Glen Beck (background) and Betty Snyder (foreground) program the ENIAC in BRL building 328. Betty Holberton ( March 7 1917 &ndash December 8 2001) was one of the six original programmers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose The United States Army Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland was the center for the army's research efforts in interior (U. S. Army photo)

Programmers Betty Jean Jennings (left) and Fran Bilas (right) operate the ENIAC's main control panel at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. Jean Bartik (born December 27 1924) was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer Frances Spence ( March 2 1922) was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania came into existence as a result of an endowment from Alfred Fitler Moore on June 4, 1923 (U. S. Army photo from the archives of the ARL Technical Library)

ENIAC, short for Electronic Numerical Integrator And Computer,^[1] was the first general-purpose electronic computer. It was the first high-speed, Turing-complete, digital computer capable of being reprogrammed to solve a full range of computing problems,^[2] though earlier machines had been built with some of these properties. In computability theory, several closely-related terms are used to describe the "computational power" of a computational system (such as an Abstract machine or ENIAC was designed and built to calculate artillery firing tables for the U.S. Army's Ballistic Research Laboratory. Artillery (from French artillerie) is a military Combat Arm which employs any apparātus machine External ballistics is the part of the science of Ballistics that deals with the behaviour of a non-powered projectile in flight The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. The United States Army Ballistic Research Laboratory (BRL at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland was the center for the army's research efforts in interior

The contract was signed on June 5, 1943 and Project PX was constructed by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Electrical Engineering from July, 1943. Events 70 - Titus and his Roman Legions breach the middle wall of Jerusalem in the Siege of Jerusalem Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania came into existence as a result of an endowment from Alfred Fitler Moore on June 4, 1923 Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. It was unveiled on February 14, 1946 at Penn, having cost almost $500,000. Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. ENIAC was shut down on November 9, 1946 for a refurbishment and a memory upgrade, and was transferred to Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland in 1947. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 1946 ( MCMXLVI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full 1946 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG is a United States Army facility located near Aberdeen Maryland (in Harford County) Year 1947 ( MCMXLVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1947 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. There, on July 29 of that year, it was turned on and would be in continuous operation until 11:45 p. Events 1014 - Byzantine-Bulgarian Wars: Battle of Kleidion: Byzantine emperor Basil II inflicts a decisive defeat m. on October 2, 1955. Events 1187 - Siege of Jerusalem: Saladin captures Jerusalem after 88 years of Crusader rule Year 1955 ( MCMLV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1955 Gregorian calendar)

ENIAC was conceived and designed by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert of the University of Pennsylvania. John William Mauchly ( August 30 1907 &ndash January 8 1980) was an American Physicist who along with J John Adam Presper "Pres" Eckert Jr ( April 9, 1919 – June 3, 1995) was an American electrical engineer and The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. ^[3] The team of design engineers assisting the development included Bob Shaw (function tables), Chuan Chu (divider/square-rooter), Kite Sharpless (master programmer), Arthur Burks (multiplier), Harry Huskey (reader/printer), and Jack Davis (accumulators). Arthur Walter Burks ( October 13 1915 – May 14, 2008) was an American Mathematician who in the 1940s as a senior Harry Douglas Huskey (born January 19, 1916) is an American computer designer pioneer

