Citizendia

For institutions of the European Union, see Council of the European Union and European Council. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union.
Council of Europe
Conseil de l'Europe
Flag of the Council of EuropeLogo of the Council of Europe
FlagLogo
Anthem: Ode to Joy (orchestral)
Location of the Council of Europe
     ten founding members     joined subsequently     observer at the Parliamentary Assembly     observer at the Committee of Ministers      official candidate
SeatStrasbourg, France
Membership47 European states
5 observers (Council)
3 observers (Assembly)
Leaders
 - Secretary GeneralTerry Davis
 - President of the Parliamentary AssemblyLluis Maria de Puig
 - President of the Committee of MinistersThe Minister of Foreign Affairs of the state chairing the Committee of Ministers
Establishment
 - Treaty of London1949-05-05 
Website
http://www.coe.int/

The Council of Europe, founded in 1949, is the oldest organisation working for European integration with a particular emphasis on legal standards and protection of human rights, democratic development and the rule of law in Europe. The Flag of Europe is the flag and emblem of the European Union (EU and Council of Europe (CoE The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The term anthem means either a specific form of Anglican church music (in Music theory and religious contexts or more generally a song (or composition of The Symphony No 9 in D minor Op 125 "Choral" is the last complete Symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven. Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. This table outlines the appointments to the role of Secretaries General of the Council of Europe: Terence Anthony Gordon Davis (born 5 January 1938) known as Terry Davis, is a British Labour Party politician and former Member The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE which held its first session in Strasbourg on 10 August 1949, can be considered the The Committee of Ministers is the Council of Europe 's highest decision-making body The Committee of Ministers is the Council of Europe 's highest decision-making body The Treaty of London was signed on May 5, 1949, which created the Council of Europe. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John European integration is the process of political legal economic (and in some cases social and cultural integration of European states including some states that are partly in Europe Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled It is an international organisation with legal personality recognised under public international law that serves 800 million Europeans in 47 member states. International Organization is a peer-reviewed Academic journal that covers the entire field of International affairs. Public international law concerns the structure and conduct of States and Intergovernmental organizations.

At the heart of the Council of Europe lies the European Convention on Human Rights and the European Court of Human Rights through which the convention is enforced. The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights It is to this court that Europeans can bring cases if they believe that a member country has violated their rights. The Council of Europe's work has resulted in standards, charters and conventions to facilitate cooperation between European countries and further integration.

The seat of the Council of Europe is in Strasbourg (France). Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Its first meeting was held in Strasbourg's University Palace in 1949, its headquarters are in the Palais de l'Europe, together with the Human Rights Building located close to the city centre. The University of Strasbourg in Strasbourg, Alsace, France, founded in 1631 was divided in the 1970s into three separate institutions with a total The Palace of Europe (Palais de l'Europe is the seat of the Council of Europe, located in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. The Council of Europe Development Bank has its seat in Paris, the North-South Centre of the Council of Europe is established in Lisbon (Portugal), and the Centre for Modern Languages is in Graz (Austria). Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city The North-South Centre, officially named the European Centre for Global Interdependence and Solidarity is an autonomous agency — called a Partial Agreement — of the Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Graz (etymologically from Slovene: Gradec IPA /gradeʦ/ "little castle" with a population of around 290000 as of 2008 (of which 252852 have principal Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich The European Youth Centre is situated in Budapest (Hungary) and also has a branch in Strasbourg. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic The Council of Europe maintains offices in Paris and Brussels as well as in the capitals of several other member states. Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Brussels (Bruxelles pronounced; Brussel pronounced) officially the Brussels Capital-Region, is

English and French are its two official languages (in French, it is known as Conseil de l'Europe). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people Its two statutory bodies, the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly, also work in German, Italian and Russian. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Russian ( transliteration:,) is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages

Contents

History

In 1945, at the end of the second World War, Europe was marked by unprecedented devastation and human suffering. It faced new political challenges, in particular reconciliation among the peoples of Europe. This situation favoured the long held idea of European integration through the creation of common institutions. European integration is the process of political legal economic (and in some cases social and cultural integration of European states including some states that are partly in Europe

In his famous speech at the University of Zurich in 1946, Sir Winston Churchill called for a United States of Europe and the creation of a Council of Europe. Sir Winston Leonard Spencer-Churchill, KG, OM, CH, TD, FRS, PC, PC (Can ( 30 November 1874 A federal Europe is a proposal that much of Europe be unified in the manner of a Federation.

