Citizendia

Dune

Promotional film poster for Dune
Directed byDavid Lynch
Produced byDino De Laurentiis
Written byFrank Herbert (novel)
David Lynch
StarringKyle MacLachlan
Francesca Annis
Music byToto
CinematographyFreddie Francis
Editing byAntony Gibbs
Distributed byUniversal Pictures
Release date(s)December 14, 1984 (premiere)
Running time137 min. David Keith Lynch (born January 20 1946 is an American director, Screenwriter, producer, painter, Cartoonist, Composer Agostino De Laurentiis, usually credited as Dino De Laurentiis (born August 8 1919) is an Academy Award -winning Italian Franklin Patrick Herbert Jr ( October 8 1920 &ndash February 11 1986) was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful American David Keith Lynch (born January 20 1946 is an American director, Screenwriter, producer, painter, Cartoonist, Composer Kyle MacLachlan (born February 22 1959 in Yakima Washington) is a Golden Globe award winning American actor Francesca Annis (born 14 May 1945) is a British actress, particularly well known for her film and television appearances most recently Toto was a Grammy Award winning American rock band founded in 1977 by some of the most popular and experienced Session musicians of Frederick William (Freddie Francis ( 22 December 1917 &ndash 17 March 2007) was an English Cinematographer and Universal Studios (sometimes called Universal Pictures or Universal City Studios) a subsidiary of NBC Universal, is a major Global American Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1984 ( MCMLXXXIV) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1984 Gregorian calendar) (180 min. extended version)
CountryUnited States
LanguageEnglish
Budget$45,000,000 (estimated)
Allmovie profile
IMDb profile
This article is about the 1984 film. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States See Frank Herbert's Dune for the 2000 adaptation. Frank Herbert's Dune is a three-part Miniseries based on the 1965 novel Dune by Frank Herbert.

Dune is a 1984 science fiction film written and directed by David Lynch, based on the 1965 Frank Herbert novel of the same name. Events The Walt Disney Company founds Touchstone Pictures to release movies with subject matter deemed inappropriate for the Disney name Science fiction Film is a Film genre that uses speculative, Science -based depictions of imaginary phenomena such as extra-terrestrial David Keith Lynch (born January 20 1946 is an American director, Screenwriter, producer, painter, Cartoonist, Composer Franklin Patrick Herbert Jr ( October 8 1920 &ndash February 11 1986) was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful American Dune is a Science fiction novel written by Frank Herbert and published in 1965. The film stars Kyle MacLachlan as Paul Atreides, and includes an ensemble of well-known American and European actors in supporting roles, including Sting, Jose Ferrer, Virginia Madsen, Linda Hunt, Patrick Stewart, Max von Sydow, and Jürgen Prochnow, among others. Kyle MacLachlan (born February 22 1959 in Yakima Washington) is a Golden Globe award winning American actor Paul Orestes Atreides (10175-10217 AG is a Fictional character in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert; he later takes the Fremen The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Gordon Matthew Thomas Sumner, CBE (born October 2, 1951) better known by his Stage name Sting, is a three time Academy Award José Vicente Ferrer de Otero y Cintrón ( January 8, 1909 – January 26, 1992) was a Puerto Rican theater and Virginia Madsen (born September 11, 1961) is an American actress. Linda Hunt (born April 2, 1945) is an American film stage and television Actress. Patrick Hewes Stewart, OBE (born 13 July 1940 is an English Film, Television and stage Actor. (born 10 April 1929 is a well-known Swedish actor known in particular for his collaboration with filmmaker Ingmar Bergman. Jürgen Prochnow ( 'jʏɐgən 'pʀɔxnoː born June 10, 1941) is a German Actor. It was filmed at the Churubusco Studios in Mexico City and included a soundtrack by the band Toto. Estudios Churubusco is one of the oldest and largest Movie studios in Latin America located in the Churubusco neighborhood of Mexico City. Mexico City (in Spanish: Ciudad de México, México DF, México or simply Méjico) is the Capital city of Mexico Dune is an original Soundtrack album for the film of the same name. Toto was a Grammy Award winning American rock band founded in 1977 by some of the most popular and experienced Session musicians of As in the novel, the central plot concerns a young man foretold in prophecy as the "Kwisatz Haderach" who will protect the titular desert planet from the malevolent House Harkonnen and save the universe from evil. " Kwisatz Haderach " is the name of a prophesied Messiah in Frank Herbert 's fictional ''Dune'' universe. See Dune House Harkonnen for the 2000 novel and The House Harkonnen for the band House Harkonnen is a powerful noble family

After the success of the novel, attempts to adapt Dune for a film began as early as 1971. A lengthy process of what is known in the film industry as development hell followed throughout the 1970s, during which directors such as David Lean, Alejandro Jodorowsky, and Ridley Scott were considered. "Development hell" is media-industry Jargon for a Film, Television Screenplay, Computer program, Concept, or Sir David Lean KBE ( 25 March, 1908 &ndash 16 April, 1991) was an English Film director and producer Alejandro Jodorowsky (ɑːlɛˈxɑːndrɒ jɒdɒˈrɒvskiː (born February 7 1929 in Tocopilla, Chile, of a Jewish Russian (Ukranian immigrant family Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30 1937 in South Shields, Tyne and Wear) is a British Academy Award Nominated and Golden Globe Emmy Award and BAFTA Award winning In 1981, David Lynch was hired as director by executive producer Dino De Laurentiis. Motion Pictures An executive producer of a Motion picture is typically a producer who is sometimes involved in creative or technical aspects of production Agostino De Laurentiis, usually credited as Dino De Laurentiis (born August 8 1919) is an Academy Award -winning Italian

The film was not well received by critics and performed poorly at the American box office at the time. Upon its release, director David Lynch distanced himself from the project, stating that pressure from both producers and financiers restrained his artistic control and denied him final cut. Artistic control or Creative Control is a term commonly used in media production such as Movies, Television, and Music production. Final cut privilege is a film industry term usually used when a director has contractual authority over how a film is ultimately released for public viewing

