| Cornwall Kernow | |
 Flag | |
| Motto of County Council: Onen hag oll (Cornish) One and all | |
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| Geography | |
| Status | Ceremonial & (smaller) Non-metropolitan county |
|---|---|
| Region | South West England |
| Area - Total - Admin. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group A County council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a County. For the Cornish-English dialect see West Country dialects and List of Cornish dialect words. The ceremonial counties are areas of England that are appointed a Lord-Lieutenant, and are defined by the government as the Counties for the purposes of the Lieutenancies Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are one of the four levels of Subdivisions of England used for the purposes of Local government outside Greater London The region, also known as the government office region, is currently the highest tier of local government sub-national entity of England, with only one South West England is one of the Regions of England. It is the largest such region in terms of area and extends from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. council - Admin. area | Ranked 12th 3,563 km² (1,376 sq mi) Ranked 9th 3,547 km² (1,370 sq mi) |
| Admin HQ | Truro |
| ISO 3166-2 | GB-CON |
| ONS code | 15 |
| NUTS 3 | UKK30 |
| Demography | |
| Population - Total (2006 est. This is a List of Ceremonial counties of England by Area. See also Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. This is a list of non-metropolitan counties of England by area Truro (ˈtruːrəʊ Truru is a city in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration leisure ISO 3166-2GB is an ISO standard which defines Geocodes it is the subset of ISO 3166-2 which applies to the United Kingdom. The Office for National Statistics coding system is a hierarchical code used in the United Kingdom for tabulating Census and other statistical data The Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics, ( NUTS) for the French nomenclature d'unités territoriales statistiques, is a Geocode In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology ) - Density - Admin. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume council - Admin. pop. | Ranked 39th 526,300 148/km² (383/sq mi) Ranked 23rd 524,200 |
| Ethnicity | 99. This is a List of Ceremonial counties of England by Population. This is a list of non-metropolitan counties of England by population. 0% White, 1% Other |
| Politics | |
 Cornwall County Council http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/ | |
| Executive | Liberal Democrat |
| Members of Parliament | 5 |
| Districts | |
Show map | |
Cornwall (pronounced /ˈkɔrnwɒl/; Cornish: Kernow [ˈkɛrnɔʊ, ˈkɛɹnɔʊ]) is the most southwesterly county in England, United Kingdom, on the peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar. For the Cornish-English dialect see West Country dialects and List of Cornish dialect words. South West England is one of the Regions of England. It is the largest such region in terms of area and extends from Gloucestershire and Wiltshire to Metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties are one of the four levels of Subdivisions of England used for the purposes of Local government outside Greater London England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. The Tamar is a River in south western England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east and Cornwall (to the west The administrative centre and only city is Truro. A county town is the 'capital' of a County in the United Kingdom or Republic of Ireland. Truro (ˈtruːrəʊ Truru is a city in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration leisure Cornwall covers an area of 1,376 square miles (3,563 km²), including the Isles of Scilly, located 28 miles (45 km) offshore. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of Cornwall has a population of 513,528, with a relatively low population density of 373 people per square mile (144 /km²). The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of
Cornwall is noted for its wild moorland landscapes, its extensive and varied coastline and its mild climate. Moorland or moor is a type of habitat found in upland areas characterised by low growing vegetation on Acidic soils The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Also notable is Cornwall's stone age and industrial archaeology, especially its historic mining landscape, a world heritage site. The Stone Age is a broad prehistoric time period during which Humans widely used stone for toolmaking Archaeology, archeology, or archæology (from Greek grc ἀρχαιολογία archaiologia – grc ἀρχαῖος archaīos The Cornwall and West Devon Mining Landscape is a World Heritage Site which includes select mining landscapes across Cornwall and West Devon in the south A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex Tourism therefore forms a significant part (24%)[1] of the local economy; however, Cornwall is one of the poorest areas in the United Kingdom (62% of the UK average wage)[2] with the lowest per capita contribution to the national economy. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
Cornwall is the homeland of the Cornish people and is also considered one of the six "Celtic nations" by many residents and scholars. A homeland (rel Country of origin and native land) is the concept of the territory ( Cultural geography) to which an Ethnic group The Cornish people (Kernowyon are regarded as an Ethnic group of the United Kingdom originating in Cornwall. Celtic nations are areas of modern northwest Europe which identify themselves with the Celtic cultures specifically speakers of Celtic languages. [3] Some inhabitants question the present constitutional status of Cornwall and a self-government movement seeks greater autonomy for Cornwall. The constitutional status of Cornwall, in the southwest of the United Kingdom, is the subject of ongoing debate The Cornish self-government movement (sometimes referred to as Cornish nationalism) is a Social movement which seeks greater autonomy for the area of Autonomy ( Greek: Auto- Nomos - nomos meaning "law" one who gives oneself his/her own Law) is the right to Self-government [4]
Contents |
Etymology
The name Cornwall comes from a merger of two different terms from separate languages. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons.
The Roman term for the Celtic tribe which inhabited what is now Cornwall at the time of Roman rule, Cornovii, came from a Brythonic tribal name which gave modern Cornish Kernow, also known as Corneu to the Brythons. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. This is a list of Celtic tribes and associated Celtic peoples with their geographical localization Ancient Rome was a Civilization that grew out of a small agricultural community founded on the Italian Peninsula as early as the 10th century BC The Cornovii were a Celtic tribe who inhabited the far South West peninsula of Great Britain, during the Iron Age, Roman and post-Roman For the Cornish-English dialect see West Country dialects and List of Cornish dialect words. [5] This could be from two sources; the term may be related to the common Celtic root cern, or the Latin cornu, both of which mean "horn" or "peninsula", suggestive of the shape of Cornwall's landmass. The Celtic languages are descended from Proto-Celtic, or "Common Celtic" a branch of the greater Indo-European Language family. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. [6] The Cornovii were sufficiently established for their territory to be recorded as Cornubia by AD 700, the name meaning "people of the horn", and remained as such into the Middle Ages. Great Britain during the Middle Ages (from the 5th century withdrawal of Roman forces from the province of Britannia
During the 6th and 7th centuries, the name Cornubia became corrupted by extensive changes in the Old English language. [7] The Anglo-Saxons provided the suffix wealas, meaning "foreigners", creating the term Corn-wealas. For their language see Anglo-Saxon language. Anglo-Saxon is the term usually used to describe the invading Tribes in the south Some historians note that this was the word for Wales, however it is understood that the term applied instead to all Brythonic peoples and lands, who were considered foreign by the Anglo-Saxons. As Cornwall was known as West Wales and present-day Wales as North Wales during those times, the "Wales" meaning is probable.
History
The present human history of Cornwall begins with the reoccupation of Britain after the last ice age. The history of Cornwall begins with the pre-Roman inhabitants including speakers of a Celtic language that would develop into Brythonic and Cornish. This Timeline summarizes significant events in the History of Cornwall. The pre-Roman inhabitants included speakers of a Celtic language that would develop into the Brythonic language Cornish. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The Brythonic languages (or Brittonic languages or British languages) form one of the two branches of the Insular Celtic language family the other being For the Cornish-English dialect see West Country dialects and List of Cornish dialect words. [8] After a period of Roman rule, Cornwall reverted to independent Celtic chieftains. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The first account of Cornwall comes from the Sicilian Greek historian Diodorus Siculus (c. 90 BC–c. 30 BC), supposedly quoting or paraphrasing the fourth-century BC geographer Pytheas, who had sailed to Britain:
The inhabitants of that part of Britain called Belerion (or Land's End) from their intercourse with foreign merchants, are civilised in their manner of life. Dates Pliny says that Timaeus (born about 350 BC believed Pytheas' story of the discovery of Amber. They prepare the tin, working very carefully the earth in which it is produced…Here then the merchants buy the tin from the natives and carry it over to Gaul, and after travelling overland for about thirty days, they finally bring their loads on horses to the mouth of the Rhône. Gaul (Gallia was the Roman name for the region of Western Europe comprising present day northern Italy, France, Belgium, western
– [9]
The identity of these merchants is unknown. There has been a theory that they were Phoenicians, however there is no evidence for this. Phoenicia ( Phoenician: Phoenician nunsvg|12px|נ]]Phoenician nun [10] (For further discussion of tin mining see the section on the economy below. )
There is a theory that once silver was extracted from the copper ores of Cornwall in pre-Roman times, as silver is easily converted to its chloride (AgCl) by surface waters containing chlorine. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen [11]
In the early Middle Ages Cornwall came into conflict with the expanding kingdom of Wessex. West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation. The Annales Cambriae report that in 722 AD the Britons of Cornwall won a battle at Hehil. Annales Cambriae, or The Annals of Wales, is the name given to a complex of Cambro-Latin Chronicles deriving ultimately from a text compiled Annales Cambriae However, it is not stated whether the Cornish fought the West Saxons or some other enemy. In 814 King Egbert laid waste to West Wealas from East to West. Egbert (also spelt Ecgberht) (died 839 was King of Wessex from 802 until 839 The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles tells us that in 825 (adjusted date) a battle was fought between the "Welsh", presumably those of Cornwall, and the Anglo-Saxons. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle is a collection of Annals in Old English chronicling the history of the Anglo-Saxons. In 838, the Cornish and their Danish allies were defeated by Egbert at Hengestesdune (Anglo-Saxon Chronicles): an unknown location (various places have been suggested over the years from Hengistbury Head in Dorset, Hingston Down, Devon to Hingston Down in Cornwall). Hingston Down is a hill spur approximately one mile east of Moretonhampstead and 10 miles west of Exeter in Devon.
