Diamond

A scattering of round-brilliant cut diamonds shows off the many reflecting facets.
General
CategoryNative Minerals
Chemical formulaC
Identification
Molecular Weight12. A chemical formula is a way of expressing information about the Atoms that constitute a particular Chemical compound, and how the relationship between those atoms changes The molecular mass (abbreviated m of a substance, more commonly referred to as molecular weight and abbreviated as MW, is the Mass of one 01 u
ColorTypically yellow, brown or gray to colorless. Less often in blue, green, black, translucent white, pink, violet, orange, purple and red. [1]
Crystal habitOctahedral
Crystal systemIsometric-Hexoctahedral (Cubic)
Cleavage111 (perfect in four directions)
FractureConchoidal - step like
Mohs Scale hardness10[1]
Refractive index2. In Mineralogy, shape and size give rise to descriptive terms applied to the typical appearance or habit of Crystals The many terms used by mineralogists An octahedron (plural octahedra is a Polyhedron with eight faces A crystal system is a category of Space groups which characterize Symmetry of structures in three dimensions with Translational symmetry in three directions Cleavage, in Mineralogy, is the tendency of crystalline materials to split along definite planes creating smooth surfaces of which there are several named types In the field of Mineralogy, fracture is a term used to describe the shape and texture of the surface formed when a Mineral is broken Conchoidal Fracture describes the way that Brittle materials break when they do not follow any natural planes of separation. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material Lustre (or luster) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a Crystal, rock, or Mineral. The refractive index (or index of Refraction) of a medium is a measure for how much the speed of light (or other waves such as sound waves is reduced inside the medium 4175–2. 4178
Optical PropertiesSingly Refractive[1]
Birefringencenone[1]
Dispersion. Birefringence, or double refraction, is the decomposition of a ray of Light into two rays (the ordinary ray and the extraordinary ray In Optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the Phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency 044[1]
Pleochroismnone[1]
Ultraviolet fluorescencecolorless to yellowish stones - inert to strong in long wave, and typically blue. Pleochroism is an Optical phenomenon in which grains of a rock appear to be different colors when observed at different angles under a Petrographic microscope. Fluorescence is a Luminescence that is mostly found as an Weaker in short wave. [1]
Absorption spectraIn pale yellow stones a 415. Absorption spectroscopy refers to a range of techniques employing the interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter 5 nm line is typical. Irradiated and annealed diamonds often show a line around 594 nm when cooled to low temperatures. [1]
StreakWhite
Specific gravity3. The streak (also called powder color) of a Mineral is the Color of the powder produced when it is dragged across an unweathered surface Specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the Density of a given solid or liquid substance to the density of water at a specific temperature and pressure typically 52 (+/- . 01)[1]
Density3. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different 5-3. 53 g/cm³
DiaphaneityTransparent to subtransparent to translucent

In mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in an isometric-hexoctahedral crystal lattice. Mineralogy is an Earth Science focused around the Chemistry, Crystal structure, and physical (including optical) properties of Minerals This is a list of the Allotropes of Carbon. Diamond See also Diamond Diamond is one of the best known allotropes Its hardness and high dispersion of light make it useful for industrial applications and jewelry. In Optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the Phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency Light, or visible light, is Electromagnetic radiation of a Wavelength that is visible to the Human eye (about 400–700 Jewellery (also spelled jewelry, see spelling differences) is a personal Ornament, such as a necklace ring or bracelet made from Gemstones It is the hardest known naturally-occuring mineral. Hardness refers to various properties of Matter in the Solid phase that give it high resistance to various kinds of shape change when Force A mineral is a naturally occurring substance formed through geological processes that has a characteristic chemical composition a highly ordered atomic structure and specific It is possible to treat regular diamonds under a combination of high pressure and high temperature to produce diamonds (known as Type-II diamonds) that are harder than the diamonds used in hardness gauges. [2] Presently, only aggregated diamond nanorods, a material created using ultrahard fullerite (C60) is confirmed to be harder, although other substances such as cubic boron nitride, rhenium diboride and ultrahard fullerite itself are comparable. Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNR s (also called "hyperdiamond" are an allotrope of Carbon believed to be the hardest and least "C60" and "C-60" redirect here For other uses see C60 (disambiguation. Boron nitride ( BN) is a binary chemical compound, consisting of equal numbers of Boron and Nitrogen atoms Rhenium diboride ( Re[[Boron B]]2 is a synthetic Superhard material. "C60" and "C-60" redirect here For other uses see C60 (disambiguation.