Fans of the Dune series are polarized by the movie, although in the years since its release, the film has become a cult favorite, and at least three different versions have been released worldwide. A cult film is a Film that has acquired a highly devoted but relatively small group of fans. In some cuts of the film Lynch's name is replaced in the credits with the name of a fictional director Alan Smithee, a pseudonym used by directors who wish not to be associated with a film for which they would normally be credited. For the 1997 film see An Alan Smithee Film Burn Hollywood Burn, Alan Smithee (or the alternate spellings Allen Smithee Alan Smythee

Contents

Plot

Note: The following synopsis refers to the "Theatrical cut" version of the film, which features departures from the original novel.
The Planets of Dune: Arrakis, Caladan, Giedi Prime and Kaitain.
The Planets of Dune: Arrakis, Caladan, Giedi Prime and Kaitain. Arrakis is also an alternative name for the star Mu Draconis. Caladan is a Fictional planet in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Giedi Prime is the name of a Fictional planet set in Frank Herbert 's ''Dune'' universe described in the ''Dune'' Science fiction novels Kaitain is the second home planet of the Padishah Emperors of the Known Universe and the seat of the Imperial House Corrino in the ''Dune'' universe created

In the year 10,191 A. G. (After Guild) (23,190 AD), the known universe, a sprawling feudal galactic empire, is ruled by the Padishah Emperor Shaddam Corrino IV. The Spacing Guild is a Fictional organization in Frank Herbert 's ''Dune'' universe created in a series of Science fiction novels starting in Feudalism, a term first used in the early modern period (17th century in its most classic sense refers to a Medieval Europe Political system composed The Padishah Emperor was the title of the hereditary rulers of the known universe in Frank Herbert 's fictional ''Dune'' universe. Shaddam Corrino IV is a character in the fictional ''Dune'' universe of Frank Herbert. In this time the most precious substance in the universe is the spice melange, which extends life, expands consciousness and is vital to space travel. Melange is the name of the Fictional drug (also known as spice) central to the Dune series of Science fiction Novels The powerful Spacing Guild and its Navigators use the orange spice gas to achieve a sense called prescience by which they safely guide the interstellar ships to any part of the universe using the quantum mechanics of Holtzman generators, an extremely complicated machine which "folds space" (in effect, the ship is moved instantaneously across vast distances). The Spacing Guild is a Fictional organization in Frank Herbert 's ''Dune'' universe created in a series of Science fiction novels starting in In the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert, Guild Navigators or Steersmen are humans mutated through the consumption of massive amounts of

Four planets draw the attention of the Spacing Guild: Arrakis, a desert planet and only source of spice in the universe; Caladan, home of House Atreides; Giedi Prime, home of House Harkonnen; and Kaitain, Home of the Emperor Shaddam IV. Arrakis is also an alternative name for the star Mu Draconis. Caladan is a Fictional planet in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. House Atreides is a fictional noble family from the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Giedi Prime is the name of a Fictional planet set in Frank Herbert 's ''Dune'' universe described in the ''Dune'' Science fiction novels See Dune House Harkonnen for the 2000 novel and The House Harkonnen for the band House Harkonnen is a powerful noble family Kaitain is the second home planet of the Padishah Emperors of the Known Universe and the seat of the Imperial House Corrino in the ''Dune'' universe created The Guild, fearing a plot that might jeopardize Spice production, sends a third stage Navigator to Kaitain demanding explanations from the Emperor, who confidentially lets the Guild know of his plans to destroy House Atreides. The popularity of Duke Leto Atreides has grown within the Landsraad, and as Leto is suspected to be creating a secret army with a technique involving sound, he is now a threat to the Emperor. Duke Leto Atreides I (10140-10191 AG is a fictional character in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. The Landsraad is a fictional organization in Frank Herbert 's ''Dune'' universe. The Weirding Module is a fictional device introduced into the ''Dune'' movie to replace the Bene Gesserit Martial art referred to by the Fremen Shaddam's plan is to give the Atreides control of Arrakis, replacing the Harkonnens, who at an appointed time would launch a sneak attack on the Atreides. Upon being informed of the plot, the Navigator commands the Emperor to kill the Duke's son, Paul Atreides, a young man who dreams prophetic visions of his purpose. Paul Orestes Atreides (10175-10217 AG is a Fictional character in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert; he later takes the Fremen The cryptic assassination order draws the attention of the Bene Gesserit sisterhood, as Paul Atreides is tied to their centuries long breeding program in search of the Kwisatz Haderach. The Bene Gesserit (from Latin or a Semitic language see the origin of the name) are a key social religious and political force in Frank Herbert " Kwisatz Haderach " is the name of a prophesied Messiah in Frank Herbert 's fictional ''Dune'' universe.

Before departure, Paul is tested by Reverend Mother Gaius Helen Mohiam with a deadly gom jabbar at his throat. Gaius Helen Mohiam is a Fictional character in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. The gom jabbar is a Fictional device appearing in Frank Herbert 's ''Dune'' universe. Paul is forced to place his hand in a box, which subjects him to excruciating and increasing pain; he passes to Mohiam's satisfaction, withstanding more pain than anyone has before him. Meanwhile, in the industrial world of Giedi Prime, the sadistic Baron Vladimir Harkonnen tells his nephews Glossu Rabban and Feyd-Rautha about his plan to eliminate their centuries long enemies, House Atreides, by manipulating someone very close to the Duke into betraying him. The Baron Vladimir Harkonnen is a Fictional character from the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Glossu Rabban, Count of Lankiveil (nickname 'The Beast' was a minor character in the Science fiction Novel Dune by The Na-Baron Feyd-Rautha Harkonnen is a Fictional character in the Science fiction novel Dune by Frank Herbert.

