This article contains Indic text. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Without rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes or other symbols instead of Indic characters; or irregular vowel positioning and a lack of conjuncts. Mojibake is the happenstance of incorrect unreadable characters (garbage characters shown when Computer software fails to render a text correctly according to its associated

Devanāgarī (देवनागरी, pronounced /ˌdeɪvəˈnɑːɡəriː/ in English^[1]), or Nāgarī, is an abugida alphabet of India and Nepal. An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which It is written from left to right, lacks distinct letter cases, and is recognizable by a distinctive horizontal line running along the tops of the letters that links them together. In Orthography and Typography, letter case (or just case) is the distinction between Majuscule ( capital or upper-case Devanagari is the main script used to write Nepali, Hindi, and Marathi. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Since the 19th century, it has been the most common script for Sanskrit and Pali as well. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Pali ( ISO 15919 / ALA-LC: Pāḷi is a Middle Indo-Aryan language or Prakrit of India. Other languages using Devanagari are Bihari, Bhili, Marwari, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Pahari (Garhwali and Kumaoni), Santhali, Newari, Tharu, and sometimes Sindhi, Panjabi, and Kashmiri. Bihari is a name given to the western group of Eastern Indic languages, spoken in Bihar and neighboring states in India. Bhili is a Western Indo-Aryan language spoken in west-central India, in the region east of Ahmedabad. The Marwari language (mārwāṛī also variously Marvari, Marwadi, Marvadi) is spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan, but is also found in Konkani ( Devanāgarī: कोंकणी Roman: Konknni Kannada: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ Malayalam: കൊങ്കണി IAST Bhojpuri ( is a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. Pahari (or Pahaari) is a general terms for a range of dialects spoken across the Himalayan range not limited to a single country in the subcontinent The Garhwali are a people of the hilly Garhwal Division of Uttarakhand, India. The Kumaoni are a people of the Kumaon Division of Uttarakhand, a region in the Indian Himalayas. Santali is a Language in the Munda subfamily of Austro-Asiatic, related to Ho and Mundari. Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Punjabi (pa ਪੰਜਾਬੀ in Gurmukhi script pa-PK {{Nastaliq پنجابی}} in Shahmukhi script Pañjābī in Transliteration) is an Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state

Devanāgarī
Type	Abugida
Spoken languages	Several Indo-Aryan languages, including Sanskrit, Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, Bihari, Bhili, Konkani, Bhojpuri, Newari and sometimes Sindhi and Kashmiri
Time period	c. An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which The Indo-Aryan languages (within the context of Indo-European studies also Indic) are a branch of the Indo-European language family Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Nepali is an Indo-Aryan language spoken in Nepal, Bhutan, and some parts of India and Myanmar (Burma Bihari is a name given to the western group of Eastern Indic languages, spoken in Bihar and neighboring states in India. Bhili is a Western Indo-Aryan language spoken in west-central India, in the region east of Ahmedabad. Konkani ( Devanāgarī: कोंकणी Roman: Konknni Kannada: ಕೊಂಕಣಿ Malayalam: കൊങ്കണി IAST Bhojpuri ( is a regional language spoken in parts of north-central and eastern India. Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state 1200–present
Parent systems	Proto-Canaanite alphabet [a]  → Phoenician alphabet [a]   → Aramaic alphabet [a]    → Brāhmī     → Gupta      → Nāgarī       → Devanāgarī
Child systems	Gujarati Moḍī Ranjana Canadian Aboriginal syllabics
Sister systems	Eastern Nāgarī
Unicode range	U+0900–U+097F
ISO 15924	Deva
Rigveda manuscript in Devanāgarī (early 19th century)
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon. The Proto-Canaanite alphabet is a consonantal alphabet of twenty-two acrophonic glyphs found in Levantine texts of the Late Bronze Age (from ca The Phoenician alphabet is a continuation of the Proto-Canaanite alphabet, by convention taken to originate around 1050 BC The Aramaic alphabet is an Abjad, a Consonantal Alphabet, used for writing Aramaic. Brāhmī script refers to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. The Gupta script (or Gupta Brahmi) was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of India which was a period of material The Nāgarī script appeared in ancient India around the 8th century CE as an eastern variant of the Gupta script (whereas Śāradā was the western The Gujarati script (ગુજરાતી લિપિ, Gujǎrātī Lipi) which like all Nāgarī writing systems is strictly speaking an Abugida rather Moḍī (मोडी is the name of one of the scripts used to write the Marathi language, which is the primary language spoken in the state of Maharashtra The Ranjana script (syn Kutila, Lantsa) is an Abugida writing system developed as a derivate of Brāhmī in 11th century Canadian Aboriginal syllabic writing', or simply syllabics, is a family of Abugidas {dubious}} used to write a number of Aboriginal Canadian The Eastern Nagari script (also known as the Eastern Neo-Brahmic script or the Purvi Script) is an Abugida system of writing Unicode ’s ISO 15924, Codes for the representation of names of scripts, defines two sets of codes for a number of Writing systems (scripts The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge"
Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Origins