Diamonds are specifically renowned as a material with superlative physical qualities; they make excellent abrasives because they can be scratched only by other diamonds, borazon, ultrahard fullerite, rhenium diboride, or aggregated diamond nanorods, which also means they hold a polish extremely well and retain their lustre. An abrasive is a material often a Mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away Borazon, a Boron nitride Allotrope, is the fourth hardest substance after Aggregated diamond nanorods, Ultrahard fullerite, and Diamond In Nanotechnology, nanorods are one morphology of nanoscale objects Lustre (or luster) is a description of the way light interacts with the surface of a Crystal, rock, or Mineral. Approximately 130 million carats (26,000 kg) are mined annually, with a total value of nearly USD $9 billion, and about 100,000 kg (220,000 lb) are synthesized annually. The carat is a unit of Mass used for measuring gems and Pearls Currently a carat is defined as exactly 200 mg (0 The United States dollar ( sign:$; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been [3]

Roughly 49% of diamonds originate from central and southern Africa, although significant sources of the mineral have been discovered in Canada, India, Russia, Brazil, and Australia. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. They are mined from kimberlite and lamproite volcanic pipes, which can bring diamond crystals, originating from deep within the Earth where high pressures and temperatures enable them to form, to the surface. Kimberlite is a type of potassic Volcanic rock best known for sometimes containing Diamonds It is named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa Lamproites are ultrapotassic mantle -derived volcanic rocks. They have low CaO Al2O3 Na2O high K2O/Al2O3 Volcanic pipes are subterranean geological structures formed by the violent Supersonic eruption of deep-origin Volcanoes They are considered The mining and distribution of natural diamonds are subjects of frequent controversy such as with concerns over the sale of conflict diamonds (aka blood diamonds) by African paramilitary groups. In relation to diamond trading blood diamond (also called a converted diamond, conflict diamond, hot diamond or a war diamond) refers to a diamond A paramilitary is a force whose function and organization are similar to those of a professional military force but which are not regarded as having the same status

## Material properties

Diamond and graphite are two allotropes of carbon: pure forms of the same element that differ in structure. Diamond is transparent to opaque optically isotropic, 3D - Crystalline Carbon. Crystallographic defects in the Crystal lattice of Diamond are common they may be the result of extrinsic substitutional impurities, or intrinsic (interstitial

A diamond is a transparent crystal of tetrahedrally bonded carbon atoms and crystallizes into the face centered cubic diamond lattice structure. In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating Images See also Cubic honeycomb The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. The diamond cubic Crystal structure is a repeating pattern that atoms may adopt as certain Materials solidify Diamonds have been adapted for many uses because of the material's exceptional physical characteristics. Most notable are its extreme hardness, its high dispersion index, and extremely high thermal conductivity (900 – 2320 W/m K). In Optics, dispersion is the phenomenon in which the Phase velocity of a wave depends on its frequency In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. Above 1700 °C (1973 K / 3583 °F), diamond is converted to graphite[6]. The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. Naturally occurring diamonds have a density ranging from 3. 15 to 3. 53 g/cm³, with very pure diamond typically extremely close to 3. 52 g/cm³.

#### Hardness

Diamond is the hardest natural material known; hardness is defined as resistance to scratching. [7] Diamond has a hardness of 10 (hardest) on Mohs scale of mineral hardness. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material [8] Diamond's hardness has been known since antiquity, and is the source of its name.

