Edward Frederick Lindley Wood, 1st Earl of Halifax, KG, OM, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, PC (16 April 1872–23 December 1959), known as The Lord Irwin from 1925 until 1934 and as The Viscount Halifax from 1934 until 1944, was a British Conservative politician. The title Marquess of Halifax was created in the Peerage of England in 1682 for the 1st Earl of Halifax. Earl of Halifax is a title that has been created four times in British history once in the Peerage of England, twice in the Peerage of Great Britain and once in the The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients The Order of Merit is a British and Commonwealth Order bestowed by the Monarch. The article is about the order of chivalry known as "Star of India" The Most Distinguished Order of Saint Michael and Saint George is a British order of chivalry founded on 28 April 1818 by George Prince Regent (later George The Most Eminent Order of the Indian Empire is an order of Chivalry founded by Victoria in 1878 Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council is a body of advisors to the British Sovereign. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Year 1872 ( MDCCCLXXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. He is often regarded as one of the architects of appeasement prior to World War II. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including During the period he held several ministerial posts in the cabinet, most notably as Foreign Secretary at the time of Munich Agreement in 1938. The Secretary of State for Foreign and Commonwealth Affairs, commonly referred to as the Foreign Secretary, is a member of the United Kingdom Government heading the The Munich Agreement (Mnichovská dohoda Mníchovská dohoda Münchner Abkommen Accords de Munich was an agreement regarding the Sudetenland, which were areas along borders Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. He succeeded Lord Reading as Viceroy of India in April 1926, a post he held until 1931. Rufus Daniel Isaacs (later Rufus Isaacs) 1st Marquess of Reading, GCB, GCSI, GCIE, GCVO, PC, KC The Governor-General of India (or from 1858 to 1947 the Viceroy and Governor-General of India) was the head of the British administration in India, and

Early career

He was born into a rather sickly west country family: Halifax's three older brothers all died in infancy leaving him the heir to his father's viscountcy. Halifax himself was born with a withered left arm with no hand, a disability that in no way affected his riding, hunting or shooting. He was nicknamed the "Holy Fox" by Winston Churchill in reference to these pursuits, his title and also his religiosity for like his father he was a devout Anglo-Catholic. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 Religiosity, in its broadest sense is a comprehensive Sociological term used to refer to the numerous aspects of religious activity dedication and Belief (religious The terms Anglo-Catholic and Anglo-Catholicism (or sometimes possibly incorrectly High Church &mdashsee below describe people

He was son of the 2nd Viscount Halifax. Charles Lindley Wood 2nd Viscount Halifax ( 7 January 1839 &ndash 19 January 1934) married Lady Agnes Courtenay, daughter of the He was educated at Eton and Christ Church, Oxford, subsequently becoming a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford, and served as Member of Parliament for Ripon from 1910 to 1925 when he was elevated to the peerage. Eton College, or just Eton, is a world-famous British Independent school for boys founded in 1440 by King Henry VI. Not to be confused with Christchurch, a city in New Zealand. Christ Church (Ædes Christi the temple or house of Christ and thus sometimes known as All Souls College (in full The Warden and College of the Souls of all Faithful People deceased in the University of Oxford) is one of the constituent colleges A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. Ripon was a constituency sending members to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom until 1983 centred on the town of Ripon He saw some active service in World War I as a major in the Yorkshire Dragoons but remained mostly behind the lines, being moved to a desk job in 1917. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Year 1917 ( MCMXVII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year In 1918 he wrote in cooperation with George Ambrose Lloyd (later The Lord Lloyd) "The Great Opportunity" aiming to set an agenda for a revived Conservative Party separate from the Lloyd George coalition. George Ambrose Lloyd 1st Baron Lloyd, GCSI, GCIE, DSO, PC (1879 &ndash February 4 1941) was a British Conservative David Lloyd George 1st Earl Lloyd George of Dwyfor OM, PC (17 January 1863 &ndash 26 March 1945 was a British Statesman and the only