Devanāgarī is part of the Brahmic family of alphabets of Nepal, India, Tibet, and South-East Asia. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, Brāhmī script refers to the oldest members of the Brahmic family of alphabets. The Gupta script (or Gupta Brahmi) was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of India which was a period of material The Śāradā, or Sharada, script (sa शारदा is an Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts developed from ca The Laṇḍā script ( Gurmukhi: ਲੰਡਾ meaning an alphabet "without tail" is a Punjabi word used to refer to scripts in Northern India Kashmiri (कॉशुर کٲشُر Koshur) is a Dardic language spoken primarily in the valley of Kashmir, a region situated in the Indian state Gurmukhī (ਗੁਰਮੁਖੀ Shahmukhi:) is the most common script used for writing the Punjabi language. The Takri script (sometimes called Tankri) is an Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts Not to be confused with the Dogrib language. Dogri (डोगरी or ڈوگرى is an Indo-Aryan Language spoken by Siddhaṃ ( Sanskrit सिद्धं "accomplished" or "perfected" — is the name of a North Indian script used for writing Sanskrit during the period The Nāgarī script appeared in ancient India around the 8th century CE as an eastern variant of the Gupta script (whereas Śāradā was the western The Gujarati script (ગુજરાતી લિપિ, Gujǎrātī Lipi) which like all Nāgarī writing systems is strictly speaking an Abugida rather The Eastern Nagari script (also known as the Eastern Neo-Brahmic script or the Purvi Script) is an Abugida system of writing The Bengali script ( Bengali: বাংলা লিপি Bangla lipi) is a variant of the Eastern Nagari script also used for Assamese and The Assamese script (অসমীয়া আখৰ Ôxômiya Akhôr) is a variant of the Eastern Nagari script also used for Bengali and Bishnupriya Mithilakshar ( Devanagari script मिथिलाक्षर mithilākṣar; Eastern Nagari script: মিথিলাক্ষর or Tirhuta The Oriya script is used to write the Oriya language, and can be used for several other Indian languages for example Sanskrit. Nepal script ( Nepal Bhasa:नेपाल लिपि is a group of scripts that developed from Brahmi script and are used primarily in Nepal Bhasa. Bhujimol is the name of the most ancient form of the Nepal script. The Ranjana script (syn Kutila, Lantsa) is an Abugida writing system developed as a derivate of Brāhmī in 11th century The Tibetan script is an Abugida of Indic origin used to write the Tibetan language as well as the Dzongkha language, Ladakhi language The ’Phagspa script (дөрвөлжин үсэг dörvöljin üseg "square script" Tibetan: hor gsar yig "new Mongolian script" Tamil-Brahmi was an early variant of the Brahmi script used to write Tamil characters Vatteluttu () or "rounded writing" is an Abugida Writing system originating from the Dravidian peoples of Southern India and The Grantha ( Tamil: கிரந்த ௭ழுத்து Bengali: গ্রন্থলিপি Malayalam: ml ഗ്രന്ഥലിപി Sanskrit The Malayalam script is an Abugida of the Brahmic family, used to write the Malayalam language. The Tulu script, also known as the Tigalari script, strongly resembles the script of Malayalam language The Khmer script (អក្ខរក្រមខេមរភាសា âkkhârâkrâm khémârâ phéasa informally aksar Khmer អក្សរខ្មែរ is used to write the The Thai Alphabet (อักษรไทย àksŏn thai) is used to write the Thai language and other minority languages in Thailand The Lao script is used mainly to write the Lao language. The minority languages of Laos are also written in the Lao script and officially it is the only script The Balinese script is an Abugida that was used to write the Balinese language, an Austronesian language spoken by about three million people on the The Javanese script, natively known as Carakan ( Tjarakan) is the script originally used to write Javanese. The Mon language is an Austroasiatic language spoken by the Mon, who live in Burma and Thailand. The Burmese abugida ( Burmese: မြန်မာအက္ခရာ mjànmà eʔkʰəyà is a script in the Brahmic family used in Burma for writing Kalinga script (Dravidi is one of many descendants of the ancient Brāhmī script used in territory of modern Orissa. The Kadamba Dynasty ( Kannada:ಕದಂಬರು (345 - 525 CE was an ancient royal family of Karnataka that ruled from Banavasi in present Kannada (kn [[wiktಕನ್ನಡ ಕನ್ನಡ]] Kannaḍa) is one of the major Dravidian languages of India, spoken predominantly in the state The Kannada script is a Syllabary (of the type sometimes called an Abugida) of the Brahmic family, primarily to write the Kannada language Telugu script, an Abugida from the Brahmic family of scripts is used to write Telugu language, a Dravidian Language found in the Southern The Sinhala script is an Abugida script used in Sri Lanka to write the Official language Sinhala and also sometimes the Liturgical The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, It is a descendant of the Gupta script, along with Siddham and Sharada. The Gupta script (or Gupta Brahmi) was used for writing Sanskrit and is associated with the Gupta Empire of India which was a period of material Siddhaṃ ( Sanskrit सिद्धं "accomplished" or "perfected" — is the name of a North Indian script used for writing Sanskrit during the period The Śāradā, or Sharada, script (sa शारदा is an Abugida writing system of the Brahmic family of scripts developed from ca Eastern variants of Gupta called Nāgarī are first attested from the 8th century; from c. 1200 these gradually replaced Siddham, which survived as a vehicle for Tantric Buddhism in East Asia, and Sharada, which remained in parallel use in Kashmir. This article is about the geographical region of greater Kashmir

