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Creation science or scientific creationism is a movement within creationism which attempts to use scientific means to disprove the accepted scientific theories on the history of the Earth, cosmology and biological evolution and prove the Genesis account of creation. "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. The history of creationism is tied to the History of religions The term Creationism in its broad sense covers a wide range of beliefs and interpretations Neo-creationism is a movement whose goal is to restate Creationism in terms more likely to be well received by the public policy makers educators and the Scientific community Young Earth creationism (YEC is the religious belief that Heaven, Earth, and Life on Earth were created by a direct act of God dating Old Earth creationism (OEC is an umbrella term for a number of types of Creationism, including Gap creationism and Progressive creationism. Day-Age creationism, a type of Old Earth creationism, is an interpretation of the creation accounts found in Genesis. Progressive creationism is the religious belief that God created new forms of life gradually over a period of hundreds of millions of years Gap creationism (also known as Ruin-Restoration creationism Restoration creationism or the "Gap Theory" is a form of Old Earth creationism that posits that Theistic evolution is the general opinion that classical religious teachings about God and creation are compatible with some or all of the modern scientific understanding Intelligent Hindu views on evolution include a range of viewpoints in regards to Evolution, Creationism, and the Origin of life within the diverse traditions of Islamic creationism is the belief that the Universe (including humanity) was directly created by God as explained in the Qur'an or Jewish views on evolution includes a continuum of views about Evolution, Creationism, and the Origin of life. Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation Pandeism or Pan-Deism ( Greek πάν, 'pan' = ' all ' and Latin Deus = God, in the sense of Deism Creation according to Genesis refers to the Hebrew narrative of the creation of the heavens and the earth as told in chapters 1 and 2 of Genesis An allegorical interpretation of Genesis is a symbolic rather than literal reading of the biblical Book of Genesis. This article focuses on the views of certain Christian commentators and theologians The omphalos hypothesis was named after the title of an 1857 book Omphalos by Philip Henry Gosse, in which Gosse argued that in order for the world to In Creation science, baraminology is a system for classifying life into groups having no common Ancestry, called "baramins" Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a prominent subset of beliefs under the umbrella of Creationism that assumes the literal Intelligent The creation-evolution controversy (also termed the creation vs The politics of creationism concerns efforts to change Public policy in favor of Creationism, currently primarily focusing on what should be taught as Science The status of creation and evolution in public education can be the subject of substantial Debate in Legal, Political, and Religious circles The Creation-evolution controversy has a long history beginning with challenges made by various naturalists to biblical accounts of creation Teach the Controversy is the name of a Discovery Institute intelligent design campaign to promote Intelligent design, a variant of traditional Creationism The following is a clearinghouse of articles which refer to terms often used in the context of the Creation-evolution controversy: Origins See also Creation myth "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. The history of Earth covers approximately 46 billion years (4567000000 years from Earth ’s formation out of the Solar nebula to the present Cosmology (from Greek grc κοσμολογία - grc κόσμος kosmos, "universe" and grc -λογία -logia) is study eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 Creation according to Genesis refers to the Hebrew narrative of the creation of the heavens and the earth as told in chapters 1 and 2 of Genesis ^[1] Its most vocal proponents are fundamentalist and conservative Christians in the United States who seek to prove Biblical inerrancy and mount a challenge against the scientifically accepted theory of evolution. Fundamentalist Christianity, also known as Christian Fundamentalism or Fundamentalist Evangelicalism, is a movement that arose mainly within British and For conservative political views within Christianity see Christian right. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Biblical inerrancy is the conservative evangelical doctrinal position that in its original form the Bible is totally without error and free from all contradiction ^[2] Key concepts in creation science include the notion of "creation ex nihilo"; that mankind and other life on earth were created as unique, fixed Baraminological kinds, and the notion that fossils found in geological strata are indicative of an historical flood which extended over the whole earth. The Latin phrase ex nihilo means "out of nothing" It often appears in conjunction with the concept of Creation, as in creatio ex nihilo In Creation science, baraminology is a system for classifying life into groups having no common Ancestry, called "baramins" The story of a Great Flood (also known as the Deluge) sent by a Deity or deities to destroy Civilization as an act of Divine retribution is a ^[3] While creation science purports to be a true scientific challenge to the theory of evolution, often referred to by creation science proponents as Darwinism or as Darwinian evolution, it has never been recognized by or accepted within the scientific community as a valid scientific method of inquiry. Darwinism is a term used for various different movements or concepts related to a greater or lesser extent to Charles Darwin 's work on Evolution. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena

Until the 1970s, creation science drew little notice beyond the schools and congregations of conservative fundamental and evangelical Christians. The first creation science texts and curricula focused upon concepts derived from a literal interpretation of the Bible and were overtly religious in nature, most notably linking Noah's flood in Genesis to the geological and fossil record in a system termed flood geology. Biblical literalism (also called Biblicism) is a primarily pejorative term referring to the adherence to an explicit and literal sense of the Bible. The story of a Great Flood (also known as the Deluge) sent by a Deity or deities to destroy Civilization as an act of Divine retribution is a Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a prominent subset of beliefs under the umbrella of Creationism that assumes the literal Creation science came to the attention of the wider national and international public and scientific community when its followers launched objections to the teaching of evolution in public schools and other venues, and successfully persuaded some school boards and lawmakers that creation science deserved equal consideration alongside Darwinian evolution in the science curriculum. The scientific community consists of the total body of Scientists its relationships and interactions The creation-evolution controversy (also termed the creation vs Revised creation science texts and curricula were developed for public schools which removed the theory's explicit references to Biblical and theological doctrine, and teaching of creation science was implemented in Louisiana, Arkansas, and other regions in the United States. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. By the 1980s, its influence was worldwide. ^[4]

Critics emphasize that creation science fails to meet the key criteria of any true science because it lacks empirical support, supplies no tentative hypotheses, and resolves to describe natural history in terms of scientifically untestable supernatural events. A central concept in Science and the Scientific method is that all Evidence must be empirical, or empirically based that is dependent on evidence A hypothesis (from Greek) consists either of a suggested explanation for a phenomenon (an event that is observable or of a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events ^[5] The teaching of creation science in public schools in the United States effectively ended in 1987 when the United States Supreme Court determined the creation science taught in Louisiana public schools was not a legitimate scientific theory, and ruled its teaching unconstitutional in Edwards v. Aguillard because its true purpose was to advance a particular religious belief. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. Edwards v Aguillard, was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. Lemon v Kurtzman, 403 US 602 ( 1971) was a case in which the Supreme Court of the United States ruled that Pennsylvania 's ^[2]

Contents 1 Beliefs and activities 2 History and organization 2.1 Twentieth century creationism 2.2 Court determinations 2.3 Intelligent Design splits off 3 Issues 3.1 Metaphysical assumptions 3.2 Religious criticism 3.3 Scientific criticism 3.4 Historical, philosophical, and sociological criticism 4 Areas of study 4.1 Creation biology 4.2 Flood geology 4.3 Astrophysics 4.3.1 Creationist cosmologies 4.3.2 Planetology 4.4 Geophysics 4.4.1 Radiometric dating 4.4.2 Radiohaloes 5 See also 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 Proponents 7.2 Critics 8 External links 8.1 Legal documents 8.2 Proponents 8.3 Critics

