Citizendia

For the politician, see Edwin N. Hubbell. Edwin Nelson Hubbell (born 13 August 1815, date of death unknown was an American politician in New York and Michigan.
Edwin Hubble

BornNovember 20, 1889(1889-11-20)
Marshfield, Missouri, U.S.
DiedSeptember 28, 1953 (aged 63)
San Marino, California
ResidenceU.S.
NationalityAmerican
FieldsAstronomy
InstitutionsUniversity of Chicago
Mount Wilson Observatory
Alma materUniversity of Chicago
Oxford University
Known forBig Bang
Hubble's law
Redshift
Hubble sequence

Edwin Powell Hubble (November 20, 1889 – September 28, 1953) was an American astronomer. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Marshfield is a city in Webster County, Missouri, United States. Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. San Marino is an affluent city in Los Angeles County, California, USA. California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. The Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO is an Astronomical observatory in Los Angeles County California. Alma mater is Latin for "nourishing mother" It was used in Ancient Rome as a title for the mother Goddess, and in Medieval The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation. Hubble's law is the statement in Physical cosmology that the Redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance In Physics and Astronomy, redshift occurs when Electromagnetic radiation – usually Visible light – emitted or reflected by The Hubble sequence is a morphological classification scheme for Galaxies invented by Edwin Hubble in 1936 Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study He profoundly changed astronomers' understanding of the nature of the universe by demonstrating the existence of other galaxies besides the Milky Way. The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias sometimes referred to simply He also discovered that the degree of redshift observed in light coming from a galaxy increased in proportion to the distance of that galaxy from the Milky Way. This became known as Hubble's law, and would help establish that the universe is expanding. Hubble's law is the statement in Physical cosmology that the Redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance

Contents

Biography

He was born to an insurance executive in Marshfield, Missouri and moved to Wheaton, Illinois in 1889. Marshfield is a city in Webster County, Missouri, United States. Wheaton is an affluent community located in DuPage County Illinois, approximately west of Chicago and Lake Michigan. In his younger days he was noted more for his athletic prowess than his intellectual abilities, although he did earn good grades in every subject except for spelling. He won seven first places and a third place in a single high school track meet in 1906. That year he also set a state record for high jump in Illinois. The high jump is an Athletics (track and field event in which competitors must jump over a horizontal bar placed at measured heights without the aid of any devices The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union.

His studies at the University of Chicago concentrated on mathematics, astronomy, and philosophy which led to a BS degree in 1910. The University of Chicago is a Private university located principally in the Hyde Park neighborhood of Chicago. A Bachelor of Science ( BS, BSc or BSc in the UK; less commonly S Hubble also became a member of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity and in 1948 was named Kappa Sigma "Man of the Year". Traditional founding The Kappa Sigma Fraternity claims that its origins can be traced back to Bologna, Italy in 1400. He spent the next three years as one of Oxford's first Rhodes Scholars, where he originally studied jurisprudence, before switching his major to Spanish and receiving the MA degree, after which he returned to the United States. Rhodes Scholarship Rhodes scholar redirects here Rhodes Scholar redirects here Rhodes scholars Jurisprudence is the Theory and Philosophy of Law. Scholars of jurisprudence or legal philosophers hope to obtain a deeper understanding of the nature The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Some of his British mannerisms and dress stayed with him all his life, occasionally irritating his American colleagues.

Returning to the United States he worked as a high school teacher and a basketball coach at New Albany High School in New Albany, Indiana (near Louisville, Kentucky), and was a member of the Kentucky bar, although he reportedly never actually practiced law in Kentucky. High school is the name used in some parts of the world (in particular Scotland, North America and Australia) to describe an institution Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m Founded in 1853 New Albany High School is one of the oldest public high schools west of the Alleghenies. New Albany (nuː ˈɑlbəni is a city in Floyd County, Indiana, United States, situated along the Ohio River opposite Louisville Kentucky A bar association is a Professional body of Lawyers Some bar associations are responsible for the regulation of the legal profession in their Jurisdiction The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. [1] He served in World War I and quickly advanced to the rank of major. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Major is a Military rank the use of which varies according to country He returned to astronomy at the Yerkes Observatory of the University of Chicago, where he earned a PhD in 1917 with a dissertation entitled "Photographic Investigations of Faint Nebulae". Yerkes Observatory which calls itself "the birthplace of modern astrophysics" is an astronomical observatory operated by the University of Chicago in "PhD" redirects here for other uses see PhD (disambiguation.

