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For other uses, see Electronic music (disambiguation).
Telharmonium, Thaddeus Cahill, 1897.
Telharmonium, Thaddeus Cahill, 1897. The Telharmonium (also known as the Dynamophone) was an early Electronic musical instrument, developed by Thaddeus Cahill in 1897 Thaddeus Cahill (1867 - 1934 was a prominent inventor of the early 20th century
Luigi Russolo and his assistant Ugo Piatti with their Intonarumori, 1913.
Luigi Russolo and his assistant Ugo Piatti with their Intonarumori, 1913. Luigi Russolo ( April 30, 1885 - February 4, 1947) was an Italian Futurist painter and Composer, and the author of The Intonarumori (noise intoners were a family of Musical instruments invented in 1913 by Italian Futurist painter and musical composer Luigi Russolo
The young Léon Theremin playing a theremin, 1919.
The young Léon Theremin playing a theremin, 1919. Léon Theremin (born Lev Sergeyevich Termen, Лев Сергеевич Термен ( August 15 1896 Julian calendar = 1896-08-27

Electronic music refers to music that emphasizes the use of electronic musical instruments or electronic music technology as a central aspect of the sound of the music. An electronic musical instrument is a Musical instrument that produces its sounds using Electronics. Music Technology is a term that refers to all forms of Technology involved with the Musical arts particularly the use of electronic devices and computer software to [1] Historically, electronic music was considered to be any music created with the use of electronic musical instruments or electronic processing, but in modern times, that distinction has been lost because almost all recorded music today, and the majority of live music performances, depend on extensive use of electronics. [2] Today, the term electronic music serves to differentiate music that uses electronics as its focal point or inspiration, from music that uses electronics mainly in service of creating an intended production that may have some electronic elements in the sound but does not focus upon them. [3]

Contemporary electronic music expresses both art music forms including electronic art music, experimental music, musique concrète, and others; and popular music forms including multiple styles of dance music such as techno, house, trance, electro, breakbeat, drum and bass, synth pop, etc. Art music (or serious music or erudite music) as defined by Jacques Siron is an umbrella term generally used to refer to musical traditions implying advanced structural Experimental music is a term introduced by composer John Cage in 1955 Musique concrète ( French; literally "concrete music" is a style of Avant-garde music that relies on recorded sounds including natural Popular music is Music belonging to any of a number of musical styles that are accessible to the general public and are disseminated by one or more Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk Breakbeat (sometimes breakbeats or breaks) is a term used to describe a collection of sub- genres of Electronic music, usually characterized Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave and Pop music in which the Synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument

A distinction can be made between instruments that produce sound through electromechanical means as opposed to instruments that produce sound using electronic components. [4]

Examples of electromechanical instruments are the telharmonium, Hammond organ , and the electric guitar, whereas examples of electronic instruments are a Theremin, synthesizer, and a computer. The Telharmonium (also known as the Dynamophone) was an early Electronic musical instrument, developed by Thaddeus Cahill in 1897 The Hammond organ is an electric organ which was invented by Laurens Hammond in 1934 and manufactured by the Hammond Organ Company An electric guitar is a type of Guitar that uses pickups to convert the vibration of its steel-cored strings into an electrical current which is made louder [5]

Contents

History

A live performance with electronic instruments.
A live performance with electronic instruments.

Late 19th century to early 20th century

Before electronic music, there was a growing desire for composers to use emerging technologies for musical purposes. Several instruments were created that employed electromechanical designs and they paved the way for the later emergence of electronic instruments. An electromechanical instrument called the Teleharmonium (or Telharmonium) was developed by Thaddeus Cahill in the years 1898-1912. The Telharmonium (also known as the Dynamophone) was an early Electronic musical instrument, developed by Thaddeus Cahill in 1897 Thaddeus Cahill (1867 - 1934 was a prominent inventor of the early 20th century However, simple inconvenience hindered the adoption of the Teleharmonium, due to its immense size. The first electronic instrument is often viewed to be the Theremin, invented by Professor Leon Theremin circa 1919–1920. Léon Theremin (born Lev Sergeyevich Termen, Лев Сергеевич Термен ( August 15 1896 Julian calendar = 1896-08-27 Another early electronic instrument was the Ondes Martenot, which was most famously used in the Turangalîla-Symphonie by Olivier Messiaen as well as other works by him. The ondes Martenot (IPA maʀtəno French for "Martenot waves" also known as the ondium Martenot, Martenot and ondes musicales) is an early The Turangalîla-Symphonie is a large-scale piece of Orchestral music by Olivier Messiaen. Olivier Messiaen ( December 10 1908 &ndash April 27 1992 was a French Composer, organist and ornithologist. It was also used by other, primarily French, composers such as Andre Jolivet. André Jolivet (8 August 1905 &ndash 20 December 1974 was a French composer