By the 880s Alfred the Great had accuired a small area of land west of the Tamar in the Stratton region, plus a few other small estates around Lifton (on Cornish soil east of the Tamar). Alfred the Great (also Ælfred from the Old English Ælfrēd ˈælfreːd (c See also Battle of Stratton 1643 Stratton is a small town situated near the coastal resort of Bude in North Cornwall, Lifton is a village in Devon, South West England situated near the confluence of the rivers Wolf and Lyd, 2 km south of These were provided to him illicitly through the Church whose Canterbury appointed priesthood was increasingly English dominated. [12] William of Malmesbury, writing around 1120, says that King Athelstan of England (924–939) fixed the boundary between English and Cornish people at the Tamar, their having until then lived as equals. Biography The education William received at Malmesbury Abbey included a smattering of Logic and Physics; Moral philosophy and History, The Cornish people (Kernowyon are regarded as an Ethnic group of the United Kingdom originating in Cornwall. The Tamar is a River in south western England, that forms most of the border between Devon (to the east and Cornwall (to the west
In 1013 Cornwall's enemy and Anglo-Saxon neighbour, Wessex was conquered by a Danish army under the leadership of the Viking leader and King of Denmark Sweyn Forkbeard. West Saxon redirects here For other meanings of Wessex or West Saxon see Wessex (disambiguation. Sweyn I Forkbeard, in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, in English Sven the Dane, also known as Swegen and Tuck, ( Old Norse Sweyn annexed Wessex to his Viking empire which included Denmark and Norway. He did not, however, annex Cornwall, Wales and Scotland, allowing these "client nations" self rule in return for an annual payment of tribute or "danegeld". Between 1013-1035 the Kingdom of Cornwall, Wales, much of Scotland and Ireland were not included in the territories of King Canute the Great[13]
The chronology of English expansion into Cornwall is unclear, but it had been absorbed into England by the reign of Edward the Confessor (1042–1066), when it apparently formed part of Godwin's and later Harold's earldom of Wessex. The Kingdom of Cornwall or Kernow existed during the sub-Roman and Early Middle Ages in Great Britain 's south-western peninsula Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world } Canute the Great, also known as Cnut in the Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, or Knut ( Old Norse: Knútr inn ríki, Norwegian King Edward the Confessor (c 1003 &ndash 5 January 1066 son of Ethelred the Unready, was the penultimate Anglo-Saxon King of England and the last Godwin of Wessex, also known as Godwine Goodwin Godwyn or Goodwyn (c Harold Godwinson, (c 1022 &ndash 14 October 1066 also known as Harold II, is widely regarded as the last Anglo-Saxon King of England before the [14]
The records of Domesday Book show that by this time the native Cornish landowning class had been almost completely dispossessed and replaced by English landowners, the largest of whom was Harold Godwinson himself. After the Norman conquest most of the land was seized and transferred into the hands of a new Norman aristocracy, with the lion's share going to Robert, Count of Mortain, half-brother of King William and the largest landholder in England after the king. Robert Count of Mortain was the half-brother of William I of England. William I of England ( 1027 His reign which brought Norman culture to England had an enormous impact on the subsequent course of England in the Middle Ages [15] Subsequently however, Norman absentee landlords became replaced by a new Cornu-Norman elite. These families eventually became the new Cornish aristocracy (typically speaking Norman French, Cornish, Latin and eventually English). Many becoming involved in the operation of the Stannary Parliament system, Earldom and eventually the Duchy [16]. The Cornish language continued to be spoken and it acquired a number of characteristics establishing its identity as a separate language from Breton. For the Cornish-English dialect see West Country dialects and List of Cornish dialect words. The Breton language ( Brezhoneg) formerly often called Armoric or Armorican, is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany Cornwall showed a very different type of settlement pattern to that of Saxon Wessex and places continued, even after 1066, to be named in the Celtic Cornish tradition with Saxon architecture being uncommon. Celts (ˈkɛlts or /ˈsɛlts/, see Names of the Celts The earliest record for any Anglo Saxon place names west of the Tamar is around 1040. [17]
Geography and climate
Cornwall forms the tip of the south-west peninsula of the island Great Britain, and is therefore exposed to the full force of the prevailing winds that blow in from the Atlantic Ocean. Physical geography Cornwall is located at. The highest point is Brown Willy at 420 m (1378 ft) part of the granite Bodmin Moor The Geology of Cornwall is dominated by its granite backbone formed during the Variscan orogeny. See also Kingdom of Great Britain Great Britain (Breatainn Mhòr Prydain Fawr Breten Veur Graet Breetain is the larger of the two main islands The prevailing winds are the trends in speed and direction of Wind over a particular point on the Earth 's surface The coastline is composed mainly of resistant rocks that give rise in many places to impressive cliffs. Geological resistance is a measure of how well Minerals resist erosive factors and is primarily based on hardness, Chemical reactivity and cohesion
The north and south coasts have different characteristics. The north coast is more exposed and therefore has a wilder nature. The prosaically named High Cliff, between Boscastle and Tintagel, is the highest sheer-drop cliff in Cornwall at 735 feet (224 m). Boscastle (Kastell Boterel is a Village and fishing port on the north coast of Cornwall, United Kingdom. Tintagel (tɪnˈtædʒəl with the stress on the second syllable Cornish: Dintagell) is a village situated on the Atlantic coast of Cornwall However, there are also many extensive stretches of fine golden sand which form the beaches that are so important to the tourist industry, such as those at Bude, St Agnes, St Ives, Perranporth, Porthtowan, Polzeath, Fistral Beach, Lusty Glaze Beach and Watergate Bay, Newquay. Bude (Bud is a small seaside resort town in North Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, at the mouth of the River Neet St Agnes ( Cornish Breanek) is a Village and a Parish in Carrick on the north coast of Cornwall, England St Ives (Porth Ia is a seaside town, Civil parish and port in the Penwith district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Perranporth (Porthpyran is a popular Surfing tourist destination on the north Coast of Carrick, Cornwall, UK, six miles south-west Porthtowan is a small village in the Carrick district of Cornwall, England, UK and is a popular Summer tourist destination which lies within History In 1911 a Methodist chapel was built on the road towards Trebetherick at what is now Chapel Corner. Fistral Beach is a major Surfing beach of the United Kingdom, located at Newquay, in Cornwall. Watergate Bay is a Bay located two miles north of Newquay on the B3276 Newquay to Padstow road near the village of Tregurrian in the Borough Newquay (Tewynn Pleustri is a town Civil parish, Seaside resort and Fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, There are two river estuary's on the north coast Hayle estuary and River Camel, which provides Padstow and Rock with a safe harbour. The River Camel is a river in Cornwall, UK. It rises on the edge of Bodmin Moor and together with its tributaries drains a considerable Padstow (Lannwedhenek is a small town its great Civil parish and cargo port on the north coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Rock is a village in Cornwall, England, UK, located at the Estuary on the North-Eastern bank of the River The south coast, dubbed the "riviera", is more sheltered and there are several broad estuaries offering safe anchorages, such as at Falmouth and Fowey. Falmouth (Aberfal is a town Civil parish and Port on the River Fal on the south coast of Cornwall, England, UK. Fowey ( IPA /ˈfɔɪ/ (rhymes with " Boy " Fowydh is a small Town, Civil parish and cargo port at the mouth of the Beaches on the south coast usually consist of coarser sand and shingle, interspersed with rocky sections of wave-cut platform. A wave-cut platform, or shore platform is the narrow flat area often seen at the base of a Sea cliff or along a large lake shore caused by the action of the
The interior of the county consists of a roughly east-west spine of infertile and exposed upland, with a series of granite intrusions, such as Bodmin Moor, which contains the highest land within Cornwall. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. Bodmin Moor ( Cornish: Goen Bren) is a Granite Moorland in northeastern Cornwall, UK, 208 km² (80 sq mile in size dating From east to west, and with approximately descending altitude, these are Bodmin Moor, the area north of St Austell, the area around Camborne, and the Penwith or Land's End peninsula. St Austell (Sen Ostell is a town in Cornwall, England, UK. St Austell has a population of 22658 (according to the 2001 census Not to be confused with Cambourne in Cambridgeshire. Camborne (Kammbronn Geography The Penwith peninsula sits predominantly on Granite bedrock that has led to the formation of a rugged coastline with many fine beaches Land's End ( Cornish name Penn an Wlas) is a headland on the Penwith Peninsula, located near Penzance in Cornwall These intrusions are the central part of the granite outcrops of south-west Britain, which include Dartmoor to the east in Devon and the Isles of Scilly to the west, the latter now being partially submerged. Dartmoor is an area of Moorland in the centre of Devon, England. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name
The intrusion of the granite into the surrounding sedimentary rocks gave rise to extensive metamorphism and mineralization, and this led to Cornwall being one of the most important mining areas in Europe until the early 20th century. Mining in Cornwall first began in the early Bronze Age approximately 2150 BC and ended with the South Crofty tin mine closing in 1998 Sedimentary rock is one of the three main rock types (the others being igneous and Metamorphic rock) Metamorphism can be defined as the solid state recrystallisation of pre-existing rocks due to changes in heat and/or pressure and/or introduction of fluids i It is thought Tin was mined here as early as the Bronze Age, and copper, lead, zinc and silver have all been mined in Cornwall. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 The term Bronze Age refers to a period in human cultural development when the most advanced Metalworking (at least in systematic and widespread use included techniques for Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly Zinc (ˈzɪŋk from Zink is a Metallic Chemical element with the symbol Zn and Atomic number 30 Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Mining in Cornwall first began in the early Bronze Age approximately 2150 BC and ended with the South Crofty tin mine closing in 1998 Alteration of the granite also gave rise to extensive deposits of China Clay, especially in the area to the north of St Austell, and this remains an important industry. Kaolinite is a Clay mineral with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5( OH)4 St Austell (Sen Ostell is a town in Cornwall, England, UK. St Austell has a population of 22658 (according to the 2001 census
The uplands are surrounded by more fertile, mainly pastoral farmland. Pasture is land with Herbaceous vegetation cover used for grazing of Ungulate Livestock as part of a Farm or Ranch. Near the south coast, deep wooded valleys provide sheltered conditions for a flora that likes shade and a moist, mild climate. These areas lie mainly of Devonian sandstone and slate. The Devonian is a geologic period and system of the Paleozoic era spanning from to million years ago. Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. Slate is a fine-grained foliated homogeneous, Metamorphic rock derived from an original Shale -type Sedimentary rock composed of Clay The north east of Cornwall lies on Carboniferous rocks known as the Culm Measures. The Carboniferous is a geologic period and system that extends from the end of the Devonian period about 359 The Culm Measures are a geological formation of the Carboniferous period that occur in south-west England, principally in Devon and Cornwall. In places these have been subjected to severe folding, as can been seen on the north coast near Crackington Haven and several other locations. Crackington Haven is a small cove between Bude and Boscastle on the Atlantic coast in North Cornwall, England, UK.