Beliefs and activities

Most creation science proponents hold fundamentalist or evangelical Christian beliefs in biblical literalism or biblical inerrancy, as opposed to the higher criticism supported by Liberal Christianity in the Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy. Fundamentalist Christianity, also known as Christian Fundamentalism or Fundamentalist Evangelicalism, is a movement that arose mainly within British and Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel Biblical literalism (also called Biblicism) is a primarily pejorative term referring to the adherence to an explicit and literal sense of the Bible. Biblical inerrancy is the conservative evangelical doctrinal position that in its original form the Bible is totally without error and free from all contradiction Historical criticism or higher criticism is a branch of literary analysis that investigates the origins of a text as applied in Biblical studies it naturally For liberal political views within Christianity see Christian left. The Fundamentalist-Modernist Controversy was a religious controversy in the 1920s and '30s within the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. However, there are also examples of Islamic and Jewish scientific creationism that conform to the accounts of creation as recorded in their religious doctrines. Islamic creationism is the belief that the Universe (including humanity) was directly created by God as explained in the Qur'an or Jewish views on evolution includes a continuum of views about Evolution, Creationism, and the Origin of life. ^[6][7]

Creation science rejects evolution's theory of the common descent of all living things on the earth. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 A group of organisms is said to have common descent if they have a common Ancestor. ^[8] Instead, it asserts that the field of evolutionary biology is itself pseudoscientific^[9] or even a religion. Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of Biology concerned with the origin of Species from a Common descent, and Descent of species Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the A religion is a set of Tenets and practices often centered upon specific Supernatural and moral claims about Reality, the Cosmos ^[10] Creation scientists argue instead for a system called baraminology which considers the living world to be descended from uniquely created kinds or baramins. In Creation science, baraminology is a system for classifying life into groups having no common Ancestry, called "baramins" ^[11]

Creation science incorporates the concept of catastrophism to account for earth's geological formations. Catastrophism is the idea that Earth has been affected in the distant past by sudden short-lived violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Creation scientists employ the concept to attempt to reconcile current landforms and fossil distributions with Biblical interpretations, proposing the remains resulted from successive cataclysmic events, such as a world wide flood and subsequent ice age. An ice age is a period of long-term reduction in the Temperature of the Earth 's surface and atmosphere resulting in an expansion of continental Ice sheets ^[12] It rejects one of the fundamental principles of modern geology (and of modern science generally): uniformitarianism, which means applying the same physical and geological laws observed on the earth today to interpret the earth's geological history. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit ^[13]

Sometimes creation scientists attack other scientific concepts, like the big bang cosmological model or methods of scientific dating which measure radioactive decay. The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation. In the Natural sciences under the umbrella of Natural history, Geochronology is the Science of determining the absolute age of rocks, Fossils The Young Earth Creationist branch of the creation scientists also rejects current estimates of the age of the universe, arguing for creationist cosmologies with timescales much shorter than those estimates overwhelmingly accepted by most scientists. Young Earth creationism (YEC is the religious belief that Heaven, Earth, and Life on Earth were created by a direct act of God dating The age of the Universe is the time elapsed between the theory of the Big Bang and the present day Modern geologists and Geophysicists consider the age of Earth to be around 4

The scientific community has overwhelmingly rejected the ideas put forth in creation science as lying outside the boundaries of a legitimate science. The foundational premises underlying scientific creationism disqualify it as a science because the answers to all inquiry therein are preordained to conform to Bible doctrine, and because that inquiry is constructed upon theories which are not empirically testable in nature. Doctrine (Latin doctrina) is a codification of beliefs or "a body of teachings quot or "instructions" taught principles or positions as the In Philosophy, empiricism is a theory of Knowledge which asserts that knowledge arises from Experience. Scientists also deem creation science's attacks against biological evolution to be without scientific merit. Those views of the scientific community were accepted in two significant court decisions in the 1980s which found the field of creation science to be a religious mode of inquiry but not scientific one.

History and organization

Main article: history of creationism

The doctrine of creation is a fundamental and ancient precept of many faiths, including Christianity which holds beliefs founded on Creation according to Genesis. The history of creationism is tied to the History of religions The term Creationism in its broad sense covers a wide range of beliefs and interpretations Faith is a Belief in the trustworthiness of an Idea. Formal usage of the word "faith" is usually reserved for concepts of Religion, as in Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Creation according to Genesis refers to the Hebrew narrative of the creation of the heavens and the earth as told in chapters 1 and 2 of Genesis From the days of the early Christian Church Fathers there were allegorical interpretations of Genesis as well as literal readings. The Church Fathers, Early Church Fathers, or Fathers of the Church are the early and influential theologians and writers in the Christian Church An allegorical interpretation of Genesis is a symbolic rather than literal reading of the biblical Book of Genesis. ^[14][15] The Protestant Reformation widened literacy, and lay people began reading the Bible in translation with more literal understandings of creation than classical theologians. The Protestant Reformation was a reform movement in Europe that began in 1517 though its roots lie further back in time ^[15][16] At the same time a new interest in natural history found that there were far more species of organisms than had been anticipated,^[17] and new findings in geology furnished the first strong scientific evidence that the earth was far older than the age of the Earth derived from the Biblical timeframe, as detailed for instance in the Ussher chronology. Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods In Biology, a species is one of the basic units of Biological classification and a Taxonomic rank. Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Modern geologists and Geophysicists consider the age of Earth to be around 4 The Ussher chronology is a 17th-century Chronology of the History of the world formulated from a literal reading of the Bible by James Ussher ^[18] From the late seventeenth century through to the mid nineteenth century natural theology increasingly popularized the concept that Christian faith should be based on what can be rationally demonstrated, and the study of nature should reveal the intelligence, benevolence, and power of God. Natural theology is a branch of Theology based on Reason and ordinary Experience, explaining the gods rationally as part of the physical world ^[19] In a complex and lively debate between various viewpoints including deism and materialism, several of the ideas put forward to explain the discoveries anticipated modern creationist arguments. Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone without dependence on revelation The Philosophy of materialism holds that the only thing that can be truly proven to exist is Matter, and is considered a form of Physicalism. For example, catastrophism attempted to reconcile geological findings showing an ancient earth with the Biblical flood. Catastrophism is the idea that Earth has been affected in the distant past by sudden short-lived violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope ^[18]

Various ideas of transmutation of species were put forward, and though they conflicted with the doctrine of fixity of species (now known as "special creation") and were harshly condemned as a threat to the aristocratic social order and the established Church of England, by the 1840s they had wide public acceptance and were favored by liberal theologians, Unitarians and some Dissenters as well as by Freethinkers and atheists. Transmutation of species is a term to describe the altering of one Species into another Special creation describes a mechanism for producing life on earth that is promoted by "special creationists" following an agenda known as "special creationism" The Church of England is the officially established Christian church in England, the Mother Church of the worldwide Anglican For liberal political views within Christianity see Christian left. The term dissenter (from the Latin dissentire, “to disagree” labels one who dissents or disagrees in matters of opinion belief etc Freethought is a philosophical viewpoint that holds that Beliefs should be formed on the basis of Science and Logic and should not be influenced Atheism After Charles Darwin's On the Origin of Species was published in 1859, the scientific establishment came to accept the common ancestry of all species, and by the 1900s evolution through descent with modification was widely accepted as the unifying principle of biological development. Charles Robert Darwin (February 12 1809 &ndash April 19 1882 was an English naturalist, who realised and demonstrated that all Species of life Charles Darwin 's On the Origin of Species (published 24 November 1859) is a seminal work in Scientific literature and arguably the A group of organisms is said to have common descent if they have a common Ancestor. eVolution is the third Album by eLDee, it was due to be released in 2008 ^[17]