Sanskrit nāgarī is the feminine of nāgara "urban(e)", a vrddhi adjectival form of nagara "city". Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical Vrddhi (वृद्धि) is a Sanskrit word meaning "growth" (from) It is feminine from its original phrasing with lipi "script" as nāgarī lipi "urban(e) script", that is, the script of the cultured. There are several varieties of Nāgarī in use, one of which was distinguished by affixing deva "god" to form a tatpurusha compound meaning the "urban(e) [script] of the gods", or "divine urban(e) [script]". The Nāgarī script appeared in ancient India around the 8th century CE as an eastern variant of the Gupta script (whereas Śāradā was the western Deva (देव in Devanagari script pronounced as /'d̪evə/ is the Sanskrit word for "god Deity " In Sanskrit grammar a tatpuruṣa (तत्पुरुष compound is a dependent determinative compound, i

The use of the name Devanāgarī is relatively recent, and the older term Nāgarī is still common. The rapid spread of the term Devanāgarī may be related to the almost exclusive use of this script to publish sacred Sanskrit texts in colonial times. This has led to such a close connection between Devanagari and Sanskrit that Devanagari is now widely thought to be the Sanskrit script; however, before the colonial period there was no standard script for Sanskrit, which was written in whichever script was familiar to the local populace.

Principles

As a Brahmic abugida, the fundamental principle of Devanagari is that each letter represents a consonant, which carries an inherent vowel a [ə]. An abugida ( from Ge‘ez አቡጊዳ ’äbugida or Amharic አቡጊዳ ’abugida is a segmental Writing system which ^[2] For example, the letter क is read ka, the two letters कन are kana, the three कनय are kanaya, etc. Other vowels, or the absence of vowels, require modification of these consonants or their own letters:

• Consonant clusters are written with ligatures (saṃyuktākṣara "conjuncts"). In Linguistics, a consonant cluster (or consonant blend) is a group of Consonants which have no intervening Vowel. For example, the three letters कनय kanaya may be joined to form क्नय knaya, कन्य kanya, or क्न्य knya.
• Vowels other than the inherent a are written with diacritics. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation From क ka we get के ke, कु ku, की kī, का kā, etc.
• For vowels which without a consonant, either at the beginning of a word or after another vowel, there are full letters. Thus while the vowel ū is written with the diacritic ू in कू kū, it has its own letter ऊ in ऊक ūka and कऊ kaū. However, it has become common in several modern languages to write all such vowels with the letter अ a and the appropriate diacritic: अूक ūka, कअू kaū.
• A final consonant is marked with the diacritic ्, called the virāma in Sanskrit, halanta in Hindi, and a "killer stroke" in English. Virama is a generic term for the Diacritic character in many Brahmic scripts that is used to suppress an inherent Vowel sound that occurs with every consonant This cancels the inherent vowel, so that from क्नय knaya we get क्नय् knay. The halanta will often be used for consonant clusters when typesetting ligatures is not feasible.

Such a letter or ligature, with its diacritics, is called an akṣara "syllable". For example, कनय kanaya is written with what are counted as three akshara, whereas क्न्य knya and कु ku are each written with one.