Description

ENIAC contained 17,468 vacuum tubes, 7,200 crystal diodes, 1,500 relays, 70,000 resistors, 10,000 capacitors and around 5 million hand-soldered joints. This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. Dioden2jpg|thumb|right|150px|Figure 2 Various semiconductor diodes A relay is an electrical Switch that opens and closes under the control of another Electrical circuit. |- align = "center"| |width = "25"| | |- align = "center"| || Potentiometer |- align = "center"| | | |- align = "center"| Resistor| | A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store Energy in the Electric field between a pair of conductors A solder is a fusible metal Alloy with a melting point or melting range of 90 to 450 ° C (200 to 840 ° F) used in a process called It weighed 30 short tons (27 t), was roughly 8. The short ton ( S/T) is a unit of mass equal to 2000 lb (around 907 5 feet by 3 feet by 80 feet (2. 6 m by 0. 9 m by 26 m), took up 680 square feet (63 m²), and consumed 150 kW of power http://ed-thelen.org/comp-hist/BRL-e-h.html. The watt (symbol W) is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one Joule of energy per Second. Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne . Input was possible from an IBM card reader, while an IBM card punch was used for output. These cards could be used to produce printed output offline using an IBM accounting machine, probably the IBM 405. International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology See also Unit record equipment The tabulating machine was a machine designed to assist in Tabulations.

ENIAC used ten-position ring counters to store digits; each digit used 36 tubes, 10 of which were the dual triodes making up the flip-flops of the ring counter. A ring counter is a type of counter composed of a circular Shift register. In Digital circuits a flip-flop is a term referring to an Electronic circuit (a Bistable Multivibrator) that has two stable states and thereby Arithmetic was performed by "counting" pulses with the ring counters and generating carry pulses if the counter "wrapped around", the idea being to emulate in electronics the operation of the digit wheels of a mechanical adding machine. See Adding machine (disambiguation for other uses of this term ENIAC had twenty ten-digit signed accumulators that used ten's complement representation and could perform 5,000 simple addition or subtraction operations between any of them and a source (e. In a Computer 's central processing unit ( CPU) an accumulator is a register in which intermediate arithmetic and logic results are stored In Mathematics and Computing, the method of complements is a technique used to subtract one number from another using only addition of positive numbers g. , another accumulator, constant transmitter) every second (Note: It was possible to connect several accumulators to run simultaneously, so the peak speed of operation was potentially much higher due to parallel operation). It was possible to wire the carry of one accumulator into another to perform double precision arithmetic but the accumulator carry circuit timing prevented the wiring of three or more for higher precision. In Computing, double precision is a Computer numbering format that occupies two adjacent storage locations in computer memory The ENIAC used four of the accumulators controlled by a special Multiplier unit and could perform 385 multiplication operations per second. The ENIAC used five of the accumulators controlled by a special Divider/Square-Rooter unit and could perform forty division operations per second or three square root operations per second. In Mathematics, a square root of a number x is a number r such that r 2 = x, or in words a number r whose The other nine units in ENIAC were the Initiating Unit (started and stopped the machine), the Cycling Unit (synchronized the other units), the Master Programmer (controlled "loop" sequencing), the Reader (controlled an IBM punch card reader), the Printer (controlled an IBM punch card punch), the Constant Transmitter, and three Function Tables.

Cpl. Irwin Goldstein (foreground) sets the switches on one of the ENIAC's function tables at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering. Moore School of Electrical Engineering at the University of Pennsylvania came into existence as a result of an endowment from Alfred Fitler Moore on June 4, 1923 (U. S. Army photo)

The references by Rojas and Hashagen or (Wilkes 1956)^[3] give more details about the times for operations, which differ somewhat from those above. The basic machine cycle was 200 microseconds (20 cycles of the 100 kHz clock in the cycling unit), or 5,000 cycles per second for operations on the 10-digit numbers. The second ( SI symbol s) sometimes abbreviated sec, is the name of a unit of Time, and is the International System of Units In one of these cycles, ENIAC could write a number to a register, read a number from a register, or add/subtract two numbers. A multiplication of a 10-digit number by a d-digit number (for d up to 10) took d+4 cycles, so a 10- by 10-digit multiplication took 14 cycles, or 2800 microseconds—a rate of 357 per second. If one of the numbers had fewer than 10 digits, the operation was faster. Division and square roots took 13(d+1) cycles, where d is the number of digits in the result (quotient or square root). So a division or square root took up to 143 cycles, or 28,600 microseconds—a rate of 35 per second. (Wilkes 1956:20^[3] states that a division with a 10 digit quotient required 6 milliseconds. ) If the result had fewer than ten digits, it was obtained faster.