The Atreides leave Caladan for Arrakis, a mysterious world of vast deserts, filled with gigantic sandworms and populated by the Fremen, mysterious people who have long held a prophecy that a messiah would come to lead them to true freedom. The sandworm is a fictional form of Desert -dwelling creature from the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. The Fremen are a group of free people in the fictional ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert, who based them on the Bedouin and the Kalahari Bushmen This article is about the concept of a Messiah in religion notably in the Christian Islamic and Jewish traditions Upon arrival to Arrakis, Duke Leto is informed by one of his right-hand men, Duncan Idaho, that the Fremen have been largely underestimated, as they exist in vast numbers in Arrakis and could prove to be powerful allies. Duncan Idaho is a Fictional character in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Duke Leto gains the trust of the people of Arrakis, proving to be a charismatic and just leader. But before the Duke can establish an alliance with the Fremen, the Harkonnen launch their attack more quickly than the Atreides expect.

While the Atreides anticipated a trap, they are unable to withstand a devastating Harkonnen sneak attack, supported by the Emperor's elite troops, the Sardaukar, and aided by a traitor within House Atreides itself, Doctor Wellington Yueh. The Sardaukar are a Jingoistic, Fictional army from Frank Herbert 's ''Dune'' universe, primarily featured in the Science fiction novel Dr Wellington Yueh (10082 AG-10191 AG Realizing young Yueh's great fear of having his memories restored Sheeana leads Yueh to believe that she can restore his memories easily Captured, Duke Leto dies in a failed attempt to assassinate the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen using a poison gas capsule planted in his tooth by Dr. Yueh, but his concubine Jessica and his son Paul escape into the deep desert. Lady Jessica (10154-10256 AG Lady Jessica was portrayed by Francesca Annis in the 1984 David Lynch film Dune. With Jessica's Bene Gesserit abilities and Paul's developing skills, they manage to join a band of native Fremen. Paul emerges as Muad'Dib, the religious and political leader the Fremen have been waiting for. Paul teaches the Fremen to use the weirding modules and begins targeting mining production of spice. In the span of two years, spice production is effectively halted. The Emperor is warned by the Spacing Guild of the situation on Arrakis, as the Guild fears that Paul would eventually take the Water of Life. The Water of Life is a Fictional drug from Frank Herbert 's Science fiction ''Dune'' universe. The fears of the Spacing Guild are revealed to Paul in a prophetic dream. Paul drinks the Water of Life and enters a coma that disturbs all Bene Gesserits in the universe. The water of life prompts several visions to Paul, and upon awaking Paul is transformed and gains control of the sandworms of Arrakis.

Upon the Emperor's arrival at Arrakis, Paul launches a final attack against both the Harkonnen and the Emperor. His Fremen warriors, armed with weirding modules and riding sandworms, defeat the Emperor's legions of Sardaukar while Paul's sister Alia kills the Baron Harkonnen, who floats through a wall breach to be eaten by a sandworm. Alia Atreides (10191 Alia soon communicates with Paul the same way Of all the uses of time-vision this was the strangest Paul faces the defeated Emperor, and avenges his family in a duel to the death with Feyd-Rautha Harkonnen. After making Feyd's organs burst by screaming at his corpse without a weirding module, Paul commands rain to fall on Arrakis. Alia reveals to everyone that Paul is the Kwisatz Haderach.

Cast

Kyle MacLachlan as Paul Atreides
Kyle MacLachlan as Paul Atreides

In credited order:

Sting as Feyd-Rautha.
Sting as Feyd-Rautha. Francesca Annis (born 14 May 1945) is a British actress, particularly well known for her film and television appearances most recently Lady Jessica (10154-10256 AG Lady Jessica was portrayed by Francesca Annis in the 1984 David Lynch film Dune. Leonardo Cimino is an Italian film and television Actor. Arguably Leonardo's most well known role is in the 1983 NBC mini series V Bradford Claude Dourif (born March 18 1950 is a BAFTA -winning and Academy Award - and Emmy -nominated American film and television Piter De Vries is a Fictional character from the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. José Vicente Ferrer de Otero y Cintrón ( January 8, 1909 – January 26, 1992) was a Puerto Rican theater and The Padishah Emperor was the title of the hereditary rulers of the known universe in Frank Herbert 's fictional ''Dune'' universe. Shaddam Corrino IV is a character in the fictional ''Dune'' universe of Frank Herbert. Linda Hunt (born April 2, 1945) is an American film stage and television Actress. The following is a comprehensive list of Fremen from the fictional ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Freddie Jones (born 12 September 1927) is an English Character actor. Thufir Hawat is a Fictional character in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. For the senior RAF officer see Richard Jordan (RAF officer. Richard Anson Jordan ( July 19, 1937 – August 30, Duncan Idaho is a Fictional character in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Kyle MacLachlan (born February 22 1959 in Yakima Washington) is a Golden Globe award winning American actor Paul Orestes Atreides (10175-10217 AG is a Fictional character in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert; he later takes the Fremen Virginia Madsen (born September 11, 1961) is an American actress. Princess Irulan Corrino is a Fictional character and member of House Corrino in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Silvana Mangano ( April 21, 1930 &ndash December 16, 1989) was an Italian actress Sayyadina Ramallo, or Reverend Mother Ramallo, is a fictional character from the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Everett McGill (born October 21, 1945) is an American actor McGill was born Charles Everett McGill III in Miami Beach, Florida Stilgar is a Fictional character in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Kenneth McMillan ( July 2, 1932 – January 8, 1989) was an American character actor The Baron Vladimir Harkonnen is a Fictional character from the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert.

Production

Pre-release flyer for Jodorowsky's Dune
Pre-release flyer for Jodorowsky's Dune

Shot almost entirely in Mexico, the movie is an adaptation of the first part of a series of novels (see Dune, by Frank Herbert) and containing elements from the later parts. Dean Stockwell (born March 5, 1936) is an Academy Award -nominated Emmy Award -nominated Cannes Award and Golden Globe Dr Wellington Yueh (10082 AG-10191 AG Realizing young Yueh's great fear of having his memories restored Sheeana leads Yueh to believe that she can restore his memories easily (born 10 April 1929 is a well-known Swedish actor known in particular for his collaboration with filmmaker Ingmar Bergman. Liet-Kynes is a Fictional character in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Alicia Roanne Witt (born August 21 1975 is an American film stage and television actress Alia Atreides (10191 Alia soon communicates with Paul the same way Of all the uses of time-vision this was the strangest Sean Young (born November 20, 1959) is an American actress. Early life Young was born as Mary Sean Young in Chani is a Fictional character featured in Frank Herbert 's novels Dune (1965 and Dune Messiah (1969 The following is a comprehensive list of Fremen from the fictional ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. The following is a comprehensive list of Fremen from the fictional ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. The following is a comprehensive list of Fremen from the fictional ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Alejandro Jodorowsky (ɑːlɛˈxɑːndrɒ jɒdɒˈrɒvskiː (born February 7 1929 in Tocopilla, Chile, of a Jewish Russian (Ukranian immigrant family Dune is a Science fiction novel written by Frank Herbert and published in 1965.