At a specific congress of more than a thousand government representatives, politicians and civil society in The Hague in 1948, the future structure of the Council of Europe was discussed. There were two schools of thought competing: some favoured a classical international organisation with representatives of governments, while others preferred a political forum with parliamentarians. Both approaches were finally combined through the creation of the Committee of Ministers and the Parliamentary Assembly under the Statute of the Council of Europe of 1949.

The Council of Europe was founded on 1949-05-05 by the Treaty of London. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John The Treaty of London was signed on May 5, 1949, which created the Council of Europe. The Statute of the Council of Europe was signed in London on that day by ten states: Belgium, Denmark, France, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom. Many states followed, especially after the democratic transitions in central and eastern Europe during the early 1990s, and the Council of Europe now integrates nearly all states of Europe.

Location

Aerial shot of the Palais de l'Europe in Strasbourg
Aerial shot of the Palais de l'Europe in Strasbourg

The Council of Europe's seven main buildings are situated in the Quartier européen, a huge area in the north-west of Strasbourg spread over the three districts Le Wacken, La Robertsau and Quartier de l'Orangerie, that also features the four buildings of the seat of the European Parliament in Strasbourg, the Arte headquarters and the seat of the International Institute of Human Rights. The Palace of Europe (Palais de l'Europe is the seat of the Council of Europe, located in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. Arte (Association Relative à la Télévision Européenne is a Franco-German TV network. The International Institute of Human Rights (French Institut international des droits de l'homme IIDH is an association under French local law based in in Strasbourg The Assemblies of the European Communities, organisations separate from the Council of Europe, met in Strasbourg in the Palais de l'Europe of the Council of Europe until they were transformed into the directly elected European Parliament of the European Union and a separate building was built in Strasbourg. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 The Palace of Europe (Palais de l'Europe is the seat of the Council of Europe, located in Strasbourg, Alsace, France. The European Parliament ( Europarl or EP) is the only directly elected parliamentary institution of the European Union (EU The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

Building in the area started in 1949 with the predecessor of the Palais de l'Europe, the House of Europe (torn down in 1977) and came to a provisional end in 2007 with the opening of the New General Office Building (officially inaugurated on April 17, 2008 by French minister for Foreign Affairs Bernard Kouchner and given the name "Agora"[1]). Bernard Kouchner (born November 1 1939 in Avignon) is a French Politician, diplomat, and doctor.

The main entrance
The main entrance

The Palais de l'Europe as well as the Art Nouveau Villa Schutzenberger (seat of the European Audiovisual Observatory), are located in the Orangerie district, the European Court of Human Rights, the European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines and the Agora Building are situated in the Robertsau district. Art Nouveau ( nu vo anglicised /ˈɑːt nuːvəu/ ( French for 'new art' also known as Jugendstil ( German for 'youth style' is an international The European Audiovisual Observatory was set up by the Council of Europe as a Partial Agreement The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines of the Council of Europe (EDQM came into being in its current form in 1996 The Agora building has been voted "best international business center real estate project of 2007" on March 13, 2008, at the MIPIM 2008[2]. MIPIM is a market for international property trade It takes place annually in Cannes, France in March

Aims and achievements

Article 1(a) of the Statute states that "The aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve a greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and realising the ideals and principles which are their common heritage and facilitating their economic and social progress. " Therefore, membership is open to all European states which seek European integration, accept the principle of the rule of law and are able and willing to guarantee democracy, fundamental human rights and freedoms. European integration is the process of political legal economic (and in some cases social and cultural integration of European states including some states that are partly in Europe The rule of law, in its most basic form is the principle that no one is above the law Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled Political freedom is the absence of interference with the sovereignty of an individual by the use of coercion or aggression

European Court of Human Rights' building in Strasbourg, France (Architect Richard Rogers)
European Court of Human Rights' building in Strasbourg, France (Architect Richard Rogers)

The Council of Europe's most important achievement is the European Convention on Human Rights, adopted in 1950, which created the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg. The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Richard George Rogers Baron Rogers of Riverside, CH, FRIBA (born 23 July 1933) is a British Architect noted The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights The Court supervises compliance with the European Convention on Human Rights and thus functions as the highest European court for human rights and fundamental freedoms.

The wide activities and achievements of the Council of Europe can be found in detail on its official website. In a nutshell, the Council of Europe works in the following areas:

Institutions

The parliamentary hemicycle
The parliamentary hemicycle

The institutions of the Council of Europe are:

European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines.
European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines. The European Commission for the Efficiency of Justice (CEPEJ is a judicial body composed of experts from all the 47 member States of the Council of Europe and prepares tools The European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines of the Council of Europe (EDQM came into being in its current form in 1996

The CoE system also includes a number of semi-autonomous structures known as "partial agreements", some of which are also open to non-member states:

Field and information offices

The Council of Europe has offices in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia, Moldova, Montenegro, Serbia, Kosovo, Ukraine and information offices in Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russian Federation, Slovakia, Slovenia, "The former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia", and Ukraine. The North-South Centre, officially named the European Centre for Global Interdependence and Solidarity is an autonomous agency — called a Partial Agreement — of the This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe.

The Council of Europe also has a programme support office which is called the "Council of Europe Project Office" in Ankara, Turkey since 2004 which implements joint projects of the Council of Europe and the European Union in co-operation with the Turkish government. Ankara is the capital of Turkey and the country's second largest city after İstanbul. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in This office also shares the juridical personality of the Council of Europe. However, it is not a permanent or special representation of the Council of Europe to Turkey which is considered as one of the founding member states of the organization. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches

Symbols

Main articles: European symbols and Flag of Europe
The Flag of Europe
The Flag of Europe

The Council of Europe created and uses as its official symbols the famous European Flag with 12 golden stars arranged in a circle on a blue background since 1955, and the European anthem based on the Ode to Joy in the final movement of Ludwig van Beethoven's Ninth symphony since 1972. The Flag of Europe is the flag and emblem of the European Union (EU and Council of Europe (CoE The Flag of Europe is the flag and emblem of the European Union (EU and Council of Europe (CoE The Flag of Europe is the flag and emblem of the European Union (EU and Council of Europe (CoE The term anthem means either a specific form of Anglican church music (in Music theory and religious contexts or more generally a song (or composition of " To Joy " ( An die Freude in German, in English often familiarly called the Ode to Joy) is an Ode written in Ludwig van Beethoven ( English ˈlʊdvɪg væn ˈbeɪtoʊvən, 16 December 1770 &ndash 26 March 1827 was a German Composer and Pianist. The Symphony No 9 in D minor Op 125 "Choral" is the last complete Symphony composed by Ludwig van Beethoven.

On 1964-05-05 - the 25th anniversary of its founding, the Council of Europe established 5 May as Europe Day. Year 1964 ( MCMLXIV) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full calendar of the 1964 Gregorian calendar. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John [8]

Although protected by copyright, the wide private and public use of the European Flag is encouraged to symbolise a European dimension. To avoid confusion with the European Union which subsequently adopted the same flag in the 1980s, as well as other European institutions, the Council of Europe often uses a modified version with a lower-case 'e' in the centre of the stars which is referred to as the "Council of Europe Logo". The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [9][8]

Membership

The Council of Europe has 47 member states in the European region (with Georgia, Azerbaijan, Armenia and Turkey also extending into Western Asia and Russia into North Asia). Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Southwest Asia or Southwestern Asia (largely overlapping with the Middle East) is the southwestern portion of Asia. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending North Asia or Northern Asia is sometimes defined as a Subregion of Asia consisting only of the Asian portion of Russia. With the exception of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kosovo and the Holy See, all European states have acceded to the Council of Europe. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory This is a list of countries in Europe with their English and domestic language long and short names and associated capital cities

Upon foundation on 1949-05-05 there were ten members:

Flag of Belgium Belgium
Flag of Ireland Ireland
Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands
Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom

Flag of Denmark Denmark
Flag of Italy Italy
Flag of Norway Norway

Flag of France France
Flag of Luxembourg Luxembourg
Flag of Sweden Sweden

Subsequent members by date of admission:

Flag of Greece Greecea1949-08-09
Flag of Turkey Turkeya1949-08-09
Flag of Iceland Iceland1950-03-07
Flag of Germany Germanyb1950-07-13
Flag of Austria Austria1956-04-16
Flag of Cyprus Cyprus1961-05-24
Flag of Switzerland Switzerland1963-05-06
Flag of Malta Malta1965-04-29
Flag of Portugal Portugal1976-09-22
Flag of Spain Spain1977-11-24
Flag of Liechtenstein Liechtenstein1978-11-23
Flag of San Marino San Marino1988-11-16
Flag of Finland Finland1989-05-05
Flag of Hungary Hungary1990-11-06
Flag of Poland Poland1991-11-26
Flag of Bulgaria Bulgaria1992-05-07
Flag of Estonia Estonia1993-05-14
Flag of Lithuania Lithuania1993-05-14
Flag of Slovenia Slovenia1993-05-14
Flag of the Czech Republic Czech Republic1993-06-30
Flag of Slovakia Slovakia1993-06-30
Flag of Romania Romania1993-10-07
Flag of Andorra Andorra1994-11-10
Flag of Latvia Latvia1995-02-10
Flag of Albania Albania1995-07-13
Flag of Moldova Moldova1995-07-13
Flag of the Republic of Macedonia FYR Macedoniac1995-11-09
Flag of Ukraine Ukraine1995-11-09
Flag of Russia Russia1996-02-28
Flag of Croatia Croatia1996-11-06
Flag of Georgia (country) Georgia1999-04-27
Flag of Armenia Armenia2001-01-25
Flag of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan2001-01-25
Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina2002-04-24
Flag of Serbia Serbiad2003-04-03
Flag of Monaco Monaco2004-10-05
Flag of Montenegro Montenegro2007-05-11

aAlso considered as a founder of the organization. Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those Ireland ( Irish: Éire, ˈeːrʲə is a country in north-western Europe. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Kingdom of Denmark ( ˈd̥ænmɑɡ̊ (archaic ˈd̥anmɑːɡ̊ commonly known as Denmark, is a country in the Scandinavian region of northern Europe Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Norway ( Norwegian: Norge ( Bokmål) or Noreg ( Nynorsk) officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Constitutional This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Greece (Ελλάδα transliterated: Elláda, historically, Ellás,) officially the Hellenic Republic (Ελληνική Δημοκρατία Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus Iceland, officially the Republic of Iceland ( ( Ísland or Lýðveldið Ísland ( Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 161 - Roman Emperor Antoninus Pius dies and is succeeded by co-Emperors Marcus Aurelius and Lucius Verus Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Year 1950 ( MCML) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Austria (Österreich ( officially the Republic of Austria (Republik Österreich Year 1956 ( MCMLVI) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1178 BC - A Solar eclipse may have marked the return of Odysseus, legendary King of Ithaca, to his kingdom Cyprus (Κύπρος transliterated: Kýpros,; Kıbrıs officially the Republic of Cyprus (Κυπριακή Δημοκρατία Kypriakī́ Dīmokratía Year 1961 ( MCMLXI) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Year 1963 ( MCMLXIII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Malta, officially the Republic of Malta (Repubblika ta' Malta is a European Microstate, comprising an Archipelago of three islands Year 1965 ( MCMLXV) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full calendar of the 1965 Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - Joan of Arc arrives to relieve the Siege of Orleans. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. Year 1976 ( MCMLXXVI) was a Leap year starting on Thursday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 66 - Emperor Nero creates the Legion I Italica. 1236 - The Lithuanians Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Also 1977 (album by Ash. Year 1977 ( MCMLXXVII) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays Events 380 - Theodosius I makes his adventus, or formal The Principality of Liechtenstein (Fürstentum Liechtenstein) is a tiny doubly landlocked Alpine country in Western Europe, bordered by Switzerland Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Events 800 - Charlemagne arrives at Rome to investigate the alleged crimes of The Most Serene Republic of San Marino (Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino is a country in the Apennine Mountains. Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 534 - A second and final revision of the Codex Justinianus is published Finland, officially the Republic of Finland ( is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of northern Europe. Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Year 1990 ( MCMXC) was a Common year starting on Monday (link displays the 1990 Gregorian calendar) Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Year 1991 ( MCMXCI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar. Events 43 BC - The Second Triumvirate alliance of Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus ("Octavian" later "Caesar Augustus" The state of Bulgaria (България transliterated bg-Latn ''Balgaria'' The country preserves the traditions (in ethnic name language and alphabet of the First Bulgarian Year 1992 ( MCMXCII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1992 Gregorian calendar) Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, is defeated and killed by troops of the Usurper Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Andorra, officially the Principality of Andorra ( Catalan: Principat d'Andorra) is a small Landlocked country in western Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1355 - The St Scholastica's Day riot breaks out in Oxford, England, leaving 63 scholars and perhaps 30 locals dead This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to The Republic of Macedonia (Република Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Year 1995 ( MCMXCV) was a Common year starting on Sunday. Events of 1995 Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 202 BC - coronation ceremony of Liu Bang as Emperor Gaozu of Han takes place initiating four centuries of the Han Dynasty 's rule Croatia (Hrvatska ˈxȓvatska officially the Republic of Croatia ( Republika Hrvatska) is a southern Central European country at the crossroads between Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Year 1999 ( MCMXCIX) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1999 Gregorian calendar) Events 1124 - David I becomes King of Scotland. 1296 - Battle of Dunbar: The Scots are defeated Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - After a night of negotiation Claudius is accepted as Roman Emperor by the Senate Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan See also 2002 (disambiguation Year 2002 ( MMII) was a Common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. For other uses see Monaco (disambiguation Monaco, officially the Principality of Monaco ( French: Principauté de Monaco; Monégasque "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
bIn 1950, the Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany), est. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. 23 May 1949, and then French-occupied Saar (protectorate) became associate members. The Saar or Saar Area or Saar Protectorate or Saar Region was a French-German borderland territory twice temporarily made a protectorate (West) Germany became a full member in 1951, while the Saarland withdrew from its associate membership in 1956 after acceding to the Federal Republic after a referendum in 1955. The Soviet-occupied eastern part of Germany and later East German Democratic Republic never became a member of the Council of Europe. The German Democratic Republic ( GDR; Deutsche Demokratische Republik DDR; commonly known in English as East Germany) was a Socialist state Through German reunification in 1990, the five Länder (i. German reunification (Deutsche Wiedervereinigung took place twice after 1945 first in 1957 the Saarland was permitted to join the Federal Republic of Germany e. states/regions) of East Germany acceeded to the Federal Republic of Germany and thus gained representation in the Council of Europe.
c Joined under the provisional reference "the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia" (including quotation marks). Background See also Foreign relations of the Republic of Macedonia#Greece, Foreign relations of Greece#Balkans Controversy and conflict [10] Turkey recognises the country with its constitutional name. Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches
d Originally joined as Serbia and Montenegro. The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated

Following its declaration of independence on 3 June 2006, Montenegro submitted a request to accede to the Council of Europe. Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Committee of Ministers transmitted the request to the Parliamentary Assembly for opinion, in accordance with the usual procedure. A parliamentary assembly is part of many International organizations Examples include European Parliamentary Assembly (now the European Parliament [11] Eleven days later, on 14 June 2006, the Committee of Ministers declared that the Republic of Serbia would continue the membership of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The State Union of Serbia and Montenegro (Државна заједница Србија и Црна Гора / Državna zajednica Srbija i Crna Gora, abbreviated [12] On 11 May 2007, Montenegro joined the Council of Europe as 47th member state. Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE!

This coin was issued in Armenia to commemorate Armenia's accession to the Council in 2001
This coin was issued in Armenia to commemorate Armenia's accession to the Council in 2001

Applicants

The Parliament of Belarus held special guest status with the Parliamentary Assembly from September 1992 to January 1997, but this has been suspended as a consequence of the November 1996 constitutional referendum and parliament by-elections which the CoE found to be undemocratic, as well as limits on democratic freedoms such as freedom of expression (cf. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. Belarusian media) under the authoritarian regime of President Alexander Lukashenko. Communications in Belarus are dominated by the state which owns most of the corporations and infrastructure Alexander Grigoryevich Lukashenko (Аляксандр Рыгоравіч Лукашэнка Aljaksandar Ryhoravič Lukašenka/Alyaksandar Ryhoravich Lukashenka; Александр The constitution changed by the referendum "does not respect minimum democratic standards and violates the principles of separation of powers and the rule of law. [13] Belarus applied for full membership on 1993-03-12 (still open). Year 1993 ( MCMXCIII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link will display full 1993 Gregorian calendar) Events 538 - Witiges, king of the Ostrogoths ends his siege of Rome and retreats to Ravenna, leaving

Kazakhstan applied for observer status at the Parliamentary Assembly in 1999. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE which held its first session in Strasbourg on 10 August 1949, can be considered the The official response of PACE was that Kazakhstan could apply for full membership, because it is partially located in Europe, but that it would not be granted any status whatsoever at CoE until its democracy and human rights records improved. Democracy is a form of government in which the supreme power is held completely by the people under a free electoral system Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled

Observers

Canada, Japan, Mexico, the U.S. and the Holy See have observer status with the Council of Europe and the parliaments of Canada, Israel and Mexico have observer status with its Parliamentary Assembly. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. There has been criticism concerning the observer status of Japan and the USA — mainly because both countries would not meet the requirements for a full membership, even if they were located in Europe, since they apply capital punishment. [14]

Co-operation

Non-Member States

The Council of Europe works mainly through conventions. By drafting conventions or international treaties, common legal standards are set for its member states. However, several conventions have also been opened for signature to non-member states. Important examples are the Convention on Cybercrime (signed e. The Convention on Cybercrime is the first international Treaty seeking to address Cybercrime and Internet crimes by harmonizing national Laws g. by Canada, Japan, the Republic of South Africa and the USA), the Lisbon Recognition Convention on the recognition of study periods and degrees (signed e. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Lisbon Recognition Convention is an international convention of the Council of Europe elaborated together with the UNESCO. g. by Australia, Belarus, Canada, the Holy See, Israel, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and the USA), the Anti-doping Convention (signed e. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Kazakhstan, also Kazakstan ( Қазақстан, Qazaqstan, qɑzɑqˈstɑn Казахстан, Kazakhstán,) officially the Kyrgyzstan (ˈkɻ̩gɪztɑn (AmE or /'kɝgəztan/ (BrE Kyrgyz: Кыргызстан; Russian: Киргизия or Киргизстан or Кыргызстан The United States of America —commonly referred to as the g. by Australia, Belarus, Canada and Tunisia) and the Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats (signed e. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics. Belarus ( Belarusian Беларусь / Biełaruś is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, bordered by Russia to the north and east Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. The Bern Convention on the Conservation of European Wildlife and Natural Habitats 1979 also known as the Bern Convention (or Berne Convention) came g. by Burkina Faso, Morocco, Tunisia and Senegal as well as the European Community). Burkina Faso (bɚˌkiːnəˈfɑːsoʊ burr-KEE-na FAH-soh) also known by its short-form name Burkina, is a Landlocked nation in West Africa Morocco (المغرب "al-Maghrib" officially the Kingdom of Morocco (المملكة المغربية is a country located in North Africa Tunisia (تونس Tūnis officially the Tunisian Republic ( is a country located in North Africa. Senegal (le Sénégal officially the Republic of Senegal, is a country south of the Sénégal River in western Africa. The European Community (EC is one of the Three pillars of the European Union (EU created under the Maastricht Treaty (1992 Non-member states also participate in several partial agreements, such as the Venice Commission, the Group of States Against Corruption GRECO and the European Pharmacopoeia. The Venice Commission is an advisory body of the Council of Europe, composed of independent members in the field of constitutional law The Council of Europe (Conseil de l'Europe is the oldest International organisation working towards European integration, being founded in 1949 The European Pharmacopoeia of the Council of Europe is a listing of a wide range of Active substances and Excipients used to prepare Pharmaceutical

European Union

Relations in general between the CoE and the EU

As mentioned in the introduction, it is important to realise that the Council of Europe is not to be mistaken with the Council of the European Union or the European Council. The Council of the European Union is the principal decision making institution in the European Union (EU The European Council (referred to as a European Summit) is the highest political body of the European Union. These belong to the European Union, which is separate from the Council of Europe, although they have shared the same European flag and anthem since the 1980s because they also work for European integration. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in European integration is the process of political legal economic (and in some cases social and cultural integration of European states including some states that are partly in Europe

Cooperation between the European Union and the Council of Europe has recently been reinforced, notably on culture and education as well as on the international enforcement of justice and Human Rights. The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in [15]

The European Union is expected to accede to the European Convention on Human Rights (the Convention). The Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (also called the "European Convention on Human Rights" and "ECHR" was adopted under the At their Warsaw Summit in 2005, the Heads of State and Government of all Council of Europe member states reiterated their desire for the EU to accede without delay to ensure consistent human rights protection across Europe. There are also concerns about consistency in case law - the European Court of Justice (the EU's court in Luxembourg) is treating the Convention as part of the legal system of all EU member states in order to prevent conflict between its judgements and those of the European Court of Human Rights (the court in Strasbourg interpreting the Convention). This article refers to the European Union court not the European Court of Human Rights of the Council of Europe The Court of Justice Luxembourg (Groussherzogtum Lëtzebuerg Grand-Duché de Luxembourg Großherzogtum Luxemburg is a small Landlocked country in Western Europe, bordered by The European Court of Human Rights ( ECtHR) (Cour européenne des droits de l’homme in Strasbourg was established under the European Convention on Human Rights Strasbourg (Strasbourg stʁazbuʁ Alsatian: Strossburi,; Straßburg) is the capital and principal City of the Alsace région Protocol No. 14 of the Convention is designed to allow the EU to accede to it and the EU Reform Treaty contains a protocol binding the EU to join. The Treaty of Lisbon (also known as the Reform Treaty) is a Treaty designed to streamline the workings of the European Union (EU with amendments to the The EU would thus be subject to its human rights law and external monitoring as its member states currently are. It is further proposed that the EU join as a member of the Council of Europe once it has attained its legal personality in the Reform Treaty, possibly in 2010. [16][17]

Joint Programmes between the CoE and the EU

The Council of Europe and the European Union are based on the same values and pursue common aims with regard to the protection of democracy, respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms and the rule of law. These common aims have led the Council of Europe and the European Union to develop a very tight network of relations and cooperation links (participation of the European Commission to meet Council of Europe activities, accession of European Union to Council of Europe Conventions, etc. ). One significant instrument of this cooperation is the conclusion since 1993 of a number of joint programmes, for essentially cooperation with countries which have joined the Council of Europe since 1989. The same countries have developed increasingly close links with the European Union, or have applied for membership. By combining forces in this way, the complementarity of respective activities of the European Commission and the Council of Europe has been enhanced. In April 2001 an important step was taken through the signature by the European Commission and the Council of Europe of a Joint Declaration on Cooperation and Partnership, which, among other things, offers more systematic means of joint programming and priority-setting. [18]

Country-specific and thematic Joint Programmes

Most joint programmes are country-specific. They cover Albania (since 1993), Ukraine (since 1995), the Russian Federation (since 1996), Moldova (since 1997), the three Caucasian Countries - Armenia, Azerbaijan & Georgia (since January 1999), Serbia and Montenegro (since 2001), Turkey (since 2001), Bosnia and Herzegovina (since 2003) and also "the Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia". This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Moldova, officially the Republic of Moldova ( Republica Moldova) is a Landlocked country in Eastern Europe, located between Romania Armenia (Հայաստան transliterated: Hayastan,) officially the Republic of Armenia (Հայաստանի Հանրապետություն Hayastani Azerbaijan ( English; Azərbaycan officially the Republic of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan Respublikası is the largest and most populous country in the South Georgia ( საქართველო, Sakartvelo) is a Transcontinental country in the Caucasus region situated at the dividing line between Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! Turkey (Türkiye known officially as the Republic of Turkey ( is a Eurasian Country that stretches Bosnia and Herzegovina ( Latin script: Bosna i Hercegovina, Cyrillic script: Босна и Херцеговина is a country on the Balkan Other Joint Programmes, for instance for the Baltic States (Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania) have also been implemented in the past. Estonia, officially the Republic of Estonia ( Eesti or Eesti Vabariik) is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region Latvia ( Latvija officially the Republic of Latvia (Latvijas Republika is a Country in Northern Europe in the Baltic region. Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the There have also been multilateral thematic joint programmes, open to Central and Eastern European countries, regarding, for instance, national minorities, the fight against organised crime and corruption, and the development of independent and multidisciplinary ethics committees for review of biomedical research. There have been other multilateral joint programmes, for awareness-raising on the abolition of the death penalty, the preparation of the European conference to fight against racism and intolerance, action to promote the European Social Charter and a programme to strengthen democracy and constitutional development in central and eastern Europe with the Council of Europe's Venice Commission. The Venice Commission is an advisory body of the Council of Europe, composed of independent members in the field of constitutional law [18]

Activities

The Joint Programmes consist of a series of activities agreed between the European Commission and the Council of Europe, in consultation with the governments of the concerned countries, designed to facilitate and support legal and institutional reform. The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union. Training courses, expert reports and advice to governments, conferences, workshops, seminars and publication dissemination are all usual working methods. The emphasis has been on training and advice but in some cases Joint Programmes have even offered limited material support (for instance with the establishment of the Albanian School of Magistrates and the State Publications Centre). [18]

Programming and funding

The Directorate General for External Relations of the European Commission and the Council of Europe's Directorate of Strategic Planning (as well as other services as applicable) set and match priorities for the purpose of Joint Programmes. Sometimes the Council of Europe makes proposals to the European Commission for urgent joint undertakings. EuropeAid is the structure within the European Commission involved in the final selection and administrative follow-up of programmes. The Council of Europe counterpart throughout the project cycle is the Directorate of Strategic Planning, in close consultation with the different Council of Europe Directorates General responsible for the implementation of the activities. In recent years the European Commission Delegations in the beneficiary countries have increasingly been implied in the Joint Programmes. Equally, Council of Europe Secretariat Offices in the field support planning and implementation.

The European Commission and the Council of Europe provide joint funding for the programme, and the Council of Europe is responsible for its implementation. In most cases funding is shared on a 50-50 basis but on some occasions the European Commission has contributed with proportionally more resources. A large number of Joint Programmes have been concluded with the EC's European Initiative for Democracy and Human Rights (EIDHR).