The hardest diamonds in the world are from the New England area in New South Wales, Australia. New England is the name given to a region in the north of the state of New South Wales, Australia. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. These diamonds are generally small, perfect to semiperfect octahedra, and are used to polish other diamonds. Their hardness is considered to be a product of the crystal growth form, which is single stage growth crystal. Crystal growth is a major stage of a crystallization process, after the Nucleation stage Most other diamonds show more evidence of multiple growth stages, which produce inclusions, flaws, and defect planes in the crystal lattice, all of which affect their hardness. [9]

The hardness of diamonds contributes to its suitability as a gemstone. A gemstone or gem, also called a precious or semi-precious stone, is a piece of attractive Mineral, which &mdash when cut and polished &mdash Because it can only be scratched by other diamonds, it maintains its polish extremely well. Unlike many other gems, it is well-suited to daily wear because of its resistance to scratching—perhaps contributing to its popularity as the preferred gem in an engagement or wedding rings, which are often worn every day. In Western tradition an engagement ring is a ring worn by a woman indicating her Engagement to be married. A wedding ring or wedding band consists of a Metal ring, often set with diamonds or other precious stones

Industrial use of diamonds has historically been associated with their hardness; this property makes diamond the ideal material for cutting and grinding tools. As the hardest known naturally-occurring material, diamond can be used to polish, cut, or wear away any material, including other diamonds. However, diamond is a poor choice for machining ferrous alloys at high speeds. At the high temperatures created by high speed machining, carbon is soluble in iron, leading to greatly increased wear on diamond tools as compared to other alternatives. Common industrial adaptations of this ability include diamond-tipped drill bits and saws, or use of diamond powder as an abrasive. For the ficitonal character see Drill Bit (Transformers. Drill bits are cutting tools used to create cylindrical holes An abrasive is a material often a Mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away Industrial-grade diamonds are either unsuitable for use as gems or synthetically produced, which lowers their value and makes their use economically feasible.

#### Electrical conductivity

Other specialized applications also exist or are being developed, including use as semiconductors: some blue diamonds are natural semiconductors, in contrast to most other diamonds, which are excellent electrical insulators. A semiconductor' is a Solid material that has Electrical conductivity in between a conductor and an insulator; it can vary over that An insulator, also called a Dielectric, is a material that resists the flow of Electric current. [8] However, substantial conductivity has been observed for undoped diamond when exposed to air. [10]

#### Toughness

Toughness relates to a material's ability to resist breakage from forceful impact. The toughness of natural diamond has been measured as 3. Toughness, in Materials science and Metallurgy, is the resistance to Fracture of a material when stressed. 4 MN m-3/2,[11] which is good compared to other gemstones, but poor compared to most engineering materials. As with any material, the macroscopic geometry of a diamond contributes to its resistance to breakage. Diamond is therefore more fragile in some orientations than others.

#### Color

Main article: Diamond color

Diamond color can occur in blue, green, black, translucent white, pink, violet, orange, purple and red, though yellow and brown are by far the most common colors. A chemically pure and structurally perfect diamond is perfectly transparent with no Hue, or color. [8] "Black" diamonds are not truly black, but rather contain numerous dark inclusions that give the gems their dark appearance. Colored diamonds contain impurities or structural defects that cause the coloration, while pure or nearly pure diamonds are transparent and colorless. Most diamond impurities replace a carbon atom in the crystal lattice, known as a carbon flaw. In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. A carbon flaw is a blemish present within a Diamond crystalline form of carbon usually seen as a black spot The most common impurity, nitrogen, causes a slight to intense yellow coloration depending upon the type and concentration of nitrogen present. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 [8] The Gemological Institute of America (GIA) classifies low saturation yellow and brown diamonds as diamonds in the normal color range, and applies a grading scale from 'D' (colorless) to 'Z' (light yellow). The Gemological Institute of America, or GIA, is a non-profit institute dedicated to research and education in the field of Gemology.

### Crater of Diamonds State Park

The Crater of Diamonds State Park is an Arkansas State Park located near Murfreesboro in Pike County, Arkansas, USA containing the only diamond bearing site in the world that is open to the public. The Crater of Diamonds State Park is an Arkansas State Park located near Murfreesboro in Pike County Arkansas, USA containing the only Pike County is a County located in the US state of Arkansas. As of 2000 the population is 11303

## Synthetics, simulants, and enhancements

Natural diamonds have formed naturally within the earth. Synthetic diamond (also known variously as lab-created, manufactured, lab-grown or cultured diamond) is a term used to describe Diamond This article addresses the many imitations of diamond For a broader discussion of diamonds see Diamond. Diamond enhancements are specific treatments performed on natural and sometimes Synthetic diamonds (usually those already cut and polished into gems, which are designed Synthetic diamonds are purely manufactured. Synthetic diamond (also known variously as lab-created, manufactured, lab-grown or cultured diamond) is a term used to describe Diamond A diamond simulant is defined as a non-diamond material that is used to simulate the appearance of a diamond. This article addresses the many imitations of diamond For a broader discussion of diamonds see Diamond. Diamond-simulant gems are often referred to as diamante.