Post-war years: 1940s to 1950s

The tape recorder had been developed in Germany during the early 1930s. This article deals mainly with analog tape recorders for audio applications information on digital recording, recording of video signals, and Whereas Wire recorders had been in use since 1898, the first practical tape recorder was called the Magnetophon (Angus 1984. Wire recording is a type of analogue Audio storage in which the recording is made onto thin steel or stainless steel Wire. Magnetophon was the brand or model name of the pioneering Reel-to-reel tape recorder developed by engineers of the German electronics company AEG in the 1930s based ) It wasn't long before composers used the tape recorder to develop a new technique for composition called Musique concrète. Musique concrète ( French; literally "concrete music" is a style of Avant-garde music that relies on recorded sounds including natural This technique involved editing together recorded fragments of natural and industrial sounds. [6] The first pieces of musique concrète were written by Pierre Schaeffer, who later worked together with Pierre Henry. Pierre Henri Marie Schaeffer ( August 14, 1910 &ndash August 19, 1995) was a French Pierre Henry (born December 9, 1927 in Paris, France) is a French composer considered a pioneer of the Musique concrète genre Karlheinz Stockhausen worked briefly in Schaeffer's studio in 1952, and afterward for many years at the WDR Cologne's Studio for Electronic Music,[7] on two occasions combining electronically generated sounds with relatively conventional orchestras—in Mixtur (1964) and Hymnen, dritte Region mit Orchester (1967). The Westdeutscher Rundfunk (WDR, officially " Westdeutscher Rundfunk Köln " translated "Western German Broadcasting Cologne" is a German An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well Hymnen is a work by Karlheinz Stockhausen, composed in 1966–67 and elaborated in 1969 [8] Stockhausen stated that his listeners had told him his electronic music gave them an experience of "outer space," sensations of flying, or being in a "fantastic dream world"[9] More recently, Stockhausen turned to producing electronic music in his own studio in Kürten, his last work in the genre being Cosmic Pulses (2007). Kürten is a village and a municipality in the Rheinisch-Bergischer Kreis, in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. The first electronic music for magnetic tape composed in America was completed by Louis and Bebe Barron in 1950. Magnetic tape is a medium for Magnetic recording generally consisting of a thin magnetizable coating on a long and narrow strip of Plastic. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Louis ( 23 April, 1920, Minneapolis &ndash 1 November, 1989, Los Angeles) and Bebe Barron ( 16 June

The score for Forbidden Planet, by Louis and Bebe Barron,[10] was entirely composed using custom built electronic circuits in 1956. Forbidden Planet is a 1956 Science fiction film directed by Fred M Louis ( 23 April, 1920, Minneapolis &ndash 1 November, 1989, Los Angeles) and Bebe Barron ( 16 June

Two new electronic instruments made their debut in 1957. Unlike the earlier Theremin and Ondes Martenot, these instruments were hard to use, required extensive programming, and neither could be played in real time. The first of these electronic instruments was the computer when Max Mathews used a program called Music 1, later users were Edgard Varèse, and Iannis Xenakis. Max Vernon Mathews (* November 13, 1926, in Columbus, Nebraska) is a pioneer in the world of Computer music. WikipediaWikiProject Composers#Lead section --> Edgard Victor Achille Charles Varèse, whose name was also spelled Edgar Varèse Iannis Xenakis (Ιάννης Ξενάκης (May 29 1922 - February 4 2001 was a Greek modernist composer musical theoretician and architect The other electronic instrument that appeared that year was the first electronic synthesizer. Called the RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer, it used vacuum tube oscillators and incorporated the first electronic music sequencer. The RCA Mark II Sound Synthesizer (nicknamed Victor) was the first programmable Electronic music Synthesizer and the flagship This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. A music sequencer (also MIDI sequencer or just sequencer) is software or hardware designed to create and manage computer-generated music It was designed by RCA and installed at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center where it remains to this day.