Twentieth century creationism

Teaching of evolution was gradually introduced into more and more public high school textbooks in the United States after 1900,^[20] but in the aftermath of the First World War the growth of fundamentalist Christianity gave rise to a creationist opposition to such teaching. World War I (abbreviated WWI; also known as the First World War, the Great War, and the War to End All Fundamentalism refers to a "deep and totalistic commitment" to a belief in and strict adherence to a set of basic principles (often Religious in nature a reaction "Creationism" can also refer to Creation myths in general or to a concept about the origin of the soul. Legislation forbidding the teaching of evolution was passed in certain regions, most notably Tennessee's Butler Act of 1925. Provisions of the law The law "AN ACT prohibiting the teaching of the Evolution Theory in all the Universities Normals and all other public schools of Tennessee which ^[21] The 1957 Soviet Union's space program successful space launch Sputnik sparked national concern that the science education in public schools was outdated. In 1958 the United States passed National Defense Education Act which introduced new education guidelines for science instruction. For the nitrosamine see N-Nitrosodiethylamine The National Defense Education Act of 1958 (NDEA (Public Law 85-864 is a United States With federal grant funding, the Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS) drafted new standards for the public schools' science textbooks which included the teaching of evolution. The Biological Sciences Curriculum Study (BSCS is an American Non-profit organization that develops curricular materials based on science and technology for schools By 1963, almost half the nation's high schools were using textbooks based on the guidelines of the BSCS. ^[22] The Tennessee legislature did not repeal the Butler Act until 1967. ^[23]

Creation science (dubbed Scientific Creationism at the time) emerged as an organized movement during the 1960s. It was strongly influenced by the earlier work of Canadian armchair geologist and Seventh-day Adventist George McCready Price who wrote works such as "The New Geology" to advance what he termed "new catastrophism" and dispute the current geological timeframes and understandings of geologic history. A geologist is a contributor to the Science of Geology, studying the physical structure and processes of the Earth and planets of the solar system The Seventh-day Adventist (abbreviated " Adventist " Church is a Christian denomination which is distinguished mainly by its observance George McCready Price (1870–1963 was a Canadian creationist The geologic time scale is a chronologic schema (or idealized Model) relating Stratigraphy to time that is used by Geologists and other Price's work was cited at the Scopes Trial of 1925, yet although he frequently solicited feedback from geologists and other scientists, they consistently disparaged his work. The " Scopes Trial " ( Scopes v State 152 Tenn 424 278 S ^[24] Price's "new catastrophism" went largely unnoticed as well among creationists until its revival with the 1961 publication of The Genesis Flood by Henry M. Morris and John C. Whitcomb, a work which quickly became a classic among fundamentalist Christians^[2] and opened the field of creation science to go beyond critiques of geology into biology and cosmology as well. The Genesis Flood The Biblical Record and its Scientific Implications is a 1961 book by young earth creationists John C Henry Madison Morris PhD ( October 6 1918 – February 25 2006) was an American young earth creationist John Clement Whitcomb Jr. (born c 1924 is an American Old Testament Theologian and Young Earth creationist. Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Physical cosmology, as a branch of Astronomy, is the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its Soon after its publication, a movement was underway to have the subject taught in United States' public schools.

Court determinations

The various state laws prohibiting teaching of evolution were challenged in 1968 in Epperson v. Arkansas which ruled that they were unconstitutional. Epperson v Arkansas, 393 US 97 ( 1968) was a United States Supreme Court case that invalidated an Arkansas statute that prohibited This inspired a creationist movement to promote the teaching of creation science as equal to evolutionary theory. In 1981 Arkansas Act 590 mandated that "creation science" be given equal time in public schools with evolution. ^[25]The act defined creation science as follows:

"Creation science means the scientific evidences for creation and inferences from those evidences. Creation science includes the scientific evidences and related inferences that indicate:

1. Sudden creation of the universe, energy and life from nothing.
2. The insufficiency of mutation and natural selection in bringing about development of all living kinds from a single organism.
3. Changes only with fixed limits of originally created kinds of plants and animals.
4. Separate ancestry for man and apes.
5. Explanation of the earth's geology by catastrophism, including the occurrence of worldwide flood.
6. A relatively recent inception of the earth and living kinds. "

This legislation was examined in McLean v. Arkansas, and the ruling handed down on January 5, 1982, concluded that "creation-science" as defined in the act "is simply not science". McLean v Arkansas Board of Education, 529 F Supp 1255 1258-1264 (ED Ark Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France. Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) The judgement defined the following as essential characteristics of science:

1. It is guided by natural law;
2. It has to be explanatory by reference to nature law;
3. It is testable against the empirical world;
4. Its conclusions are tentative, i. e. are not necessarily the final word; and
5. It is falsifiable.

The court ruled that "creation science" failed to meet these essential characteristics and identified specific reasons. After examining the key concepts from creation science, the court found:

1. Sudden creation "from nothing" calls upon a supernatural intervention, not natural law, and is neither testable nor falsifiable
2. Objections in creation science that mutation and natural selection are insufficient to explain common origins was an incomplete negative generalization
3. 'Kinds' are not scientific classifications, and creation science's claims of an outer limit to the evolutionary change possible of species are not explained scientifically or by natural law
4. Separate ancestry of man and apes is an assertion rather than scientific explanation, and did not derive from any scientific fact or theory
5. Catastrophism, including its identification of the worldwide flood, failed as a science
6. "Relatively recent inception" was the product of religious readings and had no scientific meaning, and was neither the product of, nor explainable by, natural law; nor is it tentative

The court further noted that no recognized scientific journal had published any article espousing the creation science theory as described in the Arkansas law, and stated that testimony put forth by the defendants that this absence resulted from censorship was not credible.

In its ruling, the court wrote that for any theory to qualify as scientific, the theory must be tentative, and open to revision or abandonment as new facts come to light. It wrote that any methodology which begins with an immutable conclusion which cannot be revised or rejected, regardless of the evidence, is not a scientific theory. The court found that creation science does not culminate in conclusions formed from scientific inquiry, but instead begins with the conclusion, one taken from a literal wording of the Book of Genesis, and seeks only scientific evidence to support it.

The law in Arkansas adopted the same two-model approach as that put forward by the Institute for Creation Research, one allowing only two possible explanations for the origins of life and existence of man, plants and animals: it was either the work of a creator or it was not. The Institute for Creation Research (ICR is a Christian institution in Dallas, Texas that specializes in education research and media promotion of Creation Scientific evidence that failed to support the theory of evolution was posed as necessarily scientific evidence in support of creationism, but in its judgment the court ruled this approach to be no more than a "contrived dualism which has not scientific factual basis or legitimate educational purpose. The Informal fallacy of false dilemma (also called false Dichotomy, the either-or fallacy, or bifurcation) involves a situation in "^[26]

The judge concluded that "Act 590 is a religious crusade, coupled with a desire to conceal this fact", and that it violated the First Amendment's Establishment Clause. The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights that expressly prohibits the United States Congress The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment refers to the first of several pronouncements in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating that " ^[27]

The decision was not appealed to a higher court, but had a powerful influence on subsequent rulings. ^[28] In 1982 Louisiana passed a "Balanced Treatment for Creation-Science and Evolution-Science in Public School Instruction" Act, and the Supreme Court in the 1987 case Edwards v. Aguillard issued a similar ruling against the teaching of creation science, also finding that the law violated the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment. Edwards v Aguillard, was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. ^[29]

Intelligent Design splits off

In 1984 The Mystery of Life's Origin was published. It was co-authored by chemist and creationist Charles B. Thaxton with Walter L. Charles B Thaxton is a Fellow of the Discovery Institute 's Center for Science and Culture. Bradley and Roger L. Olsen, the forward written by Dean H. Kenyon, and sponsored by the Christian based Foundation for Thought and Ethics (FTE). Dean H Kenyon is Professor Emeritus of Biology at San Francisco State University and well-known Creationist and Intelligent design proponent The Foundation for Thought and Ethics (FTE is a Christian Non-profit organization based in Richardson Texas that publishes textbooks and articles promoting The work presented scientific arguments against current theories of abiogenesis and offered an hypothesis of special creation in its stead. In the Natural sciences, Abiogenesis, or origin of life, is the study of how Life on Earth emerged from Inanimate Organic Special creation describes a mechanism for producing life on earth that is promoted by "special creationists" following an agenda known as "special creationism" While the focus of creation science had until that time centered primarily on the criticism of the fossil evidence for evolution and validation of the creation account of the Bible, this new work posed the question whether science reveals that even the simplest living systems were far too complex to have developed by natural, unguided processes. ^[30][31].