The geology of the Lizard peninsula is unusual, as it is Britain's only example of an ophiolite. The Geology of The Lizard, Cornwall in the United Kingdom has been the subject of much study An Ophiolite is a section of the Earth's Oceanic crust and the underlying upper mantle that has been uplifted or emplaced to be exposed within Continental Much of the peninsula consists of the dark green and red Precambrian serpentine rock, which forms spectacular cliffs, notably at Kynance Cove, and carved and polished serpentine ornaments are sold in local gift shops. The Precambrian ( Pre-Cambrian) is an informal name for the supereon comprising the eons of the Geologic timescale that came before the current The serpentine group describes a group of common rock-forming hydrous Magnesium Iron phyllosilicate (()3 Minerals they Kynance Cove is an Inlet on the Lizard Peninsula in south-west Cornwall, England, UK. This ultramafic rock also forms a very infertile soil which covers the flat and marshy heaths of the interior of the peninsula. Ultramafic (also referred to as ultrabasic) rocks are igneous and meta -igneous rocks with very low Silica content (less than 45% generally This is home to rare plants, such as the Cornish Heath, which has been adopted as the county flower. The Cornish heath ( Erica vagans) is a Species of heath that bears pink Flowers and mid-green Foliage. In a number of countries plants have been chosen as symbols to represent specific geographic areas [18]
Cornwall has varied habitats including terrestrial and marine ecosystems. One of the lower plant forms in decline locally is the Reindeer lichen, which species has been made a priority for protection under the national UK Biodiversity Action Plan. The thallophytes are a Polyphyletic group of non-mobile Organisms traditionally described as " relatively simple Plants " or " Cladonia rangifera undersideJPG|thumb|The underside of C rangiferina ]] Cladonia rangiferina, also known as Reindeer lichen (c This article is about a conservation biology topic For other uses of BAP see BAP (disambiguation.
Cornwall is the southernmost part of Britain, and therefore has a relatively warm and sunny climate. Climate encompasses the temperatures humidity rainfall atmospheric particle count and numerous other meteorogical factors in a given region over long periods of Winters are mild, and frost or snow are uncommon apart from in the central upland areas. The average annual temperature for most of Cornwall is 9. 8 to 12 degrees Celsius (49. The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. 6 to 53. 6 °F), with slightly lower temperatures at higher altitude. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 [19] Cornwall is exposed to mild, moist westerly winds from the Atlantic Ocean and has relatively high rainfall, though less than more northern areas of the west coast of Britain, at 1051 to 1290 mm (41. The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to 4 to 50. 8 in) per year. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. [20] Most of Cornwall enjoys over 1541 hours of sunshine per year. [21]
| Weather averages for Truro, Cornwall | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | |
| Average high °C (°F) | 8 (46) | 8 (46) | 10 (50) | 12 (54) | 15 (59) | 17 (63) | 19 (66) | 19 (66) | 17 (63) | 14 (57) | 11 (52) | 9 (48) | |
| Average low °C (°F) | 5 (41) | 4 (39) | 5 (41) | 6 (43) | 8 (46) | 11 (52) | 13 (55) | 14 (57) | 12 (54) | 10 (50) | 7 (45) | 6 (43) | |
| Precipitation mm (inches) | 81 (3. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 2) | 63 (2. 5) | 49 (1. 9) | 54 (2. 1) | 40 (1. 6) | 47 (1. 9) | 48 (1. 9) | 51 (2) | 57 (2. 2) | 87 (3. 4) | 87 (3. 4) | 78 (3. 1) | |
| Source: Foreca[22] 2008 | |||||||||||||
Politics and administration
Cornwall is currently administered as a non-metropolitan county of England with six districts, Caradon, Carrick, Kerrier, North Cornwall, Penwith, and Restormel, with Cornwall County Council and Cornwall's Courts of Justice being located in Truro. Cornwall is a county in South West England whose politics are influenced by a number of issues that make it distinct from the general political scene in Geography The Penwith peninsula sits predominantly on Granite bedrock that has led to the formation of a rugged coastline with many fine beaches Housing On 9th January 2008 the ‘Regional Spatial Strategy for the South West’ (RSS announced plans to massively increase house-building in Cornwall stating that almost 70000 Carrick is a local government district in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Twinning Restormel is twinned by oath which can be viewed in the council offices in St Austell, with Kreis Dithmarschen. Caradon is a local government district in Cornwall, United Kingdom. Housing On 9th January 2008 the ‘Regional Spatial Strategy for the South West’ (RSS announced plans to massively increase house-building in Cornwall stating that almost 70000 Truro (ˈtruːrəʊ Truru is a city in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration leisure Redruth (Rysrudh is a town and Civil parish in the district of Kerrier (traditionally in Penwith Hundred) Cornwall, England Falmouth (Aberfal is a town Civil parish and Port on the River Fal on the south coast of Cornwall, England, UK. Penzance (Pensans also Penzans, IPA: /pɛnˈzæns/ is a town Civil parish, and Port in the Penwith district of Cornwall St Ives (Porth Ia is a seaside town, Civil parish and port in the Penwith district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Hayle (Heyl is a small town Civil parish and cargo port in the Penwith District of Cornwall, UK. Not to be confused with Cambourne in Cambridgeshire. Camborne (Kammbronn Helston (Hellys or Henlys is a small Town and Civil parish in the Kerrier district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Newquay (Tewynn Pleustri is a town Civil parish, Seaside resort and Fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, St Austell (Sen Ostell is a town in Cornwall, England, UK. St Austell has a population of 22658 (according to the 2001 census Helston (Hellys or Henlys is a small Town and Civil parish in the Kerrier district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Bodmin (Bosvenegh is a Town in Cornwall, United Kingdom, with a population of 12778 (2001 census ({{lang-kw|Ponsrys}} is a town in [[North Cornwall] England, UK, located on the Camel Estuary some 5 miles (8 km upstream from Padstow Saltash (Essa is a town in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Liskeard ( IPA /lɪˈskɑd/ — correctly stressed on the second syllable but often wrongly on the first (Lys Kerwyd or Lyskerrys is an ancient stannary and Launceston (Lannstefan the English name is ˈlɔːns(tən /ˈlɑːns(tən/ or /ˈlæns(tən/ usually without the 't' by the Cornish but with by everyone else is Bude (Bud is a small seaside resort town in North Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, at the mouth of the River Neet A non-metropolitan county or shire county in England, is a county-level entity which is not a Metropolitan county. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland Caradon is a local government district in Cornwall, United Kingdom. Carrick is a local government district in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Housing On 9th January 2008 the ‘Regional Spatial Strategy for the South West’ (RSS announced plans to massively increase house-building in Cornwall stating that almost 70000 Housing On 9th January 2008 the ‘Regional Spatial Strategy for the South West’ (RSS announced plans to massively increase house-building in Cornwall stating that almost 70000 Geography The Penwith peninsula sits predominantly on Granite bedrock that has led to the formation of a rugged coastline with many fine beaches Twinning Restormel is twinned by oath which can be viewed in the council offices in St Austell, with Kreis Dithmarschen. Cornwall ( Kernow ˈkɛɹnɔʊ is the most southwesterly county of England, on the Peninsula that lies to the west of the River Tamar Truro (ˈtruːrəʊ Truru is a city in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration leisure In April 2009, Cornwall will become a unitary authority after a bid was accepted by the UK government, resulting in its six districts being scrapped and council functions being centralised in Truro. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions Her Majesty's Government, or when the monarch is male His Majesty's Government, is the title used by the Government of the United Kingdom, based at [23] While projected to streamline services, cut red-tape and save around £17 million a year, it has met with wide opposition, with one poll giving a result of 89% disapproval from Cornish residents. [24]
The Isles of Scilly have in some periods been served by the same county administration as Cornwall, but are today a separate Unitary Authority. See also Independent city A unitary authority is a type of Local authority that has a single tier and is responsible for all Local government functions They are still grouped with Cornwall for many ceremonial and administrative purposes, such as NHS Trusts and Devon and Cornwall Police. [25]
As of May 2008, and before the change to unitary status, there are 82 county council seats, the majority of which are currently held by Liberal Democrats (2005 county council election). The Liberal Democrats, often shortened to Lib Dems, are a liberal Political party in the United Kingdom, formed in 1988 by merging the The six districts in Cornwall have a total of 249 council seats, and the numerically largest main groups represented on them are Liberal Democrats, Conservatives, and independents. The Conservative Party (officially the Conservative and Unionist Party) is a Political party in the United Kingdom.