Reliability

ENIAC used common octal-base radio tubes of the day; the decimal accumulators were made of 6SN7 flip-flops, while 6L7s, 6SJ7s, 6SA7s and 6AC7s were used in logic functions. Tube sockets were ubiquitous in early electronic equipment to allow Vacuum tubes (also known as valves) to be easily removed for testing and replacement In a Computer 's central processing unit ( CPU) an accumulator is a register in which intermediate arithmetic and logic results are stored 6SN7 is a dual Triode Vacuum tube, on an 8 pin octal base. Although the 6S-- series tubes are often metal cased the 6SN7 is generally found only in a In Digital circuits a flip-flop is a term referring to an Electronic circuit (a Bistable Multivibrator) that has two stable states and thereby Numerous 6L6s and 6V6s served as line drivers to drive pulses through cables between rack assemblies. 6L6 is the designator for a Vacuum tube introduced by Radio Corporation of America in July 1936. 6V6 is the designator for a Vacuum tube introduced by Radio Corporation of America RCA United States in late 1937

Detail of the back of a section of ENIAC, showing vacuum tubes

Some electronics experts predicted that tube failures would occur so frequently that the machine would never be useful. This prediction turned out to be partially correct: several tubes burned out almost every day, leaving it nonfunctional about half the time. Special high-reliability tubes were not available until 1948. Most of these failures, however, occurred during the warm-up and cool-down periods, when the tube heaters and cathodes were under the most thermal stress. By the simple (if expensive) expedient of never turning the machine off, the engineers reduced ENIAC's tube failures to the more acceptable rate of one tube every two days. According to a 1989 interview with Eckert the continuously failing tubes story was therefore mostly a myth: "We had a tube fail about every two days and we could locate the problem within 15 minutes. "

In 1954, the longest continuous period of operation without a failure was 116 hours (close to five days). Year 1954 ( MCMLIV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1954 Gregorian calendar)

Programmability

The six women who did most of the programming of ENIAC by manipulating its switches and cables were inducted in 1997 into the Women in Technology International Hall of Fame. ^[4][5] As they were called by each other in 1946, they were Kay McNulty, Betty Jennings, Betty Snyder, Marlyn Wescoff, Fran Bilas and Ruth Lichterman. Kathleen "Kay" McNulty Mauchly Antonelli ( February 12 1921 &ndash April 20 2006) was one of the six original programmers of the Jean Bartik (born December 27 1924) was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer Betty Holberton ( March 7 1917 &ndash December 8 2001) was one of the six original programmers of ENIAC, the first general-purpose Marlyn Meltzer was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer Frances Spence ( March 2 1922) was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer Ruth Teitelbaum (née Lichterman) (1924 &ndash 1986 Dallas) was one of the original programmers for the ENIAC computer ^[6][7]

Eckert and Mauchly took the experience they gained and founded the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, producing their first computer, BINAC, in 1949 before being acquired by Remington Rand in 1950 and renamed as their UNIVAC division. BINAC, the Binary Automatic Computer was an early electronic Computer designed for Northrop Aircraft Company by the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Remington Rand (1927–1955 was an early American Computer manufacturer best known as the original maker of the UNIVAC I, and now part of Unisys Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. UNIVAC serves as the catch-all name for the American manufacturers of the lines of mainframe computers by that name which through mergers and acquisitions underwent

