Citizendia

Population (in millions) of Russia 1992-2007.
Population (in millions) of Russia 1992-2007. [1]

Russia's area is about 17 million square kilometers (6. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending 5 million sq. mi. ). It remains the largest country in the world by more than 7 million square kilometers (2. 5 million sq. mi. ). Its population density is about 9 persons per square kilometer (22 per sq. mi. ), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Its population is predominantly urban.

Contents

Population data

According to the 2002 Russian Census, Russia had a total population of 145,166,731, including 106,003,702 in the four European federal districts, and 39,129,729 in the three Asian federal districts. Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried As of January 1, 2008, Russia's population declined to 142,008,838, according to the Russian State Statistics Service. [2][3]

Most Russians derive from the Eastern Slavic family of peoples, the origins of which very little is known about. [4]

Births: 1,602,387 (2007)[2] [5]

Deaths: 2,080,087 (2007)[2]

Population Growth Rate: -0. 17%[2]

Birth rate: 11. 28 births/1,000 population (2007)[2][5]

Death rate: 14. 65 deaths/1,000 population (2007)[2][5]

Net migration rate: 0. 28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est. )[6]

Total fertility rate: 1. 4 children born/woman (2008 est. )[6]

Sex ratio:[6]
at birth: 1. 06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1. 05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0. 93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0. 45 male(s)/female
total population: 0. 86 male(s)/female (2008 est. )

Age structure:[6]
0-14 years: 14. 6% (male 10,577,858/female 10,033,254)
15-64 years: 71. 2% (male 48,187,807/female 52,045,102)
65 years and over: 14. 1% (male 6,162,400/female 13,695,673) (2008 est. )

Median Age:[6]
total: 38. 3 years
male: 35. 1 years
female: 41. 4 years (2008 est. )

Life expectancy at birth:[7]
total population: 67. 7 years
male: 61. 5 years
female: 73. 9 years (2007)

Infant mortality rate: [6]
total: 10. 81 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 12. 34 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9. 18 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est. )

Suicide rate:
Russia currently has a rate of 30 suicides per 100,000 people[8], which although among the highest suicide rates in the world, has been steadily decreasing since it peaked in the late 90s[9], including a 30% drop from 2001 to 2006. The following is a List of suicide rates by country according to data from the World Health Organization in which a country's rank is determined by its total rate of Suicides About 22% of all suicides are committed by people aged 40-49, and almost six times as many Russian males commit suicide than females.

In 2006, the regions with the highest population growth rate were Chechnya (1. The Chechen Republic (ˈʧɛʧɨn rɪˈpʌblɨk Чече́нская Респу́блика Chechenskaya Respublika; Нохчийн Республика Noxçiyn Respublika 79%), Aginsky Buryatia (1. Agin-Buryat Okrug (Аги́нский-Буря́тский о́круг Агын Буряадай округ Agyn Burjaadaj okrug) or Aga Buryatia, is an administrative 19%), Ingushetia (1. The Republic of Ingushetia ( Ingush: ГӀалгӀай Мохк Респу́блика Ингуше́тия Respublika Ingushetiya) is a federal 16%), Yamalo-Nenets (0. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug (Яма́ло-Нене́цкий автоно́мный о́круг Yamalo-Nenetsky Avtonomny Okrug; Nenets: Ямалы-Ненёцие’’ 73%), Daghestan (0. The Republic of Dagestan dæɡɪˈstɑːn (IntEng ˈdeɪɡəstæn (AmEng (Респу́блика Дагеста́н Дагъистанлъул ДжумхIурият Daɣistanłul 65%), Yugra (0. Yugra (Югра was the name of the lands between the Pechora River and Northern Urals in the Russian annals of the 12th&ndash17th centuries as well as 62%), Tyumen(0. Tyumen ( is a city in Russia, located on the Tura River east of Moscow. 48%), Altay Republic (0. Altai Republic (Респу́блика Алта́й Altay: Алтай Республика is a federal subject of Russia (a Republic) 45%), Tyva Republic (0. Tyva Republic (Респу́блика Тыва́ Respublika Tyva, rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə tɨˈva Тыва Республика Tyva Respublika) or Tuva 3%) and Moscow (0. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of 22%). The regions with lowest growth rate were Koryakia (-2. Koryak Okrug (Коря́кский о́круг Koryaksky okrug; Koryak: Чав’чываокруг or Koryakia, is an administrative division 68%), Magadan (-1. Magadan (Магада́н is a Port town on the Sea of Okhotsk and gateway to the Kolyma region 78%), Evenkia (-1. 68%), Taymiria (-1. 60%), Pskov (-1. Pskov (Псков ancient Russian spelling Пльсковъ Pleskov) in Latvian Pleskava, in Estonian Pihkva, is an ancient city located in 56%), Smolensk (-1. Smolensk (Смоленск is a city in western Russia, located on the Dnieper River, the administrative centre of Smolensk Oblast. 25%), Tambov (-1. TambovSoborJPG|thumb|200px|right|Cathedral in Tambov]] Мост через Цну 22%), Tula (-1. 21%), Novgorod (-1. Veliky Novgorod (Вели́кий Но́вгород is the foremost historic city of North-Western Russia and the administrative center of Novgorod 17%) and Kurgan (-1. Kurgan (курга́н is the Russian word (of Turkic origin for a Tumulus, a type of Burial mound or barrow heaped over a 16%). [10]