Letters

The letter order of Devanagari, like nearly all Brahmi scripts, is based on phonetic principles which consider both the manner and place of articulation of the consonants and vowels they represent. The term collating sequence refers to the order in which character strings should be placed when Sorting them Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech In Linguistics ( Articulatory phonetics) manner of articulation describes how the tongue lips and other speech organs are involved in making a sound make In Articulatory phonetics, the place of articulation (also point of articulation) of a Consonant is the point of contact where an Obstruction This arrangement is usually referred to as the varṇamālā "garland of letters". ^[3] The format of Devanagari for Sanskrit serves as the prototype for its application, with minor variations or additions, to other languages. Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical ^[4]

Vowels

The vowels and their arrangement are:^[5]

• Arranged with the vowels are two consonantal diacritics, the final nasal anusvāra ं ṃ and the final fricative visarga ः ḥ (called अं aṃ and अः aḥ). Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Visarga ( visarga) is a Sanskrit word meaning "sending forth discharge" Masica (1991:146) notes of the anusvāra in Sankrit that "there is some controversy as to whether it represents a homorganic nasal consonant [. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the . . ], a nasalized vowel, a nasalized semivowel, or all these according to context". A nasal vowel is a Vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through Nose as well as the Mouth. Semivowels — also known as glides or non-syllabic vowels —are Vowels that form Diphthongs with full syllabic vowels The visarga represents post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative [h], in Sanskrit an allophone of s, or less commonly r, usually in word-final position. The voiceless glottal transition, commonly called a " fricative " is a type of sound used in some spoken Languages which often behaves like a In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. Some traditions of recitation append an echo of the vowel after the breath:^[6] इः [ihi]. In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Masica (1991:146) considers the visarga along with letters ङ ṅa and ञ ña for the "largely predictable" velar and palatal nasals to be examples of "phonetic overkill in the system". The velar nasal is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents The palatal nasal is a type of Consonant, used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this
• Another diacritic is the candrabindu/anunāsika ँ. This article is about chandrabindu the character in several Brahmi derived scripts Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Salomon (2003:76-77) describes it as a "more emphatic form" of the anusvāra, "sometimes [. . . ] used to mark a true [vowel] nasalization". In a New Indo-Aryan language such as Hindi the distinction is formal: the candrabindu indicates vowel nasalization^[7] while the anusvār indicates a homorganic nasal preceding another consonant:^[8] e. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is A nasal vowel is a Vowel that is produced with a lowering of the velum so that air escapes both through Nose as well as the Mouth. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the g. हँसी [ɦə̃si] "laughter, गंगा [gəŋgɑ] "Ganges". The Ganges (ˈgænʤiːz also Ganga, Devanāgarī: hi गंगा in most Indian languages) is the major river in the Indian subcontinent When an akshara has a vowel diacritic above the top line, that leaves no room for the candra ("moon") stroke candrabindu, which is dispensed with in favour of the lone dot:^[9] हूँ [ɦũ] "am", but हैं [ɦɛ̃] "are". Some writers and typesetters dispense with the "moon" stroke altogether, using only the dot in all situations. ^[10]
• The avagraha ऽ (usually transliterated with an apostrophe) is a Sanskrit punctuation mark for the elision of a vowel in sandhi: एकोऽयम ekoyam (< ekas + ayam) "this one". Avagraha (Dev अवग्रह avagraha) ऽ is a Devanagari symbol used to indicate Prodelision of an अ a. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice Elision is the omission of one or more sounds (such as a Vowel, a Consonant, or a whole Syllable) in a word or phrase producing a result that is easier In Phonetics, a vowel is a Sound in spoken Language, such as English ah! or oh!, pronounced with an open Vocal tract Sandhi ( Sanskrit saṃdhi sa संधि "joining" is a cover term for a wide variety of phonological processes that occur at Morpheme An original long vowel lost to coalescence is sometimes marked with a double avagraha: सदाऽऽत्मा sadātmā (< sadā + ātmā) "always, the self". In Linguistics, vowel length is the perceived duration of a Vowel sound ^[11] In Hindi, Snell (2000:77) states that its "main function is to show that a vowel is sustained in a cry or a shout": आईऽऽऽ! āīīī!. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is In Magahi, which has "quite a number of verbal forms [that] end in that inherent vowel" Verma (2003:501), the sadātmā is used to mark the non-elision of word-final inherent a, which otherwise is a modern orthographic convention: बइठऽ baiṭha "sit" versus *बइठ baiṭh
• The syllabic consonants ṝ, ḷ, and ḹ are specific to Sanskrit and not included in the varṇamālā of other languages. The Magadhi language (also known as मगही Magahi is a language spoken by 17449446 people in India. For English usage of verbs see the wiki article English verbs. The orthography of a language specifies the correct way of using a specific Writing system to write the language The sound represented by ṛ has been lost as well, and its pronunciation now ranges from [ɾɪ] (Hindi) to [ɾu] (Marathi). Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India.
• ḹ is not an actual phoneme of Sanskrit, but rather a graphic convention included among the vowels in order to maintain the symmetry of short–long pairs of letters. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical ^[4]
• There are non-regular formations of रु ru and रू rū.