Turned down by South Africa for the post of Governor General (the country was holding out for a cabinet minister or member of the royal family) and snubbed by Winston Churchill on his assumption of the post of Under-Secretary for the Colonies - on one occasion he stormed into Churchill's office and told him that he "expected to be treated like a gentleman" - a balked Wood voted for the downfall of Lloyd George's government and became President of the Board of Education under Andrew Bonar Law in 1922. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The term governor general or governor-general refers to a vice-regal representative of a Monarch in an independent realm or a major colonial circonscription The Secretary of State for Education and Skills was the chief minister of the Department for Education and Skills in the United Kingdom government Andrew Bonar Law (16 September 1858 &ndash 30 October 1923 was a Canadian -born British Conservative Party statesman and Prime Minister. Year 1922 ( MCMXXII) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. He held this position (in which he was neither interested nor particularly effective) until 1924 when he was apparently equally undistinguished as Minister for Agriculture under Stanley Baldwin. Year 1924 ( MCMXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Minister of Agriculture Fisheries and Food was a UK cabinet position responsible for the Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. Stanley Baldwin 1st Earl Baldwin of Bewdley, KG, PC (3 August 1867 &ndash 14 December 1947 was a British Conservative politician statesman and major His career had seemingly become bogged down.

Viceroy of India

Wood was Viceroy of India from 1926 to 1931. The Governor-General of India (or from 1858 to 1947 the Viceroy and Governor-General of India) was the head of the British administration in India, and In 1925 he had been proposed at the suggestion of King George V, no doubt mindful of his immediate family background (his grandfather had been Secretary of State for India) and immaculate pedigree. Year 1925 ( MCMXXV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The office of Secretary of State for India or India Secretary was created in 1858 when Company rule in India ended and India was brought under direct British rule Created Baron Irwin, he arrived in Bombay on 1 April 1926 hoping to improve Anglo-Indian relations and calm interfaith tensions in the country. Earl of Halifax is a title that has been created four times in British history once in the Peerage of England, twice in the Peerage of Great Britain and once in the Mumbai ( Marathi:,, IPA: formerly Bombay, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra and the financial Events 527 - Byzantine Emperor Justin I names his nephew Justinian I as co-ruler and successor to the throne Year 1926 ( MCMXXVI) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A deeply religious man, he was considered the right choice to deal with Mahatma Gandhi. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi ( Gujarati: મોહનદાસ કરમચંદ ગાંધી moɦən̪d̪äs kəɾəmʧən̪d̪ gän̪d̪ʱi (2 October 1869 – 30 January After his appointment he ignored Gandhi for nineteen months.

Irwin's rule was marked by a period of great political turmoil. The exclusion of Indians from the Simon Commission examining the country's readiness for self-government, provoked serious violence and Irwin was forced into concessions which were poorly received - in London as excessive and in India as half-hearted. The Indian Statutory Commission was a group of seven British Members of Parliament that had been dispatched to India in 1927 to study constitutional reform Incidents included: the protests against the Simon Commission Report; the Nehru Report; the All-Parties Conference; the Muslim League leader Mohammad Ali Jinnah's 14 points; the Civil Disobedience Movement launched by the Indian National Congress under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi; and the Round Table Conferences. The "Nehru Report" (1928 was a memorandum outlining a proposed new Dominion (see Dominion status) constitution for India The All India Muslim League ( Urdu: آل انڈیا مسلم لیگ Bengali:?????? ??? founded at Dhaka in 1906 was a political party in British Muhammad Ali Jinnah Urdu: (December 25 1876 – September 11 1948 was a Pakistani politician and leader of the All India Muslim League who founded Pakistan The Fourteen Points of Jinnah were proposed by Muhammad Ali Jinnah as a constitutional reform plan to safeguard the political rights of Muslims in a self-governing Indian National Congress-I (also known as the Congress Party and abbreviated INC) is a major Political party in India. This article is about the Anglo-Indian Round Table Conferences

As a strategy Irwin had all the Congress leaders put behind bars; and then had opened negotiations with Gandhi. Criticism of Irwin was largely unfair, but he had made an error and the consequences were serious and unrest grew. Irwin's attempts to mediate with Indian leaders were stymied by London's refusal to make concessions, or clarify the position on dominion status.