ENIAC was a one-of-a-kind design and was never repeated. The freeze on design in 1943 meant that the computer had a number of shortcomings which were not included in the design, notably the inability to store a program. John von Neumann, who was consulting for the Moore School on the EDVAC (the ENIAC's successor computer for the BRL) and sat in on the Moore School meetings at which the stored program concept was elaborated, wrote up an incomplete set of notes (First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC) intended to be used as an internal memorandum describing, elaborating, and couching in formal logical language the ideas developed in the meetings. EDVAC ( E lectronic D iscrete V ariable A utomatic C omputer) was one of the earliest electronic Computers The First Draft of a Report on the EDVAC (commonly shortened to First Draft) was an incomplete 101-page document written by John Herman Goldstine distributed copies of the First Draft to a number of government and educational institutions, spurring widespread interest in the construction of a new generation of electronic computing machines, including EDSAC and SEAC. Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator ( EDSAC) was an early British Computer. SEAC ( S tandards E lectronic/ E astern A utomatic C omputer) was a first-generation electronic Computer, built in

A number of improvements were also made to ENIAC from 1948, including a primitive read-only stored programming mechanism^[8] using the Function Tables as program ROM, an idea included in the ENIAC patent and proposed independently by Dr. Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Richard Clippinger of the BRL. Dick Clippinger consulted with John von Neumann on what instruction set to implement. Clippinger had thought of a 3-address architecture while von Neumann proposed a 1-address architecture because it was simpler to implement. Three digits of one accumulator (6) were used as the program counter, another accumulator (15) was used as the main accumulator, a third accumulator (8) was used as the address pointer for reading data from the function tables, and most of the other accumulators (1-5, 7, 9-14, 17-19) were used for data memory. The programming of the stored program for ENIAC was done by Betty Jennings, Dick Clippinger and Adele Goldstine. It was first demonstrated as a stored-program computer on September 16, 1948, running a program by Adele Goldstine for John von Neumann. Events 1400 - Owain Glyndŵr is declared Prince of Wales by his followers Year 1948 ( MCMXLVIII) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display the 1948 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Adele Goldstine ( December 21, 1920 - November 1964 born Adele Katz, wrote the complete technical description for the first digital computer ENIAC This modification reduced the speed of ENIAC by a factor of six and eliminated the ability of parallel computation, but as it also reduced the reprogramming time to hours instead of days, it was considered well worth the loss of performance. Also analysis had shown that due to differences between the electronic speed of computation and the electromechanical speed of input/output, almost any practical real world problem was completely I/O bound even without making use of the original machine's parallelism and most would still be I/O bound even after the speed reduction from this modification. In Computer science, I/O bound refers to a condition in which the time it takes to complete a Computation is determined principally by the period of time spent waiting Early in 1952, a high speed shifter was added, which improved the speed for shifting by a factor of five. Year 1952 ( MCMLII) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In July 1953, a 100-word expansion core memory was added to the system, using binary coded decimal, excess-3 number representation. Year 1953 ( MCMLIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Magnetic core memory, or ferrite-core memory, is an early form of Random access Computer memory. In Computing and electronic systems binary-coded decimal ( BCD) is an encoding for decimal numbers in which each digit is represented by its own binary Excess-3 Binary coded decimal (XS-3 also called biased representation or Excess-N, is a Numeral system used on some older computers that uses To support this expansion memory, the ENIAC was equipped with a new Function Table selector, a memory address selector, pulse-shaping circuits, and three new orders were added to the programming mechanism.

Comparison with other early computers

Main article: History of computing hardware

Mechanical and electrical computing machines have been around since the 19th century, but the 1930s and 40s are considered the beginning of the modern computer era. The history of computer hardware encompasses the hardware, its architecture, and its impact on software.