Cornwall currently elects five MPs to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, all of whom are Liberal Democrats as from the 2005 general election. The House of Commons' is the Lower house of the Parliament of the United Kingdom, which also comprises the Sovereign and the House of Lords Results Overview For events leading up to the date of the election see article Pre-election day events of the United Kingdom general A reshuffle of parliamentary boundaries will create a sixth parliamentary constituency in Cornwall which will be fought for the first time at the next British general election in 2009. Until 1832, Cornwall had 44 MPs – more than any other county – reflecting the importance of tin to the English crown. [26] The chief registered parties contesting elections in Cornwall are Conservatives, Greens, Labour, Liberal Democrats, Mebyon Kernow, and the United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP). The Green Party of England and Wales (GPEW (Plaid Werdd Cymru a Lloegr is the principal Green political party in England and Wales. The Labour Party is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Founded at the start of the 20th century it has been since the 1920s the principal party of the Mebyon Kernow ( Cornish for "Sons of Cornwall" often abbreviated MK) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom Independence Party (commonly known as UKIP, ˈjuːkɪp In July 2007, Conservative leader David Cameron appointed Mark Prisk to the newly-created post of Shadow Minister for Cornwall. David William Donald Cameron (born 9 October 1966 is a British Politician and the current leader of the Conservative Party and Leader of Her Majesty's Michael Mark Prisk (born 12 June 1962, Cornwall) is a politician in the United Kingdom. [27]
There is a growing call within Cornwall for greater self-rule. Truro (ˈtruːrəʊ Truru is a city in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration leisure The Cornish self-government movement (sometimes referred to as Cornish nationalism) is a Social movement which seeks greater autonomy for the area of Many residents advocate the creation of a Cornish Assembly, along the lines of those for Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland, and/or a separate Cornish Development Agency, a result of discontent with the South West Regional Development Agency. The Cornish Assembly is a proposed devolved Regional assembly for Cornwall in the United Kingdom along the lines of the Scottish Parliament Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Northern Ireland (Tuaisceart Éireann Ulster Scots: Norlin Airlann) is a Country within the United Kingdom, lying in the northeast of The South West of England Regional Development Agency leads the development of a sustainable economy in the South West England, investing to unlock the region’s business potential Some residents suggest a high degree of autonomy within England, or split from England and become a fifth home nation of the United Kingdom. England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland "Home nation" (common noun redirects here home nation is also used to refer to the host country of Multi-sport events (eg The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located
Cornish nationalists have organised into two political parties: Mebyon Kernow, formed in 1951, and the Cornish Nationalist Party. Mebyon Kernow ( Cornish for "Sons of Cornwall" often abbreviated MK) is a Political party in the United Kingdom. Disambiguation the term "Cornish Nationalist Party" is sometimes used incorrectly for Mebyon Kernow " The Cornish Nationalist Party (CNP or Party Kenethlegek In addition to the political parties, there are various interest groups such as the Cornish Stannary Parliament and the Celtic League. The Stannary Parliaments and Stannary Courts were legislative and legal institutions in Cornwall and in West Devon (in the Dartmoor area In November 2000, the Cornish Constitutional Convention was formed to campaign for a Cornish Assembly. It is a cross-party organisation including representatives from the private, public, and voluntary sectors, of all political parties and none. Between 5 March 2000 and December 2001, the campaign collected the signatures of 41,650 Cornish residents endorsing the declaration for a devolved regional Cornish Assembly, along with 8,896 signatories from outside Cornwall. Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a [28] The campaign also has the support of all five Cornish Lib Dem MPs and Mebyon Kernow. Mebyon Kernow ( Cornish for "Sons of Cornwall" often abbreviated MK) is a Political party in the United Kingdom.
Additionally, some groups and individuals question the present constitutional status of Cornwall, doubting the legality of Cornwall's current administration as a county of England, and Cornwall's relationship to the Duchy of Cornwall. The constitutional status of Cornwall, in the southwest of the United Kingdom, is the subject of ongoing debate The Duchy of Cornwall is with the Duchy of Lancaster, one of the two Royal duchies in England. Another political issue is the rights of the Cornish people as a minority. The Cornish people (Kernowyon are regarded as an Ethnic group of the United Kingdom originating in Cornwall. [29]
Settlements and communication
- See also: Transport in Cornwall and Media in Cornwall
Cornwall's only city, and the home of the county council, is Truro. The transport system in Cornwall is part of the highly developed network of the United Kingdom. The media in Cornwall has a long and distinct history The county has a wide range of different types and quality of media Truro (ˈtruːrəʊ Truru is a city in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration leisure A County council is the elected administrative body governing an area known as a County. Truro (ˈtruːrəʊ Truru is a city in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration leisure Nearby Falmouth is notable as a port, while the ports at Penzance, the most westerly town in England, St Ives and Padstow have declined. Falmouth (Aberfal is a town Civil parish and Port on the River Fal on the south coast of Cornwall, England, UK. Penzance (Pensans also Penzans, IPA: /pɛnˈzæns/ is a town Civil parish, and Port in the Penwith district of Cornwall St Ives (Porth Ia is a seaside town, Civil parish and port in the Penwith district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Padstow (Lannwedhenek is a small town its great Civil parish and cargo port on the north coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Newquay on the north coast is famous for its beaches and is a popular surfing destination, as is Bude further north. Newquay (Tewynn Pleustri is a town Civil parish, Seaside resort and Fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, Bude (Bud is a small seaside resort town in North Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, at the mouth of the River Neet St Austell is Cornwall's largest town, and a centre of the china clay industry. St Austell (Sen Ostell is a town in Cornwall, England, UK. St Austell has a population of 22658 (according to the 2001 census Kaolinite is a Clay mineral with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5( OH)4 Redruth and Camborne is the largest urban area in Cornwall, and both were significant as the centre of the global tin mining industry. Redruth (Rysrudh is a town and Civil parish in the district of Kerrier (traditionally in Penwith Hundred) Cornwall, England Not to be confused with Cambourne in Cambridgeshire. Camborne (Kammbronn
Cornwall borders the county of Devon at the River Tamar. Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name Major road links between Cornwall and the rest of Great Britain are the A38 which crosses the Tamar at Plymouth via the Tamar Bridge and the town of Saltash, the A39 road (Atlantic Highway) from Barnstaple, passing through North Cornwall to end eventually in Falmouth, and the A30 which crosses the border south of Launceston. The A38 is a major Trunk road in England. Though formally known as the Exeter - Leeds Trunk Road it actually runs from Bodmin in Cornwall Plymouth ( is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England about south west of London. The Tamar Bridge is a major Road Bridge in southwest England carrying traffic between Devon and Cornwall. Saltash (Essa is a town in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The A39 is an A road in south west England. It runs south-west from Bath in Somerset through Wells, Glastonbury, Street Barnstaple ( IPA /ˈbɑːnstəbl/ is a town in the county of Devon in the south west of England. Housing On 9th January 2008 the ‘Regional Spatial Strategy for the South West’ (RSS announced plans to massively increase house-building in Cornwall stating that almost 70000 Falmouth (Aberfal is a town Civil parish and Port on the River Fal on the south coast of Cornwall, England, UK. The A30 is an old Trunk road (main road which runs from central London to Land's End, the westernmost point of the mainland of southern Great Britain ( though Launceston (Lannstefan the English name is ˈlɔːns(tən /ˈlɑːns(tən/ or /ˈlæns(tən/ usually without the 't' by the Cornish but with by everyone else is A car ferry also links Plymouth with the town of Torpoint on the opposite side of the Hamoaze. The Torpoint Ferry is a car and Pedestrian chain ferry crossing the Hamoaze, a stretch of water at the mouth of the River Tamar, between Plymouth ( is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England about south west of London. Torpoint (Penntorr is a town in the far south east of Cornwall, England, separated from the city of Plymouth by a stretch of water referred to as the The Hamoaze (ˈhɒmøz in Cornish) is an estuarine stretch of Water at the point where the tidal River Tamar, the River Tavy, A rail bridge, the Royal Albert Bridge, built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel (1859) provides the only other major transport link. The Royal Albert Bridge (sometimes called the Brunel Bridge or Saltash Bridge) spans the River Tamar in the United Kingdom between Isambard Kingdom Brunel, FRS (9 April 1806 &ndash 15 September 1859 (ˈɪzəmbɑrd ˈkɪŋdəm brʊˈnɛl was a British Engineer.