The gemological and industrial uses of diamond have created a large demand for rough stones. The demand for industrial diamonds has long been satisfied in large part by synthetic diamonds, which have been manufactured by various processes for more than half a century. Synthetic diamond (also known variously as lab-created, manufactured, lab-grown or cultured diamond) is a term used to describe Diamond However, in recent years it has become possible to produce gem-quality synthetic diamonds of significant size. [34]

The majority of commercially available synthetic diamonds are yellow in color and produced by so called High Pressure High Temperature (HPHT) processes. [35] The yellow color is caused by nitrogen impurities. Other colors may also be reproduced such as blue, green or pink which are a result of the addition of boron or from irradiation after synthesis. [36]

At present the annual production of gem quality synthetic diamonds is only a few thousand carats, whereas the total production of natural diamonds is around 120 million carats. Although the production of colorless synthetic diamonds is dwarfed by that of natural diamonds, one can only find one fancy colored diamond for every 10. 000 colorless ones. Since almost the complete production of synthetic diamonds consists of fancy diamonds, there is a high probability that the larger fancy colored diamonds (over 1. 5 carats) will be synthetic. [37]

Today, trained gemologists can generally also distinguish between natural diamonds and synthetic diamonds. Although synthetic and natural diamonds are theoretically identical and indistinguishable from each other, diamonds from each of the two categories usually incorporate their own characteristic imperfections, arising from the circumstances of their creation, that allow them to be distinguished from each other. In the case of synthetic diamonds, for example, depending on the method of production (either high-pressure/high-temperature [HPHT] produced or chemical vapor deposition [CVD] produced) and the color of the diamond (colored, D-Z color range or D-J color range), several methods of identification can be attempted by a gemologist or gemlab: CVD diamonds can usually be identified by an orange fluorescence, D-J colored diamonds can be screened through the Swiss Gemological Organization's (SSEF)[38] Diamond Spotter, and stones in the D-Z color range can be examined through the DiamondSure UV/visible spectrometer which is a tool developed by De Beers. Chemical vapor deposition (CVD is a Chemical process used to produce high-purity high-performance solid materials [39] Similarly, natural diamonds usually have minor imperfections and flaws, such as inclusions of foreign material, that are not seen in synthetic diamonds. The origin of a truly perfect diamond (natural or synthetic) cannot be determined and is largely moot given that perfect diamonds are currently rare from both sources.

A diamond's gem quality, which is not as dependent on material properties as industrial applications, has invited both imitation and the invention of procedures to enhance the gemological properties of natural diamonds. Materials which have similar gemological characteristics to diamond but are not mined or synthetic diamond are known as diamond simulants. The most familiar diamond simulant to most consumers is cubic zirconia (commonly abbreviated as CZ); recently moissanite has also gained popularity and has often been mischaracterized as a diamond simulant, although it is sold and retailed as a replacement for diamond. Cubic zirconia (or CZ) the cubic crystalline form of Zirconium dioxide ( ZrO2) is a Mineral that is widely synthesized Moissanite or Silicon carbide (SiC is a rare mineral that can be found in meteorites and in terrestrial samples Both CZ and moissanite are synthetically produced. However, CZ is a diamond simulant. Diamond enhancements are specific treatments, performed on natural diamonds (usually those already cut and polished into a gem), which are designed to better the gemological characteristics of the stone in one or more ways. These include laser drilling to remove inclusions, application of sealants to fill cracks, treatments to improve a white diamond's color grade, and treatments to give fancy color to a white diamond.

Currently, trained gemologists with appropriate equipment are able to distinguish natural diamonds from simulant diamonds, and they can identify all enhanced natural diamonds. Coatings are more and more used to give a diamond simulant such as cubic zirconia a more "diamond-like" appearance. One such substance, which is heavily advertised, is what scientists refer to as "diamond-like carbon". This is an amorphous carbonaceous material that has some physical properties which are similar to that of the diamond. Advertising suggests (rightfully so or not) that such a coating would transfer some of these diamond-like properties to the coated stone, hence enhancing the diamond simulant. However, modern techniques such as Raman Spectroscopy should easily identify such as treatment. Raman spectroscopy (pronounced S— is a spectroscopic technique used in Condensed matter physics and Chemistry to study vibrational rotational and [40]

Producing large synthetic diamonds threatens the business model of the diamond industry, and the ultimate effect of the ready availability of gem-quality diamonds at low cost in the future is hard to predict at this time.