• The American Atanasoff–Berry Computer (ABC) (shown working in December 1939) was the first electronic digital computer. The Atanasoff–Berry Computer ( ABC) was the first electronic Digital Computing device It implemented binary computation with vacuum tubes but was not general purpose, being limited to solving systems of linear equations. This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. It also did not exploit electronic computing speeds, being limited by a rotating capacitor drum memory and an input-output system that was intended to write intermediate results to paper cards. A capacitor is a passive electrical component that can store Energy in the Electric field between a pair of conductors
• The German Z3 (shown working in May 1941) was designed by Konrad Zuse. Konrad Zuse 's Konrad Zuse (ˈkɔnʁat ˈtsuːzə June 22, 1910 Berlin - December 18, 1995 Hünfeld) was a German It was the first general-purpose digital computer, but it was electromechanical, rather than electronic, as it used relays for all functions. A relay is an electrical Switch that opens and closes under the control of another Electrical circuit. Like the ABC, it computed logically using binary math. Unlike the ABC, it was Turing-complete and fully programmable by punched tape. In computability theory, several closely-related terms are used to describe the "computational power" of a computational system (such as an Abstract machine or
• The British Colossus computers (used for cryptanalysis starting in 1943) were designed by Tommy Flowers. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Colossus machines were electronic Computing devices used by British codebreakers to read Encrypted German messages during Cryptanalysis (from the Greek kryptós, "hidden" and analýein, "to loosen" or "to untie" is the study of methods for Thomas (Tommy Harold Flowers MBE ( 22 December 1905 &ndash 28 October 1998) was an English engineer The Colossus computers (of which ten were built) were digital, all-electronic, and could be reprogrammed by rewiring, but they were not fully general purpose as they were not Turing-complete^[9].
• Howard Aiken's 1944 Harvard Mark I was programmed by punched tape and used relays. Howard Hathaway Aiken ( March 8, 1900 – March 14 1973) was a pioneer in Computing, being the primary engineer behind IBM The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator ( ASCC) called the Mark I by Harvard University, was the first large-scale automatic digital

The ABC, ENIAC and Colossus all used thermionic valves (vacuum tubes). The history of computer hardware encompasses the hardware, its architecture, and its impact on software. Computer programs (also software programs, or just programs) are instructions for a Computer. In computability theory, several closely-related terms are used to describe the "computational power" of a computational system (such as an Abstract machine or Konrad Zuse (ˈkɔnʁat ˈtsuːzə June 22, 1910 Berlin - December 18, 1995 Hünfeld) was a German Konrad Zuse 's Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. In Engineering, electromechanics combines the Sciences of Electromagnetism of Electrical engineering and mechanics. This focuses on Motion picture film For Still photography film see Photographic film. Konrad Zuse 's The Atanasoff–Berry Computer ( ABC) was the first electronic Digital Computing device The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Colossus machines were electronic Computing devices used by British codebreakers to read Encrypted German messages during The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The IBM Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator ( ASCC) called the Mark I by Harvard University, was the first large-scale automatic digital The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The decimal ( base ten or occasionally denary) Numeral system has ten as its base. In Engineering, electromechanics combines the Sciences of Electromagnetism of Electrical engineering and mechanics. Punched tape or paper tape is a largely obsolete form of Data storage, consisting of a long strip of paper in which holes are punched to store data Konrad Zuse 's The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The decimal ( base ten or occasionally denary) Numeral system has ten as its base. The Manchester Small-Scale Experimental Machine (SSEM, nicknamed Baby, was the world's first stored-program Computer. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-program Digital computer that uses a processing unit and a single separate storage structure The Williams tube or the Williams-Kilburn tube (after inventors Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn) developed about 1946 or 1947 The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The decimal ( base ten or occasionally denary) Numeral system has ten as its base. Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator ( EDSAC) was an early British Computer. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-program Digital computer that uses a processing unit and a single separate storage structure Genesis in radar The basic concept of the delay line originated with World War II Radar research as a system to reduce clutter from reflections from the ground This article is about the early British computer. The term "Manchester Mark I" can also refer to the Avro Manchester heavy bomber in RAF service during The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Williams tube or the Williams-Kilburn tube (after inventors Freddie Williams and Tom Kilburn) developed about 1946 or 1947 Drum memory is a magnetic Data storage device and was an early form of Computer memory widely used in the 1950s and into the 1960s invented by Gustav Tauschek CSIRAC ( C ouncil for S cientific and I ndustrial R esearch A utomatic C omputer, pronounced /'sаɪræk/ For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. The von Neumann architecture is a design model for a stored-program Digital computer that uses a processing unit and a single separate storage structure Genesis in radar The basic concept of the delay line originated with World War II Radar research as a system to reduce clutter from reflections from the ground This article is about the electronic device not an evacuated pipe used for experiments in Free-fall. ENIAC's registers performed decimal arithmetic, rather than binary arithmetic like the Z3 or the Atanasoff-Berry Computer.