With little room for manoeuvre, Irwin resorted to repression using his emergency powers to arrest Gandhi, ban public gatherings and crush rebellious opposition. Gandhi's detention, however, only made matters worse. Irwin ultimately opted to negotiate, signing the Delhi Pact in January 1931 which ended civil disobedience and the boycott of British goods in exchange for a Round Table Conference which represented all interests. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. This article is about the Anglo-Indian Round Table Conferences The fortnight-long discussions resulted in the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, after which the Civil Disobedience Movement was suspended. Gandhi–Irwin Pact refers to a political agreement signed by Mahatma Gandhi and the then Viceroy of India, Lord Irwin on 5th March 1931

The agreement between Gandhi and Irwin was signed on March 5, 1931. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The salient points were:

• The Congress would discontinue the Civil Disobedience Movement.
• The Congress would participate in the Round Table Conference.
• The Government would withdraw all ordinances issued to curb the Congress.
• The Government would withdraw all prosecutions relating to offences not involving violence.
• The Government would release all persons serving sentences of imprisonment for their activities in the civil disobedience movement.

It was also agreed that Gandhi would join the Second Round Table Conference as the sole representative of the Congress. This article is about the Anglo-Indian Round Table Conferences

On March 20, 1931, Lord Irwin paid tribute to Gandhi's honesty, sincerity and patriotism at a dinner given by ruling princes. Events 1600 - The Linköping Bloodbath takes place on Maundy Thursday in Linköping, Sweden. Year 1931 ( MCMXXXI) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1931 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A month following the Gandhi-Irwin Pact, Lord Irwin retired and left India. On Irwin's return to England in April 1931, the situation was calm, but within a year the conference collapsed and Gandhi was again arrested.

Halifax and policy of Appeasement

The same year Irwin turned down the position of Foreign Secretary in favour of some time at home but inexplicably followed this up with a return to Education in 1932, a position enlivened only by his continuing (now backroom) role in Indian politics and law, his attainment of the position of Master of the Middleton Hunt in 1932 and his election as Chancellor of Oxford University in 1933. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1932 ( MCMXXXII) was a Leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar. The University of Oxford (informally "Oxford University" or simply "Oxford" located in the city of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England is the Year 1933 ( MCMXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. In 1934 he inherited the title Viscount Halifax from his father. Year 1934 ( MCMXXXIV) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full 1934 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Earl of Halifax is a title that has been created four times in British history once in the Peerage of England, twice in the Peerage of Great Britain and once in the In the period that followed he held a succession of government posts - Secretary of State for War for five months in 1935, Lord Privy Seal (1935-1937) and Lord President of the Council (1937-1938) under Stanley Baldwin and, after 1937, Neville Chamberlain. The position of Secretary of State for War, commonly called War Secretary, was a British Cabinet -level position first applied to Henry Dundas Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Lord Privy Seal or Lord Keeper of the Privy Seal is the fifth of the Great Officers of State in the United Kingdom ranking beneath the Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The Lord President of the Council is the fourth of the Great Officers of State of the United Kingdom, ranking beneath the Lord High Treasurer and above Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Arthur Neville Chamberlain (18 March 1869 &ndash 9 November 1940 was a British Conservative Politician and Prime Minister of the United Kingdom