For detailed TFR by federal regions in 2005, see TFR Russia

Demographics

Declining population

See also: Aging of Europe

Lower birth rates and higher death rates reduced Russia's population at a 0. TFR by Federal Subjects This is a list of values of total fertility rates by federal subjects of Russia TFR by Ethnic Groups The aging of Europe, also known as the greying of Europe, is a social phenomenon in Europe characterized by a decrease in fertility, an increase in 5% annual rate, or about 750,000 to 800,000 people per year during the late 1990s and most of the 2000s. The UN warned that Russia's 2005 population of about 143 million could fall by a third by 2050. [11] However, the number of Russians living in poverty has halved since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the improving economy has had a positive impact on the country's low birth-rate, as it rose from its lowest point at 8. 27 births per 1000 people in 1999 to its current rate of 11. 3 per 1000. 2007 marked the highest birth rate growth the country has seen in 25 years, according to the Minister for Health and Social Development, Tatyana Golikova. Tatiana Alekseyevna Golikova (Russian Татья́на Алексе́евна Го́ликова born 9 February 1966 in Mytishchi) is a Russian [5] For comparison, the US and UK birth rates in 2007 were 14. 16 and 10. 67 per 1000 respectively.

While the Russian birth-rate is comparable to that of other European countries, its population is declining at a much greater rate due to abnormally higher death rate (especially among working-age males due to poverty, abuse of alcohol and other substances, disease, stress, and other afflictions). For comparison, the current US death rate is 8. 26 per 1000 and the UK death rate is 10. 09 per 1000. However the Russian health ministry predicts that by 2011, the death rate will equal the birth rate due to increases in fertility and decline in mortality. [12]

In many developed countries rates of natural increase have also dropped below the long-term population replacement rate and immigration accounts for the continued rise in population. In demographics the rate of natural increase ( RNI) is the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate of a population (excluding migration

Government measures to halt the demographic crisis was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation address. Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (; born 7 October 1952 in Leningrad, USSR; now Saint Petersburg, Russia was the second President of Russia [13] As a result, a national programme was developed to reverse the trend by 2020, the results of which are already being seen. A new study published in 2007 shows that, as a whole, the rate of population decrease has slowed: if the net decrease in January-August 2006 was 408,200 people, this year in the same period it was 196,600. The death rate accounted for 357,000 of these, which is 137,000 less than in 2006. At the same time in the 2007 period, there were just over 1 million births in Russia (981,600 in the 2006 period), whilst deaths decreased from 1,475,000 to 1,402,300. In all, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1. 3 times, down from 1. 5 in 2006. Eighteen of the 83 provinces showed a natural growth of population (in 2006: 16). The Russian Ministry of Economic Development hopes that by 2020 the population will stabilize at 138-139 million, and by 2025, to increase again to its present day status of 143-145, raising the life expectancy to 75 years. [14]

Abortions

It is estimated that there are more abortions than births in Russia. In 2004, at least 1. 6 million women had an abortion (a fifth of them under the age of 18) and about 1. 5 million gave birth. One of the reasons behind the high abortion rate is the fact that the birth of a first child pushes many families into poverty. [15] However government steps to help curb the demographic crisis seem to have been taking effect. According to Andrei Seltsovsky, head of the Moscow health department, the number of recorded abortions in Moscow halved between 2000 and 2006, declining from 57,324 to 28,502. [16]

Russia's fertility rate climbed from a low of 1. 2 in 2000 to 1. 39 in 2007. While still below the 2. 1 replacement rate, it continues to show signs of improvement. [17][18]

Ethnic groups

Main article: Ethnic groups in Russia
Further information: List of indigenous peoples of Russia

The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. Russian Federation is a multi-national state with over 170 ethnic groups designated as nationalities population of these groups varying enormously from millions in case of e The list of indigenous peoples of Russia consists of the following sublists List of small-numbered indigenous peoples of Russia, as defined by the Russian law The term Indigenous Peoples or autochthonous peoples can be used to describe any Ethnic group who inhabit a geographic region with which they have the earliest historical As of the 2002 census, 79. 83% of the population (115,889,107 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million):

Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The following lists all ethnicites resolved by the 2002 census, grouped by language:

Some 1. 6% of the population are ethnicities not native to the Russian territory. The census has an additional group of 'other' ethnicities of 42,980 (0. 03%), including Hungarians, Czechs, Albanians, Japanese, Spaniards, and Romanians. Hungarians (or Magyars, magyarok are an Ethnic group primarily associated with Hungary. Czechs (Češi ˈt͡ʃɛʃɪ archaic Čechové) are a western Slavic people of Central Europe, living predominantly in the Czech Republic } Albanians (Shqiptarët are an Ethnic group and a Nation, in the sense of sharing a common Albanian culture speaking the Albanian language The are the dominant Ethnic group of Japan. Worldwide approximately 130 million people are of Japanese descent of these approximately 127 million are residents of Japan The Romanians (dated Rumanians or Roumanians; Romanian: români or historically and today rather seldom and only regional rumâni

See also: Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, Detailed Table of 2002 census

Gradient

The demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. Including the Russian Far East, the population of Siberia numbers just above 40 million people Russian Federation is a multi-national state with over 170 ethnic groups designated as nationalities population of these groups varying enormously from millions in case of e In 1970, Russia had the third largest population of Jews in the world, estimated at 2,150,000, following only that of the United States and Israel. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ The United States of America —commonly referred to as the For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. By 2002, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 230,000. A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. Predominantly these are European peoples like Germans, Czechs, Greeks and members of their families. The main destinations are the USA (Jews, Meskhetian Turks etc. ), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Canada and Finland (Finns).

At the same time, Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, 200,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from the other republics of the former Soviet Union. In addition, There are an estimated 10 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia. The Republics of the Soviet Union were according to the Article 76 of the 1977 Soviet Constitution, Sovereign Soviet Socialist states that had united with other [19] There is a significant inflow of ethnic Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, and Ukrainians into big Russian cities, something that is viewed very unfavorably by many citizens and even gives rise to nationalist sentiments. The Georgians (ქართველები kartvelebi) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus, the oldest group of the The Armenians (Հայեր Hayer) are a Nation and Ethnic group originating in the Caucasus and in the Armenian Highlands A large The Azerbaijanis are an Ethnic group mainly in the Republic of Azerbaijan and northwestern Iran. Tajik ( - Tādjīk; UniPers: Tâjik; Cyrillic: Тоҷик is a term generally applied to Persian-speaking people of Ukrainians (Українці Ukrayintsi,) are an East Slavic Ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly— Citizens The term nationalism can refer to an Ideology, a sentiment, a form of Culture, or a Social movement that focuses on the Nation [20] Some Chinese flee the overpopulation and birth control regulations of their home country and settle in the Far East and in southern Siberia. The term Chinese people may refer to any of the following A person who resides in and holds citizenship of the People's Republic of China (including Hong Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Many immigrant ethnic groups have much higher birth rates than native Russians, further shifting the balance.

Median age and fertility

Median ages of ethnic groups vary considerably between groups. Ethnic Russians and other Slavic and Finnic groups have higher median age compared to the Caucasian groups.

Median ages are strongly correlated with fertility rates, ethnic groups with higher fertility rates have lower median ages, and vice versa. The total fertility rate ( TFR, sometimes also called the fertility rate, period total fertility rate (PTFR or total For example, in 2002, in the ethnic group with the lowest median age - Ingush - women 35 or older had, on average, 4. The Ingush ( Ingush: Галгай "Ghalghay" are an Ethnic group of the North Caucasus, mostly inhabiting the Russian 05 children; in the ethnic group with the highest median age - Jews - women 35 or older averaged only 1. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ 37 children. [21] Ethnic Jews have both the highest median age and the lowest fertility rate; this is a consequence of Jewish emigration. Aliyah ( refers to Jewish Immigration to the Land of Israel (and since its establishment in 1948 the State of Israel)

Ethnic Russians represent a significant deviation from the pattern, with second lowest fertility rate of all major groups, but relatively low median age (37. 6 years). This phenomenon is at least partly due to the fact that children from mixed marriages are often registered as ethnic Russians in the census.

The following table shows the variation in median age and fertility rates according to 2002 census. [22]

Ethnic GroupMed AgeMaleFemaleUrbanU. MaleU. FemaleRuralR. MaleR. FemaleChildren/woman

(age 15+)

Children/woman

(age 35+)

