Assorted cosmetics and tools

Cosmetics (pronunciation: cosmetic (help·info)) are substances used to enhance or protect the appearance or odor of the human body. Cosmetics include skin-care creams, lotions, powders, perfumes, lipsticks, fingernail and toenail polishes, eye and facial makeup, permanent waves, colored contact lenses, hair colors, hair sprays and gels, deodorants, baby products, bath oils, bubble baths, bath salts, butters and many other types of products. For the 1993 hip-hop single by the Wu-Tang Clan see CREAM CREAM is an acronym for Cognitive Reliability Error Analysis Method a A lotion is a low- to medium- Viscosity, topical preparation intended for application to unbroken Skin; creams and gels have a higher viscosity Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments oils waxes and emollients that applies color and texture to the lips. Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain A contact lens (also known simply as a contact) is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the Cornea Hair is a keratinised protein filament that grows through the epidermis from follicles deep within the Dermis. A gel (from the lat gelu &mdashfreezing cold ice or gelatus &mdashfrozen immobile is an apparently solid jelly-like material formed from a Deodorants are substances applied to the body particularly the Armpits mainly to reduce Body odor caused by the bacterial breakdown of Perspiration. The term bubble bath can be used to describe aerated or carbonated baths or to describe bathing with a layer of Surfactant foam on the surface of the water and consequently The term bath salts refers to a range of water-soluble usually inorganic solid products designed to be added to a bath either to improve cleaning provide a medical improvement Their use is widespread, especially among women in Western countries. A subset of cosmetics is called "make-up," which refers primarily to colored products intended to alter the user’s appearance. Many manufacturers distinguish between decorative cosmetics and care cosmetics.

The manufacture of cosmetics is currently dominated by a small number of multinational corporations that originated in the early 20th century, but the distribution and sale of cosmetics is spread among a wide range of different businesses. Multinational corporation ( MNC) or transnational corporation ( TNC) is a Corporation or enterprise that manages Production or delivers The U. S. FDA which regulates cosmetics in the United States^[1] defines cosmetics as: "intended to be applied to the human body for cleansing, beautifying, promoting attractiveness, or altering the appearance without affecting the body's structure or functions. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the " This broad definition includes, as well, any material intended for use as a component of a cosmetic product. The FDA specifically excludes soap from this category. SOAP (see below for name and origins is a protocol for exchanging XML -based messages over Computer networks normally using ^[2]

History

An 1889 Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec painting of a woman applying cosmetics to her face

Main article: History of cosmetics

The first archaeological evidence of cosmetics usage is found in Ancient Egypt around 4000 BC. Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec (ɑ̃ʁi dø tuluz loˈtʁɛk (24 November 1864 &ndash 9 September 1901 was a French painter, printmaker, draftsman The history of cosmetics spans at least 6000 years of human history and almost every society on earth Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now The Ancient Greeks and Romans also used cosmetics. The Ancient Greek language is the historical stage in the development of the Hellenic language family spanning the Archaic (c Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Romans and Ancient Egyptians used cosmetics containing poisonous mercury and often lead. Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC Ancient Egypt was an Ancient Civilization in eastern North Africa, concentrated along the lower reaches of the Nile River in what is now Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly The ancient kingdom of Israel was influenced by cosmetics as recorded in the Old Testament—2 Kings 9:30 where Jezebel painted her eyes—approximately 840 BC. The Biblical book of Esther describes various beauty treatments as well. Esther ( born Hadassah, is a queen of Persian Empire in the Hebrew Bible, the queen of Ahasuerus (traditionally identified with Artaxerxes

In the western world, the advent of cosmetics was in the middle ages, although typically restricted to use within the upper classes. Social class refers to the hierarchical distinctions (or stratification) between individuals or groups in Societies or Cultures.

Cosmetic use was frowned upon at some points in history. For example, in the 1800s, make-up was used primarily by prostitutes, and Queen Victoria publicly declared makeup improper, vulgar, and acceptable only for use by actors. Prostitution is the act of performing Sexual activity in exchange for Money. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland " Vulgarism " (also called scurrility) derives from Latin vulgun, the "mean folk" and has carried into English its original An actor, actress, player or thespian (see terminology) is a person who Acts in a Dramatic production and who works ^[3] Adolf Hitler told women that face painting was for clowns and not for the women of the Master Race. Hi and welcome to Wikipedia! Please understand that this article is frequently vandalized and vandalism is reverted immediately Clowns are comic performers stereotypically characterized by their Grotesque appearance colored wigs stylistic makeup, outlandish Costumes unusually The master race ( German: die Herrenrasse) is a concept in Nazi Ideology, which holds that the Germanic and Nordic

By the middle of the 20th century, cosmetics were in widespread use in nearly all societies around the world. A society is a Population of Humans characterized by patterns of relationships between individuals that share a distinctive Culture and Institutions "The world " is a proper noun for the planet Earth envisioned from an Anthropocentric or Human Worldview, as a place

Cosmetics have been in use for thousands of years. They also attached silk or leather with adhesive to cover a blemish. The absence of regulation of the manufacture and use of cosmetics has led to negative side effects, deformities, blindness, and even death through the ages. This article is for the legal term For regulation of genes see Regulation of gene expression. Side Effect were an influential Disco band that recorded between 1972 and 1995 A deformity, dysmorphism, or dysmorphic feature is a major difference in the shape of the body a body part or a body organ (internal or external compared to Blindness is the condition of lacking Visual perception due to Physiological or Neurological factors Death is the termination of the biological functions that define living Organisms It refers both to a specific Examples of this were the prevalent use of ceruse(white lead), to cover the face during the Renaissance, and blindness caused by the mascara Lash Lure during the early 1900s. Venetian ceruse, also known as " spirits of Saturn " was a Skin whitening cosmetic used in the 16th century with a base of White lead The Renaissance (from French Renaissance, meaning "rebirth" Italian: Rinascimento, from re- "again" and nascere Mascara is a cosmetic used to darken thicken and define Eyelashes Mascara comes in three forms liquid cake and cream

Industry Today

The worldwide annual expenditures for cosmetics is estimated at U. S. $18 billion. ^[4] Of the major firms, the oldest and the largest is L'Oréal, which was founded by Eugene Schueller in 1909 as the French Harmless Hair Colouring Company (now owned by Liliane Bettencourt 26% and Nestlé 28%, with the remaining 46% are publicly traded). The L'Oréal Group is the world's largest Cosmetics and Beauty company and is headquartered in the Paris suburb of Clichy, France Eugène Schueller ( 20 march[[ 881]] - 23 August 1957) was the founder of L'Oréal, the world's leading company in Cosmetics and Liliane Bettencourt (born 21 October, 1922) is the second richest person in France, ranking 17th in wealthiest people in the world and the Nestlé is a multinational packaged food company founded and headquartered in Vevey, Switzerland The market was developed in the USA during the 1910s by Elizabeth Arden, Helena Rubinstein, and Max Factor. Elizabeth Arden ( December 31, 1878 - October 19, 1966) was a Canadian businesswoman who built a cosmetics empire in the United Helena Rubinstein ( December 25, 1870 – April 1, 1965) was a Polish - American Cosmetics industrialist Max Factor & Company is an international cosmetics firm founded in 1909 by Max Factor, a make-up artist for the Russian royal Ballet. These firms were joined by Revlon just before World War II and Estée Lauder just after. Revlon ( is an American Cosmetics company History Revlon was founded in the midst of the Great Depression, 1932, by Charles World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Estée Lauder Companies Inc is one of the world's leading manufacturers and marketers of Skin care Cosmetics, Perfume and Hair care products

Like most industry, cosmetic companies resist regulation by government agencies like the FDA, and have lobbied against this throughout the years. For other uses of this term see Industry (disambiguation An industry (from Latin industrius, "diligent industrious" For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government.

Criticism and controversy

Further information: Campaign for Safe Cosmetics and California Safe Cosmetics Act of 2005

During the 20th century, the popularity of cosmetics increased rapidly. The Campaign for Safe Cosmetics is a coalition of public health educational religious labor women's environmental and consumer groups with a goal to protect the health of consumers California Safe Cosmetics Act of 2005 (Senate Bill 484 is a state law that requires cosmetics manufacturers that sell products in the U Especially in the United States, cosmetics are used by girls at an increasingly young age. Many companies have catered to this expanding market by introducing more flavored lipsticks and glosses, cosmetics packaged in glittery, sparkly packaging and marketing and advertising using young models. A model is a person who is posed or displayed for the purpose of Art, Fashion, or other products and Advertising. The social consequences of younger and younger beautification has had much attention in the media over the last few years. Beautification is the process of making visual improvements in a Town or City, typically to an urban area The news media refers to the section of the Mass media that focuses on presenting current News to the public

Criticism of cosmetics has come from a variety of sources, including feminists, animal rights activists, authors and public interest groups. The word critic comes from the Greek el κριτικός ( el-Latn kritikós) "able to discern" which in turn derives from the word Feminism is a discourse that involves various movements theories, and Philosophies which are concerned with the issue of Gender difference, advocate "Animal liberation" redirects here for other uses see Animal liberation (disambiguation. The Beauty Myth, published in 1991, is a Book by Naomi Wolf. It examines Beauty as a demand and as a judgement upon women There is a growing awareness and preference for cosmetics that are without any toxic ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum, sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and parabens. Toxicity is the degree to which a substance is able to damage an exposed organism Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Sodium lauryl sulfate ( SLS) or sodium dodecyl sulfate ( SDS or NaDS ( C 12 H 25 S[[oxygen O]]4 Parabens are a group of chemicals widely used as Preservatives in the cosmetic and Pharmaceutical industries ^[5]

Numerous published reports have raised concern over the safety of a few surfactants. Surfactants are wetting agents that lower the Surface tension of a liquid allowing easier spreading and lower the Interfacial tension between two liquids SLS causes a number of skin issues including dermatitis. Dermatitis is a Blanket term meaning any " Inflammation of the skin" (e ^{[6][7][8][9][10]}

Parabens can cause skin irritation and contact dermatitis in individuals with paraben allergies, a small percentage of the general population. Parabens are a group of chemicals widely used as Preservatives in the cosmetic and Pharmaceutical industries Contact dermatitis is a term for a Skin reaction resulting from exposure to Allergens (allergic contact dermatitis or irritants (irritant contact dermatitis Allergy is a disorder of the Immune system often also referred to as Atopy. ^[11] Animal experiments have shown that parabens have a weak estrogenic activity, acting as xenoestrogens. Estrogens (US otherwise oestrogens or œstrogens) are a group of Steroid compounds named for their importance in the Estrous cycle, Xenoestrogens are novel man-made compounds that differ from archiestrogens (ancient naturally occurring produced by living organisms ^[12]

Prolonged use of makeup has also been linked to thinning eyelashes. ^[13]

Synthetic fragrances are widely used in consumer products. Perfume is a mixture of fragrant Essential oils and Aroma compounds Fixatives and Solvents used to give the human body animals objects and living Studies concluded from patch testing show synthetic fragrances are made of many ingredients which cause allergic reactions. An allergen is a nonparasitic Antigen capable of stimulating a Type-I hypersensitivity reaction in atopic individuals ^[14]

Makeup Types

• Lipstick, lip gloss, lip liner, lip plumper, lip balm, lip volume, lip luster, lip conditioner and lip boosters. Lipstick is a cosmetic product containing pigments oils waxes and emollients that applies color and texture to the lips. Lip gloss is a cosmetic product used primarily to give lips a mildly glossy lustre and sometimes subtle color Lip liner is a cosmetic product It is intended to fill uneven areas on the outer edges of the lips after applying Lipstick, therefore giving a smooth shape Lip plumper is a Cosmetics product used to make lips appear fuller Lip balm or lip salve is a substance topically applied to the lips of the Mouth to relieve chapped or dry lips Angular cheilitis or Stomatitis ^[1]
• Foundation, used to color the face and conceal flaws to produce an impression of health and youth. Foundation is a type of Cosmetic preparation applied to the face The term face refers to the central sense organ complex for those animals that have one normally on the ventral surface of the head and can depending on the definition Usually a liquid, cream, powder or mousse. ^[1]
• Powder, used to set the foundation, giving a matte finish. Face powder is a Cosmetic powder applied to the face to set foundation after application
• Rouge, blush or blusher, cheek stain used to color the cheeks and emphasize the cheekbones. Rouge (ruːʒ Red) also called blusher, is a cosmetic typically used by women to redden the Cheeks so as to provide a more youthful Cheeks ( Latin: buccae) constitute the area of the Face below the Eyes and between the Nose and the left or right Ear The zygomatic bone came from the Latin term zyosislymore meaning malar bone (commonly called "cheek bone" ( malar bone) is a paired bone of the human Skull This comes in powder, cream and gel forms. ^[1]
• Bronzer, used to create a more tan look to the skin. ^[1]
• Mascara and lash extender, lash conditioner used to enhance the eyelashes. Mascara is a cosmetic used to darken thicken and define Eyelashes Mascara comes in three forms liquid cake and cream An eyelash or simply lash is one of the hairs that grow at the edge of the Eyelid. Can be of different colors and even waterproof. Waterproof or water-resistant describes objects unaffected by water or resisting water passage or which are covered with a material that resists or does not allow water passage ^[1]
• Eye liner and eye shadow, eye shimmer and glitter eye pencils as well as different color pencils used to color and emphasize the eyelids (larger eyes are a sign of youth). Eye liner is a Cosmetic used to define the Eyes. It is applied around the contours of the eye to create a variety of aesthetic illusions Eye shadow is a cosmetic that is applied on the Eyelids and under the Eyebrows It is commonly used to make the wearer's eyes stand out or look more Eyes are organs that detect Light, and send signals along the Optic nerve to the visual areas of the brain ^[1]
• Eyebrow pencils, creams, waxes, gels and powders are used to fill in and define the brows. The eyebrow is an area of thick delicate hairs above the Eye that follows the shape of the brow ridges. Wax has traditionally referred to a substance that is secreted by Bees ( Beeswax) and used by them in constructing their ^[1]
• Nail polish, used to color the fingernails and toenails. Nail polish or nail varnish is a Lacquer that is applied to the nails of both the Fingers and Toes usually cosmetically but also as A finger is a type of digit, an organ of manipulation and sensation found in the Hands of Humans and other Primates Normally humans have five digits Toes are the digits of the Foot of an animal Many animal species such as Cats walk on their toes and are described as being Digitigrade ^[1]
• Concealer, a type of thick opaque makeup used to cover pimples, various spots and inconsistencies in the skin. A concealer or colour corrector is a type of Makeup used to mask Pimples, dark circles and other small blemishes visible on the skin A pimple is a result of a blockage of the Skin 's Pore. It can be a Pustule or Papule. ^[1]

Also included in the general category of cosmetics are skin care products. These include creams and lotions to moisturize the face and body, sunscreens to protect the skin from damaging UV radiation, and treatment products to repair or hide skin imperfections (acne, wrinkles, dark circles under eyes, etc. Sunscreen (also known as sunblock or suntan lotion) is a Lotion, spray or other Topical product that absorbs or reflects the Sun 's Ultraviolet ( UV) light is Electromagnetic radiation with a Wavelength shorter than that of Visible light, but longer than X-rays Acne vulgaris (commonly called acne) is a Skin disease caused by changes in the Pilosebaceous units (skin structures consisting of a Hair follicle A wrinkle is a ridge or crease of a surface It usually refers to folds on fabric or Clothes, or on the Skin of an organism the folds are generally random ). Cosmetics can also be described by the form of the product, as well as the area for application. Cosmetics can be liquid or cream emulsions; powders, both pressed and loose; dispersions; and anhydrous creams or sticks. An emulsion ( IPA: /ɪˈmʌlʃən/ is a mixture of two Immiscible (unblendable liquids As a general term a substance is said to be anhydrous if it contains no Water.

Special Effects

Cosmetic contact lenses

In addition to over-the-counter cosmetic products, recent years have seen an increasing market for prescription or surgical cosmetic procedures. Surgery (from the χειρουργική cheirourgikē, via chirurgiae meaning "hand work" is a medical specialty that uses operative manual and instrumental These range from temporary enhancements, such as cosmetic colored contact lenses, to major cosmetic surgery. A contact lens (also known simply as a contact) is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the Cornea Plastic surgery is a medical specialty interested in the correction of form and function To temporary fashionable enhancement belongs application of false eyelashes or eyelash extensions, in order to enhance the natural eyelashes and make eye appearance more attractive. Like Hair extensions, eyelash extensions are a Cosmetic process whereby synthetic single fiber polyester thread like materials are applied to create a fuller

Many techniques, such as microdermabrasion and physical or chemical peels, remove the oldest, top layers of skin cells. Microdermabrasion (often referred to as Microderm is a family of cosmetic procedures popular in Day spas doctors' practices and medical spas in which A chemical peel is a Body treatment technique used to improve and smooth the texture of the facial Skin using a chemical solution that causes the skin to blister and The younger layers of skin left behind appear more plump, youthful, and soft. Permanent application of pigments (tattooing) is also used cosmetically.

Ingredients

Main article: Ingredients of cosmetics

Eye shadow being applied

Broadway actor Jim Brochu applies make-up before the opening night of a play. Cosmetics ingredients come from a variety of sources but unlike the ingredients of food are often not considered by most consumers Eye shadow is a cosmetic that is applied on the Eyelids and under the Eyebrows It is commonly used to make the wearer's eyes stand out or look more Broadway theater, commonly called simply Broadway, refers to theatrical performances presented in one of the 39 large professional theaters with 500 seats or more located

The chin mask known as chutti for Kathakali, a performing art in Kerala, India is considered as the thickest makeup applied for any artform. Kathakali (കഥകളി kat̪ʰəkaɭi is a form of highly stylised classical Indian Dance - Drama that is noted for its attractive make-up of characters Kerala ( Malayalam: {{Kerala in Malayalam}}; India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country

While there is assurance from the largest cosmetic companies that their various ingredients are safe to use, there is a growing preference for cosmetics that are without any "synthetic" ingredients, especially those derived from petroleum. Once a niche market, certified organic products are becoming more mainstream. A niche market is a focused targetable portion (subset of a market Organic certification is a certification process for producers of Organic food and other organic agricultural products Mainstream is generally the common current of Thought of the Majority.

Ingredients' listings in cosmetics are highly regulated in many countries. The testing of cosmetic products on animals is a subject of some controversy. Animal testing or animal research is the use of non-human Animals in scientific experimentation. It is now illegal in the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, and Belgium, and a ban across the European Union is due to come into effect in 2009. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands The Kingdom of Belgium is a Country in northwest Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts its headquarters as well as those The European Union ( EU) is a political and economic union of twenty-seven member states, located primarily in

Organic and Natural Ingredients

Even though many products in cosmetics are regulated, there are many health concerns that come from harmful chemicals in these products. Some products carry carcinogenic contaminant 1,4- dioxane. Not all organic products are better but they don't carry harmful preservatives that could be harmful. Many cosmetic companies are coming out with "All natural" and "Organic" products. All natural products contain mineral and plant ingredients and organic products are made with agricultural products, grown with out pesticides. Products who claim they are organic are not, unless they are certified "USDA Organic. " ^[15]

See also

• Testing cosmetics on animals
• Body art
• Cosmeceutical
• Cosmetic surgery
• Cosmetic, Toiletry, and Fragrance Association
• Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act
• Henna
• Make-up artist
• Moulage
• Permanent makeup
• Society of Cosmetic Chemists

References

Further reading

• Winter, Ruth [2005]. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. A Consumer's Dictionary of Cosmetic Ingredients: Complete Information About the Harmful and Desirable Ingredients in Cosmetics (Paperback) (in English). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States USA: Three Rivers Press. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ISBN 1400052335.  

• Begoun, Paula [2003]. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Don't Go to the Cosmetics Counter Without Me(Paperback) (in English). English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States USA: Beginning Press. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the ISBN 1877988308.  

External links

• The British Library - finding information on the cosmetics and toiletries industry
• List of Prohibited and Restricted Cosmetic Ingredients (Health Canada)
• CTPA The UK trade Association
• Free tips and makeup advice
• Cosmetic and Beauty Product Reviews and Advice