The screening machine use for referring treated or enhanced diamonds as well as synthetics is the DiamondSure, and the definitive analytical machine is the DiamondView produce by the DTC and supplied marketed by the GIA. All of the major diamond testing laboratories world wide are required to have these machines.

## Notes

1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Gemological Institute of America, GIA Gem Reference Guide 1995, ISBN 0-87311-019-6
2. ^ a b Boser, Ulrich (June 2008). A number of large or extraordinarily colored Diamonds have gained fame both as exquisite examples of the beautiful nature of diamonds and because of the famous people who wore bought The diamond cubic Crystal structure is a repeating pattern that atoms may adopt as certain Materials solidify Diamond Drilling is a highly specialized industry used for Mineral exploration around the world The Gemological Institute of America, or GIA, is a non-profit institute dedicated to research and education in the field of Gemology. "Diamonds on Demand". Smithsonian 39 (3): 52-59.
3. ^ Yarnell, Amanda (2004). "The Many Facets of Man-Made Diamonds". Chemical and Engineering News 82 (5): 26–31. American Chemical Society. ISSN 0009-2347.
4. ^ Pliny the Elder. Gaius or Caius Plinius Secundus, ( AD 23 – August 25, AD 79 better known as Pliny the Elder, was an ancient Author Natural History: A Selection. Penguin Classics, p. 371. ISBN 0140444130.
5. ^ "Chinese made first use of diamond", BBC News, 17 May 2005. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
6. ^ Radovic, Ljubisa R. ; Walker, Philip M. ; Thrower, Peter A. (1965). Chemistry and physics of carbon: a series of advances. New York, N. Y: Marcel Dekker. ISBN 0-8247-0987-X.
7. ^ "The Hardness of Minerals and Rocks" by William S. Cordua. Lapidary Digest (1998). Retrieved on 2007-08-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. Hosted at International Lapidary Association
8. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l American Museum of Natural History> "The Nature of Diamonds" Retrieved March 9, 2005
9. ^ Taylor, W. R. , Lynton A. J. & Ridd, M. (1990). "Nitrogen defect aggregation of some Australasian diamonds: Time-temperature constraints on the source regions of pipe and alluvial diamonds" (PDF). American Mineralogist 75: pp. 1290–1310.
10. ^ Landstrass, M. I. , Ravi, K. V. (1989). "{{{title}}}". Applied Physics Letters 55: p. 975.
11. ^ Field, J E (1981). "Strength and Fracture Properties of Diamond". Philosophical Magazine A 43 (3): 595–618. Taylor and Francis Ltd.
12. ^ Rare blue diamond breaks world record in HK sale, YAHOO! News
13. ^ Science Experiment22
14. ^ a b c d e Diamonds and Diamond Grading: Lesson 4 How Diamonds Form. Gemological Institute of America,, Carlsbad, California. , 2002
15. ^ M. Sevdermish and A. Mashiah (1995). The Dealer's Book of Gems and Diamonds. Kal Printing House, Israel.
16. ^ Webster, Robert, and Read, Peter G. (Ed. ) (2000). Gems: Their sources, descriptions and identification (5th ed. ), p. 17. Butterworth-Heinemann, Great Britain. ISBN 0-7506-1674-1.
17. ^ Garai, J. ; Haggerty, S. E. ; Rekhi, S. ; Chance, M. (2006). "Infrared Absorption Investigations Confirm the Extraterrestrial Origin of Carbonado Diamonds". The Astrophysical Journal 653 (2): L153-L156. doi:10.1086/510451. A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
18. ^ Diamonds from Outer Space: Geologists Discover Origin of Earth's Mysterious Black Diamonds. National Science Foundation (8 January 2007). Retrieved on 2007-10-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine
19. ^ Cauchi, Stephen (18 February, 2004). Biggest Diamond Out of This World. Retrieved on 11 November 2007. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
20. ^ a b c Hershey MS PhD, Willard (1940). The Book of Diamonds. Hearthside Press New York.
21. ^ Thomas, J. M. Lloyd (1991). Michael Faraday and the Royal Institution (the genius of man and place). Bristol: A. Hilger. ISBN 0-7503-0145-7.