Consonants

The consonants and their arrangement are:^[12]

• Rounding this out where applicable is ळ ḷa /ɺ̡/, which represented the intervocalic lateral flap allophone of the voiced retroflex stop in Vedic Sanskrit, and which is a phoneme in languages such as Marathi and Rajasthani. A stop, plosive, or occlusive is a Consonant sound produced by stopping the airflow in the Vocal tract. A nasal consonant (also called nasal stop or nasal continuant) is produced with a lowered velum in the mouth allowing air to escape freely through the Approximants are speech sounds ( Phonemes) that could be regarded as intermediate between Vowels and typical Consonants In the articulation of approximants Fricatives are Consonants produced by forcing air through a narrow channel made by placing two articulators close together Voice or voicing is a term used in Phonetics and Phonology to characterize speech sounds, with sounds described as either voiceless Description Voiceless consonants are produced with the Vocal cords open and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed Palatal consonants are Consonants articulated with the body of the tongue raised against the Hard palate (the middle part of the roof of the mouth In Phonetics, retroflex consonants are Consonant sounds used in some Languages (They are sometimes referred to as cerebral consonants The retroflex lateral flap is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages It has no symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. The voiced retroflex plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that Vedic Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language, the language of the Vedas, the oldest Shruti texts of Hinduism. The phoneME project is Sun Microsystems reference implementation of Java virtual machine and associated libraries of Java ME with source licensed under the GNU Marathi (mr मराठी Marāṭhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of what is considered western India. Rajasthani (राजस्थानी is a language or language cluster Bagri: about five million speakers in Hanumangarh and Sriganganagar districts of
• Beyond the Sanskritic set new shapes have rarely been formulated. Masica (1991:146) offers the following, "In any case, according to some, all possible sounds had already been described and provided for in this system, as Sanskrit was the original and perfect language. Hence it was difficult to provide for or even to conceive other sounds, unknown to the phoneticians of Sanskrit. Phonetics (from the Greek φωνή ( phonê) "sound" or "voice" is the study of the physical sounds of human speech " Where foreign borrowings and internal developments did inevitably accrue and arise in New Indo-Aryan languages, they have been either ignored in writing, or dealt through means such as diacritics and ligatures (ignored in recitation). A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation
  • The most prolific diacritic has been the subscript nuqtā ़. This article is about the terms 'subscript' and 'superscript' as used in typography Hindi uses it for the Persian sounds क़ qa /q/, ख़ xa /x/, ग़ ġa /ɣ/, ज़ za /z/, and फ़ fa /f/, and for the allophonic developments ड़ ṛa /ɽ/ and ढ़ ṛha /ɽʱ/. Hindi ( Devanāgarī: hi [[wiktहिन्दी हिन्दी]] or hi [[wiktहिंदी हिंदी]] IAST:, IPA:) is The voiceless uvular plosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages It is pronounced like, except that the tongue makes contact not The voiceless velar fricative, informally known as the hard ch, is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the The voiced velar fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in various spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet The voiced alveolar fricatives are Consonantal sounds The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents these sounds depends on whether a Sibilant The voiceless labiodental fricative is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet In Phonetics, an allophone is one of several similar speech sounds ( Phones that belong to the same Phoneme. The retroflex flap is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents (Although ऴ ḷha /ɺ̡ʱ/ could also exist but there is no use of it in Hindi. )
  • Sindhi's implosives are accommodated with underlining ॒ : ग॒ [ɠə], ज॒ [ʄə], ड॒ [ɗə], ब॒ [ɓə]. Sindhi ( Arabic script: سنڌي Devanagari script: सिन्धी Sindhī) is the language of the Sindh region of South Asia Implosive consonants are stops (rarely Affricates with a mixed Glottalic ingressive and Pulmonic egressive Airstream mechanism. An underline, also called an underscore, is one or more horizontal lines immediately below a portion of Writing. The voiced velar implosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiced palatal implosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that The voiced alveolar implosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet A voiced bilabial implosive is a type of Consonantal sound used in some spoken Languages The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet
  • Aspirated sonorants may be represented as conjuncts/ligatures with ह ha: म्ह mha, न्ह nha, ण्ह ṇha, व्ह vha, ल्ह lha, ळ्ह ḷha, र्ह rha. Description Voiceless consonants are produced with the Vocal cords open and voiced consonants are produced when the vocal folds are fractionally closed In Phonetics and Phonology, a sonorant is a Speech sound that is produced without turbulent airflow in the Vocal tract.
  • Masica (1991:147) notes Marwari as using a special symbol for ḍa [ɗə] (while ड = [ɽə]). The Marwari language (mārwāṛī also variously Marvari, Marwadi, Marvadi) is spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan, but is also found in

Conjuncts

The ddhrya-ligature (द्ध्र्य) of JanaSanskritSans.