Predominant religion of Ethnic Group
Russian37. 634. 040. 537. 133. 540. 139. 035. 741. 71. 4461. 828Christianity
Tatar37. 735. 339. 637. 234. 739. 138. 836. 541. 11. 7112. 204Islam
Ukrainian45. 944. 747. 345. 644. 546. 847. 045. 249. 01. 7261. 946Christianity
Bashkir34. 232. 136. 232. 930. 634. 735. 433. 337. 61. 9692. 658Islam
Chuvash38. 636. 440. 437. 936. 339. 139. 436. 542. 51. 8842. 379Christianity
Chechen22. 822. 123. 522. 922. 523. 422. 721. 923. 52. 1633. 456Islam
Armenian32. 833. 432. 033. 033. 732. 232. 132. 631. 51. 682. 225Christianity
Mordvin44. 442. 146. 944. 242. 345. 944. 741. 748. 51. 9862. 303Christianity
Avar24. 623. 825. 423. 823. 424. 125. 124. 026. 22. 093. 319Islam
Belarusian48. 045. 950. 247. 745. 849. 649. 146. 152. 41. 7651. 941Christianity
Kazakh/Kyrgyz30. 229. 43129. 52930. 130. 629. 731. 42. 0152. 964Islam
Udmurt40. 037. 442. 041. 239. 042. 638. 936. 141. 31. 932. 378Christianity
Azerbaijani29. 531. 924. 630. 032. 324. 726. 528. 724. 11. 832. 619Islam
Mari36. 734. 538. 536. 434. 637. 736. 934. 539. 31. 9172. 493Christianity
German39. 738. 241. 239. 638. 041. 040. 038. 441. 41. 8642. 443Christianity
Kabardin28. 227. 129. 328. 827. 430. 227. 726. 928. 41. 7992. 654Islam
Ossetian34. 132. 535. 734. 032. 235. 734. 433. 235. 61. 6652. 267Christianity
Dargwa24. 623. 925. 324. 323. 824. 824. 824. 025. 62. 1623. 476Islam
Buryat28. 626. 630. 527. 625. 729. 529. 527. 431. 51. 9492. 861Buddhism
Yakut26. 925. 128. 726. 925. 228. 527. 025. 128. 81. 9722. 843Christianity
Kumyk24. 623. 725. 424. 823. 925. 624. 423. 525. 21. 9773. 123Islam
Ingush22. 722. 423. 022. 922. 523. 422. 522. 322. 72. 3254. 05Islam
Lezgian25. 425. 225. 725. 025. 224. 825. 925. 226. 62. 0453. 275Islam
Komi38. 835. 841. 039. 435. 541. 638. 336. 040. 41. 8692. 363Christianity
Tuvan23. 021. 724. 222. 321. 423. 323. 622. 025. 11. 9963. 407Buddhism
Jewish57. 555. 761. 157. 655. 761. 253. 552. 055. 31. 2641. 371Judaism
Karachay29. 528. 330. 527. 626. 428. 930. 529. 531. 51. 862. 836Islam
Kalmyk31. 329. 233. 328. 626. 331. 333. 932. 635. 11. 8532. 625Buddhism
Adyghe34. 232. 436. 032. 030. 333. 736. 234. 238. 21. 7572. 363Islam
Permyak40. 838. 642. 741. 339. 542. 540. 538. 142. 82. 1452. 604Christianity
Balkar30. 129. 530. 729. 328. 829. 830. 930. 131. 91. 6892. 624Islam
Karelian45. 742. 448. 644. 741. 347. 247. 043. 551. 21. 8232. 108Christianity
Kazakh30. 728. 432. 930. 127. 932. 431. 228. 833. 51. 8722. 609Islam
Altay27. 525. 529. 422. 721. 524. 228. 926. 930. 82. 0212. 933Christianity
Cherkess31. 230. 132. 329. 728. 330. 932. 131. 133. 31. 8072. 607Islam

Languages

Russian is the common official language throughout Russia understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending National subdivisions of Russia have additional official languages (see their respective articles). There are more than 100 languages spoken in Russia, many of which are in danger of extinction. An endangered language is a Language that it is at risk of falling out of use generally because it has few surviving speakers

Religion

Main article: Religion in Russia
St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow.
St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow. Orthodox Christianity ( Russian: Православие Pravoslavije) is Russia’s traditional religion deemed part of Russia's "historical The Cathedral of Intercession of the Virgin on the Moat (Собор Покрова что на Рву - The Cathedral of the Protection of the Mother of God, or simply

The most widespread religion in Russia is Eastern Orthodox Christianity dominated by Russian Orthodox Church. The Eastern Orthodox Church is the second largest single Christian Communion in the world See also Eastern Orthodox Church Structure and organization The Slavic Orthodox Church is organized in a hierarchical structure

Since the end of Soviet rule, up to 60% of citizens of Russia, including up to 80% of ethnic Russians, have identified themselves as Orthodox, Even non-religious ethnic Russians mostly associate themselves with Orthodox faith for cultural reasons [23]. The Second largest religion is Islam, whose followers are estimated to comprise 10-15% of the population. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. The majority of Muslims live in the Volga-Urals region and the North Caucasus, although Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and parts of Siberia also have sizable Muslim populations. A Muslim (مسلم pronounced Muslim, not Muzlim) is an adherent of the Religion The North Caucasus, also Ciscaucasus, Ciscaucasia or Forecaucasia, is the northern part of the Caucasus region between Europe [24][25] Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include various Protestant faiths (a tiny minority, mainly peoples of western European origins), Roman Catholicism, and Old Believers. Protestantism refers to the forms of Christian faith and practice that originated in the 16th century Protestant Reformation. Introductory summary of origins In 1652 Nikon (1605 – 1681 Patriarch of the Russian Orthodox Church from 1652 to 1658 introduced a number of ritual and textual There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Krishnaism, as well. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices Krishnaism is a term that is often used to describe a number of Hindu religious traditions that are among the Hindu denominations centered on devotion to Radha These religions typically occur among minority groups and are quite rare among ethnic Russians and other Slavic peoples. The East Slavs are a Slavic ethnic group, the speakers of East Slavic languages. Shamanism and other pagan beliefs are present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions. Syncretism consists of the attempt to reconcile disparate or contradictory beliefs often while melding practices of various schools of thought