The pre-production process was slow and problematic, and the project was handed from director to director. "Development hell" is media-industry Jargon for a Film, Television Screenplay, Computer program, Concept, or [1] In 1971 the production company Apjac International (APJ) (headed by Arthur P. Jacobs) optioned the rights to film Dune. Arthur Jacobs ( March 7, 1922 – June 27, 1973) was a twentieth century Film producer responsible for numerous classic films of As Jacobs was busy with other projects (such as the sequel of Planet of the Apes) the project was delayed for another year. Planet of the Apes is a 1968 Science fiction / thriller film directed by Franklin J Originally, it was to be directed by David Lean (with Robert Bolt writing the screenplay) and scheduled to begin shooting in 1974. Sir David Lean KBE ( 25 March, 1908 &ndash 16 April, 1991) was an English Film director and producer Robert Oxton Bolt, CBE (August 15 1924 – February 21 1995 was an English playwright and a two-time Oscar winning screenwriter In 1973, Arthur P. Jacobs died.

In December 1974, a French consortium led by Jean-Paul Gibon purchased the rights to the movie from APJ. This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The director this time would be Alejandro Jodorowsky. Alejandro Jodorowsky (ɑːlɛˈxɑːndrɒ jɒdɒˈrɒvskiː (born February 7 1929 in Tocopilla, Chile, of a Jewish Russian (Ukranian immigrant family

In 1975, Jodorowsky tried to film the story as a ten hour feature, in collaboration with Orson Welles, Dan O'Bannon, Salvador Dalí, Gloria Swanson, Hervé Villechaize and others (nicknamed by him as "his seven samurais"). George Orson Welles (May 6 1915 – October 10 1985 was an Academy Award -winning director, writer actor and producer for film stage radio and television Dan O'Bannon (born Daniel Thomas O'Bannon on September 30, 1946 in St Salvador Domingo Felipe Jacinto Dalí i Domènech 1st Marquis of Púbol (May 11 1904 &ndash January 23 1989 was a Spanish Catalan Surrealist Gloria Swanson (March 27 1899 – April 4 1983 was an Academy Award -nominated Golden Globe -winning American Hollywood Hervé Jean-Pierre Villechaize ( April 23, 1943 - September 4, 1993) was a French Actor who achieved worldwide recognition The music would have been done by Pink Floyd. Pink Floyd are Jodorowsky set up a pre-production unit in Paris that consisted of Chris Foss, a British artist who designed covers for science fiction periodicals, Jean Giraud (Moebius), a French illustrator who created and also wrote and drew for Metal Hurlant magazine, and H. R. Giger. Christopher Foss (born 1946 is a British Illustrator and science fiction artist best known for his Science fiction book covers and the illustrations for the original Jean Henri Gaston Giraud (born May 8, 1938) is a French comics artist. Métal Hurlant is a French magazine of Science fiction and horror Comics, created in December 1974 by Comics artists Hans Ruedi Giger (ˈɡi ɡɚ (born at Chur, Grisons Canton, February 5, 1940) is an Academy Award -winning Swiss Moebius began designing creatures and characters for the film, while Foss was brought in to design the film's space ships and hardware. Giger started designing the Harkonnen Castle based on Moebius' storyboards and Dali was to play the role of the Emperor for a reported $100,000 an hour. Jodorowsky also hired Dan O'Bannon to head the special effects department. Dan O'Bannon (born Daniel Thomas O'Bannon on September 30, 1946 in St Dali and Jodorowsky began quarreling over money and just as the storyboards, designs, and the script were finished, the financial backing dried up. Frank Herbert travelled to Europe in 1976 to find that two million dollars of the 9. 5 million budget were already spent in pre-production and that the Jodorowsky's script would result in a 14-hour movie ("It was the size of a phonebook" Herbert recalled). Although Jodorowsky took several creative liberties with his novel, Herbert stated that he and Jodorowsky had an amicable relationship.

The rights for filming were yet again sold, this time to Dino de Laurentiis. Although embittered, Jodorowsky states that the Dune project changed his life. Dan O'Bannon entered a psychiatric hospital after the failure of the production and worked on 13 scripts afterwards; his 13th script was Alien. Alien is a 1979 science fiction / Horror film directed by Ridley Scott and starring Sigourney Weaver. [2]

De Laurentiis commissioned Herbert to write the screenplay in 1978. However, considering that an average script is 110 pages long, Herbert's 175-page script was rejected.

With De Laurentiis holding the rights for filming, he hired director Ridley Scott in 1979 (with Rudolph Wurlitzer writing the screenplay and H. Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30 1937 in South Shields, Tyne and Wear) is a British Academy Award Nominated and Golden Globe Emmy Award and BAFTA Award winning R. Giger back from the Jodorowsky production). Scott worked on three scripts using The Battle of Algiers as a point of reference and intended to split the book into two movies before moving on to direct another science fiction film, 1982's Blade Runner. The Battle of Algiers (La battaglia di Algeri is a 1966 Black-and-white film by Gillo Pontecorvo based on events during the 1954-1962 Algerian Blade Runner is a 1982 American Science fiction Film, directed by Ridley Scott. As he recalls, the pre-production process was slow and to get the project done would have taken more time:

But after seven months I dropped out of Dune, by then Rudy Wurlitzer had come up with a first-draft script which I felt was a decent distillation of Frank Herbert's. But I also realised Dune was going to take a lot more work — at least two and a half years' worth. And I didn't have the heart to attack that because my older brother Frank unexpectedly died of cancer while I was prepping the De Laurentiis picture. Frankly, that freaked me out. So I went to Dino and told him the Dune script was his. — From Ridley Scott: The Making of his Movies by Paul M. Sammon

By 1981, the nine-year deal was expiring. De Laurentiis re-negotiated the rights again and settled the rights for Dune sequels (written and unwritten). Raffaella De Laurentiis, after seeing The Elephant Man, decided that David Lynch should direct the movie. The Elephant Man is a 1980 Biopic loosely based on the story of the 19th century British deformed celebrity Joseph Merrick (called John David Keith Lynch (born January 20 1946 is an American director, Screenwriter, producer, painter, Cartoonist, Composer Around that time Lynch was receiving several other offers, including Return of the Jedi, and agreed to direct and write Dune. Star Wars Episode VI Return of the Jedi is a 1983 Space opera Film directed by Richard Marquand and written by George Lucas

David Lynch worked on the script for six months with Eric Bergen and Christopher De Vore, eventually adapting the movie into two scripts. The team split up after this first attempt because of creative differences. Lynch would continue to work on five more different scripts. Shooting of Dune finally started with the 135-page 6th draft of the script on March 30, 1983. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1983 ( MCMLXXXIII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays the 1983 Gregorian calendar) With a budget of over 40 million dollars, Dune required 80 sets built upon 16 sound stages and a total crew of 1700, with many of the exterior shots filmed in the Samalayuca Dunes in Chihuahua. The Samalayuca Dunes is a large sand Dune field located near the northern border of the Mexican state of Chihuahua, near the border with the U The rough cut of Dune under completion was over four hours in duration without post production effects, but Lynch's intended cut of the movie as reflected in the seventh and last draft of the script was three hours long.

However, Universal Pictures and the film financiers expected a standard two-hour cut of the film. To shorten the film, producers Dino De Laurentiis, Raffaella De Laurentiis and director David Lynch removed numerous scenes, filmed new scenes that comprised simplified or concentrated elements of the plot, and added voice over narrations, including a new introduction by Virginia Madsen, into the final cut. Agostino De Laurentiis, usually credited as Dino De Laurentiis (born August 8 1919) is an Academy Award -winning Italian Contrary to popular rumors, Lynch made no other version of the movie outside the Theatrical Cut; no longer, three to six hour version ever existed in its complete form. [3]

In the Introduction for his 1985 short story collection Eye, Frank Herbert discussed the film's reception and his participation in the production, and listed scenes that were shot but cut from the released version. The short story is a literary genre of Fictional Prose Narrative that tends to be more concise and to the point than longer works of fiction such Eye (1985 is a collection of thirteen short stories written by Science fiction author Frank Herbert. [4] Herbert stated he was satisfied with the end result of the movie, but expressed disappointment that some of the scenes he saw on the rough cuts of Dune were not included in the Theatrical Cut. [5]

Release

Dune's premiere was on December 3, 1984 at The Kennedy Center in Washington, D.C. and was released worldwide on December 14. Events 1800 - War of the Second Coalition: Battle of Hohenlinden, French The John F Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts (on the building itself called the John F Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Publicity for Dune was extensive before its release, not only because it was based on a best-selling novel but because it was directed by David Lynch, who had success with Eraserhead and The Elephant Man. Several magazines followed the production, and published articles praising the film before its release,[6] all part of the advertising and merchandising of Dune, which also included a documentary for television as well as items placed in toy stores. [7]

Reception

In his review, critic Roger Ebert gave Dune one star out of four and wrote "This movie is a real mess, an incomprehensible, ugly, unstructured, pointless excursion into the murkier realms of one of the most confusing screenplays of all time. Roger Joseph Ebert (iːbɝt born June 18, 1942) is an American film critic and Screenwriter. " [8] Ebert added that "The movie's plot will no doubt mean more to people who've read Herbert than to those who are walking in cold," and later named it "the worst movie of the year. "[9] On At The Movies with Gene Siskel and Ebert, Siskel began his review by saying "it's physically ugly, it contains at least a dozen gory gross-out scenes, some of its special effects are cheap — surprisingly cheap because this film cost a reported 40 to 45 million dollars — and its story is confusing beyond belief. Eugene "Gene" Kal Siskel ( January 26, 1946 &ndash February 20, 1999) was an American Film critic. In case I haven't made myself clear, I hated watching this film. "[10] The film was later listed as the worst film of 1984 in their "Stinkers of 1984" episode. [11] Other negative reviews focused on the same issues as well as on the length of the film. [12]

Janet Maslin of The New York Times also gave Dune a negative review of one star out of five. Janet Maslin (born 1948 is an American Journalist. She is best known as a film and literary critic for The New York Times She said that, "Several of the characters in Dune are psychic, which puts them in the unique position of being able to understand what goes on in the movie" and explained that the plot was "perilously overloaded, as is virtually everything else about it. "

The staff of Variety gave Dune a more favorable, but still negative review stating "Dune is a huge, hollow, imaginative and cold sci-fi epic. Variety is a weekly entertainment trade newspaper founded in New York in 1905 by Sime Silverman Visually unique and teeming with incident, David Lynch's film holds the interest due to its abundant surface attractions but won't, of its own accord, create the sort of fanaticism which has made Frank Herbert's 1965 novel one of the all-time favorites in its genre. " They also commented on how "Lynch's adaptation covers the entire span of the novel, but simply setting up the various worlds, characters, intrigues and forces at work requires more than a half-hour of expository screen time. " They did enjoy the cast and said that "Francesca Annis and Jurgen Prochnow make an outstandingly attractive royal couple, Siân Phillips has some mesmerizing moments as a powerful witch, Brad Dourif is effectively loony, and best of all is Kenneth McMillan, whose face is covered with grotesque growths and who floats around like the Blue Meanie come to life. "