In 1957, MUSIC, one of the first computer programs to play electronic music, was created by Max Mathews at Bell Laboratories. MUSIC-N refers to a family of Computer music programs and Programming languages descended from or influenced by MUSIC I a program written by Max Mathews Max Vernon Mathews (* November 13, 1926, in Columbus, Nebraska) is a pioneer in the world of Computer music. Bell Laboratories (also known as Bell Labs and formerly known as AT&T Bell Laboratories and Bell Telephone Laboratories) is the Research organization

The Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center, now known as the Computer Music Center, is the oldest center for electronic and computer music research in the United States. The Computer Music Center ( CMC) at Columbia University is the oldest center for electronic and Computer music research in the United States It was founded in 1958 by Vladimir Ussachevsky and Otto Luening who had been working with magnetic tape manipulation since the early 1950s. Vladimir Kirilovitch Ussachevsky ( Hailar, Manchuria, November 3, 1911 &ndash New York, New York, January 2, Otto Luening (born June 15, 1900 in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; died September 2, 1996 in New York City) was a German A studio was built there with the help of engineer Peter Mauzey (Luening 1968, 48) and it became the hub of American electronic music production until about 1980. Peter Mauzey is an Electrical engineer associated with the development of Electronic music in the 1950s and 1960s at the Columbia-Princeton Electronic Music Center Robert Moog developed voltage controlled oscillators and envelope generators while there, and these were later used as the heart of the Moog synthesizer. Dr Robert Arthur Moog (ˈmoʊɡ to rhyme with "rogue" ( May 23, 1934 &ndash August 21, 2005) was an American pioneer of The term Moog (ˈmoʊg as in 'vogue' Synthesizer can refer to any number of Analog synthesizers designed by Dr

1960s to late 1970s

One of the first major public demonstrations of computer music was a pre-recorded national radio broadcast on the NBC radio network program Monitor on February 10, 1962. Computer music is a term that was originally used within academia to describe a field of study relating to the applications of Computing technology in music composition The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's A radio network is a network system which distributes programming to multiple stations simultaneously or slightly delayed for the purpose of extending total For NBC 's 1983 television news magazine series see Monitor (TV. In 1961, LaFarr Stuart programmed Iowa State University's CYCLONE computer (a derivative of the Illiac) to play simple, recognizable tunes through an amplified speaker that had been attached to the system originally for administrative and diagnostic purposes. LaFarr Stuart (born July 6[[ 934]] in Clarkston, Utah) now retired was an early Computer music pioneer computer engineer and member of the The Iowa State University of Science and Technology, more commonly known as Iowa State University (ISU is a public land-grant and space-grant university In Meteorology, a cyclone refers to an area of closed circular fluid motion rotating in the same direction as the Earth. ILLIAC was the name given to a series of Supercomputers built at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. An interview with Mr. Stuart accompanied his computer music.

Raymond Scott's Electronium, an "instantaneous composition-performance machine", ca. 1971.
Raymond Scott's Electronium, an "instantaneous composition-performance machine", ca. Raymond Scott (born Harry Warnow, 10 September 1908 &mdash 8 February 1994) was an American composer band leader pianist engineer 1971.

The first of these synthesizers to appear was the Buchla. Buchla & Associates Inc is a manufacturer of electronic musical instruments notably Synthesizers and unique MIDI controllers Appearing in 1963, it was the product of an effort spearheaded by musique concrète composer Morton Subotnick. Morton Subotnick (born April 13, 1933 in Los Angeles California) is an American Composer of Electronic music, best known In 1962, working with a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation, Subotnick and business partner Ramon Sender hired electrical engineer Don Buchla to build a "black box" for composition. The Rockefeller Foundation (RF is a prominent Philanthropic organization and Private foundation based at 420 Fifth Avenue New York City. Ramon Sender (born Oct 29 1934 in Madrid Spain is a Composer, Writer and the co-founder with Morton Subotnick, of the San Francisco Don Buchla (1937—) is a pioneer in the field of sound Synthesizers releasing his first units months after Robert Moog 's first synthesizers

The theremin, an exceedingly difficult instrument to play, was even used in some popular music.