Education

Main article: Education in Russia

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99. Education in Russia is provided predominantly by the state and is regulated by the federal Ministry of Education. traditional definition of literacy is considered to be the ability to read and write or the ability to use Language to read, write, listen, 4% (2002)
male: 99. 7%
female: 99. 2%[6]

Russia's free, widespread and in-depth educational system, inherited with almost no changes from the Soviet Union, has produced nearly 100% literacy. 97% of children receive their compulsory 9-year basic or complete 11-year education in Russian. Other languages are also used in their respective republics, for instance Tatar (1%), Yakut (0. The Tatar language (,, Татар теле, Татарча) is a Turkic Language spoken by the Tatars. Sakha, or Yakut, is a Turkic language with around 460000 speakers spoken in the Sakha Republic in the Russian Federation by the Sakha 4%) etc.

About 3 million students attend Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high order. Science and technology is a Term of art used to encompass the relationship between Science and Technology. [26]

The number of physicians in relation to the population is high by world standards, although medical care in Russia, even in major cities, is generally below Western standards.

Labour force

The Russian labour force is undergoing tremendous changes. In Economics the people in the labor force are the suppliers of labor Although well-educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. Russia is a unique emerging market in the sense that being the nucleus of a former superpower shows more anomalies The unemployment rate in Russia was 5. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. 9% as of 2007. Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR was a constitutionally Socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991 However, since recovering from the 1998 economic crisis, the standard of living has been on the rise. As of 2007 about 15% of the population was living below the national poverty line, compared to 40% in 1999. These are lists of Countries of the world by percentage of population living in Poverty. [27][28]

Health

In 2007 the leading cause of death in Russia was cardiovascular disease, causing about 50% (1. Cardiovascular disease or cardiovascular diseases refers to the class of diseases that involve the Heart or Blood vessels ( arteries and 1 million) of all deaths. Alcohol abuse, road accidents and cancer claimed about 500,000 lives, or a quarter of all deaths. [2]

As of 2007, the average life expectancy in Russia is 61. 5 years for males and 73. 9 years for females. [7] The average Russian life expectancy of 67. 7 years at birth is 10. 8 years shorter than the overall figure in the European Union. [29] The biggest factor that contributes to the relatively low life expectancy is high mortality among working-age males due to preventable causes such as accidents, alcohol poisoning, violent crimes, heart disease etc. Some infectious diseases are also implicated, such as AIDS/HIV and tuberculosis. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Tuberculosis (abbreviated as TB for tubercle bacillus or T u' b' erculosis Bacillus --> is a common Both diseases became widespread in Russia in the 1990s. However, the underlying problems with health care in Russia predate the post-Soviet period. The Soviet Union had been increasingly lagging behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s. By 1985, life expectancy for males was 62. 7 years in Russia, compared to 71. 6 in Great Britain and 74. 8 in Japan. The turmoil in the early 1990s and the economic crisis in 1998 caused life expectancy in Russia to go down while it was steadily growing in the rest of the world. Recently however it has begun to rise again; Between 2005 - 2007 the male life expectancy in Russia rose from 58. 9 years to 61. 5, increasing the overall life expectancy by 2. 4 years to 67. 7. [7]

HIV/AIDS

Main article: HIV

As of April 2008, the HIV epidemic in Russia continues to grow, but at a slower pace than in the late 1990s, according to a report by UNAIDS. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, or UNAIDS, is the main advocate for accelerated comprehensive and coordinated global action In 2005 the number of registered HIV cases in Russia was about 370,000, though the actual number of people living with HIV was estimated to be about 940,000. [30] The majority of HIV infections in Russia are registered among injecting drug users, however there is clear evidence of a significant rise in heterosexual transmission. Heterosexuality refers to sexual behavior with or attraction to people of the opposite sex or to a heterosexual orientation A sexually transmitted disease ( STD) or venereal disease ( VD) is an illness that has a significant probability of transmission between Humans According to the Ministry of Health and Social Development, 14,433 people in Russia living with HIV were reported to be receiving treatment as of 2007. [31]