In 1919 Hubble was offered a staff position by George Ellery Hale, the founder and director of Carnegie Institution's Mount Wilson Observatory, near Pasadena, California, where he remained until his death. George Ellery Hale ( June 29 1868 &ndash February 21 1938) was an American solar Astronomer, born in Chicago The Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO is an Astronomical observatory in Los Angeles County California. Pasadena ( is a city in Los Angeles County, California, United States. He also served in the US Army at the Aberdeen Proving Ground during World War II. The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG is a United States Army facility located near Aberdeen Maryland (in Harford County) World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including For his work there he received the Legion of Merit. The Legion of Merit is a military decoration of the United States armed forces that is awarded for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding Shortly before his death, Palomar's 200-inch Hale Telescope was completed; Hubble was the first to use it. The Hale Telescope is the largest telescope at the Palomar Observatory, named after astronomer George Ellery Hale. Hubble continued his researches at the Mount Wilson and Palomar Observatories, where he remained active until his death.

Hubble died of a cerebral thrombosis on September 28, 1953, in San Marino, California. A thrombus, or blood clot, is the final product of the Blood coagulation step in Hemostasis. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. San Marino is an affluent city in Los Angeles County, California, USA. No funeral was held and his wife, Grace, did not reveal what happened to his body [2].

Discoveries

The universe goes beyond the Milky Way galaxy

Hubble's arrival at Mount Wilson in 1919 coincided roughly with the completion of the 100-inch Hooker Telescope, then the world's largest telescope. The Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO is an Astronomical observatory in Los Angeles County California. At that time, the prevailing view of the cosmos was that the universe consists entirely of the Milky Way. The Milky Way (a translation of the Latin Via Lactea, in turn derived from the Greek Γαλαξίας (Galaxias sometimes referred to simply Using the Hooker Telescope, Hubble identified Cepheid variables (a kind of star; see also standard candle) in several spiral nebulae, including the Andromeda Galaxy. A Cepheid variable (pron ˈse-f(ē-id or ˈsē-f(ē-id or Cepheid is a member of a particular class of Variable stars notable for a fairly tight correlation A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth A standard candle is an astronomical object that has a known Luminosity. A spiral galaxy is a Galaxy belonging to one of the three main classes of galaxy originally described by Edwin Hubble in his 1936 work “The Realm of the The Andromeda Galaxy (ænˈdrɒmədə also known as Messier 31, M31, or NGC 224; often referred to as the Great Andromeda His observations, made in 1922–1923, proved conclusively that these nebulae were much too distant to be part of the Milky Way and were, in fact, entire galaxies outside our own. This idea had been opposed by many in the astronomy establishment of the time, in particular by Harvard-based Harlow Shapley. Harlow Shapley ( November 2 1885 &ndash October 20 1972) was an American Astronomer. Hubble's discovery, announced on January 1, 1925, fundamentally changed the view of the universe. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Hubble also devised the most commonly used system for classifying galaxies, grouping them according to their appearance in photographic images. Galaxy morphological classification is a system used by Astronomers to divide galaxies into groups based on their visual appearance Photography (fә'tɒgrәfi or fә'tɑːgrәfi (from Greek φωτο and γραφία is the process and Art of recording pictures by means of capturing He arranged the different groups of galaxies in what became known as the Hubble sequence. The Hubble sequence is a morphological classification scheme for Galaxies invented by Edwin Hubble in 1936

Redshift increases with distance

The 100 inch Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory that Hubble used to measure galaxy redshifts and a value for the rate of expansion of the universe.
The 100 inch Hooker telescope at Mount Wilson Observatory that Hubble used to measure galaxy redshifts and a value for the rate of expansion of the universe. The Mount Wilson Observatory (MWO is an Astronomical observatory in Los Angeles County California. In Physics and Astronomy, redshift occurs when Electromagnetic radiation – usually Visible light – emitted or reflected by The metric expansion of space is the averaged increase of metric (i