One influential pioneer and artist in this period was Delia Derbyshire of the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, who added a keen musical ear to mere technological prowess. Delia Ann Derbyshire ( 5 May 1937 – 3 July 2001) was a British musician and composer of Electronic music.

Late 1970s to late 1980s

Throughout the seventies bands such as the Residents and Can spearheaded the electronic music movement. Can were one of the first bands to use tape loops for rhthm sections and the residents created their own custom built drum machine.

In 1979, UK recording artist Gary Numan helped to bring to electronic music into the wider marketplace of pop music with his hit "Cars" from the album The Pleasure Principle. Gary Numan (born Gary Anthony James Webb on 8 March 1958 is an English singer composer and musician " Cars " is a 1979 song by Gary Numan, released as a single from the album The Pleasure Principle. Other influential artists in the 1970s and early 80s, who composed primarily electronic instrumental music and managed to reach beyond the academic sphere and into the popular realm, were Jean Michel Jarre, Tangerine Dream, Vangelis, Yello and Art of Noise. Jean-Michel André Jarre (born 24 August 1948, Lyon) is a French Composer, performer and Music producer.

Recent developments: 1980s to early 2000s

The beginning of the eighties saw analogue hardware gradually replaced by midi and digital hardware. MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface, ˈmɪdi is an industry-standard protocol that enables Electronic musical instruments Computers In the late '80's, Derek May and other producers started the Techno and house movement. Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s This blossomed in the late 80s with Acid House music. Acid house is a sub-genre of House music that emphasizes a repetitive hypnotic and trance -like style with samples or spoken lines usually used rather than sung lyrics This music was usually made with an Atari ST and sound modules. The Atari ST is a home / Personal computer that was commercially available from 1985 to the early 1990s As the early nineties came about new genres such as Trance and Drum and Bass developed. Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s Towards the end of the nineties drum machines, synth modules and midi gradually became replaced by programs such as Cubase, Reason, Rebirth and Fruity Loops, all of which produced sounds within the computer without the need for external hardware. Whilst the ease of attaining this software and the growth of the internet has meant that it is easier for artists to get their music out there it also means there are many electronic music producers of a low standard. Throughout this period there has also been a growth of experimental and electro acoustic music as well. Artists like the Aphex Twin have also pioneered new genres such as Glitch. Glitch is a term used to describe a genre of experimental Electronic music that emerged in the mid to late 1990s

Circuit Bending

Probing for "bends" using a jeweler's screwdriver and alligator clips.
Probing for "bends" using a jeweler's screwdriver and alligator clips.
Main article: Circuit bending

Circuit bending is the creative short-circuiting of low voltage, battery-powered electronic audio devices such as guitar effects, children's toys and small synthesizers to create new musical instruments and sound generators. Circuit bending is the creative short-circuiting of electronic devices such as low Voltage, battery-powered Guitar effects, children's Toys Circuit bending is the creative short-circuiting of electronic devices such as low Voltage, battery-powered Guitar effects, children's Toys Short Circuit is a 1986 comedy Science fiction film starring Ally Sheedy and Steve Guttenberg and directed by Electrical tension (or voltage after its SI unit, the Volt) is the difference of electrical potential between two points of an electrical An electronic musical instrument is a Musical instrument that produces its sounds using Electronics. Guitar effects are electronic devices that modify the tone pitch or sound of an electric guitar or condition or reroute the signal in some fashion This article is about playthings For other uses of the term see Toy (disambiguation. Emphasizing spontaneity and randomness, the techniques of circuit bending have been commonly associated with noise music, though many more conventional contemporary musicians and musical groups have been known to experiment with "bent" instruments.