The Russian Federation has demonstrated a high-level commitment in response to the AIDS epidemic. In April 2006, the State Council met with the Russian President to set goals for developing a strategy for responding to AIDS; improving coordination, through the creation of a high-level multisectoral governmental commission on AIDS; and establishing a unified monitoring and evaluation system. The State Council of the Russian Federation ( Russian: Государственный Совет is an Advisory body to the Head of State which The President of Russia (Президент России or the President of the Russian Federation, Президент Российской A new Federal AIDS Program for 2007 - 2011 was also developed and adopted. Federal funding for the national AIDS response in 2006 had increased more than twentyfold compared to 2005, and the 2007 budget doubled that of 2006, adding to the already substantial funds provided by the main donor organizations. [31]

Coordination of activities in responding to AIDS remains a challenge for Russia, despite increased efforts. In 2006, treatment for some patients was interrupted due to delays in tender procedures and unexpected difficulties with customs. Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV) is a Lentivirus (a member of the Retrovirus family that can lead to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome Additionally, lack of full commitment to an in-depth program for education on sex and drugs in schools hinders effective prevention programs for children. Sex education is a broad term used to describe Education about human sexual anatomy, Sexual reproduction, Sexual intercourse, Reproductive Drug education is the planned provision of information and skills relevant to living in a world where Drugs are commonly misused. [31]

Main cities

Moscow is the largest city (population 10. Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of 4 million) and is the capital of the Federation. Moscow continues to be the centre of Russian Government and is increasingly important as an economic and business centre. Its cultural tradition is rich, and there are many museums devoted to art, literature, music, dance, history, and science. It has hundreds of churches and dozens of notable cathedrals; it has become Russia's principal magnet for foreign investment and business presence. Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country

Saint Petersburg (population 4. Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River 7 million), established in 1703 by Peter the Great as the capital of the Russian Empire, was called Petrograd during World War I and Leningrad after 1924. The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All In 1991, as the result of a city referendum, it was renamed Saint Petersburg. Under the Tsars, the city was Russia's cultural, intellectual, financial, and industrial centre. After the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, the city's political significance declined, but it remained a cultural, scientific, and military-industrial centre.

Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, a major industrial city and a transportation hub. History The city was founded in 1893 as the future site of the Trans-Siberian Railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river Ob, and was known as The most prominent Russian university outside Moscow and Saint Petersburg—Novosibirsk State University—is located in a suburb of Novosibirsk. Novosibirsk State University was founded in May 1959 in the USSR by Soviet academicians Mikhail Alekseevich Lavrentiev, Sergei Lvovich Sobolev

Vladivostok, located in the Russian Far East, is becoming an important centre for trade with the Pacific Rim countries. Vladivostok ( is Russia 's largest port city on the Pacific Ocean and the administrative center of Primorsky Krai. Russian Far East (Да́льний Восто́к Росси́и ˈdalʲnʲɪj vʌˈstok rʌˈsʲiɪ is a term that refers to the Russian part of the Far East, i The Pacific Rim refers to the countries and cities located around the edge of the Pacific Ocean.

RankCore CityFederal SubjectPop.RankCore CityFederal SubjectPop.
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Moscow
Moscow
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg

1MoscowMoscow10,126,42411UfaBashkortostan1,042,437
2Saint PetersburgSaint Petersburg4,661,21912VolgogradVolgograd1,011,417
3NovosibirskNovosibirsk1,425,50813PermPerm1,001,653
4Nizhny NovgorodNizhny Novgorod1,311,25214KrasnoyarskKrasnoyarsk909,341
5YekaterinburgSverdlovsk1,293,53715SaratovSaratov873,055
6SamaraSamara1,157,88016VoronezhVoronezh848,752
7OmskOmsk1,134,01617TolyattiSamara702,879
8KazanTatarstan1,105,28918KrasnodarKrasnodar646,175
9ChelyabinskChelyabinsk1,077,17419UlyanovskUlyanovsk635,947
10Rostov-on-DonRostov1,068,26720IzhevskUdmurtia632,140
2002 Census[32]