22. ^ Catelle, W. R. (1911). The Diamond. John Lane Company.   Page 159 discussion on Alluvial diamonds in India and elsewhere as well as earliest finds
23. ^ Ball, V (1881). Diamonds, Gold and Coal of India. London, Truebner & Co. .   Ball was a Geologist in British service. Chapter I, Page 1
24. ^ a b Janse, A J A. "Global Rough Diamond Production Since 1870". Gems and Gemology XLIII (Summer 2007): 98-119. GIA date=2007.
25. ^ a b Lorenz, V (2007). "Argyle in Western Australia: The world's richest diamondiferous pipe; its past and future". Gemmologie, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft 56 (1/2): 35-40. DGemG.
26. ^ :: The Montana Standard ::
27. ^ Microscopic Diamond Found in Montana | LiveScience
28. ^ Delta :: News / Press Releases / Publications
29. ^ Marshall, Stephen; Josh Shore (2004). The Diamond Life. Retrieved on 2007-03-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
30. ^ Joint Resolution - World Federation of Diamond Bourses (WFDB) and International Diamond Manufacturers Association. World Diamond Council (July 19, 2000). Retrieved on 2006-11-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany)
31. ^ Zoellner, Tom (2006). The Heartless Stone: A Journey Through the World of Diamonds, Deceit, and Desire. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 0312339690.
32. ^ Voluntary Code of Conduct For Authenticating Canadian Diamond Claims (PDF). The Canadian Diamond Code Committee (2006). Retrieved on 2007-10-30. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 637 - Antioch surrenders to the Muslim forces under Rashidun Caliphate after the Battle of Iron bridge.
33. ^ Bourse listing. World Federation of Diamond Bourses. Retrieved on 2007-04-04. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1581 - Francis Drake completes a circumnavigation of the world and is knighted by Elizabeth I.
34. ^ The Nature of Diamonds: 5. Growing Diamonds. American Museum of Natural History. The American Museum of Natural History ( AMNH) located on the Upper West Side, Manhattan, New York, USA is one of the largest and most Retrieved on 2007-03-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 630 - Byzantine emperor Heraclius restores the True Cross to Jerusalem.
35. ^ Shigley et al. , J E (2002). "Gemesis Laboratory Created Diamonds". Gems and Gemology 38 (4): 301–309. GIA.
36. ^ Shigley et al. , J E (2004). "Lab Grown Colored Diamonds from Chatham Created Gems". Gems and Gemology 40 (2): 128-145. GIA.
37. ^ O'Donoghue, Michael (2006). Gems. Elsevier.   Page 101, 102
38. ^ ESSEF Swiss Gemmological Institute
39. ^ Welbourn, Christopher (2006). "Identification of Synthetic Diamonds: Present Status and Future Developments/Proceedings of the 4th International Gemological Symposium". Gems and Gemology 42 (3): 34-35. GIA.
40. ^ Shigley, J E (Juni 2007). "Observations on new coated gemstones". Gemmologie: Zeitschrift der Deutschen Gemmologischen Gesellschaft 56 (1/2): 53-56. DGemG.

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• American Museum of Natural History. "The Nature of Diamonds". Retrieved October 21, 2005. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Carnegie Institution. "Very Large Diamonds Produced Very Fast". Retrieved November 1, 2005. Events 996 - Emperor Otto III issues a deed to Gottschalk Bishop of Freising which is the oldest known document using the name Ostarrîchi Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
• Williams, Gardner, The Diamond Mines of South Africa, New York, B. F. Buck & Co. , 1905
• World Diamond Council. "About The WDC". Retrieved November 19, 2006. Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
• Wise, Richard W. "Secrets Of The Gem Trade, The Connoisseur's Guide To Precious Gemstones". (2003) Brunswick House Press. Website of book: Secrets of the Gem Trade
• GIA "A Contribution to the Understanding of Blue Fluorescence on the Appearance of Diamonds". (2007) GIA