Kenyon later wrote with creationist Percival Davis a book intended as a "scientific brief for creationism"^[30] to use as a supplement to public high school biology textbooks. Percival William Davis is an American author a young earth creationist, and activist in the Intelligent design movement. Thaxton was enlisted as the book's editor, and the book had publishing support from the FTE. Prior to its release, the Supreme Court's ruling was handed down which barred the teaching of creation science and creationism in public school classrooms. The book, originally titled Biology and Creation but renamed Of Pandas and People, was released in 1989 and became the first published work to promote the anti-evolutionist design argument under the name intelligent design. Of Pandas and People The Central Question of Biological Origins is a controversial 1989 (2nd edition 1993 school-level Textbook written by Percival Intelligent The contents of the book later became a focus of evidence in the federal court case, Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, when parents filed suit to halt the teaching of intelligent design in Dover, Pennsylvania public schools. Background Certain members of the Dover Board of Education expressed concern about the teaching of Evolution. Dover is a borough in York County, Pennsylvania, United States. School board officials there had attempted to include Of Pandas and People in their biology classrooms and testimony given during the trial revealed the book was originally written as a creationist text but that it underwent simple cosmetic editing after the ruling in 1987's Edwards v. Aguillard to remove the explicit allusions to "creation" or "creator", and replace them instead with references to "design" or "designer". Edwards v Aguillard, was a case heard by the Supreme Court of the United States. ^[30]

By the mid 1990s, intelligent design had become a separate movement. ^[30] The creation science movement is distinguished from the intelligent design movement, or neo-creationism because most advocates of creation science accept scripture as a literal and inerrant historical account, and their primary goal is to corroborate the scriptural account through the use of science. See also Intelligent design The intelligent design movement is a Neo-creationist religious campaign that calls for broad social academic and political Neo-creationism is a movement whose goal is to restate Creationism in terms more likely to be well received by the public policy makers educators and the Scientific community In contrast, neo-creationism eschews references to scripture altogether from its polemics and stated goals as a matter of principle (see Wedge strategy). Polemics (pəˈlɛmɪks/ /poʊ- is the practice of disputing or controverting religious, philosophical, or political matters The Wedge strategy is a political and social action plan authored by the Discovery Institute, the hub of the Intelligent design movement. By so doing, intelligent design proponents have attempted to succeed where creation science has failed by securing a place in public school science curricula. Carefully avoiding any reference to the identity of the intelligent designer as God in their public arguments, intelligent design proponents sought to reintroduce the creationist ideas into science classrooms while sidestepping the First Amendment's prohibition against religious infringement. An intelligent designer, also referred to as an intelligent agent, is the willed and self-conscious entity that the Intelligent design movement argues had some The First Amendment to the United States Constitution is part of the United States Bill of Rights that expressly prohibits the United States Congress ^[32][33] However, the intelligent design theory was struck down as a violation of the Establishment Clause in Kitzmiller v. Dover Area School District, the judge in the case ruling "that ID is nothing less than the progeny of creationism". ^[34]

Today, creation science as an organized movement is primarily centered within the United States, although creation science organizations are known in other countries, most notably Creation Ministries International which was founded (under the name Creation Science Foundation) in Australia. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Creation Ministries International ( CMI) is a non-profit Young Earth creationist organization of autonomous Christian apologetics ministries Proponents are found primarily among various denominations of Christianity described as evangelical, conservative, or fundamentalist. Christianity ( Greek Χριστιανισμός from the word Xριστός ( Christ)is a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings Evangelicalism is a theological movement tradition and system of beliefs most closely associated with Protestant Christianity, which identifies with the Gospel Fundamentalist Christianity, also known as Christian Fundamentalism or Fundamentalist Evangelicalism, is a movement that arose mainly within British and While creationist movements also exist in Islam, and Judaism, these movements do not use the phrase creation science to describe their beliefs. For other meanings including people named 'Islam' see Islam (disambiguation. Judaism (from the Greek Ioudaïsmos, derived from the Hebrew יהודה Yehudah, " Judah " in Hebrew יַהֲדוּת Yahedut

Issues

Creation science has its roots in the ongoing effort by young-earth creationists to dispute modern science's description of natural history (particularly biological evolution, but also geology and physical cosmology) while attempting to offer an alternative explanation of observable phenomena compatible with the Biblical account. Young Earth creationism (YEC is the religious belief that Heaven, Earth, and Life on Earth were created by a direct act of God dating Science (from the Latin scientia, meaning " Knowledge " or "knowing" is the effort to discover, and increase human understanding Natural history is the Scientific research of Plants or Animals leaning more towards the Observational than Experimental methods Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Physical cosmology, as a branch of Astronomy, is the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its

The proponents of creation science often say that they are concerned with religious and moral questions as well as natural observations and predictive hypotheses. ^[35] Many state that their opposition against scientific evolution is primarily based on religion.

The overwhelming majority of scientists concur that the claims of science are necessarily limited to those that develop from natural observations and experiments which can be replicated and substantiated by other scientists, and that scientific claims made by creation science do not meet those criteria. ^[36] Duane Gish, a prominent creation science proponent, has similarly claimed, "We do not know how the creator (sic) created, what processes He used, for He used processes which are not now operating anywhere in the natural universe. Duane Tolbert Gish (born February 17 1921) is an American biochemist who is one of the most prominent and outspoken members of the creationist movement This is why we refer to creation as special creation. We cannot discover by scientific investigation anything about the creative processes used by the Creator. "^[37] But Gish also makes the same claim against science's evolutionary theory, maintaining that on the subject of origins, scientific evolution is a religious theory which cannot be validated by science. ^[37]

Metaphysical assumptions

Creation science makes the a priori metaphysical assumption that a creator exists. Christian creation science holds that the description of creation is given in the Bible and that empirical scientific evidence corresponds with that description. Creation scientists also view the preclusion of all supernatural explanations within the sciences as a doctrinaire commitment to exclude the supreme being and miracles. They also claim this to be the motivating factor in science's acceptance of Darwinism, a term used in creation science to refer to evolutionary biology and which is also often used as a disparagment. Darwinism is a term used for various different movements or concepts related to a greater or lesser extent to Charles Darwin 's work on Evolution. Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of Biology concerned with the origin of Species from a Common descent, and Descent of species Critics consider creation science to be religious rather than scientific because it stems from faith in the Bible rather than by the application of the scientific method. Faith is a Belief in the trustworthiness of an Idea. Formal usage of the word "faith" is usually reserved for concepts of Religion, as in ^[38] The United States National Academy of Sciences (NAS) has noted, "Religious opposition to evolution propels antievolutionism. The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science Although antievolutionists pay lip service to supposed scientific problems with evolution, what motivates them to battle its teaching is apprehension over the implications of evolution for religion. "^[39]

Creation science advocates argue that scientific theories of the origins of the universe, the earth, and life are rooted in a priori presumptions of methodological naturalism and uniformitarianism, each of which is disputed. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. Methodology (also called manner) is defined as "the analysis of the principles of methods rules and postulates employed by a discipline" Philosophical naturalism has been described in various ways In its broadest and strongest sense naturalism is the metaphysical position that "nature is all there is Uniformitarianism in the Philosophy of science, is the assumption that the natural processes operating in the past are the same as those that can be observed operating in the In some areas of science such as chemistry, meteorology or medicine, creation science proponents do not challenge the application of naturalistic or uniformitarian assumptions. Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem meaning "earth") is the Science concerned with the composition structure and properties Meteorology (from Greek grc μετέωρος metéōros, "high in the sky" and grc -λογία -logia) is the Interdisciplinary Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Traditionally, creation science advocates have singled out those scientific theories judged to be in conflict with held religious beliefs, and it is against those theories that they concentrate their efforts.