Newquay Airport shares RAF St. Mawgan's runways and facilities and connects Cornwall to the rest of the UK and Ireland. Newquay Cornwall Airport is the main commercial Airport for Cornwall, South West England, 4 miles northeast of Newquay on Cornwall's north coast History Opened as a civilian airfield in 1933 it was requisitioned at the outbreak of World War II and named RAF Trebelzue, initially as a satellite of nearby
Cardiff and Swansea, across the Bristol Channel, are connected to Cornwall by ferry, usually to Padstow. Cardiff ( 'kɑːdɪf) is the Capital and the largest city and county in Wales. Swansea ( Abertawe "mouth of the Tawe " is a city and county in Wales. Swansea in particular has several boat companies who can arrange boat trips to north Cornwall, which allow the traveller to pass by the north Cornish coastline, including Tintagel Castle and Padstow harbour. Tintagel (tɪnˈtædʒəl with the stress on the second syllable Cornish: Dintagell) is a village situated on the Atlantic coast of Cornwall Very occasionally, the Waverley and Balmoral paddle steamers cruise from Swansea or Bristol to Padstow. History The Waverley was built in 1946 as a replacement for an earlier PS Waverley of 1899 that took part in the WW II war effort as a minesweeper Padstow (Lannwedhenek is a small town its great Civil parish and cargo port on the north coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom The last time the Waverly visited Padstow was Whitsun Bank Holiday 2004, sailing right into Padstow habour with passengers from the Mumbles, near Swansea.
The Isles of Scilly are served by ferry (from Penzance), helicopter (Penzance Heliport) and fixed wing aeroplane (Land's End Aerodrome, near St Just). Penzance (Pensans also Penzans, IPA: /pɛnˈzæns/ is a town Civil parish, and Port in the Penwith district of Cornwall Penzance Heliport is located 06 Nautical miles (11 km northeast of Penzance, Cornwall, England, UK. Land's End ( Cornish name Penn an Wlas) is a headland on the Penwith Peninsula, located near Penzance in Cornwall An aerodrome is an area on land or water (including any buildings installations and equipment used for the arrival and departure of aircraft Further flights to St. Mary's, Isles of Scilly, are available from Exeter International Airport in Devon. St Mary's Airport is an airport located 1 Nautical mile (19 km east of Hugh Town on St
Flag
Saint Piran's Flag is regarded by some people, including Cornish nationalists, as the national flag of Cornwall, and an emblem of the Cornish people; and by others as the county flag. The banner of Saint Piran is a white cross on a black background. For the coastal town Saint Piran is supposed to have adopted these two colours from seeing the white tin in the black coals and ashes during his supposed discovery of tin. Davies Gilbert in 1826 described it as anciently the flag of St Piran and the banner of Cornwall,[30] and another history of 1880 said that: "The white cross of St. Davies Gilbert (born Davies Giddy) ( 6 March 1767 &ndash 24 December 1839) was a British Engineer, Piran was the ancient banner of the Cornish people. " The Cornish flag is an exact reverse of the former Breton national flag (black cross) and is known by the same name " Kroaz Du". Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into
Commonly understood to represent the white tin metal against the black tin ore, symbolically, however, the flag is said to represent the light of truth shining through the blackness/darkness of evil.
Another theory of the black and white colours is that the white cross represents the igneous/metamorphic rocks of colour such as granite and schists (mainly found in the southwest of Cornwall), while the black background represents the weathered Devonian slate and Carboniferous sandstone (both of which are mainly black-greyish in appearance) of the northern part of Cornwall. Granite (ˈɡrænɪt is a common and widely occurring type of intrusive, Felsic, igneous rock. The schists form a group of medium-grade Metamorphic rocks chiefly notable for the preponderance of lamellar Minerals such as Micas chlorite
There are claims that the patron saint of Cornwall is Saint Michael or Saint Petroc, but Saint Piran is by far the most popular of the three and his emblem is internationally[31][32] recognised as the flag of Cornwall. Michael (מִיכָאֵל Micha'el or Mîkhā'ēl; Μιχαήλ Mikhaíl; Michael or Míchaël; ميخائيل Mikhā'īl) is an Petrock redirects here You may be looking for Pet Rock, or the 7th century Dumnonian king Petroc Baladrddellt. St Piran's Day (5 March) is celebrated by the Cornish diaspora around the world. St Piran's Day is the National day of the people of Cornwall, held on 5 March every year Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian moves from Antioch with an army of 90000 to attack the Sassanid Empire, in a Cornish emigration consists of Cornish Emigrants and their descendants in other parts of Great Britain and in countries such as the United States
Economy
Cornwall is one of the poorest areas in the United Kingdom. The economy of Cornwall, in the United Kingdom, is largely dependent upon agriculture followed by tourism St Ives (Porth Ia is a seaside town, Civil parish and port in the Penwith district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom The GVA per head was 65% of the UK average for 2004. [33]. The GDP per head for Cornwall and the Scillies was 79. 2 of the EU-27 average for 2004, the UK per head average was 123. 0 [34]
Historically tin mining was important in the Cornish economy. The first reference to this appears to be by Pytheas: see above. Julius Caesar was the last classical writer to mention the tin trade, which appears to have declined during the Roman occupation. Tin is a Chemical element with the symbol Sn (stannum and Atomic number 50 [35] The tin trade revived in the Middle Ages, and the Cornish Rebellion of 1497 is attributed to tin miners. The Cornish Rebellion of 1497 was a popular uprising by the people of Cornwall in the far south west of Britain. [36] In the mid-nineteenth century, however, the tin trade again fell into decline.
Cornwall is one of four UK areas that qualifies for poverty-related grants from the EU: it was granted Objective 1 status by the European Commission, followed by a further round of funding known as 'Convergence Funding'. The Regional policy of the European Union (EU is a policy with the stated aim of improving the Economic Well-being of certain regions The European Commission (formally the Commission of the European Communities) is the executive branch of the European Union.
Today, the Cornish economy depends heavily on its successful tourist industry, which makes up around a quarter of the Cornish economy. The official measures of deprivation and poverty at district and 'sub-ward' level show that there is great variation in poverty and prosperity in Cornwall with some areas among the poorest in England and others are among the top half in prosperity. For example, the ranking of 32,482 sub-wards in England in the index of multiple deprivation ranges from 819th (part of Penzance East) to 30, 899th (part of Saltash Burraton in Caradon), where the lower number represents the most deprivation. [37]
Cornwall's unique culture, spectacular landscape and mild climate make it a popular tourist destination, despite being somewhat distant from the United Kingdom's main tourist centres. Surrounded on three sides by the English Channel and Celtic Sea, Cornwall has miles of beaches and cliffs. The Celtic Sea (An Mhuir Cheilteach Y Môr Celtaidd An Mor Keltek Ar Mor Keltiek La Mer Celtique is the area of the Atlantic Ocean off the South Coast Other tourist attractions include moorland, country gardens and wooded valleys. Five million tourists visit Cornwall each year, mostly drawn from within the UK. [38] Visitors to Cornwall are served by airports at Newquay and Plymouth, whilst private jets, charters and helicopters are also served by Perranporth airfield; nightsleeper and daily rail services run between Cornwall, London and other regions of the UK. An airport is a location where Aircraft such as airplanes, Helicopters and blimps take off and land Newquay (Tewynn Pleustri is a town Civil parish, Seaside resort and Fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, Plymouth ( is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England about south west of London. Perranporth (Porthpyran is a popular Surfing tourist destination on the north Coast of Carrick, Cornwall, UK, six miles south-west London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom.
Newquay and Porthtowan are popular destinations for surfers. Newquay (Tewynn Pleustri is a town Civil parish, Seaside resort and Fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, Porthtowan is a small village in the Carrick district of Cornwall, England, UK and is a popular Summer tourist destination which lies within In recent years, the Eden Project near St Austell has been a major financial success, drawing one in eight of Cornwall's visitors. The Eden Project is a visitor attraction including the world's largest greenhouse St Austell (Sen Ostell is a town in Cornwall, England, UK. St Austell has a population of 22658 (according to the 2001 census [39]
Other industries are fishing, although this has been significantly damaged by EU fishing policies, (the Southwest Handline Fisherman's Association has started to revive the fishing industry),[40] and agriculture, which has also declined significantly. Mining of tin and copper was also an industry, but today the derelict mine workings survive only as a World Heritage Site[41] However, the Camborne School of Mines is still a world centre of excellence in its field. A UNESCO World Heritage Site is a site (such as a Forest, Mountain, Lake, Desert, Monument, Building, complex The Camborne School of Mines (in Cornish Scoll Balow Cambron) commonly abbreviated to CSM, is a specialist department of the University of Exeter [42] and the grant of World Heritage status has attracted funding for conservation and heritage tourism. [43] China clay extraction has also been an important industry in the St Austell area, but this sector has been in decline, and this, coupled with increased mechanisation, has led to a decrease in employment in this sector. Kaolinite is a Clay mineral with the chemical composition Al 2 Si 2 O 5( OH)4
In recent years Cornwall's creative industries have undergone significant growth, thanks in part to Objective One funding, as it is the only British county poor enough to receive such money. The Regional policy of the European Union (EU is a policy with the stated aim of improving the Economic Well-being of certain regions There is now a significant creative industry in Cornwall, encompassing areas like graphic design, product design, web design, packaging design, environmental design, architecture, photography, art and crafts.
Demographics
Cornwall's population is 513,527, and population density 144 people per square kilometre, ranking it 40th and 41st respectively compared with the other 47 counties of England. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume Cornwall has a relatively high level of population growth, however, at 11. 2% in the 1980s and 5. 3% in the 1990s, giving it the fifth highest population growth of the English counties. [44] The natural change has been a small population decline, and the population increase is due to immigration into Cornwall. [45] According to the 1991 census, the population was 469,800.