Hubble was generally incorrectly credited with discovering[3] the redshift of galaxies. In Physics and Astronomy, redshift occurs when Electromagnetic radiation – usually Visible light – emitted or reflected by These measurements and their significance were understood before 1918 by James Edward Keeler (Lick & Allegheny), Vesto Melvin Slipher (Lowell), and Professor William Wallace Campbell (Lick) at other observatories. James Edward Keeler ( September 10 1857 – August 12 1900) was an American Astronomer. Vesto Melvin Slipher ( November 11, 1875 &ndash November 8, 1969) was an American Astronomer. William Wallace Campbell ( April 11 1862 &ndash June 14 1938) was an American Astronomer. Combining his own measurements of galaxy distances with Vesto Slipher's measurements of the redshifts associated with the galaxies, Hubble and Milton L. Humason discovered a rough proportionality of the objects' distances with their redshifts. Vesto Melvin Slipher ( November 11, 1875 &ndash November 8, 1969) was an American Astronomer. Milton Lasell Humason (August 19 1891 &ndash June 18 1972 was as American Astronomer. Though there was considerable scatter (now known to be due to peculiar velocities), Hubble and Humason were able to plot a trend line from the 46 galaxies they studied and obtained a value for the Hubble-Humason constant of 500 km/s/Mpc, which is much higher than the currently accepted value due to errors in their distance calibrations. [4] In 1929 Hubble and Humason formulated the empirical Redshift Distance Law of galaxies, nowadays termed simply Hubble's law, which, if the redshift is interpreted as a measure of recession speed, is consistent with the solutions of Einstein’s equations of general relativity for a homogeneous, isotropic expanding space. Hubble's law is the statement in Physical cosmology that the Redshift in light coming from distant galaxies is proportional to their distance Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical The Einstein field equations ( EFE) or Einstein's equations are a set of ten equations in Einstein 's theory of General relativity in which the Although concepts underlying an expanding universe were well understood earlier, this statement by Hubble and Humason led to wider scale acceptance for this view. The metric expansion of space is the averaged increase of metric (i The law states that the greater the distance between any two galaxies, the greater their relative speed of separation.

This discovery was the first observational support for the Big Bang theory which had been proposed by Alexander Friedmann in 1922. The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation. Alexander Alexandrovich Friedman or Friedmann (Александр Александрович Фридман ( June 16 1888, Saint Petersburg, Imperial The observed velocities of distant galaxies, taken together with the cosmological principle appeared to show that the Universe was expanding in a manner consistent with the Friedmann-Lemaître model of general relativity. The cosmological principle is an assumption invoked in Cosmology that when applied severely restricts the large variety of possible cosmological theories General relativity or the general theory of relativity is the geometric theory of Gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1916 In 1931 Hubble wrote a letter to the Dutch cosmologist Willem De Sitter expressing his opinion on the theoretical interpretation of the redshift-distance relation:[5]

". Willem de Sitter ( May 6 1872 &ndash November 20 1934) was a Dutch mathematician physicist and astronomer . . we use the term 'apparent velocities' in order to emphasize the empirical feature of the correlation. The interpretation, we feel, should be left to you and the very few others who are competent to discuss the matter with authority. "

Today, the 'apparent velocities' in question are considered to be artifacts of a coordinate transformation that occurs in an expanding space. The metric expansion of space is the averaged increase of metric (i Light traveling through stretching space will experience a Hubble-type redshift, a mechanism different from the Doppler effect. The Doppler effect (or Doppler shift) named after Christian Doppler, is the change in Frequency and Wavelength of a Wave for

In the 1930s Hubble was involved in determining the distribution of galaxies and spatial curvature. The shape of the Universe is an informal name for a subject of investigation within Physical cosmology which describes the Geometry of the Universe These data seemed to indicate that the universe was flat and homogeneous, but there was a deviation from flatness at large redshifts. Euclidean geometry is a mathematical system attributed to the Greek Mathematician Euclid of Alexandria. According to Allan Sandage,