Until 1948, ENIAC required rewiring to reprogram, like the Colossus. The idea of the stored-program computer with combined memory for program and data was conceived during the development of the ENIAC, but it was not implemented at that time because World War II priorities required the machine to be completed quickly, and it was realized that 20 storage locations for memory and programs would be much too small.

Public knowledge

Sign outside the University of Pennsylvania

The Z3 and Colossus were developed independent of the ABC and the ENIAC during World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including The Z3 was destroyed by Allied bombing of Berlin in 1944. The Colossus machines were part of the UK's war effort, and were destroyed in 1945 to maintain secrecy. Their existence only became generally known in the 1970s, though knowledge of their capabilities remained among their UK staff and invited Americans. The ABC was dismantled by Iowa State University, after John Atanasoff was called to Washington, D.C. to do physics research for the U. The Iowa State University of Science and Technology, more commonly known as Iowa State University (ISU is a public land-grant and space-grant university John Vincent Atanasoff ( Bulgarian: Джон Винсент Атанасов Dzhon Vinsent Atanasov) ( October 4, 1903 &ndash June 15 Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D S. Navy. ENIAC, by contrast, was put through its paces for the press in 1946, "and captured the world's imagination". ^[10]

Older histories of computing may therefore not be comprehensive in their coverage and analysis of this period.

Patent

Main article: Honeywell v. Sperry Rand

For a variety of reasons (including Mauchly's June 1941 examination of the Atanasoff–Berry Computer, prototyped in 1939 by John Atanasoff and Clifford Berry), the patent for the ENIAC, granted in 1964, was voided by the 1973 decision of the landmark federal court case Honeywell v. Sperry Rand, putting the invention of the electronic digital computer in the public domain and providing legal recognition to Atanasoff as the inventor of the electronic digital computer. Honeywell Inc v Sperry Rand Corp et al 180 USPQ 673 ( D Minn 1973 (Case 4-67 Civil 138 180 USPO 670 was a landmark U The Atanasoff–Berry Computer ( ABC) was the first electronic Digital Computing device John Vincent Atanasoff ( Bulgarian: Джон Винсент Атанасов Dzhon Vinsent Atanasov) ( October 4, 1903 &ndash June 15 Clifford Edward Berry ( April 19, 1918 &ndash October 30, 1963) Clifford Berry was born in Gladbrook Iowa on 19 April 1918 to Fred Gordon Honeywell Inc v Sperry Rand Corp et al 180 USPQ 673 ( D Minn 1973 (Case 4-67 Civil 138 180 USPO 670 was a landmark U The public domain is a range of abstract materials &ndash commonly referred to as Intellectual property &ndash which are not owned or controlled by anyone

Parts on display

Four ENIAC panels and one of its three function tables, on display at the School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Pennsylvania

The School of Engineering and Applied Science at the University of Pennsylvania has four of the original forty panels and one of the three function tables of the ENIAC. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. The University of Pennsylvania (also known as Penn) is a private University located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA. The Smithsonian has five panels in the National Museum of American History in Washington D. The Smithsonian Institution (smɪθsoʊnɪən is an educational and research institute and associated Museum complex administered and funded by the Government of The National Museum of American History collects preserves and displays American heritage in the areas of social political cultural scientific and military history C. The Computer History Museum in Mountain View, California has a single panel on display. The Computer History Museum is a Museum established in 1996 in Mountain View California, when The Computer Museum (TCM in Boston) The University of Michigan in Ann Arbor has four panels, salvaged by Arthur Burks. The University of Michigan Ann Arbor ( U of M, U-M, UM or simply Michigan) is a top-ranked Coeducational public research Arthur Walter Burks ( October 13 1915 – May 14, 2008) was an American Mathematician who in the 1940s as a senior The U.S. Army Ordnance Museum at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland, where ENIAC was used, has one of the function tables. The US Army Ordnance Museum is a Museum located at Aberdeen Proving Ground, in Aberdeen, Maryland, USA. Aberdeen Proving Ground (APG is a United States Army facility located near Aberdeen Maryland (in Harford County)