Religious criticism

Fideists criticize creation science on theological grounds, asserting either that religious faith alone should be a sufficient basis for belief in the truth of creation, or that efforts to prove the Genesis account of creation on scientific grounds are inherently futile because reason is subordinate to faith and cannot thus be used to prove it. Fideism is the view that Religious belief relies primarily on Faith or Special revelation, rather than rational inference or observation

Many Christian theologies, including Liberal Christianity, consider the Genesis narrative to be a poetic and allegorical work rather than a literal history, and many Christian churches – including the Roman Catholic,^[40] Anglican and the more liberal denominations of the Lutheran, Methodist, Congregationalist and Presbyterian faiths – have either rejected creation science outright or are ambivalent to it. Christian Theology is discourse concerning Christian faith Christian theologians use biblical Exegesis, rational analysis and argument For liberal political views within Christianity see Christian left. Creation according to Genesis refers to the Hebrew narrative of the creation of the heavens and the earth as told in chapters 1 and 2 of Genesis An allegory (from αλλος allos "other" and el αγορευειν agoreuein "to speak in public" is a figurative mode of representation Anglicanism is a tradition of Christian faith Churches in this tradition either have historical connections to the Church of England or have similar beliefs Lutheranism is a major branch of Western Christianity that identifies with the teachings of the sixteenth-century German reformer Martin Luther Methodism is a movement within Protestant Christianity represented by a number of denominations and organizations Congregational churches are Protestant Christian churches practicing Congregationalist church governance, in which each congregation independently Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity

These churches rejecting creation science hold theological positions which have been described as Theistic evolution. Theistic evolution is the general opinion that classical religious teachings about God and creation are compatible with some or all of the modern scientific understanding ^[41]

Scientific criticism

Pseudoscientific Concepts
Claims:
Scriptures contain an accurate literal account of the origin of the universe, Earth, life, and humanity. Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the
Related scientific disciplines:
Anthropology, Biology, Geology, Astronomy
Year proposed:	1923
Original proponents:	George McCready Price, Henry M. Morris, and John C. Whitcomb
Current proponents:	Institute for Creation Research, Answers in Genesis

Main article: Creation-evolution controversy

The United States National Academy of Sciences states that "creation science is in fact not science and should not be presented as such. Anthropology (/ˌænθɹəˈpɒlədʒi/ from Greek grc ἄνθρωπος anthrōpos, "human" -λογία -logia) is the study of Foundations of modern biology There are five unifying principles Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Astronomy (from the Greek words astron (ἄστρον "star" and nomos (νόμος "law" is the scientific study George McCready Price (1870–1963 was a Canadian creationist Henry Madison Morris PhD ( October 6 1918 – February 25 2006) was an American young earth creationist John Clement Whitcomb Jr. (born c 1924 is an American Old Testament Theologian and Young Earth creationist. The Institute for Creation Research (ICR is a Christian institution in Dallas, Texas that specializes in education research and media promotion of Creation Answers in Genesis ( AiG) is a Non-profit Christian Apologetics ministry with a particular focus on Young Earth creationism and The creation-evolution controversy (also termed the creation vs The National Academy of Sciences (NAS is a corporation in the United States whose members serve Pro bono as "advisers to the nation on science Pseudoscience is defined as a body of knowledge methodology belief or practice that is claimed to be Scientific or made to appear scientific but does not adhere to the "^[42] and that "the claims of creation science lack empirical support and cannot be meaningfully tested. "^[42] According to Skeptic Magazine, the "creation 'science' movement gains much of its strength through the use of distortion and scientifically unethical tactics" and "seriously misrepresents the theory of evolution. The Skeptics Society is a Nonprofit, member-supported organization devoted to promoting Scientific skepticism and resisting the spread of Pseudoscience "^[43]

For a theory to qualify as scientific it must be:

• consistent (internally and externally)
• parsimonious (sparing in proposed entities or explanations)
• useful (describing and explaining observed phenomena)
• empirically testable and falsifiable
• based upon controlled, repeatable experiments
• correctable and dynamic (changing to fit with newly discovered data)
• progressive (achieving all that previous theories have and more)
• tentative (admitting that it might not be correct rather than asserting certainty)

For any hypothesis or conjecture to be considered scientific, it must meet at least most, but ideally all, of the above criteria. The word theory has many distinct meanings in different fields of Knowledge, depending on their methodologies and the context of discussion. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Parsimony is a 'less is better' concept of frugality economy stinginess or caution in arriving at a hypothesis or course of action Falsifiability (or "refutability" is the logical possibility that an assertion can be shown false by an observation or a physical experiment A hypothesis (from Greek) consists either of a suggested explanation for a phenomenon (an event that is observable or of a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible In Mathematics, a conjecture is a Mathematical statement which appears resourceful but has not been formally proven to be true under the rules of The fewer which are matched, the less scientific it is. If it meets two or fewer of these criteria, it cannot be treated as scientific in any useful sense of the word.

Scientists have considered the hypotheses proposed by creation science and have rejected them because of a lack of evidence. Furthermore, the claims of creation science do not refer to natural causes and cannot be subject to meaningful tests, so they do not qualify as scientific hypotheses. In 1987 the U. S. Supreme Court ruled that creationism is religion, not science, and cannot be advocated in public school classrooms. ^[44] Most major religious groups have concluded that the concept of evolution is not at odds with their descriptions of creation and human origins. ^[45]

A summary of the objections to creation science by scientists follows:

• Creation science is not falsifiable : Theism is not falsifiable, since the existence of God is typically asserted without sufficient conditions to allow a falsifying observation. Theism, in its most inclusive usage is the belief in at least one Deity. If God is a transcendental being, beyond the realm of the observable, no claim about his existence can be supported or undermined by observation. Thus, creationism, the argument from design and other arguments for the existence of God are a priori arguments. "A priori" redirects here For other uses see A priori. (See also the section on falsifiability below. )
• Creation science violates the principle of parsimony : Creationism fails to pass Occam's razor. Occam's razor (sometimes spelled Ockham's razor) is a principle attributed to the 14th-century English Logician and Franciscan Friar, Many explanations offered by creation science are more complex than alternative explanations. Parsimony favours explanations that make the fewest assumptions and postulate the fewest hypothetical entities. Parsimony is a 'less is better' concept of frugality economy stinginess or caution in arriving at a hypothesis or course of action
• Creation science is not empirically testable : Creationism posits the supernatural which by definition is beyond empirical natural testing, and thus conflicts with the practical use of methodological naturalism inherent in science. The term supernatural or supranatural ( Latin: super, supra "above" + natura "nature" pertains to entities events Philosophical naturalism has been described in various ways In its broadest and strongest sense naturalism is the metaphysical position that "nature is all there is
• Creation science is not based upon controlled, repeatable experiments : That creationism is not based upon controlled, repeatable experiments stems not from the theory itself, but from the phenomena that it tries to explain.
• Creation science is not correctable, dynamic, tentative or progressive : Creationism professes to adhere to an "absolute Truth", "the word of God", instead of a provisional assessment of data which can change when new information is discovered. The idea of the progressive growth of scientific ideas is required to explain previous data and any previously unexplainable data as well as any future data. It is often given as a justification for the naturalistic basis of science. In any practical sense of the concept, creation science is not progressive: it does not explain or expand upon what went before it and is not consistent with established ancillary theories.