Richard Corliss of Time magazine gave Dune a negative review, stating that "Most sci-fi movies offer escape, a holiday from homework, but Dune is as difficult as a final exam. Richard Nelson Corliss (born 1943 is a writer for Time magazine who focuses on Movies, with the occasional article on music or sports Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and You have to cram for it. " He noted that "MacLachlan, 25, grows impressively in the role; his features, soft and spoiled at the beginning, take on a he-manly glamour once he assumes his mission. " He ended by saying "The actors seem hypnotized by the spell Lynch has woven around them — especially the lustrous Francesca Annis, as Paul's mother, who whispers her lines with the urgency of erotic revelation. In those moments when Annis is onscreen, Dune finds the emotional center that has eluded it in its parade of rococo decor and austere special effects. She reminds us of what movies can achieve when they have a heart as well as a mind. "

While most critics were negative towards Dune, critic and science fiction writer Harlan Ellison was of a different opinion at the time. Harlan Jay Ellison (born May 27, 1934) is a prolific American Writer of Short stories, Novellas, Teleplays In his 1989 book of film criticism Harlan Ellison's Watching, he says that the $42 million production failed because critics were denied screenings at the last minute after several re-schedules, a decision by Universal that, according to Ellison, made the film community feel nervous and negative towards Dune before its release. Harlan Ellison's Watching (ISBN 0-88733-067-3 is a 1989 compilation of 25 years worth of essays and film reviews written by Harlan Ellison for Cinema [13] Ellison eventually became one of the film's few positive reviewers.

More even-handed criticism praised Lynch's noir-baroque approach to the film. Film noir is a cinematic term used primarily to describe stylish Hollywood crime dramas, particularly those that emphasize moral ambiguity and sexual motivation Baroque art redirects here Please disambiguate such links to Baroque painting, Baroque sculpture, etc Others compare it to other Lynch films that are equally hard to access, such as Eraserhead, and assert that in order to watch it, the viewer must first be aware of the Dune universe. Eraserhead is a 1977 Surrealist Horror film written and directed by David Lynch. In the years since its initial release Dune has become a cult favorite, and has gained more positive reviews from online critics[14] and viewers. [15]

As a result of its commercial and critical failure, all initial plans of Dune's sequels were cancelled. It was reported that David Lynch was working on the screenplay for Dune Messiah [16] and was hired to direct a second and a third Dune film. Dune Messiah is a Science fiction novel by Frank Herbert, the second in a series of six novels

In retrospect, "Lynch admitted he should never have directed Dune," [17] and prefers not to discuss it in interviews. Universal has approached him for a possible Director's Cut of the film, but Lynch has rejected every offer. A director's cut is a specially edited version of a Film, and less often TV series, Music video, commercials or Video games

I started selling out on Dune. Looking back, it's no one's fault but my own. I probably shouldn't have done that picture, but I saw tons and tons of possibilities for things I loved, and this was the structure to do them in. There was so much room to create a world. But I got strong indications from Raffaella and Dino De Laurentiis of what kind of film they expected, and I knew I didn't have final cut. — David Lynch, on Dune[18]

Departures from the novel

The film makes numerous departures from the novel, most notably in the case of the Weirding Way, which in the novel is a super-martial art form that allows Paul Atreides to move with lightning speed. The Bene Gesserit (from Latin or a Semitic language see the origin of the name) are a key social religious and political force in Frank Herbert Martial arts are systems of codified practices and traditions of training for Combat. In the film it is replaced with "Weirding Modules," sonic weapons that resemble small video cameras and amplify the user's voice into a destructive force. The Weirding Module is a fictional device introduced into the ''Dune'' movie to replace the Bene Gesserit Martial art referred to by the Fremen Since the time of release, this has been controversial among Dune fans. [19][20] Reportedly, the original technique was left out because it was thought that a pitched combat of Fremen fighting Sardaukar while using the book's Weirding Way would resemble an unsophisticated kung-fu film; additionally, the Weirding Modules provided an opportunity for the use of special effects. The Fremen are a group of free people in the fictional ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert, who based them on the Bedouin and the Kalahari Bushmen The Sardaukar are a Jingoistic, Fictional army from Frank Herbert 's ''Dune'' universe, primarily featured in the Science fiction novel For other uses see Martial arts (disambiguation Martial arts film is a Film genre that originated in the Pacific Rim. This change literalized a moment in the novel in which Paul says his name had become a death-prayer, as the Fremen shout "Muad'dib!" before killing an opponent. In the film, a Fremen training with the weirding module says "Muad'dib" and accidentally destroys a ceiling, leading Paul to make the remark "my name is a killing word. "

The film grants the Bene Gesserit telepathy, while the novel notes their keen, nearly superhuman awareness. Telepathy ( Greek τηλε tele meaning "distant" and πάθεια patheia meaning "to be affected by" describes the purported transfer In a scene in which Spacing Guild members are responsible for covering up the Guild Navigator's activities, they cannot speak normally, but instead use a translating device, which has the appearance of a vintage radio microphone. Hawat is forced to milk a gruesome captive cat daily for the antidote to the residual poison in his body. The following is a list of terminology used in the fictional ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert, the primary source being "Terminology of the Imperium" the The Harkonnens drink the juices of crushed insects; they also have heart-plugs, sadistic devices that terminate slaves by "unplugging" their hearts.

There are several distinctive visual and aesthetic choices made in the film that do not seem directly inspired by Herbert's novel. Aesthetics or esthetics ( also spelled æsthetics) is commonly known as the study of sensory or sensori-emotional values sometimes called In the film, the Bene Gesserit women adopt shaven heads when they become Reverend Mothers and the Mentats have enormous eyebrows. The 'thopters (ornithopters) are depicted as wingless, jet- or rocket-propelled aircraft, while the color of the Arrakeen sky is changed from silver to orange. Early history The idea of constructing wings in order to imitate the flight of birds dates to the ancient Greek legend of Daedalus and Icarus

Perhaps most conspicuously, both Paul and Feyd-Rautha are older in the film than in the novel. There is no mention in the film of the reasons for their mutual hatred, which are explained in detail in the novel. Furthermore, their climactic duel is reduced in both significance and length in the film.