As of 2004, a chip of silicon measuring 0. "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " 02 inches (0. 5 mm) square holds the same capacity as the ENIAC, which occupied a large room.

See also

• History of computing hardware
• Other early computers:
  • Atanasoff–Berry Computer
  • Colossus computer
  • CSIRAC
  • Harvard Mark I
  • Manchester Mark I
  • IBM SSEC
  • Z3

References

Further reading

External links

• Oral history interview with J. Presper Eckert Eckert, a co-inventor of the ENIAC, discusses its development at the University of Pennsylvania (1941-46) and the interaction of the personnel at the Moore School. Oral history interview by Nancy B. Stern, 28 October 1977. Charles Babbage Institute
• Oral history interview with Carl Chambers Chambers discusses the initiation and progress of the ENIAC project at the University of Pennsylvania Moore School of Electrical Engineering (1941-46). The Charles Babbage Institute (also titled the Center for the History of Information Technology) is a research center at the University of Minnesota specializing Oral history interview by Nancy B. Stern, 30 November 1977. Charles Babbage Institute
• Oral history interview with Irven A. Travis Travis describes the ENIAC project at the University of Pennsylvania (1941-46), the technical and leadership abilities of chief engineer J. The Charles Babbage Institute (also titled the Center for the History of Information Technology) is a research center at the University of Minnesota specializing Presper Eckert, the working relations between Mauchly and Eckert, the disputes over patent rights, and their resignation from the university. Oral history interview by Nancy B. Stern, 21 October 1977. Charles Babbage Institute
• Oral history interview with Frances E. Holberton Holberton describes her work at Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation, David Taylor Model Basin, and the National Bureau of Standards, and the difficulties she encountered as a woman. The Charles Babbage Institute (also titled the Center for the History of Information Technology) is a research center at the University of Minnesota specializing She recounts her work on ENIAC and LARC, her design of operating systems, and her applications programming. Interview by James Baker Ross, 14 April 1983. Charles Babbage Institute
• ENIAC Exhibit at the Computer History Museum
• Mike Muuss: Collected ENIAC documents
• ENIAC chapter in Karl Kempf, Electronic Computers Within The Ordnance Corps, November 1961
• The ENIAC Story, Martin H. The Charles Babbage Institute (also titled the Center for the History of Information Technology) is a research center at the University of Minnesota specializing Weik, Ordnance Ballistic Research Laboratories, 1961
• ENIAC museum at the University of Pennsylvania
• The women of ENIAC
• ENIAC—monster and marvel 60th anniversary news story
• Interview with Eckert Transcript of a video interview with Eckert by David Allison for the National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution on February 2, 1988. An in-depth, technical discussion on the ENIAC, including the thought process behind the design.
• Q&A: A lost interview with ENIAC co-inventor J. Presper Eckert
• ENIAC specifications from Ballistic Research Laboratories Report No. 971 December 1955, (A Survey of Domestic Electronic Digital Computing Systems)
• U.S. Patent 3,120,606  issued in 1964 for ENIAC (TIFF images), also PDF version (18,305 kB, 207 pages)
• How the ENIAC took a Square Root
• ENIAC simulator
• Programming example for the modulo function by Matthieu-P. Schapranow based on the simulation of Till Zoppke (en)
• ENIAC-on-a-Chip
• Programming the ENIAC