Overview

Genres

Main article: List of electronic music genres

Electronic music, especially in the late 1990s fractured into many genres, styles and sub-styles, too many to list here, and most of which are included in the main list. This is a list of Electronic music genres sub-genres and styles though for the latter not all possess their own article (in which case see the main genre article This is a list of Electronic music genres sub-genres and styles though for the latter not all possess their own article (in which case see the main genre article Although there are no hard and fast boundaries, broadly speaking we can identify the experimental and classical styles: electronic art music, musique concrète, acousmatic music from approximately 1945 to the present; the industrial music and synth pop styles of the 1980s; styles that are primarily intended for dance such as italo disco, techno, house, trance, electro, breakbeat, drum and bass (aka jungle), electronic jazz (aka Nujazz) and styles that are intended more as experimental styles or for home listening such as electronica, glitch, Breakcore and trip hop. Experimental music is a term introduced by composer John Cage in 1955 Classical music is a broad term that usually refers to mainstream music produced in or rooted in the traditions of Western liturgical and Secular music Musique concrète ( French; literally "concrete music" is a style of Avant-garde music that relies on recorded sounds including natural Acousmatic music is a form of Electroacoustic music that deals specifically with Acousmatic sound as a compositional resource Industrial music is a loose term for a number of different styles of Experimental music, especially but not necessarily Electronic music. Synthpop is a subgenre of New Wave and Pop music in which the Synthesizer is the dominant musical instrument Techno is a form of Electronic dance music (EDM that emerged in Detroit, Michigan, USA during the mid to late 1980s House music is a style of Electronic dance music initially popularized in mid-1980s Discothèques catering to the African-American, Latino Trance is a style of Electronic dance music that developed in the 1990s Electro ( electro-boogie, electro-funk) is a Genre of Electronic music directly influenced by the use of TR-808 and Funk Breakbeat (sometimes breakbeats or breaks) is a term used to describe a collection of sub- genres of Electronic music, usually characterized Jungle music can mean Drum and bass - the current term used to encompass the entire musical genre of jungle and drum & bass Oldschool jungle Nu jazz is an Umbrella term coined in the late 1990s to refer to music that blends Jazz elements with other musical styles such as Funk, Soul Nu jazz is an Umbrella term coined in the late 1990s to refer to music that blends Jazz elements with other musical styles such as Funk, Soul Electronica includes a wide range of contemporary Electronic music designed for a wide range Glitch is a term used to describe a genre of experimental Electronic music that emerged in the mid to late 1990s Breakcore is a loosely defined electronic music style that brings together elements of Industrial, jungle, Hardcore techno and IDM into a breakbeat-oriented Trip hop is a music Genre also known as the Bristol sound or Bristol acid rap. There is also another genre known as minimal, as a result there is a fusion of minimal and techno defined as minimal techno. Minimal techno is a minimalist sub-genre of techno music, is characterized by a stripped-down, glitchy sound, a fairly steady rhythm (usually around 120-135 BPM), repetition of short loops, and subtle changes. This kind of electronic music is popular at clubs and parties. The proliferation of personal computers and the MIDI interface beginning in the 1980s brought about a new genre of electronic music, known loosely as chip music or bitpop. A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated MIDI ( Musical Instrument Digital Interface, ˈmɪdi is an industry-standard protocol that enables Electronic musical instruments Computers A chiptune, or chip music, is music written in sound formats where all the sounds are synthesized in realtime by a computer or Video game console Sound chip Bitpop is a type of Electronic music, where at least part of the music is made using old 8-bit Computers game consoles and little toy instruments These styles, produced initially using specialized sound chips in PCs such as the Commodore 64, Commodore Amiga, and Atari ST among others, grew primarily out of the demoscene. The Amiga is a family of Personal computers originally developed by Amiga Corporation. The Atari ST is a home / Personal computer that was commercially available from 1985 to the early 1990s The demoscene is a Computer art Subculture that specializes in producing demos, which are non-interactive audio-visual presentations that run in