You will only be able to see the ligatures if your system has a Unicode font installed that includes the required ligature glyphs (e. g. one of the TDIL fonts, see "external links" below).

As mentioned, successive consonants lacking a vowel in between them may physically join together as a 'conjunct' or ligature. The government of these clusters ranges from widely to narrowly applicable rules, with special exceptions within. While standardized for the most part, there are certain variations in clustering, of which the Unicode used on this page is just one scheme. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's The following are a number of rules —

24 out of the 36 consonants contain a vertical right stroke (ख, घ, ण etc. ). As first or middle fragments/members of a cluster, they lose that stroke. e. g. त + व = त्व, ण + ढ = ण्ढ, स + थ = स्थ. श ś(a) appears as a different, simple ribbon-shaped fragment preceding व va, न na, च ca, ल la, and र ra, squishing down these second members. Thus श्व śva, श्न śna, श्च śca श्ल śla, and श्र śra.

र r(a) as a first member it takes the form of a curved upward dash above the final character or its ā-diacritic. e. g. र्व rva, र्वा rvā, र्स्प rspa, र्स्पा rspā. As a final member with ट ठ ड ढ ङ छ it is two lines below the character, pointed downwards and apart. Thus ट्र ठ्र ड्र ढ्र ङ्र छ्र. Elsewhere as a final member it is a diagonal stroke jutting leftwards and down. e. g. क्र ग्र भ्र. त ta is shifted up to make त्र tra.

As first members, remaining vertical stroke-less characters such as द d(a) and ह h(a) may have their second member, shrunken and minus its horizontal stroke, placed underneath. क k(a), छ ch(a), and फ ph(a) shorten their right hooks and join them directly to the following member.

Displayed then in the following table are all the viable symbols for the biconsonantal clusters of Sanskrit as listed in Masica (1991:161-162). In Linguistics, a consonant cluster (or consonant blend) is a group of Consonants which have no intervening Vowel. Scroll your cursor over the conjuncts to reveal their romanizations.

New Indo-Aryan languages may use the above forms for their Sanskrit loanwords (or otherwise).

Accent marks

Main article: Vedic accent

The pitch accent of Vedic Sanskrit is written with various symbols depending on shakha. The Pitch accent of Vedic Sanskrit, or Vedic accent for brevity is traditionally divided by Sanskrit grammarians into three qualities udātta Pitch accent is a linguistic term of convenience for a variety of restricted tone systems that use variations in pitch to give prominence to a Syllable Vedic Sanskrit is an ancient Indian language, the language of the Vedas, the oldest Shruti texts of Hinduism. A shakha ( Sanskrit IAST śākhā, literally "branch" or "limb" is a Hindu theological school that specializes in learning In the Rigveda, anudātta is written with a bar below the line (॒), svarita with a stroke above the line (॑) while udātta is unmarked. The Rigveda ( Sanskrit sa ऋग्वेद ṛgveda, a compound of ṛc "praise verse" and veda "knowledge"

Numerals

See also: Indian numerals, Brahmi numerals, and Hindu-Arabic numeral system

Transliteration

Main article: Devanagari transliteration

There are several methods of transliteration from Devanāgarī into Roman scripts. Most of the positional Base 10 Numeral systems in the world have originated from India, which first developed the concept of positional numerology The Brahmi numerals are an indigenous Indian numeral system attested from the 3rd century BCE (somewhat later in the case of most of the tens The Hindu-Arabic numeral system is a Positional Decimal Numeral system first documented in the ninth century There are several methods of Transliteration from Devanāgarī into Roman scripts. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice The most widely used transliteration method is IAST. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST) is a popular Transliteration scheme that allows a lossless Romanization of Indic However, there are other transliteration options.