The appointment of Anthony Eden as Foreign Secretary in 1935 seemed initially to tie in well with Halifax's feelings about the direction of foreign policy over which he increasingly began to advise. Robert Anthony Eden 1st Earl of Avon, KG, MC, PC (12 June 1897 &ndash 14 January 1977 was a British Conservative Politician Year 1935 ( MCMXXXV) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The two were in agreement (and in line with prevailing opinion throughout Britain) that Germany's reoccupation of the Rhineland - its "own backyard" - constituted no serious threat and should be welcomed insofar as it continued Germany's seeming progress towards returning to normality after the tribulations of the post-World War I settlement. The Remilitarization of the Rhineland by the German Army took place on 7 March 1936 when German forces entered the Rhineland. However, after Chamberlain succeeded Baldwin in 1937, the new prime minister began increasingly to use back channels - including Halifax himself - for foreign diplomacy. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

In November 1937 Halifax went to Germany at the invitation of Hermann Göring. Year 1937 ( MCMXXXVII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member The pretext was a hunting exhibition but Halifax was given strict instructions from the Foreign Office in preparation for a meeting with Adolf Hitler. The Foreign and Commonwealth Office, commonly called the Foreign Office or the FCO, is the British government department responsible for promoting Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately

On meeting the Führer, Halifax almost created an international incident by almost handing his coat to the diminutive dictator believing him to be a footman. In subsequent discussions Halifax ignored Eden's directive to pass on warnings against possible German designs on Austria and Czechoslovakia. Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Czechoslovakia may also refer to what is now the Czech Republic and Slovakia. He was given the nickname Halalifax by Hermann Göring, after Halali!, the German equivalent of mort of hunters (Göring himself was a passionate hunter). Hermann Wilhelm Göring (also spelled Goering) (12 January 1893 15 October 1946 was a German Politician, Military leader and a leading member

The following year Eden resigned, exasperated by the continued interference of the Prime Minister in foreign affairs and his persistence - with Halifax - in appeasement, particularly that in association with Benito Mussolini, whom Eden regarded as an untrustworthy gangster. Halifax got his job in February 1938. Three weeks later Hitler annexed (Anschluss) Austria; Czechoslovakia was now seriously at risk.

It is Halifax's handling of this crisis that usually gains him the most criticism. British foreign policy was predicated on the notion that the dictators in Europe were essentially honourable, reasonable and were disinclined to general warfare throughout the continent. A dictator is an Authoritarian ruler (eg Absolutist or autocratic) who assumes sole and absolute power without hereditary ascension such as an Absolute

All three of these positions turned out to be false. The main result of this severe error of judgement was the loss of Czechoslovakia, its industry and military to the Reich without a shot being fired. Halifax had severe doubts during the lead up to the complete occupation in March 1939 but he made little effort to alter British policy fearing Britain's military unpreparedness to meet the Nazi threat and allowed himself to be sidelined as Chamberlain attended fruitless conferences in Germany (Berchtesgaden, Godesberg and Munich) without him. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nazism, which was a short name for National Socialism (Nationalsozialismus refers primarily to the Ideology and practices of the National Socialist German Berchtesgaden (bɛʁçtəsˈgaːdən is a municipality in the German Bavarian Alps. Godesberg (roughly "god's mountain" a hill within the city limits of Bonn in the Rhineland at the Rhine, Germany. Munich (München; Minga is the capital city of Bavaria, Germany.

From here things stumbled from bad to worse. Halifax failed to realise how close relations had become between Moscow and Berlin until it was too late. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Berlin is the capital city and one of sixteen states of Germany. Italy invaded Albania and on 1 September 1939 Halifax had to watch as the international order he had sought to preserve fell to bits as Hitler invaded Poland. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Events 462 - Possible start of first Byzantine indiction cycle. Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Chamberlain's mishandling of the peace and his equally reckless handling of what is usually called the Phoney War led to his departure from 10 Downing Street. The Phoney War, also called the Twilight War by Winston Churchill, der Sitzkrieg in German ("the sitting war" a Halifax was a relatively popular candidate for the post of Prime Minister, but hurriedly ruled himself out, arguing that he would not be able to direct the war from the House of Lords.