Creation science's lack of adherence to the standards of the scientific method means that it cannot be said to be scientific in the way that the term "science" is currently defined by the leading world science organisations. Scientific method refers to bodies of Techniques for investigating phenomena Creation science was described as an oxymoron by Stephen Jay Gould. Stephen Jay Gould (September 10 1941 &ndash May 20 2002 was a prominent American paleontologist, evolutionary biologist, and historian of science ^[46]

Historical, philosophical, and sociological criticism

Historically, the debate of whether creationism is compatible with science can be traced back to 1874, the year science historian John William Draper published his History of the Conflict between Religion and Science. Year 1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common John William Draper ( May 5, 1811, &ndash January 4, 1882) was an American ( English -born Scientist, Philosopher In it Draper portrayed the entire history of scientific development as a war against religion. This presentation of history was propagated further by followers such as Andrew Dickson White in his essay A History of the Warfare of Science with Theology in Christendom. Andrew Dickson White (November 7 1832 &ndash November 4 1918 was a U Their conclusions have been disputed. ^[47]

Some opponents consider creation science to be an ideologically and politically motivated propaganda tool, with cult-like features, to promote the creationist agenda in society. An ideology is a set of beliefs aims and Ideas especially in politics Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Propaganda is a concerted set of messages aimed at influencing the opinions or behaviors of large numbers of people This article does not discuss "cult" in the original sense of "veneration" or "religious practice" for that usage see Cult (religious practice They allege that the term "creation science" was chosen to purposely blur the distinction between science and religion, particularly in countries that are religiously-neutral by law (such as the United States), in an attempt to gain official government sanction and recognition of specific religious tenets above those of other faiths. The relationship between religion and science has long held interest for scholars particularly in the Philosophy of science, the Philosophy of religion, and In the United States, the principal focus of Creation Science advocates is on the government-supported public school systems, which are prohibited by the Establishment Clause from promoting specific religions. The term public school has two distinct (and virtually opposite meanings depending on the location of usage in the United States, Australia and The Establishment Clause of the First Amendment refers to the first of several pronouncements in the First Amendment to the United States Constitution, stating that "

Areas of study

Subjects within creation science can be split into three main categories, each covering a different area of origins research: creation biology, flood geology, and creationist cosmologies. Creation science or scientific creationism is a movement within Creationism which attempts to use scientific means to disprove the accepted scientific theories on Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a prominent subset of beliefs under the umbrella of Creationism that assumes the literal These subjects correspond to the scientific disciplines of evolutionary biology, earth sciences and cosmology respectively. Evolutionary biology is a sub-field of Biology concerned with the origin of Species from a Common descent, and Descent of species Earth science (also known as geoscience, the geosciences or the Earth Sciences) is an all-embracing term for the Sciences related to the planet Cosmology (from Greek grc κοσμολογία - grc κόσμος kosmos, "universe" and grc -λογία -logia) is study Other topics include planetology and geophysics (including radiometric dating and radiohaloes). Planetary science, also known as planetology and closely related to planetary astronomy, is the Science of Planets or Planetary systems Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a technique used to date materials usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring Radiohalos are microscopic spherical shells of discolouration in rocks such as Granite, or Biotite caused by the inclusion of Radioactive

Creation biology

Creation biology centers around an idea derived from Genesis that states that life was created by God in a finite number of "created kinds" rather than through biological evolution from a common ancestor. In Creation science, baraminology is a system for classifying life into groups having no common Ancestry, called "baramins" Creation scientists consider that any observable speciation descends from these distinctly created kinds through inbreeding, deleterious mutations and other genetic mechanisms. Speciation is the Evolutionary process by which new biological Species arise ^[48] Whereas evolutionary biologists and creation scientists share similar views of microevolution, creation scientists disagree that the process of macroevolution can explain common ancestry among organisms far beyond the level of common species. Microevolution is the occurrence of small-scale changes in Allele frequencies in a population over a few generations also known as change at or below the Species Macroevolution is a scale of analysis of Evolution in separated Gene pools Macroevolutionary studies focus on change that occurs at or above the level of Species ^[21] Creationists contend that there is no empirical evidence for new plant or animal species, and deny fossil evidence has ever been found documenting the process. Speciation is the Evolutionary process by which new biological Species arise ^[49]

Popular arguments against evolution have changed over the years since the publishing of Henry M. Morris's first book on the subject, Scientific Creationism, but some consistent themes remain: that missing links or gaps in the fossil record are proof against evolution; that the increased complexity of organisms over time through evolution is not possible due to the law of increasing entropy; that it is impossible that the mechanism of natural selection could account for common ancestry; and that evolutionary theory is untestable. Henry Madison Morris PhD ( October 6 1918 – February 25 2006) was an American young earth creationist In Thermodynamics (a branch of Physics) entropy, symbolized by S, is a measure of the unavailability of a system ’s Energy The origin of the human species is particularly hotly contested; the fossil remains of purported hominid ancestors are not considered by advocates of creation biology to be evidence for a speciation event involving Homo sapiens. Human evolution, or anthropogenesis, is the part of biological Evolution concerning the emergence of Homo sapiens as a distinct Species Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus ^[50]

Biologists challenge creation scientists who claim the fossil evidence disproves evolution. Richard Dawkins explained evolution as "a theory of gradual, incremental change over millions of years, which starts with something very simple and works up along slow, gradual gradients to greater complexity", and described the existing fossil record as entirely consistent with that process. Clinton Richard Dawkins, FRS, FRSL (born 26 March 1941 is a British ethologist, evolutionary biologist, and Popular science Biologists emphasize that transitional gaps between those fossils recovered are to be expected, that the existence of any such gaps cannot be invoked to disprove evolution, and that instead what fossil evidence could be used to disprove the theory would be those which are found and which are entirely inconsistent with what can be predicted or anticipated by the evolutionary model. One example given by Dawkins was, "If there were a single hippo or rabbit in the Precambrian, that would completely blow evolution out of the water. None have ever been found. "^[51]

Flood geology

Main article: Flood geology

Flood geology is a concept based on the belief that most of Earth's geological record was formed by the Great Flood described in the story of Noah's ark. Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a prominent subset of beliefs under the umbrella of Creationism that assumes the literal Geology (from Greek γη gê, "earth" and λόγος Logos, "speech" lit Noah's Ark, according to the Book of Genesis (chapters 6-9 is the story of a large vessel built at God 's command to save Noah, his family Fossils and fossil fuels are believed to have formed from animal and plant matter which was buried rapidly during this flood, while submarine canyons are explained as having formed during a rapid runoff from the continents at the end of the flood. FOSSIL is a standard protocol for allowing serial communication for Telecommunications programs under the DOS Operating system. Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. A submarine canyon is a steep-sided Valley on the Sea floor of the Continental slope. Sedimentary strata are thought to have been predominantly laid down during or after Noah's flood^[52] and orogeny^[53] also. Sedimentation describes the motion of Molecules in Solutions or particles in suspensions in response to an external force such as gravity In Geology and related fields a stratum (plural strata) is a layer of rock or Soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguishes Orogeny (Greek for "mountain generating" is the process of natural Mountain building and may be studied as a tectonic structural event as a geographical event and Flood geology is a variant of catastrophism and is contrasted with geological science in that it rejects standard geological principles such as uniformitarianism and radiometric dating. Catastrophism is the idea that Earth has been affected in the distant past by sudden short-lived violent events that were sometimes worldwide in scope Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a technique used to date materials usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring For example, the Creation Research Society argues that "uniformitarianism is wishful thinking. The Creation Research Society (CRS is a Christian research group that engages in Creation science. "^[54]