Several characters are entirely excluded from the film adaptation, presumably as a result of time limitations, such as Count Fenring, his Bene Gesserit wife Margot, and several other minor characters. Count Hasimir Fenring is a Fictional character in the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. Lady Margot Fenring is a Fictional character from the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Herbert. The deaths of characters such as Thufir Hawat, Baron Harkonnen, and Rabban were altered or omitted altogether.

The final line in the novel, spoken by Jessica to Chani, is "We who carry the name of concubine - history will call us wives" (in reference to Paul's marriage to and refusal of Irulan). In the film, the final lines (spoken by Alia) are "And how can this be? For he is the Kwisatz Haderach!", and are delivered after rain falls on Arrakis. " Kwisatz Haderach " is the name of a prophesied Messiah in Frank Herbert 's fictional ''Dune'' universe.

Some of the novel's central themes were minimized for the adaptation; political topics such as the "unstable tripod of power" in the novel's universe (Emperor, Landsraad, and Guild) were not depicted faithfully. [21] The Guild treat the Emperor like a lackey rather than an equal power, while the Landsraad is almost non-existent. The book has the Guild operating behind the scenes, and their dependence on spice is only revealed at the end. It is not said that they were involved in the original plot against Duke Leto Atreides.

The Emperor's main concern in the book is that the Fremen are potentially as dangerous as his Sardaukar, the toughness of each group being reckoned to come from the harshness of their environment. He is less concerned with spice, reckoning he will get his share whoever controls it.

The ecological themes were not addressed as they were through the series: the film ends with rain falling on Arrakis, apparently at Paul's command. In the novel, this was accomplished decades later, through great efforts by the Fremen and years of terraforming. The terraforming (literally "Earth-shaping" of a Planet, moon, or other body is the hypothetical process of deliberately modifying its Additionally, a plot complication is created because rain falling on Arrakis would effectively stop spice production, as in the novel, water is the only thing that poisons worms. [22]

Versions

DVD cover for Dune
DVD cover for Dune
2006 Extended Edition DVD cover
2006 Extended Edition DVD cover

Despite initial failure, the movie has achieved a respectable cult status of which at least three other versions outside the original theatrical cut have been released. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is In grand total, five versions of Dune are known.

Theatrical cut

Released worldwide in 1984, it was edited by 37 seconds in the UK to pass PG rating, at a total running time of 137 minutes. Though this 137-minute version was not David Lynch's intended cut, it is the only director-approved version and the only official version he ever made of the film for release. It is widely available on both VHS and DVD. DVD (also known as " Digital Versatile Disc " or " Digital Video Disc " - see Etymology)is In 2006 it was remastered for a special DVD release, and as of late 2006 has been released on HD-DVD with many of the special features seen on other disks.

Alan Smithee version

The less-seen 189-minute "Alan Smithee" version is a favorite on its own, released in 1989. For the 1997 film see An Alan Smithee Film Burn Hollywood Burn, Alan Smithee (or the alternate spellings Allen Smithee Alan Smythee Prepared originally for syndicated television (and later seen on basic cable television networks) for a two-night broadcast, it was prepared without either participation or authorization by David Lynch. The missing footage includes a painted montage at the prologue, and several scenes reinserted, including the "little-maker" essence-of-spice scene. The television version was edited in a seemingly haphazard way (for example, certain shots were repeated throughout the film to create the impression that new footage had been added). Lynch objected to these edits and had his name removed from the credits of this print (which were replaced by Alan Smithee and Judas Booth). This version was initially only released on laserdisc in Japan, but has also been found as a poorly recorded VHS on the bootleg market. [23] It is now available worldwide on DVD.

Channel 2 version

In 1992, KTVU, a San Francisco, CA Fox affiliate, pieced together a hybrid edit of the two previous versions for broadcast in the San Francisco Bay Area. KTVU, channel 2 is the San Francisco Bay Area 's Fox affiliate The City and County of San Francisco is the fourth most populous city It is essentially the television version with all the violence of the theatrical version reincorporated into the film, along with many of the "fabricated" shots objected to by Lynch removed.

An Extended Edition DVD version was released in Europe in November 2005. It includes, among its many extra features, an extended version of the film, credited to Alan Smithee, which is 177 minutes long. The booklet explains that this version was created for an American television channel, and is most likely the aforementioned Channel 2 Version. Neither the video nor the audio was remastered, exhibiting a poor television-like quality. Although the cover states that the soundtrack is in mono sound, it is, in fact, in stereo.

Extended Edition

An Extended Edition was released by Universal Home Entertainment in the US on DVD on January 31, 2006. Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The DVD contains both Lynch's 137-minute theatrical cut and a 177-minute edit of the Alan Smithee television version (the latter being presented for the first time in its original anamorphic aspect ratio). Anamorphic format is a term that can be used either for the Cinematography technique of capturing a Widescreen picture on standard 35 mm film, or other It also features a documentary on the production design and special effects, as well as a supplementary section of outtakes and scenes not included in any previous version of the film, including an alternate ending.

Workprint version

An assembly of all footage after the completion of principal photography was shown to the crew in Mexico, as well as to Frank Herbert. A workprint is a rough version of a Motion picture, used by the Film editor (s during the editing process Contrary to popular fan rumors, it was by no means the Director's Cut of the film. This workprint version is the basis of such rumors, but there was never a four-hour cut of the movie in its complete form. In the fan edit online communities, attempts have been made to re-assemble a "Workprint" of the film closer to David Lynch's intent and the original novel by using the deleted scenes and fixing any technical errors from the Smithee version. A fan edit is a version of a film modified by a viewer that removes reorders or adds material in order to create a new interpretation of the film [24]

Influence on popular culture

The Reverend Mother and the Lady Elara from Emperor: Battle for Dune
The Reverend Mother and the Lady Elara from Emperor: Battle for Dune
Emperor Frederick Corrino IV from Dune 2000
Emperor Frederick Corrino IV from Dune 2000