Halifax and the Widerstand

Concerns as to Halifax's earlier appeasing stance are countered in the biography by Andrew Roberts. Andrew Roberts is the name of Andrew Roberts (historian (born 1963 historian Andrew Roberts (cricketer (born 1947 The 'hankering' for peace, so notable in Halifax's diplomacy, is said, by the outbreak of war, to be so conditioned by his distrust of Hitler, that he was largely immune to later peace offers. Those who cite this believe that he did his best, indeed, to thwart those which came from Pope Pius XII (the Vatican Exchanges), the Dutch and Belgian monarchs and, most importantly, from American President Roosevelt, because he realised that popular German approbation of Hitler was so overwhelming; a peace settlement, without the discrediting of Hitler, was worthless. Pope

Nevertheless other historians of the Widerstand allude to Foreign Office enthusiasm towards the offer coming in the Vatican Exchanges of Autumn 1939, as ever in Widerstand foreign policy up until 1943, incurring suggestions for German territorial aggrandisement from the 1938 borders. The German Resistance refers to those individuals and groups in Nazi Germany who opposed the regime of Adolf Hitler between 1933 and 1945 Year 1939 ( MCMXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1943 ( MCMXLIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (the link will display full 1943 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Year 1938 ( MCMXXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. On 8 January, 1940, Halifax is quoted as saying, in a meeting with Lonsdale Bryans as contact for Ulrich von Hassell, the Widerstand's foreign policy expert, that ". Ulrich von Hassell ( 12 November 1881 &ndash 8 September 1944) was a German Diplomat during World War II. . . he 'personally' would be against the Allies taking advantage of a revolution in Germany to attack the Siegfried Line. The original Siegfried line ( Siegfriedstellung) was a line of defensive forts and tank defenses built by Germany as a section of the Hindenburg Line 1916-1917 . . " if such were to produce a regime fit for negotiating with.

This line echoes in accord with the Widerstand history of Pope Pius XII's condition for intermediaryship, which was for the implementation of an equal verhandlungsfähige Regierung. By July 1940 Halifax initialled stern Foreign Office rejection of German peace feelers from the Papal Nuncio in Berne, Dr. Salazar in Lisbon and the Finnish Prime Minister, where weeks before he had been 'hankering' for the "tentative and half-baked Papal suggestions. Year 1940 ( MCMXL) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full 1940 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Nuncio is an ecclesiastical Diplomatic title, derived from the ancient Latin word Nuntius, meaning "envoy António de Oliveira Salazar, GColIH, GCTE, GCSE, pron. ɐ̃'tɔniu dɨ oli'vɐiɾɐ sɐlɐ'zaɾ

Ambassador to the United States and later life

Winston Churchill maintained him as Foreign Secretary for about nine months to present the Conservative Party as a unified front, but the two men did not enjoy a particularly close relationship. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Halifax soon found himself packed off to Washington - a common recourse of Churchill with men he suspected might be able but with whom he did not get on (for example, Churchill did the same with Field Marshal Sir John Dill). Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Field Marshal Sir John Greer Dill, GCB, CMG, DSO ( 25 December 1881 - 4 November 1944) was a Halifax did not at first appear a particularly deft diplomat and made a number of widely publicised gaffes including some poorly received jokes about baseball. Baseball is a Bat-and-ball Sport played between two teams of nine players each To the American public he came across as the distant, out of touch British aristocrat that arguably he was. Gradually relations improved, particularly with President Roosevelt, but Halifax was always on the margins in America because of Winston Churchill's tight personal control of contact with the United States. Once again Halifax was sidelined by his own prime minister and he was often excluded from sensitive discussions. Now an old man and mourning the death of his middle son in combat in 1942, Halifax wearied of Washington and asked Anthony Eden to have him replaced, but ultimately he stuck out the position under both Harry S. Truman and Clement Attlee back in Britain. Year 1942 ( MCMXLII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (the link will display the full 1942 calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Clement Richard Attlee 1st Earl Attlee, KG, OM, CH, PC ( 3 January 1883 &ndash 8 October 1967 The appointment continued to be dogged by failure, however, as the Americans abruptly cancelled Lend-Lease, upon which the British economy depended. Lend-Lease (Public Law 77-11 was the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, The subsequent loan negotiations were fraught and unsatisfying to the UK.