Programmes have also been concluded with the European Commission's TACIS and CARDS programmes. In 2002 a major Joint Programme for Turkey became operational, with resources from the EU enlargement funds and the Council of Europe. In 2001 two Joint Programmes were established with the European Agency for Reconstruction (EAR), a decentralised agency of the European Union that deals with assistance to Serbia, Montenegro, Kosovo, and FYROM. Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country Montenegro ( British English) Montenegrin / Serbian: PLEASE DO NOT CHANGE THE LANGUAGES WITHOUT CONSENSUS ON THE TALK PAGE! The Republic of Macedonia (Република [18]

Programme Partners

The Council of Europe often works with partner institutions in the country concerned. Partners may include:

  1. The Ministries of Justice, Foreign Affairs and the Interior
  2. The national and regional Bar Associations
  3. The office of the Public Prosecutor
  4. The Courts and judicial training centres
  5. The national or regional commissioners on human rights
  6. Journalists' unions
  7. Other professional bodies
  8. Human rights protection movements and other non-governmental organisations. [18]

United Nations

The Council of Europe holds observer status with the United Nations and is regularly represented in the UN General Assembly. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security It has organised the regional UN conferences against racism and on women and co-operates with the United Nations at many levels. [19]

Non-governmental Organisations

Non-governmental Organisations (NGOs) can participate in the INGO Conference of the Council of Europe and become observers to inter-governmental committees of experts. The Council of Europe drafted the European Convention on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organisations in 1986, which sets the legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a fundamental norm for NGOs.

References

  1. ^ Inauguration of the Agora Building
  2. ^ 2008 List of MIPIM winners
  3. ^ http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=164&CM=8&DF=9/4/2007&CL=ENG
  4. ^ http://www.coe.int/t/dg2/trafficking/campaign/Source/PDF_Conv_197_Trafficking_E.pdf
  5. ^ http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=201&CM=8&DF=10/25/2007&CL=ENG
  6. ^ http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=135&CM=7&DF=5/21/2008&CL=ENG
  7. ^ http://conventions.coe.int/Treaty/Commun/QueVoulezVous.asp?NT=135&CM=8&CL=ENG
  8. ^ a b Flag, anthem and logo: the Council of Europe's symbols. Council of Europe. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
  9. ^ Logo of the Council of Europe. Council of Europe. Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
  10. ^ Statute of the Council of Europe. Council of Europe (1949-05-05). Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
  11. ^ Request by the Republic of Montenegro for accession to the Council of Europe. Council of Europe (1949-06-14). Year 1949 ( MCMXLIX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
  12. ^ Continuation by the Republic of Serbia of membership of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro in the Council of Europe. Council of Europe (2006-06-14). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
  13. ^ Belarus : a referendum under a 'hardening dictatorial regime'. Council of Europe (2004). Retrieved on 2007-09-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1217 - The Estonian tribal leader Lembitu of Lehola was killed in a battle against Teutonic Knights.
  14. ^ [http://www.yelah.net/articles/20020226183029 Europarådet kan frånta USA observatörsstatus]. Yelah (2004). Retrieved on 2008-02-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1495 - King Charles VIII of France enters Naples to claim the city's throne
  15. ^ The Council of Europe and the European Union sign an agreement to foster mutual cooperation. Council of Europe (2007-05-23). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne Retrieved on 2007-06-12. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1381 - Peasants' Revolt: in England, rebels arrive at Blackheath.
  16. ^ Juncker, Jean-Claude (2006). Jean-Claude Juncker (born December 9, 1954) is a Luxembourgian politician, the leader of the Christian Social People's Party. Council of Europe - European Union: "A sole ambition for the European continent" (PDF). Council of Europe. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
  17. ^ Draft treaty modifying the treaty on the European Union and the treaty establishing the European community (PDF). Open Europe (2007-07-24). Open Europe is a London based Eurosceptic Think-tank which was set up by UK business people to 'campaign for reform' in the European Union Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Retrieved on 2007-07-28. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1540 - Thomas Cromwell is executed at the order of Henry VIII of England on charges of Treason.
  18. ^ a b c d e Joint Programmes between the CoE and the EU. Council of Europe.
  19. ^ http://www.unog.ch/80256EDD006B8954/(httpAssets)/BE20A19596FA400FC125728900438955/$file/HL.tripartite2007.participants.pdf

See also

External links

The North-South Centre, officially named the European Centre for Global Interdependence and Solidarity is an autonomous agency — called a Partial Agreement — of the The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in The following table lists the independent European states, and their memberships in selected organisations and treaties and their use of the euro ( €) OSCE countries table with statistics and regional blocs The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages Learning Teaching Assessment, abbreviated as CEFR is a guideline used to describe achievements of learners of foreign languages The European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages ( ECRML) is a European Treaty (CETS 148 adopted in 1992 under the auspices of the Council of Europe The Council of Europe Film Award (FACE is presented at the Istanbul International Film Festival by the Council of Europe to the director whose entry to the festival CODEXTER, formally the Committee of Experts on Terrorism, is an inter-governmental committee of experts of the Council of Europe. CAHDI, formally the Committee of Legal Advisers on Public International Law, is a committee of the Council of Europe.
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