Cornwall has a relatively high retired population, with 22. 9% of pensionable age, compared with 20. 3% for the United Kingdom. [46] This may be due to a combination of Cornwall's rural and coastal geography increasing its popularity as a retirement location, and due to the emigration of younger residents to more economically diverse areas. Migration of pensioners from southern England to Cornwall, and emigration of young Cornish people, is a persistent concern.
Cornwall is sometimes described as being one of six Celtic nations alongside Brittany, Ireland, the Isle of Man, Scotland and Wales. Celtic nations are areas of modern northwest Europe which identify themselves with the Celtic cultures specifically speakers of Celtic languages. Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical Scotland ( Gaelic: Alba) is a Country in northwest Europethat occupies the northern third of the island of Great Britain. Just under 7% of the population of Cornwall gave their ethnicity as Cornish in the last census,[47]
Cornwall has a comprehensive education system, with 31 state and 8 independent secondary schools. The Cornish people (Kernowyon are regarded as an Ethnic group of the United Kingdom originating in Cornwall. A nationwide Census, commonly known as Census 2001, was conducted in the United Kingdom on Sunday 29 April 2001 There are three FE colleges - Penwith College (a former sixth form college), Cornwall College (occupying the former home of the Camborne School of Mines) and Truro College. Penwith College is a further and higher education institution based in Penzance, Cornwall. Cornwall College, St Austell, England, is the third largest Further education college in the country and is situated on various sites throughout Cornwall Truro College is located in Truro, Cornwall, in the United Kingdom. The Isles of Scilly only has one school. Restormel district has the highest school population, and school year sizes are around 200, with none above 270.
Higher education is provided by University College Falmouth, the Combined Universities in Cornwall (including Camborne School of Mines), and by Truro College, Penwith College and Cornwall College. University College Falmouth is a British University college in Falmouth Cornwall. The Combined Universities in Cornwall (CUC is a project to provide Higher education in Cornwall, one of the few counties in the United Kingdom The Camborne School of Mines (in Cornish Scoll Balow Cambron) commonly abbreviated to CSM, is a specialist department of the University of Exeter
The Cornish language is closely related to Welsh and Breton, and less so to Irish, Scots Gaelic and Manx. For the Cornish-English dialect see West Country dialects and List of Cornish dialect words. Welsh ( cy Cymraeg or cy y Gymraeg, kəmˈrɑːɨɡ and {{IPA|[ə ɡəmˈrɑːɨɡ]}}, is a member of the Brythonic branch of Celtic The Breton language ( Brezhoneg) formerly often called Armoric or Armorican, is a Celtic language spoken by some of the inhabitants of Brittany Irish (ga ''Gaeilge'' is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish. Scottish Gaelic ( Gàidhlig) is a member of the Goidelic branch of Celtic languages. Manx ( Gaelg or Gailck, ɡilk or) also known as Manx Gaelic, is a Goidelic language once spoken on the Isle A study in 2000 suggested that there were around 300 people who spoke Cornish fluently. [48] Cornish however has no legal status in the UK. Nevertheless, the language is taught in about twelve primary schools, and occasionally used in religious and civic ceremonies. [49]
Two of the current Members of Parliament (MPs) in the Parliament of the United Kingdom, Andrew George, MP for St Ives, and Dan Rogerson, MP for North Cornwall, repeated their Parliamentary oaths in Cornish. A Member of Parliament, or MP, is a representative elected by the voters to a Parliament. The Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland is the supreme legislative body in the United Kingdom and British overseas territories Andrew Henry George (born 2 December 1958 British Politician. St Ives is a County constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. Daniel John Rogerson (born 23 July 1975 St Austell) is the Liberal Democrat Member of Parliament for North Cornwall, first elected at the North Cornwall is a County constituency represented in the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom.
Culture
Visual arts
Since the 19th century, Cornwall, with its unspoilt maritime scenery and strong light, has sustained a vibrant visual art scene of international renown. Artistic activity within Cornwall was initially centred on the art-colony of Newlyn, most active at the turn of the century,[50] and associated with the names: Stanhope Forbes, Elizabeth Forbes,[51] Norman Garstin and Lamorna Birch. Newlyn (Lulynn is a town in southwest Cornwall, England, UK. The town forms a small Conurbation with neighbouring Penzance, Stanhope Alexander Forbes RA ( 18 November 1857, Dublin – 2 March 1947 Newlyn Cornwall) was an artist and member [52] Modernist writers such as D. H. Lawrence and Virginia Woolf lived in Cornwall between the wars,[53] and Ben Nicholson, the painter, having visited in the 1920s came to live in St Ives with his then wife, the sculptor Barbara Hepworth, at the outbreak of the second world war. David Herbert Richards Lawrence (11 September 1885 – 2 March 1930 was an English writer of the 20th century whose prolific and diverse output included Novels short (Adeline Virginia Woolf (née Stephen; 25 January 1882 – 28 March 1941 was an English Novelist and Essayist, regarded as one of the foremost Benjamin Lauder Nicholson OM, ( 10 April 1894 &ndash 6 February 1982) known as Ben Nicholson, was an English Dame Barbara Hepworth DBE (January 10 1903 &ndash May 20 1975 christened Jocelyn Barbara Hepworth) was a major British [54] They were later joined by the Russian emigrant Naum Gabo,[55] and other artists. Naum Gabo KBE, born Naum Neemia Pevsner ( August 5 1890 - August 23 1977) was a prominent Russian sculptor These included Peter Lanyon, Terry Frost, Patrick Heron, Bryan Wynter and Roger Hilton. Peter Lanyon (1918-1964 was a Cornish painter of landscapes leaning heavily towards abstraction Sir Terry Frost (born Terence Ernest Manitou Frost) ( October 13, 1915 – September 1, 2003) was an English artist noted Patrick Heron ( 30 January[[ 920]] &ndash 20 March[[ 999]] was an English painter, Writer and Designer, based in St Bryan Wynter ( September 8, 1915 &ndash February 2, 1975) was one of the St Roger Hilton was a pioneer of abstract art in post-war Britain St Ives also houses the Leach Pottery, where Bernard Leach, and his followers championed Japanese inspired studio pottery. Bernard Howell Leach CBE CH ( January 5, 1887 &ndash May 6, 1979) was a British Studio potter and [56] Much of this modernist work can be seen in Tate St Ives. Tate St Ives is an Art gallery in St Ives, Cornwall, UK, exhibiting work by modern British artists including work of the St [57] The Newlyn Society and Penwith Society of Arts continue to be active, and contemporary visual art is documented in a dedicated online journal [2]. The Penwith Society of Arts is an art group formed in St Ives, Cornwall, UK in early 1949 by Abstract artists who broke away from the more conservative
Music and festivals
Cornwall has a rich and vibrant folk music tradition which has survived into the present. Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous Cornwall is well-known for its unusual folk survivals such as Mummers Plays, the Furry Dance in Helston, and Obby Oss in Padstow. Helston (Hellys or Henlys is a small Town and Civil parish in the Kerrier district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Padstow, in Cornwall, UK is internationally famous for its traditional ' Obby 'Oss day (dialect for Hobby Horse) Padstow (Lannwedhenek is a small town its great Civil parish and cargo port on the north coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom
As with other former mining districts of Britain, Male voice choirs and Brass Bands[58] are still very popular in Cornwall. A brass band is a Musical group generally consisting entirely of Brass instruments, most often with a percussion section
Cornish players are regular participants in inter-Celtic festivals, and Cornwall itself has several lively inter-Celtic festivals such as Perranporth's Lowender Peran folk festival. Perranporth (Porthpyran is a popular Surfing tourist destination on the north Coast of Carrick, Cornwall, UK, six miles south-west [59]
On a more modern note, contemporary musician Richard D. James (also known as Aphex Twin) grew up in Cornwall, as did Luke Vibert (of Wagon Christ and Plug fame) and Alex Parks winner of Fame Academy 2003. Luke Vibert is a British recording artist and producer known for his work in many subgenres of Electronica. Luke Vibert is a British recording artist and producer known for his work in many subgenres of Electronica. Alexandra Rebecca Parks (born 26 July 1984 in Mount Hawke, Cornwall, England) is an English Singer-songwriter. Fame Academy was a televised competition to search for and educate new musical talents Roger Taylor, the drummer from the band Queen was also raised in the county, and currently lives not too far from Falmouth. Roger Taylor (born Roger Meddows-Taylor on July 26, 1949 in Dersingham, Norfolk later moved to Kings Lynn is an English Musician Queen were an English rock band formed in 1970 in London by guitarist Falmouth (Aberfal is a town Civil parish and Port on the River Fal on the south coast of Cornwall, England, UK. The American Singer/Songwriter Tori Amos now resides predominantly in North Cornwall not far from Bude with her family. Tori Amos (born Myra Ellen Amos on August 22, 1963) is a Pianist and Singer-songwriter of dual British and American [60]
Literature
Cornwall produced a substantial amount of passion plays during the Middle Ages. A Passion play is a Dramatic presentation depicting the Passion of Christ: the trial, suffering and Death Many are still extant, and provide valuable information about the Cornish language. Charles Causley, Launceston lad and poet laureate. Charles Causley, CBE ( 24 August 1917 &ndash 4 November 2003) was a Cornish Poet and Writer.