Rural life

Rural life in the Russian Federation is distinct from many other nations. This is a list of cities and towns in Russia with population over 50000 grouped by federal subject and sorted by population This is a list of cities and towns in Russia. According to the data of 2002 Russian Census, there are 1108 cities and towns in Russia Russia is a Federation which consists of 83  subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal This is a list of cities and towns in Russia with population over 50000 grouped by federal subject and sorted by population This is a list of cities and towns in Russia with population over 50000 grouped by federal subject and sorted by population This is a list of cities and towns in Russia. According to the data of 2002 Russian Census, there are 1108 cities and towns in Russia Russia is a Federation which consists of 83  subjects. These subjects are of equal federal rights in the sense that they have equal This is a list of cities and towns in Russia with population over 50000 grouped by federal subject and sorted by population Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Moscow (Москва́ romanised: Moskvá, IPA: see also other names) is the Capital and the largest city of Ufa (Уфа́ Өфө Öfö; Уфа|Ufa Ӗпхӳ Ephü) is the capital of the Republic of Bashkortostan, Russia. Republic of Bashkortostan (Респу́блика Башкортоста́н Башҡортостан Республикаһы or Bashkiria (ru Башки́рия Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Saint Petersburg ( tr: Sankt-Peterburg,) is a city and a federal subject of Russia located on the Neva River Volgograd Oblast (Волгогра́дская о́бласть Volgogradskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) History The city was founded in 1893 as the future site of the Trans-Siberian Railway bridge crossing the great Siberian river Ob, and was known as Novosibirsk Oblast (Новосиби́рская о́бласть Novosibirskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Perm (Пермь pʲɛrmʲ is a city and administrative center of Perm Krai, Russia. Perm Krai (Пе́рмский край Permsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) that came into existence on December 1 Nizhny Novgorod (Ни́жний Но́вгород Nižnij Novgorod) colloquially shortened as Nizhny, is the fourth largest city in Russia Nizhny Novgorod Oblast (Нижегоро́дская о́бласть Nizhegorodskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast Krasnoyarsk (Красноя́рск is the administrative center of Krasnoyarsk Krai of Russia, and the third largest city in Siberia. Krasnoyarsk Krai (Красноя́рский край Krasnoyarsky kray; not to be confused with Krasnodar Krai) is a federal subject of Yekaterinburg (Екатеринбу́рг also romanized Ekaterinburg, formerly Sverdlovsk) is a major city in the central part of Russia Sverdlovsk Oblast (Свердло́вская о́бласть Sverdlovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) located History The Legend of Saratov Gelonus, a legendary Scythian city and the northernmost Greek colony may be conjectured to have been situated in the locality Saratov Oblast (Сара́товская о́бласть Saratovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) located Samara (Сама́ра ( Kuybyshev (ru Ку́йбышев from 1935 to 1990 is one of the largest cities in Russia. Samara Oblast (Сама́рская о́бласть Samarskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Voronezh (Воро́неж) is a large city in southwestern Russia not far from Ukraine. Voronezh Oblast (Воро́нежская о́бласть Voronezhskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Omsk (Омск is a city in southwest Siberia in Russia, the administrative center of Omsk Oblast. Omsk Oblast (О́мская о́бласть Omskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) located in southwestern Tolyatti or Togliatti (Толья́тти tɘlʲ'jati is a city in Samara Oblast, Russia. Samara Oblast (Сама́рская о́бласть Samarskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Kazan (Каза́нь Казан tt Qazan) is the capital city of the Republic of Tatarstan, Russia, and one of Russia's largest cities Republic of Tatarstan (Респу́блика Татарста́н Татарстан Республикасы|Tatarstan Respublikası is a federal subject of the Russian Krasnodar (Краснода́р is a city in Southern Russia on the Kuban River. Krasnodar Krai (Краснода́рский край Krasnodarsky kray) is a federal subject of Russia (a Krai) located in the Southern Chelyabinsk (Челя́бинск is a city in Russia, located just to the east of the Ural Mountains, on Miass River. Chelyabinsk Oblast (Челя́бинская о́бласть Chelyabinskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Ulyanovsk (Улья́новск formerly Simbirsk (ru Симби́рск is a city on the Volga River in Russia, 893 km east from Ulyanovsk Oblast (Улья́новская о́бласть Ulyanovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) Rostov-on-Don (Росто́в-на-Дону́ Rostov-na-Donu rɐ'stof nə dɐ'nu is the city and the administrative center of Rostov Oblast and the Rostov Oblast (Росто́вская о́бласть Rostovskaya oblast) is a federal subject of Russia (an Oblast) located in the Izhevsk (Иже́вск i'ʐɛfsk Ижкар from 1985 to 1987— Ustinov (ru Усти́нов after Dmitry Ustinov, is the capital city of the Udmurt Republic (Удму́ртская респу́блика Удмурт Республика or Udmurtia (ru Удму́ртия is a federal subject of Russian Census of 2002 (Всеросси́йская пе́репись населе́ния 2002 го́да was the first Census of the Russian Federation carried Rural areas can be large and isolated (also referred to as "the country" and/or "the countryside over the course of time Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Villages close to larger cities are usually similar to American suburbs. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the South San Jose (cropjpg||thumb|A suburban development in San Jose California. However, villages far from towns are classified by poor living conditions: low salaries, well water, lack of heating equipment, and sometimes lack of electricity (mostly in Siberia). Siberia (Сиби́рь Sibir) is the name given to the vast region constituting almost all of Northern Asia and for the most part currently serving Sanitation and hygiene is also very poor in some areas that completely lack any plumbing whatsoever. Relatively few Russian people live in villages, called derevnyas in Russian (rural population accounted for 27% according to the latest census[33]). Some people rent village houses and use them as dachas, summer houses. Dacha ( is a Russian word for seasonal or year-round second homes located in the Exurbs of Soviet and Russian cities Most people in Russia live in the major urban areas.