Notable record labels

Main article: List of electronic music record labels

Until 1978 and the formation of Mute Records, there were virtually no record labels that dealt with exclusively electronic music. This is a list of notable Electronic music Mute Records is a Record label formed in 1978 by Daniel Miller primarily to release his own single "T In the Music industry, a record label can be a Brand and a Trademark associated with the Marketing of music recordings and Music Because of this dearth of outlets, many of the early techno pioneers started their own. For example, Juan Atkins started Metroplex Records a Detroit-based label, and Richie Hawtin and John Acquaviva started their hugely influential Plus 8 imprint. Metroplex is a Techno Record label in Detroit, founded in 1985 by techno pioneer Juan Atkins. Richard (Richie Hawtin (born June 4 1970, Banbury, Oxfordshire, England) is a English - Canadian Electronic John Acquaviva, aka "Swen Weber" is a second-wave techno artist and club DJ from London Ontario Plus 8 (also spelled as Plus8, without the space is a Canadian Techno Record label, based in Windsor, Ontario and founded In the United Kingdom, Warp Records emerged in the 1990s as one of the pre-eminent sources of home-listening and experimental music. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Warp Records is a pioneering independent English Record label, founded in Sheffield in 1989 notable for discovering some of the most enduring artists in

See also

References

Further reading

Footnotes

  1. ^ "The novelty of making music with electronic instruments has long worn off. The use of electronics to compose, organize, record, mix, color, stretch, randomize, project, perform, and distribute music is now intimately woven into the fabric of modern experience" (Holmes 2002, 1).
  2. ^ "Electronically produced music is part of the mainstream of popular culture. Musical concepts that were once considered radical—the use of environmental sounds, ambient music, turntable music, digital sampling, computer music, the electronic modification of acoustic sounds, and music made from fragments of speech-have now been subsumed by many kinds of popular music. Record store genres including new age, rap, hip-hop, electronica, techno, jazz, and popular song all rely heavily on production values and techniques that originated with classic electronic music" (Holmes 2002, 1). "By the 1990s, electronic music had penetrated every corner of musical life. It extended from ethereal sound-waves played by esoteric experimenters to the thumping syncopation that accompanies every pop record" (Lebrecht 1996, 106).
  3. ^ "Purely electronic music is created through the generation of sound waves by electrical means. This is done without the use of traditional musical instruments or of sounds found in nature, and is the domain of computers, synthesizers and other technologies" (Holmes 2002, 6).
  4. ^ "The stuff of electronic music is electrically produced or modified sounds. . . . two basic definitions will help put some of the historical discussion in its place: purely electronic music versus electroacoustic music" (Holmes 2002, 6).
  5. ^ "Electroacoustic music uses electronics to modify sounds from the natural world. The entire spectrum of worldly sounds provides the source material for this music. This is the domain of microphones, tape recorders and digital samplers. . . can be associated with live or recorded music. During live performances, natural sounds are modified in real time using electronics. The source of the sound can be anything from ambient noise to live musicians playing conventional instruments" (Holmes 2002, 8).
  6. ^ "Musique Concrete was created in Paris in 1948 from edited collages of everyday noise" (Lebrecht 1996, 107).
  7. ^ "The Rhineside cathedral city was the first to build an electronic music studio in 1953. With Stockhausen and Kagel in residence, it became a year-round hive of charismatic avante-gardism [sic]" (Lebrecht 1996, 75). ". . . at Northwest German Radio in Cologne (1953), where the term 'electronic music' was coined to distinguish their pure experiments from musique concrete. . . " (Lebrecht 1996, 107).
  8. ^ Stockhausen 1978, 73–76, 78–79.
  9. ^ "In 1967, just following the world premiere of Hymnen, Stockhausen said this about the electronic music experience: '. Hymnen is a work by Karlheinz Stockhausen, composed in 1966–67 and elaborated in 1969 . . Many listeners have projected that strange new music which they experienced—especially in the realm of electronic music—into extraterrestrial space. Even though they are not familiar with it through human experience, they identify it with the fantastic dream world. Several have commented that my electronic music sounds "like on a different star," or "like in outer space. " Many have said that when hearing this music, they have sensations as if flying at an infinitely high speed, and then again, as if immobile in an immense space. Thus, extreme words are employed to describe such experience, which are not "objectively" communicable in the sense of an object description, but rather which exist in the subjective fantasy and which are projected into the extraterrestrial space'" (Holmes 2002, 145).
  10. ^ "From at least Louis and Bebbe Barron's soundtrack for 'The Forbidden Planet" onwards, electronic music - in particular synthetic timbre - has impersonated alien worlds in film" (Norman 2004, 32).

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