Daphne du Maurier lived in Cornwall and set many of her novels there, including Rebecca, Jamaica Inn, Frenchman's Creek, My Cousin Rachel, and The House on the Strand. Daphne du Maurier Lady Browning DBE ( 13 May, 1907 – 19 April, 1989) (ˈdæfnɪ du ˈmɒɹieɪ was a British Rebecca is a Novel by British author Daphne du Maurier. When Rebecca was first published in 1938 du Maurier became - to her great Jamaica Inn is a Novel by the Cornish writer Daphne du Maurier, first published in 1936 Frenchman's Creek is a 1942 Historical novel by Daphne du Maurier. My Cousin Rachel is a Novel by British author Daphne du Maurier, published in 1951. The House on the Strand is a novel by Daphne du Maurier. First published in 1969 by Victor Gollancz it is one of her later works [61] She is also noted for writing Vanishing Cornwall. Cornwall provided the inspiration for The Birds, one of her terrifying series of short stories, made famous as a film by Alfred Hitchcock. This is about the 1952 Daphne DuMaurier story "The Birds" Sir Alfred Joseph Hitchcock, KBE (13 [62] Hammond Innes' novel, The Killer Mine,[63] Charles de Lint's novel The Little Country,[64] Winston Graham's series Poldark, Kate Tremayne's Adam Loveday series, Susan Cooper's novels Over Sea, Under Stone[65] and Greenwitch, Mary Wesley's The Camomile Lawn and Gilbert and Sullivan's operettas The Pirates of Penzance and Ruddigore are all set in Cornwall. Ralph Hammond Innes ( July 15, 1913 &ndash June 10, 1998) was an English author who wrote over 30 novels as well as children's Charles de Lint (born December 22, 1951) is a Canadian Fantasy Author and Celtic Folk musician Along with writers Winston Mawdsley Graham OBE ( June 30, 1908 – July 10, 2003) was an English Novelist, best known for the Poldark is a series of Historical novels by Winston Graham, and a popular BBC television series of the 1970s based on the books Kate Tremayne is the name of a British novelist She is best known as the creator of the Loveday series of fictional novels about a family living in 18th Century rural England during Adam Loveday is a novel by Kate Tremayne, and is the first in the Loveday series of books Susan Mary Cooper (born 23 May 1935) is a British Author best known for The Dark Is Rising, an award-winning five-volume Over Sea Under Stone is the first novel in the five-volume " The Dark Is Rising " sequence by British author Susan Cooper. Mary Aline Mynors Farmar, CBE (24 June 1912 - 30 December 2002 better known as Mary Wesley, was a British Novelist. The Camomile Lawn (1984 is a novel by Mary Wesley about the lives of Richard and Helena Cuthbertson and their five nieces and nephews Calypso Walter Polly Gilbert and Sullivan refers to the Victorian era partnership of Librettist W The Pirates of Penzance, or The Slave of Duty is a Comic opera in two acts with music by Arthur Sullivan and Libretto by W Ruddigore, or The Witch's Curse, is a Comic opera in two acts with music by Arthur Sullivan and libretto by W Also of the trilogy by Monica Furlong, Juniper, and Colman take place in medieval Cornwall. Monica Furlong ( January 17, 1930 &ndash January 14, 2003) was a British Author, Journalist, and Activist Junipers are Coniferous plants in the genus Juniperus of the cypress family Cupressaceae. Conan Doyle's The Adventure of the Devil's Foot featuring Sherlock Holmes is set in Cornwall. Sir Arthur Ignatius Conan Doyle, DL (22 May 1859 – 7 July 1930 was an Anglo-Scottish Author most noted for his stories about the " The Adventure of the Devil's Foot " is one of the 56 Sherlock Holmes short stories written by British author Arthur Conan Doyle. Sherlock Holmes is a famous fictional detective of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries who first appeared in Publication in 1887 [66]
The Nobel-prizewinning novelist William Golding was born in St Columb Minor in 1911, and returned to live near Truro from 1985 until his death in 1993. Sir William Gerald Golding ( 19 September, 1911 – 19 June, 1993) was a British novelist poet and Nobel Prize for Literature St Columb Minor is a village on the North Coast of Cornwall, England, UK. Truro (ˈtruːrəʊ Truru is a city in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, and is the centre for administration leisure [67] The Scottish poet W. S. Graham lived in West Cornwall from 1944 until his death in 1986. William Sydney Graham ( November 19 1918 - January 9 1986) was a Scottish poet who is often associated with Dylan Thomas [68] The late Poet Laureate Sir John Betjeman was famously fond of Cornwall and it featured prominently in his poetry. A Poet Laureate is a Poet officially appointed by a government and is often expected to compose poems for State occasions and other government events Sir John Betjeman, CBE ( 28 August 1906 &ndash 19 May 1984 was an English poet writer and broadcaster who described himself in Who's Who He is buried in the churchyard at St Enodoc's Church, Trebetherick. St Enodoc's Church Trebetherick is a Chapel of ease in the parish of St Minver. [69]
Prolific writer Colin Wilson, best known for his debut work The Outsider (1956) and for The Mind Parasites (1967), lives in Gorran Haven, a little village on the southern Cornish coast, not far from Mevagissey and St Austell. Colin Henry Wilson (born June 26, 1931 in Leicester) is a prolific British writer The Outsider is a non-fiction book by Colin Wilson first published in 1956 The Mind Parasites is a Science fiction Horror novel by author Colin Wilson. Gorran Haven is a small Fishing village situated about 12 miles from St Austell, and 2 miles from Mevagissey, Cornwall, UK. Mevagissey (Lannvorek is a village and fishing port situated six miles south of St Austell in Cornwall, England, UK. St Austell (Sen Ostell is a town in Cornwall, England, UK. St Austell has a population of 22658 (according to the 2001 census
Chapters 24 and 25 of J. K. Rowling's Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows take place at Shell Cottage, which is on the beach outside the fictional village of Tinworth in Cornwall. Joanne "Jo" Rowling OBE (born 31 July 1965 who writes under the Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows is the seventh and final of the [70]
The second act of Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde takes place in Cornwall. Tristan und Isolde ( Tristan and Isolde, or Tristan and Isolda) is an Opera, or Music drama, in three acts by Richard Wagner
A level of Tomb Raider: Legend, a game dealing with Arthurian Legend, takes place in Cornwall at a tacky museum above King Arthur's tomb.
Religion
- See also: List of Cornish saints
Many place names in Cornwall are associated with Christian missionaries described as coming from Ireland and Wales in the fifth century AD and usually called saints (See List of Cornish saints). This is a list of a few of the Saints associated with Cornwall. This is a list of a few of the Saints associated with Cornwall. The historicity of some of these missionaries is problematic[71] and it has been pointed out by Doble that it was customary in the Middle Ages to ascribe such geographic origins to saints. Gilbert Hunter Doble ( 26 November 1880 – 15 April 1945) was an Anglican Priest and Cornish Historian [72] Some of these saints are not included in the early lists of saints. [73]
St Piran, after whom Perranporth is named, is generally regarded as the patron saint of Cornwall. For the coastal town Perranporth (Porthpyran is a popular Surfing tourist destination on the north Coast of Carrick, Cornwall, UK, six miles south-west [74]
In the sixteenth century there was some violent resistance to the replacement of Catholicism with Protestantism in the 1549 uprising. The Prayer Book Rebellion, Western Rising or Western Rebellion was a popular revolt in Cornwall and Devon, in 1549 [75] From the eighteenth to the mid-twentieth century Methodism was the leading form of Christianity in Cornwall but is now in decline. [76] The Anglican Diocese of Truro was created in 1877. The Diocese of Truro forms part of the Province of Canterbury in England. [77]
Cornwall and the South-west of England in general is also home to the largest number of Buddhists in Europe. Buddhism is a family of beliefs and practices There are also many witches, pagans, and cunning folk. Witchcraft, in various historical anthropological religious and mythological contexts is the use of certain kinds of Supernatural or magical powers In English history, the cunning man or cunning woman is a professional or semi-professional folk magic user up until the 20th century and to a lesser degree
Sports and games
Among Cornwall's native sports are a distinctive form of Celtic wrestling related to Breton wrestling, and hurling, a kind of mediaeval football played with a silver ball (distinct from Irish Hurling). Cornish wrestling is a form of Wrestling similar to Judo, which has been established in Cornwall (South West of the UK for several centuries Brittany (Breizh bʁejs Bretagne; Gallo: Bertaèyn) is a former independent Celtic kingdom and Duchy, now incorporated into Hurling or Hurling the Silver Ball (Hyrlîan is an outdoor team Sport of Celtic origin Hurling (in Irish, iománaíocht or iomáint) is an outdoor team Sport of ancient Gaelic origin administered by the Gaelic Cornish Wrestling is Cornwall's oldest sport and as Cornwall's native tradition it has travelled the world to places like Victoria, Australia and Grass Valley, Virginia following the miners and gold rushes. Cornish wrestling is a form of Wrestling similar to Judo, which has been established in Cornwall (South West of the UK for several centuries A gold rush is a period of feverish migration of workers into the area of a dramatic discovery of commercial quantities of Gold. Hurling now takes place at St. Columb Major and St Ives although hurling of a silver ball is part of the beating the bounds ceremony at Bodmin every five years. St Columb Major (Sen Kolomm Veur often simply called St Columb, is a town in Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, to the south west of St Ives (Porth Ia is a seaside town, Civil parish and port in the Penwith district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Bodmin (Bosvenegh is a Town in Cornwall, United Kingdom, with a population of 12778 (2001 census
While Rugby is widely held to be the most popular sport in Cornwall, football has in recent years increased in popularity. Football is the word given to a number of similar Team sports all of which involve (to varying degrees kicking a Ball with the foot in an attempt to score a Truro City F.C. have the largest following; and currently play in the Western League Premier division. Truro City FC are a football club based in Truro, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. This fits in with their Chairman's (Kevin Heaney) ambitions to eventually play in league football, a prospect that is realistically expected to take around 5 years, as they still have several steps to progress up the pyramid structure of leagues. Truro City F.C. became the first ever Cornish football club to win a national competition when in 2007 they won the FA Vase, defeating AFC Totton 3-1 in the final. Truro City FC are a football club based in Truro, Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. The Football Association Challenge Vase is an annual football competition for teams playing in the lower regional leagues of England. AFC Totton is a football club based in Totton, Hampshire, England. However, the vast majority of matchgoing football fans in Cornwall are supporters of Plymouth Argyle, just over the Tamar. For details of the current season see Plymouth Argyle FC season 2008-09 Plymouth Argyle Football Club, commonly known as Argyle
Though rugby is thought to have originated from Rugby School in the early 19th century, Richard Carew described in his 1602 work, 'Survey of Cornwall' a game which is rather similar to rugby yet distinct from hurling. Rugby School, located in the town of Rugby, Warwickshire, is a Co-educational Boarding school and one of the oldest public schools Richard Carew may refer to Richard Carew (antiquary, English translator and antiquary (1555-1620 Sir Richard Carew Pole 13th Baronet Hurling or Hurling the Silver Ball (Hyrlîan is an outdoor team Sport of Celtic origin Cornish 'hurlers' travelled to London to player 'demonstration matches' of the sport several times in the seventeenth century. Rugby union has the largest following in Cornwall (more so than football), with two teams in national league 1, Cornish Pirates (recently renamed from Penzance & Newlyn RFC) and Launceston RFC "the Cornish All Blacks" (who were promoted to national league 1 in the 06/07 season). Overview See also Playing rugby union A rugby union match lasts for 80 minutes (plus stoppage time with a short Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered The Cornish Pirates are a British professional Rugby union team who play in National Division One of the English rugby union league and are the Redruth R.F.C. "the Reds" are also in the national league 2 and get good support. Redruth RFC is a Rugby Union team from Cornwall. Early Reds Redruth RFC was founded in 1875 when two local men returned from college to their Penzance based Mounts Bay are the newest national league team, being promoted as champions from South West 1 in 2007. Both Mounts Bay (EDF Intermediate Cup) and the Cornish Pirates (EDF National Trophy) were successful at Twickenham in 2007.