The following are the major transliteration methods for Devanāgarī:

ISO 15919

Main article: ISO 15919

A standard transliteration convention was codified in the ISO 15919 standard of 2001. Transliteration is the practice of Transcribing a Word or text written in one Writing system into another writing system or system of rules for such practice ISO 15919 Transliteration of Devanagari and related Indic scripts into Latin characters is an international standard for the Transliteration of Indic scripts to the It uses diacritics to map the much larger set of Brahmic graphemes to the Latin script. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation See also Transliteration of Indic scripts: how to use ISO 15919. The Devanagari-specific portion is nearly identical to the academic standard for Sanskrit, IAST. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST) is a popular Transliteration scheme that allows a lossless Romanization of Indic

IAST

The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration (IAST) is the academic standard for the romanization of Sanskrit. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST) is a popular Transliteration scheme that allows a lossless Romanization of Indic Sanskrit (sa संस्कृता वाक् saṃskṛtā vāk, for short sa संस्कृतम् saṃskṛtam) is a historical IAST is the de-facto standard used in printed publications, like books and magazines, and with the wider availability of Unicode fonts, it is also increasingly used for electronic texts. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's It is based on a standard established by the Congress of Orientalists at Athens in 1912. Athens (ˈæθənz Αθήνα Athina,) the Capital and largest city of Greece, dominates the Attica periphery as one of the world's Year 1912 ( MCMXII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year starting

The National Library at Kolkata romanization, intended for the romanization of all Indic scripts, is an extension of IAST. The National Library at Kolkata Romanization is the most widely used Transliteration scheme in dictionaries and grammars of Indic languages The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST) is a popular Transliteration scheme that allows a lossless Romanization of Indic

Harvard-Kyoto

Compared to IAST, Harvard-Kyoto looks much simpler. The International Alphabet of Sanskrit Transliteration ( IAST) is a popular Transliteration scheme that allows a lossless Romanization of Indic The Harvard-Kyoto Convention is a system for transliterating in ASCII the Sanskrit language and other languages that use the Devanāgarī It does not contain all the diacritic marks that IAST contains. A diacritic ( also called a diacritic or diacritical mark, point, or sign, is a small sign added to a letter to alter pronunciation This makes typing in Harvard-Kyoto much easier than IAST. Harvard-Kyoto uses capital letters that can be difficult to read in the middle of words. Capital letters or majuscules pronunciation /məˈdʒʌskyuls ˈmædʒəˌskyuls/ in the Roman alphabet A, B, C, D,

ITRANS

ITRANS is a lossless transliteration scheme of Devanāgarī into ASCII that is widely used on Usenet. The " I ndian languages TRANS literation" ( ITRANS) is an ASCII Transliteration scheme for Indic scripts, particularly but American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII) Usenet, a Portmanteau of "user" and "network" is a world-wide distributed Internet discussion system It is an extension of the Harvard-Kyoto scheme. The Harvard-Kyoto Convention is a system for transliterating in ASCII the Sanskrit language and other languages that use the Devanāgarī In ITRANS, the word Devanāgarī is written as "devanaagarii". ITRANS is associated with an application of the same name that enables typesetting in Indic scripts. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia, The user inputs in Roman letters and the ITRANS pre-processor displays the Roman letters into Devanāgarī (or other Indic languages). The latest version of ITRANS is version 5. The " I ndian languages TRANS literation" ( ITRANS) is an ASCII Transliteration scheme for Indic scripts, particularly but 30 released in July, 2001.

ALA-LC Romanization

ALA-LC romanization is a transliteration scheme approved by the Library of Congress and the American Library Association, and widely used in North American libraries. ALA-LC is a set of standards for Romanization, or the representation of text in other Writing systems using the Latin alphabet. Transliteration tables are based on languages, so there is a table for Hindi, one for Sanskrit and Prakrit, etc.

Encodings

ISCII

ISCII is a fixed-length 8-bit encoding. Indian Script Code for Information Interchange ( ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India. The lower 128 codepoints are plain ASCII, the upper 128 codepoints are ISCII-specific. American Standard Code for Information Interchange ( ASCII)

It has been designed for representing not only Devanāgarī, but also various other Indic scripts as well as a Latin-based script with diacritic marks used for transliteration of the Indic scripts. The Brahmic family is a family of syllabaries (writing systems used in South Asia, Southeast Asia, and parts of Central Asia and East Asia,

ISCII has largely been superseded by Unicode, which has however attempted to preserve the ISCII layout for its Indic language blocks. In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's

Devanāgarī in Unicode

The Unicode range for Devanāgarī is U+0900 . In Computing, Unicode is an Industry standard allowing Computers to consistently represent and manipulate text expressed in most of the world's . U+097F. Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points.