References

  1. ^ Data from: Russian Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Russia's population down 0.17% in 2007 to 142 mln RIA Novosti Retrieved on March 15, 2008
  3. ^ Оценка численности постоянного населения Российской Федерации Retrieved on May 1, 2008
  4. ^ A Country Study: Russia Library of Congress Retrieved on March 16, 2008
  5. ^ a b c d Russian policies ignite unprecedented birth rate in 2007 The Economic Times March 21, 2008
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Russia CIA World Factbook CIA World Factbook updated 6 March, 2008
  7. ^ a b c Продолжительность жизни россиян возросла с 2005 по 2007 г на 2,4 года, до 67,7 года Retrieved on May 1, 2008
  8. ^ One million people commit suicide every year globally RIA Novosti Retrieved on March 21, 2008
  9. ^ WHO Russia suicide statistics WHO retrieved on March 21, 2008
  10. ^ На начало 2007 года постоянное население России насчитывало 142,2 миллиона человек Retrieved on March 15, 2008
  11. ^ Steven Eke (2007). RIA (Russian Information Agency Novosti is a Russian Press agency based in Moscow. The Library of Congress is the De facto National library of the United States and the research arm of the United States Congress The Economic Times, launched in 1961 is India's largest financial daily and the world's second largest financial daily after The Wall Street Journal, The World Factbook ( ISSN; also known as the CIA World Factbook) is an annual publication of the Central Intelligence Agency of the RIA (Russian Information Agency Novosti is a Russian Press agency based in Moscow. Russia's population falling fast (HTML). BBC News. Retrieved on March 15, 2008
  12. ^ Russia's birth, mortality rates to equal by 2011 - ministry. RIA Novosti. Retrieved on 2008-02-10. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead
  13. ^ Vladimir Putin’s State-of-the-Nation Address
  14. ^ Newsru, Население России за пять лет уменьшилось на 3,2 миллиона до 142 миллионов человек, 19. Oct. 2007 Retrieved same date
  15. ^ More Abortions Than Births in Russia — Health Official
  16. ^ 500 women in Moscow on waiting lists for in vitro fertilization RIA Novosti Retrieved on March 21, 2008
  17. ^ Indexmundi Fertility Rates Retrieved on March 16, 2008
  18. ^ AirNinja.com - Fertility Rate In Russia 2000-2007
  19. ^ Russia cracking down on illegal migrants. RIA (Russian Information Agency Novosti is a Russian Press agency based in Moscow. International Herald Tribune (March 15, 2008).
  20. ^ Central Asia: Labor Migrants Face Abuse, Xenophobia Retrieved on March 15, 2008
  21. ^ 2002 Russian census, Женщины наиболее многочисленных национальностей по возрастным группам и числу рожденных детей по субъектам Российской Федерации
  22. ^ 2002 Russian census, Население отдельных национальностей по возрастным группам и полу по субъектам Российской Федерации
  23. ^ in Russian:Социология религии
  24. ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2007 Retrieved on March 29, 2008
  25. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Russia
  26. ^ Russia country guide — EUbusiness.com - business, legal and financial news and information from the European Union
  27. ^ Indexmundi Poverty Rates Retrieved on March 16, 2008
  28. ^ Российская газета. Неравномерности роста - Между регионами остаются серьёзные различия. (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, pageid=Business&articleid=a1187177738|accessdate=2007-12-27}}
  29. ^ European Union. Rossiyskaya Gazeta (Российская газета lit Russia's Newspaper is a Russian government daily Newspaper which publishes the official decrees Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 2008-01-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
  30. ^ Eastern Europe and Central Asia AIDS epidemic update UNAIDS Retrieved on May 3, 2008
  31. ^ a b c UNAIDS: Russian Federation UNAIDS Retrieved on March 15, 2008
  32. ^ Russian Census of 2002. The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, or UNAIDS, is the main advocate for accelerated comprehensive and coordinated global action The Joint United Nations Programme on HIV and AIDS, or UNAIDS, is the main advocate for accelerated comprehensive and coordinated global action 1. 4. Cities and towns with population of 50 thousand people and over. Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved on 2008-01-16. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate.
  33. ^ Resident population. Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved on 2007-12-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 537 - The Hagia Sophia is completed 1512 - The Spanish Crown issues the Laws of Burgos, governing the

See also

References

External links

The Population Reference Bureau (PRB a nonprofit organization informs people around the world about population health and the environment and seeks to help them use that information The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya The Russian Empire ( Pre-reform Russian: Pоссійская Имперія Modern Russian: Российская Империя translit: Rossiyskaya Kommersant ( Cyrillic: Коммерса́нтъ (which literally translates as "The Businessman" is a commerce-oriented newspaper published in
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