More successfully he took part in a plethora of international conferences over the UN and Russia (memorably describing Molotov, the Russian foreign minister, as "smiling granite") though here again he believed that Churchill's view of the Russian threat was exaggerated and urged him to be more conciliatory, perhaps indicating the reluctance to learn the lessons of the 1930s so obvious in his 1957 autobiography The Fulness of Days, a book politely dubbed "gently evasive". The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security Molotov redirects here For other uses see Molotov (disambiguation. Year 1957 ( MCMLVII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1957 Gregorian calendar)

In retirement from 1946 he returned to largely honorary pursuits as Chancellor of the University of Sheffield and the Order of the Garter and Chairman of the BBC. The University of Sheffield is a research University, located in Sheffield in South Yorkshire, England. The Most Noble Order of the Garter is an Order of chivalry, or Knighthood, originating in Medieval England, and presently bestowed on recipients He died at his estate at Garrowby shortly before Christmas 1959. The year 1959 ( MCMLIX) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.

Cultural references

Lord Halifax features in the novel The Remains of the Day by Kazuo Ishiguro and also the 1993 film of the same name in which he is portrayed by the actor Peter Eyre. The Remains of the Day ( 1989) is the third published Novel by Japanese-British author Kazuo Ishiguro. Kazuo Ishiguro (カズオ・イシグロ ( Kazuo Ishiguro) or ja 石黒 一雄 ( Ishiguro Kazuo) born November 8, 1954) is a British Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Peter Eyre (born 11 March 1942) is an American Actor. Eyre was born in New York City New York, the son of Dorothy Pelline ( Halifax also appears in the film Gandhi, where he is portrayed by Sir John Gielgud. Gandhi ( 1982) is a Biographical film about Mohandas ("Mahatma" Gandhi, who was a leader of the Nonviolent resistance movement Sir Arthur John Gielgud, OM, CH ( 14 April, 1904 – 21 May 2000) known as Sir John Gielgud, was an Halifax also makes an appearance as Lord Irwin in the film The Legend of Bhagat Singh, where he is played by the Israeli actor Gil Alon.

He is also mentioned in the novel 'The Big One' by Stuart Slade, in which he led a coup against Churchill and became Prime Minister in 1940 with the objective of peace with Nazi Germany but which actually led to German occupation of Britain. The Legend of Bhagat Singh is a Bollywood emotional historic Drama movie from India. This is a list of Israeli actors. See also List of Israelis Israeli actors A Yael Abecassis - This event is the cause of a different and longer World War 2 in which Atomic weapons are used to finally end the war in 1947.

Halifax College at the University of York is named after Lord Halifax. Halifax College is the largest and newest College of the University of York. The University of York is a Campus university in the city of York, England.

Further reading

Halifax is still a somewhat controversial figure, and his autobiography as well as many of the books about, or discussing, him have their own agendas.

• Autobiography - Fulness of Days, Collins, 1957
• Viscount Halifax: A Biography by Alan Campbell-Johnson, R. Hale, 1941
• Earl of Halifax: the Life of Lord Halifax by Earl of Birkenhead, Hamilton, 1965. Frederick Winston Furneaux Smith 2nd Earl of Birkenhead ( 7 December 1907 &ndash 10 June 1975) was a British historian
• The Holy Fox: The Life of Lord Halifax (1997) by Andrew Roberts. Andrew Roberts is the name of Andrew Roberts (historian (born 1963 historian Andrew Roberts (cricketer (born 1947

References

• For his service as Viceroy of India Bibliography

External links

• Lord Irwin
• Biography at spartacus schoolnet