The film inspired the Cryo Interactive video game Dune, which used elements (such as the Weirding Modules) unique to the film. A Reverend Mother is both a Bene Gesserit title and a class or level associated with Fictional characters from the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank Emperor Battle for Dune is a ''Dune'' computer game, released by Westwood Studios in 2001 Dune 2000 is a Real-time strategy Video game, released by Westwood Studios in 1998 for Microsoft Windows, and later ported Cryo Interactive Entertainment was a French video game development and publishing company founded in 1992, but existing unofficially since 1989 Dune, by Cryo Interactive, is one of the Dune computer games Dune blended adventure with economic and military strategy and is considered The character of Paul Atreides was designed to look like Kyle MacLachlan, and the CD version of the game included footage of the film. The Westwood Studios Dune games (Dune II, Dune 2000 and Emperor: Battle for Dune) were also visually influenced by the film. Westwood Studios ( 1985 - 2003) was a computer and Video game developer, founded in 1985 as Westwood Associates by Brett Sperry A number of computer games based on Frank Herbert 's Science fiction novel Dune and its two adaptations for film Dune II The Building of a Dynasty (retitled Dune II Battle for Arrakis in Europe and for the Mega Drive/Genesis port is a ''Dune'' computer Dune 2000 is a Real-time strategy Video game, released by Westwood Studios in 1998 for Microsoft Windows, and later ported Emperor Battle for Dune is a ''Dune'' computer game, released by Westwood Studios in 2001 For example, the Emperor in Dune 2000 and the Reverend Mother in Emperor: Battle for Dune resemble the equivalent characters in Lynch's film. A Reverend Mother is both a Bene Gesserit title and a class or level associated with Fictional characters from the ''Dune'' universe created by Frank

Dialogue and music from the film has been sampled in various songs. On their album Machine Language, the techno-music DJ group Dynamix II's song "Get Out of My Mind" samples the Mohiam/Alia scene which features the titular line. Dynamix II is an electro group founded 1986 in Miami Florida. Virginia Madsen's opening monologue is also featured in several songs by artists including Aphrodite, Astral Projection, and MFG. Astral Projection are an electronic musical group producing Psychedelic trance and Goa trance music Message From God ( MFG) are Aharon Segal and Guy Zurkel, a Psychedelic trance and Goa Trance project from Israel. The Christian industrial/dance band Mortal samples from the film in their 1993 album Fathom, including Baron Harkonnen's line "I'm alive!" featured in the song "Alive and Awake. Industrial music is a loose term for a number of different styles of Experimental music, especially but not necessarily Electronic music. This article is about music for dancing in general You may also be looking for Electronic dance music. Mortal was a Christian industrial / dance band fronted by Jerome Fontamillas and Jyro Xhan. "

Dune is the likely inspiration for the lyrics "Walk without rhythm, it won't attract the worm" in the song "Star 69 / Weapon of Choice" by Fatboy Slim. " Star 69 " / " Weapon of Choice " are songs by Fatboy Slim. Fatboy Slim, also known as Norman Cook, (born Quentin Leo Cook on 31 July 1963 is a British DJ and Big beat musician In the novel, Paul notes "We must walk without rhythm" to avoid notice by a sandworm as he and Jessica cross the desert; Lynch's Dune (1984) features Paul's line "If we walk without rhythm, we won't attract the worm" 82 minutes into the film. [25]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Dune: Book to Screen Timeline" ~ DuneInfo.com
  2. ^ "The Film You Will Never See" by Alejando Jodorowsky ~ DuneInfo.com
  3. ^ Dune/Alternate Versions ~ IMDb.com
  4. ^ Herbert, Frank. Dune is an original Soundtrack album for the film of the same name. Toto was a Grammy Award winning American rock band founded in 1977 by some of the most popular and experienced Session musicians of The following is a list of notable films that were modified by the studio after their original theatrical release particularly films that were edited without the director's permission or involvement Frank Herbert's Dune is a three-part Miniseries based on the 1965 novel Dune by Frank Herbert. Franklin Patrick Herbert Jr ( October 8 1920 &ndash February 11 1986) was a critically acclaimed and commercially successful American Eye, 1985. Eye (1985 is a collection of thirteen short stories written by Science fiction author Frank Herbert. ISBN 0-425-08398-5 (US 1st edition) / ISBN 0-7434-3479-X (2001 US reprint)
  5. ^ Frank Herbert's comments on the Dune film ~ CityofAbsurdity.com
  6. ^ "David Lynch reveals his battle tactics" ~ CityofAbsurdity.com
  7. ^ The Dune Collectors Survival Guide ~ Arrakis.co.uk
  8. ^ Roger Ebert's review of Dune ~ RogerEbert.SunTimes.com
  9. ^ Dune: Extended Edition review ~ DVDVerdict.com
  10. ^ At The Movies review - December 1984
  11. ^ At The Movies - "The Stinkers of 1984"
  12. ^ Dune: Retrospective, Extrovert magazine
  13. ^ "Dune: It's name is a Killing Word" ~ ErasingClouds.com
  14. ^ Dune (1984) ~ RottenTomatoes.com
  15. ^ Dune (1984) ~ Yahoo! Movies
  16. ^ "Visionary and dreamer: A surrealist's fantasies" ~ 1984 David Lynch interview ~ DavidLynch.de
  17. ^ Dune: Retrospective, Extrovert magazine
  18. ^ Star Wars Origins: Dune ~ Moongadget.com
  19. ^ "Frank Herbert: Lynch movie review" ~ LisaShea.com
  20. ^ "David Lynch's Dune: What Went Wrong?" ~ StarPort.com
  21. ^ Dune (1984) review ~ DuneChronicles.org
  22. ^ Dune (1984) review ~ WorldsGreatestCritic.com
  23. ^ Dune Movies and Videos ~ Arrakis.co.uk
  24. ^ Fanedit.org - Dune
  25. ^ "Weapon of Choice" by Fatboy Slim - SongFacts.com

External links

Allmovie (previously All Movie Guide) is a commercial database of information about Movie stars movies and television shows. Rotten Tomatoes is a Website devoted to reviews information and news of Movies. Box Office Mojo is a Website that tracks Box office Revenue in a systematic way
© 2009 citizendia.org; parts available under the terms of GNU Free Documentation License, from http://en.wikipedia.org
 Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic