19. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile.km²), of which, 7. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 3 square miles (19. 0 km²) of it is land and 0. 3 square miles (0. 7 km²) of it (3. 56%) is water.

The Chemung River flows eastward through the city. The Chemung River (shuh-MUHNG is a Tributary of the Susquehanna River, approximately 45 mi (72 km long in south central New York and northern Elmira is built almost entirely in the flood plain of the Chemung River and has suffered many floods over its history, the worst from Hurricane Agnes in 1972. A flood is an overflow of an expanse of water that submerges land a deluge Hurricane Agnes was the first tropical storm and first Hurricane of the 1972 Atlantic hurricane season. Year 1972 ( MCMLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Newtown Creek, flowing from the north, joins the Chemung River at the southeast corner of the city. Newtown Creek, is a Estuary that forms part of the border between the Boroughs of Brooklyn and Queens, in New York City,

New York State Route 17, The Southern Tier Expressway, connects with the city at Exit 56. New York State Route 17, also known as the Southern Tier Expressway (between the Pennsylvania - New York border and Binghamton) the Quickway Interstate 86 was once assigned to what is now Interstate 84 east of East Hartford, Connecticut. New York State Route 14 passes through Elmira between Watkins Glen and Pennsylvania. New York State Route 14 is a State highway located in western New York. Watkins Glen is a Village in Schuyler County, New York, United States. The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern New York State Route 352 begins in Elmira at Exit 56 of the Southern Tier Expressway and continues West into Corning. New York State Route 352 ( NY Route 352 or NY 352) is a state highway in the U Interstate 86 was once assigned to what is now Interstate 84 east of East Hartford, Connecticut. Corning is a City in Steuben County, New York, United States, on the Chemung River.

Demographics

Historical populations
YearPopulation
189030,893*
190035,672*
191037,176*
192045,393*
193047,397*
194045,106*
195049,716*
196046,517*
197039,945*
198035,327*
199033,724*
200030,940
* Source from Chemung County, not Census Bureau. Chemung County is a County located in the US state of New York. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census Document here.

As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 30,940 people, 11,475 households, and 6,701 families residing in the city. A census is the procedure of acquiring information about every member of a given population The population density was 4,229. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 5 people per square mile (1,632. 0/km²). There were 12,895 housing units at an average density of 1,762. 7/sq mi (680. 2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 82. 03% White or European American, 13. 05% Black or African American, 0. 39% Native American, 0. 49% Asian, 0. 03% Pacific Islander, 1. 37% from other races, and 2. 64% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 3. 14% of the population.

There were 11,475 households out of which 31. 1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35. 3% were married couples living together, 18. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** 4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41. 6% were non-families. 34. 5% of all households were made up of individuals and 13. 6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2. 37 and the average family size was 3. 05.

In the city the population was spread out with 25. 1% under the age of 18, 13. 0% from 18 to 24, 29. 9% from 25 to 44, 18. 2% from 45 to 64, and 13. 8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 101. 2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 98. 2 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $27,292, and the median income for a family was $33,592. Males had a median income of $31,775 versus $22,350 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,495. Per capita income means how much each individual receives in monetary terms of the yearly income generated in the country About 17. 9% of families and 23. 1% of the population were below the poverty line, including 32. The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of Income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate Standard of living in a given country 6% of those under age 18 and 12. 1% of those age 65 or over.

The Elmira Metropolitan Statistical Area (or Elmira MSA) is frequently used for statistical information such as labor rates and includes all of Chemung County with a population in 2000 of 90,070. Chemung County is a County located in the US state of New York.

The Elmira MSA was ranked as the 59th safest place to live out of 344 Metro Areas in 2005 by Morgan Quitno Press [1]. Morgan Quitno Press is a research and publishing company based out of Lawrence, Kansas.

The three largest ethnic groups in Elmira are Irish, German and Italian. [2]

City government

Mayors of Elmira
MayorPartyTerm
John S. TonelloD2006-present
J. William O'BrienD3/2005-2006
Stephen M. HughesD1998-2/2005
Howard F. TownsendR1994-1997
James E. HareD1988-1993
Stephen J. Fesh Jr. R1984-1987
Mary P. CiccarielloD1982-1983
Robert G. DensbergerR1980-1981
John M. KennedyD1976-1979
Richard C. LollR1972-1975
Edward T. LagonegroD1968-1971
Howard H. KimballR1966-1967
Edward T. LagonegroD1962-1965
Edward A. MooersR1956-1961
Emory StrachenR1940-1955
J. Maxwell BeersR1936-1939
Henry W. HonanD1934-1935
W. Glenn SweetR1932-1933
Frank P. RobinsonD1930-1931
David N. HellerD1926-1929
J. Norton WoodR1922-1925
George W. PeckD1920-1921
Harry N. Hoffman-1914-1919
Daniel SheehanD1908-1913
Z. Reed Brockway-1906-1907
William T. ColemanR1904-1905
Daniel Sheehan-1902-1903
Frank H. Flood-1900-1901
Edgar DentonDe1898-1899
Frederick Collin-1894-1897
David C. RobinsonD1892-1894
Charles S. DavisonD1888-1892
John B. StanchfieldD1886-1888
Henry Flood-1884-1886
Stephen T. ArnotD1883-1884
David B. HillD1882-1883
Alexander DivenR1880-1882
Granville D. Parsons-1878-1880
Robert T. Turner-1876-1878
Howard M. Smith-1875-1876
Luther Caldwell-1873-1874
Patrick H. Flood-1872-1873
John Arnot Jr. D1870-1871
Stephen McDonald-1868-1870
John I. Nicks-1866-1868
John Arnot Jr. D1864-1865
* Source: City Clerk of the City of Elmira[3]

The city government is a Council-Manager form of government in which the City Manager is the primary administrator of the City. In the council-manager form of government an elected city council (typically between five and 11 people is responsible for making Policy, passing Ordinances voting Appropriations There is one mayor elected at large and six councilmembers elected from each of six council districts. The term of office of the mayor and councilmembers was 2 years until a referendum passed in 2003 extended the terms to 4 years (4 year terms will begin after the 2007 election). The mayor and councilmembers are all part-time employees. The City Manager, City Clerk, City Chamberlain, City Assessor, and Corporation Counsel are all appointed by the City Council. All remaining department heads serve at the request of the City Manager.

The city has 125 miles (201 km) of road, 210 miles (340 km) of water lines, and 175 miles (282 km) of sewer lines. There are four ZIP codes in the City of Elmira: 14901 (northside), 14902 (downtown), 14904 (southside), and 14905 (West Elmira).

Facts about City Government

More information about the City of Elmira

The City Slogan is "Honoring the Past, Building the Future". It is featured on an Entrance sign into the City from Exit 56 of the Southern Tier Expressway along with other honored Elmirans including (L to R) Brian Williams, Hal Roach, Ernie Davis, Mark Twain, Eileen Collins, John Jones, and Tommy Hilfiger. Brian Douglas Williams (born May 5, 1959) is the seventh anchor and managing editor of NBC Nightly News, the flagship evening Harold Eugene "Hal" Roach Sr ( January 14, 1892 – November 2, 1992) was an American film and Ernie Davis (December 14 1939 &ndash May 18 1963 was an American football Running back and the first African-American athlete to win the Heisman Samuel Langhorne Clemens (November 30 1835 – April 21 1910 better known by the Pen name Mark Twain, was an American Humorist, satirist Eileen Marie Collins (b 19 November, 1956 in Elmira New York) is a retired American Astronaut and a retired U John W Jones was born in 1817 on a plantation in Leesburg Virginia as a slave to the Elzy family Thomas Jacob Hilfiger (born March 24, 1951 in Elmira New York) is a American Fashion designer and founder of the brand Tommy The sign was erected in 2003 by The Sign Man. The slogan was designated by Mayor Stephen Hughes following the conclusion of a slogan contest in which Marlin Stewart, Alan and Barbara Hutchinson, and James Lloyd were recognized for their contributions to the winning slogan.

On at least two hilltops near the city (mostly on Harris Hill to the northwest) pioneer pilots established the sport of gliding in America. Harris Hill is the site of the National Soaring Museum.

First Arena in Elmira, New York.
First Arena in Elmira, New York.

Media

Newspapers

Television

Radio

References

  1. ^ Anchor Glass Container Corporation
  2. ^ US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990. Horseheads is a Village in Chemung County, New York, USA. The population was 6452 at the 2000 census WETM-TV (Channel 18 is the NBC affiliate for Elmira New York. WSKG-TV is a public Television station in Binghamton New York, broadcasting locally on channel 46 as a PBS member station WENY-TV is the ABC affiliate for the Elmira New York television market WJKP-LP is a Television station located in Corning New York, which is the MyNetwork TV affiliate for the Corning-Elmira area WYDC is a Television station in Corning New York, serving the Elmira New York market on channel 48 as an affiliate of Fox. WLVY (943 FM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Pop Contemporary Hit Radio format WNKI (1061 FM) is a Radio station broadcasting a Pop Contemporary Hit Radio format WENY-FM signed on the air in the mid 1960s as a sister station to WENY. WELM signed on in 1947 as Chemung County 's second Radio station and the Elmira-Corning New York market 's third WEHH signed on the air in 1956 the third AM Radio station to sign on in Chemung County and the fifth to sign on in the Elmira-Corning market WPIE signed on in 1989 as Tompkins County 's third AM Radio station and the Ithaca New York market 's 12th station on both United States Census Bureau (2005-05-03). The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
  3. ^ American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes

External links

A geographic coordinate system enables every location on the Earth to be specified in three coordinates using mainly a spherical coordinate system.
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