A coronation is a ceremony marking the investment of a monarch with regal power through, amongst other symbolic acts, the placement of a crown or coronet upon his or her head. coronation crown is a crown used by a Monarch when being crowned. A coronet is a small crown consisting of ornaments fixed on a metal ring Where the monarch is anointed, the ritual may have religious significance. To anoint is to pour or smear with perfumed oil milk water melted butter or other substances a process employed ritually by many religions and races A ritual is a set of actions often thought to have Symbolic value the performance of which is usually prescribed by a Religion or by the Traditions Coronation remains the norm for the formal installation of the monarch of the Commonwealth Realms. A Commonwealth realm is any one of 16 sovereign states within the Commonwealth of Nations that each have Elizabeth II as their respective Monarch
Formerly, in many kingdoms and empires, the coronation was a highly solemn ceremony in which anointing with holy oil, followed by ratification as the proper occupant of the throne, were important parts. A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that This article is about royal thrones for the order of Angels by the same name see Thrones. This is still the case in the United Kingdom, one of the few nations that continues formal coronations to this day, and was true for the historical monarchies of France, and many other former kingdoms and empires. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located An empire (from the Latin " Imperium " denoting military Command within the ancient Roman government) is a State that
The term 'coronation' is sometimes used in a semi-ironic sense to refer to uncontested party leadership elections, with all potential party leaders choosing to back a single candidate or stay silent rather than stand in an election they are likely to lose[1]. This typically happens where there has been a protracted behind-the-scenes attempt to remove the outgoing leader, leading to a significant amount of time to discover who has the most party support before the election proper.
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In Antiquity
The Shahs of the Achaemenid Persian Empire were crowned with the diadem by a high priest of the Zoroastrian religion. The Persian Empire was a series of Iranian empires that ruled over the Iranian plateau, the original Persian homeland and beyond in Western Asia A diadem is a type of crown, specifically an ornamental headband worn by Eastern monarchs and others as a badge of royalty Zoroastrianism (ˌzɔroʊˈæstriəˌnɪzəm is the religion and philosophy based on the teachings
The Roman Emperors, traditionally acclaimed either by the senate or by a legion speaking for the armies as a whole, were confirmed by the other body, without a coronation. For other uses see Legion The Roman Legion (from Latin legio "military levy Conscription," The Eastern diadem was introduced by Diocletian. In theory, the Imperial crown should be imposed by a representative of those who conferred the sovereign authority that it symbolized; and, in the 4th century, the Prefect Sallustius Secundus crowned Valentinian I (in whose election he had taken the prominent part). Prefect (from the Latin praefectus, perfect participle of praeficere: "make in front" i Flavius Valentinianus, known in English as Valentinian I, ( 321 - November 17, 375) was Roman Emperor from 364 until his death But the Emperor seems to have felt some hesitation in receiving the diadem from the hands of a subject, and the selection for the office was likely to cause jealousy. Yet, a formality was necessary. In the 5th century the difficulty was overcome in an ingenious and tactful way. The duty of coronation was assigned to the Patriarch of Constantinople, possibly at the coronation of Marcian (AD 450), but certainly at the coronation of his successor Leo (457). "Patriarch of Constantinople" redirects here For the institutional church itself see Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople. Flavius Marcianus, known in English as Marcian, (396 &ndash January 457 was the emperor of the Byzantine Empire from 450 until his death [1]
Since the feudal age
A coronation following the Byzantine formula was instigated with the coronation of King Clovis of the Franks at Rheims (497), in which a dove was made to descend with an ampoule of oil, with which the king was anointed. Clovis I (c 466 &ndash 27 November 511) was the first King of the Franks to unite all the Frankish tribes under one ruler All succeeding kings of France were anointed — with the same oil, miraculously resupplied — and crowned at Rheims.
Coronations are often centuries-old ceremonies with a great many formal and solemn traditions. A ceremony is an activity infused with Ritual significance performed on a special occasion The word tradition comes from the Latin traditionem acc of traditio which means "a giving up delivering up surrendering" and is used in a number of Usually the climax of the coronation ceremony is the monarch's recital of an oath, followed by a religious leader placing a crown on the monarch's head. An oath of office is an Oath or Affirmation a person takes before undertaking the duties of an Office, usually a position in government or within a religious A crown is the traditional Symbolic form of Headgear worn by a Monarch or by a Deity, for whom the crown traditionally represents power Some monarchs have crowned themselves: this was the custom of the Shahs in Iran, the Tsars of Russia as heads of the Russian Orthodox Church and self-proclaimed monarchs like the Bonaparte Emperors of the French. Shah is an Iranian term for a Monarch (leader that has been adopted in many other languages Tsar csar and tzar redirect here For other uses see Tsar (disambiguation. Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending A self-proclaimed monarchy is a Monarchy that is proclaimed into existence often by an individual rather than occurring as part of a longstanding tradition Bonaparte is a French family name of Italian origin Originally Buonaparte, this family claims numerous influential descendents including Corsican List of Queens and Empresses of France Wikipedia_talkFeatured_lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below
The crown is not the only item bestowed on a sovereign at his or her coronation. Usually there is an orb and sceptre and — depending on the country — other items from the crown jewels, all highly charged with historic, religious, and territorial symbolism. The globus cruciger ( Latin, "cross-bearing orb" is an orb (lat A sceptre or scepter is a symbolic ornamental staff held by a ruling Monarch, a prominent item of royal Regalia. Crown jewels are jewels or artifacts of the reigning royal family of their respective country
The ceremony usually takes place in the premier cathedral or most holy basilica of a country, often in the present or former monarchical and/or ecclesiastical capital. This article is about the history and organisation of the cathedral The Latin word basilica (derived from Greek, Basiliké Stoà, Royal Stoa) was originally used to describe a Roman In the United Kingdom, the coronation ceremony takes place in Westminster Abbey, with the monarch seated on the ancient St. Edward's Chair, or Coronation chair, (which includes the Stone of Scone). The Coronation of the British Monarch is a Ceremony (specifically Initiation rite) in which the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other The Collegiate Church of St Peter at Westminster, which is almost always referred to by its original name of Westminster Abbey, is a large mainly Gothic church King Edward's Chair, sometimes known as St Edward's Chair or The Coronation Chair, is the throne on which the British monarch sits for the coronation The Stone of Scone (ˈskuːn also commonly known as the Stone of Destiny or the Coronation Stone is an oblong block of red Sandstone, about by by in The French monarchs were crowned at Notre-Dame de Reims. Notre-Dame de Reims ( Our Lady of Rheims) is the Cathedral of Reims, where the kings of France were once crowned
A coronation ceremony is generally religious in character, because from the earliest times it was believed that monarchs were chosen by God, in accordance with the Divine Right of Kings; hence, the crown was bestowed by God himself. The Divine Right of Kings is a general term that refers to the philosophy and ideas used to justify the authority and legitimacy of Monarchs in Medieval and Many sovereigns are still proclaimed Monarch "by the grace of God". Historically this fact was used as a defence of absolute monarchy. Absolute monarchy is a monarchical Form of government where the king and queen have absolute power over everything
Additionally, in Japan the Emperor was believed to be a descendant of Amaterasu the sun goddess. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics. or is in Japanese mythology a sun goddess and perhaps the most important Shinto. Hence, the concept of monarch, coronation, and God are often inexorably linked.
In most cases,a monarch succeeding by right (e. g. hereditarily) does not have to undergo the ceremony of coronation to ascend the throne and execute the duties of the office. King Edward VIII of the United Kingdom, for example, did not reign long enough for a coronation ceremony to occur before he abdicated, yet he was unquestionably the King of the United Kingdom and Emperor of India during his brief reign. Abdication (from the Latin abdicatio, disowning renouncing from ab, away from and dicare, to declare to proclaim as not belonging to one India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country A reign is a period of time a person serves as a Monarch or Pope. This is because in Great Britain, the law stipulates that the moment one monarch dies, the new monarch assumes the throne, so that there is no time at which the throne is vacant.
However,after the 1867 Austro-Hungarian Ausgleich,the Austrian Emperor had to be crowned king of Hungary in order to be able to promulge laws. This is why the Emperor Charles was hastily crowned in Budapest during wartime in 1916.
The British Monarch is usually proclaimed in an outdoor ceremony at St. James's Palace within hours of the death of his predecessor. St James's Palace is one of London's oldest Palaces It is situated on Pall Mall in London, just north of St In France, the new monarch ascended the throne when the coffin of the previous monarch descended into the vault at Saint Denis Basilica, and the Duke of Uzes proclaimed 'Le Roi est mort, vive le Roi' (French: 'The [old] king is dead; long live the [new] King!')
From 1305 to 1963 the Popes were crowned with the Papal Tiara in a coronation ceremony in St. Peter's Basilica in Rome. The Basilica of Saint Denis ( French: Basilique de Saint-Denis, or simply Basilique Saint-Denis) is the burial site of almost all the French A duke is a member of the Nobility, historically of highest rank below the Sovereign, and historically controlled a Duchy or a Dukedom Uzès is a commune in the Gard department in southern France. The King is dead Long live the King! (French Le Roi est mort vive le Roi ! is a traditional proclamation made following the Accession of a new Monarch in various French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people History See also History of the Papacy Catholics recognize the Pope as a successor to Saint Peter, who Jesus named as the "shepherd" and The Papal Tiara, also known as the Triple Tiara, or in Latin as the ' Triregnum', and in Italian as the ' Triregno', is the three-tiered The Basilica of Saint Peter (Basilica Sancti Petri officially known in Italian as the Basilica di San Pietro in Vaticano and commonly known as St Rome ( Roma ˈroma Roma is the capital city of Italy and Lazio, and is Italy's largest and most populous city with more than 2 Following the decision of the last crowned Pope, Paul VI, to lay the Papal tiara on the high altar of the basilica as a symbol of humility, the next three popes declined to wear it, and thus had a ceremony of papal inauguration rather than coronation, as the placing of a crown or coronet of some description upon the head is a requisite of a coronation ceremony. Pope An altar is any structure upon which Sacrifices or other offerings are made for religious purposes or some other sacred place where ceremonies take place The Papal Inauguration Mass is a liturgical service of the Catholic Church (celebrated in the Roman Rite but with elements While John Paul I, John Paul II (who also completely abandoned the use of the sedia gestatoria, a portable throne) and Benedict XVI opted for an inauguration instead of an old-fashioned coronation, a future pope can, in theory, opt for the coronation ceremony. Pope John Paul I ( Latin: Ioannes Paulus PP I, Italian: Giovanni Paolo I) born Albino Luciani, ( October 17 1912 Pope The sedia gestatoria is the portable Throne on which Popes were once carried Pope Benedict XVI ( Latin: Benedictus PP XVI; Italian: Benedetto XVI; German: Benedikt XVI; born Joseph Alois Ratzinger
Official coronation portrait, Budapest, December 1916.
Many European monarchies have dispensed with the ceremony of coronation altogether. In Norway, the coronation was abolished in 1908 and the king was thereafter only required by law to go through the taking of the oath in the Storting, but when Olav V was to be crowned in 1958 he still wanted the church's blessing for his reign and the benediction was introduced. The Storting ( Stortinget, literally "the Great Thing /Assembly" is the Norwegian Parliament, and is located in the capital city Olav V (2 July 1903 &ndash 17 January 1991 was the King of Norway from 1957 until his death This ceremony is much simpler than the previous coronation, but continues the element of blessing and the Crown of Norway is displayed on the high altar rather than placed on the king's head. The Crown jewels, or royal regalia of Norway include nine items the king's crown the sword of the realm the king's sceptre the king's orb the queen's crown the queen's King Harald V and Queen Sonja of Norway received the benediction in 1991 and although the ceremony is not required it is expected to be used by future monarchs as well. Childhood and education When Prince Harald was born in Skaugum he was the first heir to the throne of Norway to be born in Norway for several hundred years Issue The Queen Sonja International Music Competition The then Crown Princess Sonja established this music competition in 1988
Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands had an oath-taking and induction ceremony rather than a coronation; and in Sweden, no king has been crowned since Oscar II in 1873. The Netherlands ( Dutch:, ˈnedərlɑnt is the European part of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, which consists of the Netherlands the Netherlands "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. Early life At his birth in Stockholm Oscar Frederik was created Duke of Östergötland. In Spain, although the crown is present and evident at the ceremony it is never actually placed on the monarch's head. Today's coronations of constitutional monarchs are more akin to political inaugurations. A constitutional monarchy, or a limited monarchy, is a form of Constitutional Government, wherein either an elected or hereditary Monarch is An inauguration is a ceremony of formal Investiture whereby an individual assumes an office or position of authority or power Belgium actually never had a crown (except as a 'virtual' heraldic emblem), the formal installation is a solemn oath on the constitution in parliament, symbolic of the restricted rule of the king under the then cutting-edge constitution of 1831.
Among the last grand coronation ceremonies the world saw were those of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi of Iran in 1967 and that of the Central African Republic's president Bokassa in 1977. Central Africa|Central African FederationThe Central African Republic ( CAR) République Centrafricaine ʀepyblik sɑ̃tʀafʀikɛn or Centrafrique) is a Landlocked Jean-Bédel Bokassa (ʒɑ̃ bedɛl bɔkasa 22 February 1921 &ndash 3 November 1996) also known as Bokassa I of Central Africa Furthermore, grand ceremonial is still customary in some South East Asian monarchies, notably for the King of Thailand, the Sultan of Brunei and King of Malaysia, where every five years one of the constitutional state monarchs (Sultans and one Raja) is crowned Yang di-Pertuan Agong (Paramount Ruler), i. The Kingdom of Thailand (ˈtaɪlænd ราชอาณาจักรไทย, râːtɕʰa-ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k-tʰɑj Brunei Darussalam, (bruːˈnaɪ in English officially the State of Brunei Abode of Peace (Negara Brunei Darussalam Jawi: برني دارالسلام For the biogeographical region see Malesia Malaysia (məˈleɪʒə or /məˈleɪziə/ is a country that consists of thirteen states and The Yang di-Pertuan Agong is the highest ranking office created by the constitution of the federation of Malaysia e. elective head of state of the federation. The successor to Queen Elizabeth II, Prince Charles will almost certainly have a grand coronation, in keeping with British ancient tradition, and because he may at the same time receive the title of Head of the Commonwealth (subject to agreement of the member states of the Commonwealth). For the ship see RMS Queen Elizabeth 2 Elizabeth II (Elizabeth Alexandra Mary Context States headed by Elizabeth II
References
- ^ Bury, J. B. History of the Later Roman Empire (1923), Chap. 1—The Constitution of the Monarchy, accessed 2007-06-18.
See also
- Royal coronations in Norway
- Royal coronations in Poland
- Coronation of the British Monarch
- Petrosomatoglyph
External links
- Royal Passion Bearer detailed description of the coronation of the Tsar begins on p. This is a list of royal Coronations in Norway from the 12th century through to the Modern era. This is a list of royal Coronations in Poland from the 10th century on beginning in the town of Gniezno, which was the main residence of the early The Coronation of the British Monarch is a Ceremony (specifically Initiation rite) in which the Monarch of the United Kingdom and of the other A petrosomatoglyph is an image of parts of a human or animal body incised in rock 4.
Dictionary
coronation
-noun
- The act or solemnity of crowning a sovereign; the act of investing a prince with the insignia of royalty, on his succeeding to the sovereignty.
- The pomp or assembly at a coronation.
- (slang, ironic) An uncontested party leadership election.
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