Geologists conclude that no evidence for such a flood is observed in the preserved rock layers and moreover that such a flood is physically impossible. In Geology and related fields a stratum (plural strata) is a layer of rock or Soil with internally consistent characteristics that distinguishes For instance, since Mount Everest is approximately 8. Mount Everest, also called Sagarmatha (सगरमाथा meaning Head of the Sky) or Chomolungma, Qomolangma or Zhumulangma (in 8 kilometres in elevation and the Earth's surface is 510,065,600 km², the volume of water required to cover Mount Everest to a depth of 15 cubits (6. For the multi-touch interface see CUBIT (multi-touch. For the unit of information see Qubit. 8 meters), as indicated by Genesis 7:20, would be 4. The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International 6 billion cubic kilometres. The Earth's atmosphere, however, only has the capacity to store water in vapor form sufficient to blanket the globe to a depth of 25 millimeters. Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five General properties of water vapor Evaporation/sublimation Whenever a water molecule leaves a surface it is said to have evaporated ^[55] Nevertheless, there continue to be many adherents to flood geology, and in recent years new theories have been introduced such as catastrophic plate tectonics. Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a prominent subset of beliefs under the umbrella of Creationism that assumes the literal

Astrophysics

Creationist cosmologies

Several attempts have been made by creationists to construct a cosmology consistent with a young universe rather than the standard cosmological age of the universe, based on the belief that Genesis describes the creation of the universe as well as the Earth. The age of the Universe is the time elapsed between the theory of the Big Bang and the present day The primary challenge for young-universe cosmologies is that the accepted distances in the universe require millions or billions of years for light to travel to Earth.

Cosmology is not as widely discussed as creation biology or flood geology, for several reasons. Creation science or scientific creationism is a movement within Creationism which attempts to use scientific means to disprove the accepted scientific theories on Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a prominent subset of beliefs under the umbrella of Creationism that assumes the literal First, many creationists, particularly old earth creationists and intelligent design theorists, do not dispute that the universe may be billions of years old. Old Earth creationism (OEC is an umbrella term for a number of types of Creationism, including Gap creationism and Progressive creationism. Intelligent Also, some creationists who believe that the Earth was created in the timeframe described in a literal interpretation of Genesis believe that Genesis describes only the creation of the Earth, rather than the creation of the entire universe, allowing for both a young Earth and an old universe. Finally, the technical nature of the discipline of physical cosmology and its ties to mathematical physics prevent those without significant technical knowledge from understanding the full details of how the observations and theories behind the current models work. Physical cosmology, as a branch of Astronomy, is the study of the large-scale structure of the Universe and is concerned with fundamental questions about its Mathematical physics is the scientific discipline concerned with the interface of Mathematics and Physics.

Planetology

See also: Planetary science

Various items of evidence are claimed by creationists to prove that the age of the solar system is of the order of thousands of years (in contrast to the scientifically accepted age of 4. Planetary science, also known as planetology and closely related to planetary astronomy, is the Science of Planets or Planetary systems The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. 6 billion years^[56]). Commonly used arguments relate to the numbers of comets and the recession of the moon from the Earth,^[57][58] and have been thoroughly refuted by planetologists. A comet is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and when close enough to the Sun exhibits a visible coma (atmosphere or a tail — ^[59][60]

In response to increasing evidence suggesting that Mars once possessed a wetter climate, some creation scientists have proposed that the global flood affected not only the Earth but also Mars and other planets. Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a prominent subset of beliefs under the umbrella of Creationism that assumes the literal People who support this claim include creationist astronomer Wayne Spencer and creationist cosmologist Russell Humphreys. David Russell Humphreys is an American physicist and Creationist author ^[61]

An ongoing problem for creationists is the presence of impact cratering on nearly all solar system objects, which is consistent with scientific explanations of solar system origins but difficult to account for within a young-universe framework. In the broadest sense the term impact crater can be applied to any depression natural or manmade resulting from the high velocity impact of a projectile with larger body Creationist astronomers are undecided as to whether meteoritic bombardment of the solar system occurred during creation week or during the subsequent Great Flood. A meteorite is a natural object originating in Outer space that survives an impact with the Earth 's surface ^[62][63]

Geophysics

Main article: Creation geophysics

Young Earth creationists make a number of claims in the field of geophysics, mostly related to flood geology and the age of the Earth. Young Earth creationists have made a number of claims in the field of Geophysics, mostly related to the Age of the Earth and Flood geology. Young Earth creationism (YEC is the religious belief that Heaven, Earth, and Life on Earth were created by a direct act of God dating Geophysics, a major discipline of Earth sciences, is the study of the Earth by quantitative physical methods especially by seismic, electromagnetic Flood geology (also creation geology or diluvial geology) is a prominent subset of beliefs under the umbrella of Creationism that assumes the literal Modern geologists and Geophysicists consider the age of Earth to be around 4 The scientific community have heavily criticised and refuted these claims. The scientific community consists of the total body of Scientists its relationships and interactions

Radiometric dating

See also: radiometric dating

Creationists point to experiments they have performed, which they claim demonstrate that 1. Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a technique used to date materials usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring 5 billion years of nuclear decay took place over a short period of time, from which they infer that "billion-fold speed-ups of nuclear decay" have occurred, a massive violation of the principle that radioisotope decay rates are constant, a core principle underlying nuclear physics generally, and radiometric dating in particular. Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Nuclear physics is the field of Physics that studies the building blocks and interactions of Atomic nuclei. Radiometric dating (often called radioactive dating) is a technique used to date materials usually based on a comparison between the observed abundance of a naturally occurring ^[64]

The scientific community points to numerous flaws in the creationists' experiments, to the fact that their results have not been accepted for publication by any peer-reviewed scientific journal, and to the fact that the creationist scientists conducting them were untrained in experimental geochronology. In the Natural sciences under the umbrella of Natural history, Geochronology is the Science of determining the absolute age of rocks, Fossils ^[65][66]

The constancy of the decay rates of isotopes has been well supported in science. Evidence for this constancy includes the correspondences of date estimates taken from different radioactive isotopes as well as correspondences with non-radiometric dating techniques such as dendrochronology, ice core dating, and historical records. Dendrochronology (from Greek grc δένδρον dendron, "tree" grc χρόνος khronos, "time" and grc -λογία Although scientists have noted slight increases in the decay rate for isotopes subject to extreme pressures, those differences were too small to significantly impact date estimates. The constancy of the decay rates is also governed by first principles in quantum mechanics, wherein any deviation in the rate would require a change in the fundamental constants. According to these principles, a change in the fundamental constants could not influence different elements uniformly, and a comparison between each of the elements' resulting unique chronological timescales would then give inconsistent time estimates. ^[67]

Radiohaloes

See also: Radiohalo

In the 1970s, young Earth creationist Robert V. Gentry proposed that radiohaloes in certain granites represented evidence for the Earth being created instantaneously rather than gradually. Radiohalos are microscopic spherical shells of discolouration in rocks such as Granite, or Biotite caused by the inclusion of Radioactive This article is about the Decade 1970-1979 For the Year 1970 see 1970. Robert V Gentry is a nuclear physicist and young Earth creationist and member of the Seventh-day Adventist Church who advocates his ideas of Creation science This idea has been criticized by physicists and geologists on many grounds including that the rocks Gentry studied were not primordial and that the radionuclides in question need not have been in the rocks initially.