"Hubble believed that his count data gave a more reasonable result concerning spatial curvature if the redshift correction was made assuming no recession. Allan Rex Sandage (born June 18 1926 in Iowa City Iowa) is an American Astronomer. To the very end of his writings he maintained this position, favouring (or at the very least keeping open) the model where no true expansion exists, and therefore that the redshift "represents a hitherto unrecognized principle of nature. "[6]

There were methodological problems with Hubble's survey technique that showed a deviation from flatness at large redshifts. In particular the technique did not account for changes in luminosity of galaxies due to galaxy evolution. The study of galaxy formation and evolution is concerned with the processes that formed a heterogeneous universe from a homogeneous beginning the formation of the first galaxies the way

Earlier, in 1917, Albert Einstein had found that his newly developed theory of general relativity indicated that the universe must be either expanding or contracting. Albert Einstein ( German: ˈalbɐt ˈaɪ̯nʃtaɪ̯n; English: ˈælbɝt ˈaɪnstaɪn (14 March 1879 – 18 April 1955 was a German -born theoretical Unable to believe what his own equations were telling him, Einstein introduced a cosmological constant (a "fudge factor") to the equations to avoid this "problem". In Physical cosmology, the cosmological constant (usually denoted by the Greek capital letter Lambda: Λ was proposed by Albert Einstein as a modification When Einstein heard of Hubble's discovery, he said that changing his equations was "the biggest blunder of [his] life". [7]

Other discoveries

Hubble discovered the asteroid 1373 Cincinnati on August 30, 1935. Asteroids, sometimes called Minor planets or planetoids', are bodies—primarily of the inner Solar System —that are smaller than planets but Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He also wrote The Observational Approach to Cosmology and The Realm of the Nebulae around this time.

Nobel Prize

Hubble spent much of the later part of his career attempting to have astronomy considered an area of physics, instead of being its own science. He did this largely so that astronomers - including himself - could be recognized by the Nobel Prize Committee for their valuable contributions to astrophysics. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature This campaign was unsuccessful in Hubble's life time, but shortly after his death the Nobel Prize Committee decided that astronomical work would be eligible for the physics prize. [8]

Honors

Awards

Named after him

Notes

  1. ^ Who Was Edwin Hubble?
  2. ^ A Short History of Nearly Everything, Bill Bryson
  3. ^ This had actually been observed by Vesto Slipher in the 1910s, but the world was largely unaware. A Short History of Nearly Everything (ISBN 0-7679-0817-1 is a General science book by Bill Bryson, which explains some areas of science in ordinary William McGuire "Bill" Bryson, OBE, (born 8 December 1951 is a best-selling American Author of humorous books on Travel, as well Vesto Melvin Slipher ( November 11, 1875 &ndash November 8, 1969) was an American Astronomer. Ref: Slipher (1917): Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. , 56, 403.
  4. ^ Distance determination in astronomy continues to be an active area of research, see the article on cosmic distance ladder for more details. The cosmic distance ladder (also known as the Extragalactic Distance Scale) is the succession of methods by which astronomers determine the Distances to celestial
  5. ^ Galaxy redshifts reconsidered - The Astronomy Cafe, Dr. Sten Odenwald
  6. ^ EDWIN HUBBLE 1889-1953 By Allan Sandage (1989, JRASC Vol. 83, No.6)
  7. ^ Cosmological Constant from Stephen Hawking's Universe on PBS
  8. ^ Astroprof's article on Hubble

References

See also

External links

Persondata
NAMEHubble, Edwin Powell
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTIONAmerican astronomer
DATE OF BIRTH20 November 1889(1889-11-20)
PLACE OF BIRTHMarshfield, Missouri
DATE OF DEATH28 September 1953
PLACE OF DEATHSan Marino, California

The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive is an award-winning website maintained by John J Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1889 ( MDCCCLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Marshfield is a city in Webster County, Missouri, United States. Events 48 BC - Pompey the Great is assassinated on orders of King Ptolemy of Egypt after landing in Egypt. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. San Marino is an affluent city in Los Angeles County, California, USA.
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