Devanāgarī Keyboard Layouts

Devanāgarī and Devanāgarī-QWERTY keyboard layouts for Mac OS X

The Mac OS X operating system supports convenient editing for the Devanāgarī script by insertion of appropriate Unicode characters with two different keyboard layouts available for use. Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Anusvara (Dev अनुस्वार anusvāra) is the diacritic used to mark a type of Nasalization used in a number of Indic languages. Visarga ( visarga) is a Sanskrit word meaning "sending forth discharge" Avagraha (Dev अवग्रह avagraha) ऽ is a Devanagari symbol used to indicate Prodelision of an अ a. Aum (also Om) ॐ is a mystical or sacred Syllable in the Hindu, Jain and Buddhist religions ॰ (a small circle is the Devanagari abbreviation sign comparable the ellipsis. Mac OS X (mæk oʊ ɛs tɛn is a line of computer Operating systems developed marketed and sold by Apple Inc, the latest of which is pre-loaded on all currently QWERTY keyboardjpg|thumb|right|300px|QWERTY keyboard on a Laptop of 2007]]A keyboard layout is any specific mechanical, visual, or functional To input Devanāgarī text, one goes to System Preferences → International → Input Menu and enables the keyboard layout that is to be used. The layout is the same as for INSCRIPT/KDE Linux:

INSCRIPT / KDE Linux

This is the India keyboard layout for Linux (variant 'deva')

Typewriter

Phonetic

Bolnagri phonetic keyboard layout for Linux

See Bolnagri Home Page

See also

• ISCII
• Nagari Pracharini Sabha

Software

• Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging - Macintosh
• HindiWriter - The Phonetic Hindi Writer with AutoWord lookup and Spellcheck for MS Word and OpenOffice. Indian Script Code for Information Interchange ( ISCII) is a coding scheme for representing various writing systems of India. The Nagari Pracharini Sabha was an organization founded in 1893 at the Queen's College Varanasi for the promotion of the Devanagari script The Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging ( ATSUI) is the set of services for rendering Unicode -encoded text starting with Mac OS 8 org for Windows.
• Pango - open source (GNOME)
• Uniscribe - Windows
• WorldScript - Macintosh, replaced by the Apple Type Services for Unicode Imaging, mentioned above
• Baraha - Devanāgarī Input using English Keyboard
• Lipikaar - The indic script typing tool with support for Devanagari through a Windows desktop executable or Firefox Extension. Pango (Παν語 is a free and open source Computing library for rendering internationalized texts in high quality A gnome is a Mythical creature characterized by its extremely small size and subterranean lifestyle Uniscribe is the Microsoft Windows set of services for rendering Unicode -encoded text especially Complex text layout. WorldScript was the multilingual text rendering engine for Apple Macintosh before Mac OS X was introduced

References

Bibliography

• Masica, Colin (1991), written at Cambridge, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9780521299442, <http://books.google.com/books?id=J3RSHWePhXwC&printsec=frontcover&dq=indo-aryan+languages>. The Oxford English Dictionary ( OED) published by the Oxford University Press (OUP is a comprehensive Dictionary of the English Colin P Masica (1931- is professor emeritus in the Department of South Asian Languages and Civilizations and the Department of Linguistics at the University of Chicago.
• Snell, Rupert (2000), Teach Yourself Beginner's Hindi Script, Hodder & Stoughton, ISBN 9780071419840. Teach Yourself is an imprint of Hodder Headline that specializes in self-teaching books
• Salomon, Richard (2003), "Writing Systems of the Indo-Aryan Languages", in Cardona, George & Dhanesh Jain, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, 67-103, ISBN 9780415772945.
• Verma, Sheela (2003), "Magahi", in Cardona, George & Dhanesh Jain, The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, 498-514, ISBN 9780415772945.
• Wikner, Charles (1996), A Practical Sanskrit Introductory, <http://sanskritdocuments.org/learning_tutorial_wikner/index.html>.

External links

• Hindi Computing Wiki - Sarvagya (सर्वज्ञ)
• Omniglot.com - Devanagari Alphabets
• AncientScripts.com - Devanagari Intro
• मराठीतून मराठीचा वारसा पुढे नेणारी एक अस्सल मराठमॊळी वेबसाईट
• IS13194:1991 [1]
• Nepali Traditional keyboard Layout
• Nepali Romanized keyboard Layout

Electronic typesetting

Fonts

• Unicode Compliant Open Type Fonts including ligature glyphs (TDIL Data Centre)

Documentation

• The official Devanāgarī Document (pdf) from Govt. Of India.
• Unicode Chart for Devanāgarī
• Resources for typing in the Nepali language in Devanāgarī
• Resources for viewing and editing Devanāgarī
• Unicode support for Web browsers
• Creating and Viewing Documents in Devanāgarī
• Hindi/Devanāgarī Script Tutor
• A compilation of Tools and Techniques for Hindi Computing

Tools and applications

• List of Hindi Typing Tools
• IndiX, Indian language support for Linux, a site by the Indian National Centre for Software Technology
• Devanāgarī Tools: Wiki Sandbox, Devanagari Mail, Yahoo/Google Search & Devanāgarī Transliteration
• EnTrans - Entrans is an online, collaborative translation tool
• Online Latin to Devanagari transliteration tool