Thomas A. Baillieul, a geologist and retired senior environmental scientist with the United States Department of Energy, disputed Gentry's claims in an article entitled,"Polonium Haloes" Refuted: A Review of "Radioactive Halos in a Radio-Chronological and Cosmological Perspective". The United States Department of Energy ( DOE) is a Cabinet -level department of the United States government responsible for energy policy ^[68] Baillieul noted that Gentry was a physicist with no background in geology and given the absence of this background, Gentry had misrepresented the geological context from which the specimens were collected. Additionally, he noted that Gentry relied on research from the beginning of the 20th century, long before radioisotopes were thoroughly understood; that his assumption that a Polonium isotope caused the rings was speculative; and that Gentry falsely argued that the half-life of radioactive elements varies with time. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Gentry claimed that Baillieul could not publish his criticisms in a reputable scientific journal,^[69] although some of Baillieul's criticisms rested on work previously published in reputable scientific journals. ^[68]

See also

• Adnan Oktar
• Cargo cult science
• Natural theology
• Omphalos (theology)
• Rapid-decay theory
• Conflict thesis
• List of creationist museums

References

Further reading

Proponents

• Don Batten (ed. ), The Answers Book ISBN 978-0-949906-23-6 (Brisbane, Australia: Answers in Genesis, 1999)
• Duane T. Gish, Creation Scientists Answer Their Critics ISBN 978-0-932766-28-1 (El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research, 1993)
• Henry M. Morris (ed. ), Scientific Creationism ISBN 0890510032 (Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 1985)
• Henry M. Morris and Gary E. Parker, What is Creation Science? ISBN 978-0-89051-081-0 (El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research, 1987)
• Terry Mortenson, The Great Turning Point: The Church's Catastrophic Mistake on Geology — Before Darwin ISBN 978-0-89051-408-5 (Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2004)
• Fazale Rana and Hugh Ross, Origins of Life: Biblical and Evolutionary Models Face Off, ISBN 978-1-57683-344-5 (Navpress Publishing Group, 2004)
• Seraphim Rose, Genesis, Creation and Early Man ISBN 978-1-887904-02-5 (Saint Herman, 2000)
• Ariel A. Roth, Origins – Linking Science and Scripture ISBN 978-0-8280-1328-4 (Hagarstown, MD: Review and Herald Publishing Association, 1998)
• Jonathan Sarfati, Refuting Evolution ISBN 978-0-89051-258-6 (Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 1999) forward and introduction
• Jonathan Sarfati, Refuting Evolution 2 ISBN 978-0-89051-387-3 (Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2002) table of contents with links to chapters
• Jonathan Sarfati, Refuting Compromise ISBN 978-0-89051-411-5 (Green Forest, AR: Master Books, 2004) introductory chapter and some reviews
• John C. Jonathan D Sarfati (born October 1, 1964) is a creationist author Whitcomb and Henry Morris, The Genesis Flood ISBN 978-0-87552-338-5 (Philadelphia: Presbyterian and Reformed Publishing Co. , 1964)
• A. E. Wilder-Smith, Man's Origin, Man's Destiny ISBN 978-0-87123-356-1 (Wheaton, IL: Harold Shaw Co. , 1968)
• A. E. Wilder-Smith, Scientific Alternative to Neo-Darwinian Evolutionary Theory ISBN 978-99921-39-67-7 (Costa Mesa, CA: TWFT Publishers, 1987)
• John Woodmorappe, Studies in Flood Geology ISBN 978-0-932766-54-0 (El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research, 1993)
• John Woodmorappe, Noah's Ark: A Feasibility Study ISBN 978-0-932766-41-0 (El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research, 1996)
• John Woodmorappe, The Mythology of Modern Dating Methods ISBN 978-0-932766-57-1 (El Cajon, CA: Institute for Creation Research, 1999)

Critics

• Vernon Blackmore, and Andrew Page, Evolution, The Great Debate (Oxford: Lion Publishing, 1989)
• V. L. Bates, Christian Fundamentalism and the Theory of Evolution in Public School Education: A Study of the Creation Science Movement (Ph. D. dissertation, University of California, Davis: 1976).
• R. M. Frye, Is God a creationist? The religious case against creation-science ISBN 978-0-684-17993-3 (New York: Scribner's, 1983)
• P. Kitcher, Abusing Science: The Case Against Creationism ISBN 978-0-262-61037-7 (Boston, MA: The MIT Press, 1983)
• R. Lewin, Where is the Science in Creation Science? (Science v. 215, pp. 142–146. )
• R. Pennock, Tower of Babel: The Evidence against the New Creationism ISBN 978-0-262-66165-2 (The MIT Press, Reprint edition, February 28, 2000)
• B. Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Vawter, Creationism: Creative Misuse of the Bible, in R. M. Frye (ed. ), ibid. p. 71–82.
• R. L. Numbers, The Creationists ISBN 978-0-679-40104-9 (New York: A. A. Knopf / Random House, 1992)
• D. B. McKown, The mythmaker's magic: Behind the illusion of "creation science" ISBN 978-0-87975-770-0 (Buffalo, N. Y. : Prometheus Books, 1993)
• L. Tiffin, Creationism's Upside-Down Pyramid: How Science Refutes Fundamentalism ISBN 978-0-87975-898-1 (Prometheus Books, August 1, 1994)
• M. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Zimmerman, M. Science, Nonscience and Nonsense ISBN 978-0-8018-5774-4 (The Johns Hopkins University Press: Reprint edition, December 1, 1997)
• Synoptic Position Statement of the Georgia Academy of Science with Respect to the Forced Teaching of Creation-­Science in Public School Science Education, Georgia Academy of Science: March 22, 2000 (ISBN B0008JBPNY)

External links

Legal documents

• Edwards v. Aguillard 1987 U. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 238 - Gordian I and his son Gordian II are proclaimed Roman emperor. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. S. Supreme Court ruling preventing the teaching of creation science in public school science classrooms
• McLean v. Arkansas 1981 challenge to Arkansas' Act 590, which mandated that evolutionary biology instruction be balanced with "creation science".

Proponents

• Answers in Genesis
• Institute for Creation Research
• Answers In Creation
• CreationWiki
• The True.Origin Archive
• Creation Research Society
• CreationDigest.com
• Creation Insights
• God and Science
• Creation Science Evangelism

Critics

• No Answers in Genesis website
• Talk.Origins Archive
• Index of Creationist claims with rebuttals
• National Science Teachers Association Position Statement: The Teaching of Evolution
• National Association of Biology Teachers Statement on Teaching Evolution
• National Center for Science Education
• Science and Creationism: A View from the National Academy of Sciences
• Skeptics Dictionary Introduction and criticism of creationism.
• Origin Myths Introduction to a number of alternative origin myths from varied cultures around the world
• 15 Answers to Creationist Nonsense by John Rennie- Scientific American
• Introduction to creationism

John Rennie (b 1959 became the seventh Editor in chief of Scientific American magazine in late 1994 having been a member of the Board of Editors since

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