The Cornish rugby team (dubbed Trelawny's Army) used to draw large crowds of supporters to its matches in the county championship, especially if they have progressed to a Twickenham final. The Cornwall Rugby Football Union (CRFU was formed in 1883 It is a union of 39 rugby clubs which includes every Cornish rugby union club the open age Cornwall representative Sir Jonathan Trelawny 3rd Baronet ( March 24 1650, Trelawne in the parish of Pelynt, Cornwall &ndash July 19 1721, London Cornish are an exiles team along the lines of London Irish, London Scottish and London Welsh. For the British Army regiment see London Irish Rifles London Irish (also known as The Exiles) is an English Rugby London Welsh Rugby Football Club is a Rugby union club based in London that currently plays in National Division One, the second level of the English
The Cornwall Cougars basketball team are the only National League representatives from the county, based in St Austell, though Devon-based professional club Plymouth Raiders, of the top-tier British Basketball League, pull in many supporters from Cornwall. Basketball is a team Sport in which two teams of five active players each try to score points against one another by propelling a ball through a 10 feet (3 m St Austell (Sen Ostell is a town in Cornwall, England, UK. St Austell has a population of 22658 (according to the 2001 census Devon is a large county in the South West of England. The county is also referred to as Devonshire, but that is an entirely unofficial name The Plymouth Raiders, officially called Airwaves Plymouth Raiders by sponsorship is South-west England 's leading Basketball team
From 2001 until 2003, the only fully professional sports team in Cornwall were the Trelawny Tigers speedway team, who raced at the Clay Country Moto Parc in the clay pits near St Austell. Trelawny Tigers operated as a British Premier League Speedway team during the 2001-2003 seasons at the Clay Country Moto Parc. Motorcycle speedway, usually referred to as speedway, is a Motorcycle sport involving four and sometimes up to six riders competing over four anti-clockwise The team took over from the St Austell Gulls who were an amateur speedway team which operated from 1997 to 2000. The Gulls also operated at Par Moor in the 1950s.
One of the earliest references to cricket in Cornwall is 1816 and Sir William Pratt Call of Whiteford house in Stoke Climsland, organised a match against the Plymouth Garrison, and noted:- tea and a meal in a marquee at 6 o'clock. Cricket is a bat-and-ball team Sport that originated in England and is now played in more than 100 countries Sir William Pratt Call 2nd Baronet ( 28 September 1781 - 3 December 1851) is best known for holding the office of High Sheriff of Cornwall Stoke Climsland is a village in the River Tamar Valley Cornwall, England, United Kingdom. Plymouth ( is a city and unitary authority area on the coast of Devon, England about south west of London. Garrison (various spellings (from the French garnison, itself from the verb garnir, "to equip" is the collective term for a body of Troops Cornwall County Cricket Club competes in the Minor Counties Championship, the second tier National County structure. Cornwall County Cricket Club is one of the county clubs which make up the Minor Counties in the English domestic Cricket structure representing
Due to its large coastline, various maritime sports are popular in Cornwall, notably sailing and surfing. Sailing is the art of controlling a Sailing vessel. By changing the Rigging, Rudder and dagger or centre board a Sailor manages the force Surfing is a surface water sport in which the participant is carried along the face of a breaking wave, most commonly using a Surfboard, although wave-riders International events in both are held in Cornwall. Cornwall hosted the Inter-Celtic Watersports Festival in 2006. Surfing in particular is very popular, as locations such as Bude and Newquay offer some of the best surf in the UK. Bude (Bud is a small seaside resort town in North Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, at the mouth of the River Neet Newquay (Tewynn Pleustri is a town Civil parish, Seaside resort and Fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, Pilot gig rowing has been popular for many years and the World championships takes place annually on the Isles of Scilly. The Cornish pilot gig is a six-oared rowing Boat, built of Cornish narrow leaf elm long with a beam of four feet ten inches
Rock climbing on the sea cliffs and inland cliffs has been popular since the pioneering work of A. W. Andrews and others in the early 1900s, and is now highly developed. Rock climbing is a Sport in which participants climb up or across natural rock formations or man-made rock walls with the goal of reaching the Arthur Westlake Andrews (1868 &ndash 1959 was a British geographer poet rock-climber and mountaineer
Euchre is a popular card game in Cornwall, it is normally a game for four players consisting of two teams. Euchre (ˈjuːkɚ is a trick-taking card game most commonly played with four people in two partnerships with a deck of 24 standard playing cards A card game is any Game using Playing cards either traditional or game-specific Its origins are unclear but some claim it is a Cornish game. There are several leagues in Cornwall at present.
A recent application for a place in the 2006 Commonwealth Games was refused by the Commonwealth Games Federation (CGF). The 2006 Commonwealth Games were held in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia between 15 March and 26 March 2006 The Commonwealth Games is a multinational Multi-sport event. Held every four years it involves the elite athletes of the Commonwealth of Nations. The Cornwall Commonwealth Games Association claimed that Cornwall should be recognised with a team, in the way that other sub-state entities such as England, Guernsey and the Isle of Man are. The Cornwall Commonwealth Games Association (CCGA is a Pressure group, set up in a bid to have a team from Cornwall at future The Bailiwick of Guernsey (Bailliage de Guernesey is a British Crown dependency in the English Channel off the coast of Normandy. The Isle of Man (Ellan Vannin ˈɛlʲən ˈvanɪn or Mann (Mannin) is a self-governing Crown dependency, located in the Irish Sea at the geographical However, the CGF noted that it was not their place to make political decisions on whether or not Cornwall is a separate nation. [78]
On September 2, 2007, 300 surfers arrived at Polzeath beach, Cornwall to set a new world record for the highest number of surfers riding the same wave (as part of the Global Surf Challenge and part of a project called Earthwave to raise awareness about global warming). Surfing is a surface water sport in which the participant is carried along the face of a breaking wave, most commonly using a Surfboard, although wave-riders History In 1911 a Methodist chapel was built on the road towards Trebetherick at what is now Chapel Corner. A world record is the best performance in a certain discipline usually a Sports event A wave is a disturbance that propagates through Space and Time, usually with transference of Energy. SURF (Speeded Up Robust Features is a robust image descriptor that can be used in computer vision tasks Global warming is the increase in the average measured temperature of the The official world record stands at 44, set by Lahinch surf school in Ireland (unofficially the highest figure is 73, held by the Kahuna Surfing Academy in South Africa). Lahinch or Lehinch ( is a Village on Liscannor Bay, on the northwest coast of County Clare, in northern Munster, Ireland Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Kahuna is a Hawaiian word defined in the Pukui & Elbert Dictionary as "Priest sorcerer magician wizard minister expert in any profession The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa [79]
On September 2 2007, in Brazil, 84 surfers caught the same wave (from Australia, South Africa, Portugal, Britain and the US, to beat the former record of 73 surfers on a wave). |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Surfing is a surface water sport in which the participant is carried along the face of a breaking wave, most commonly using a Surfboard, although wave-riders But while 300 turned up in Cornwall and Cape Town, the Brazilian waxheads won. Cape Town (Kaapstad Xhosa: Ikapa) is the second most populous city in South Africa, forming part of the metropolitan municipality of the With only 120 people, surfers in Santos, south-east of Sao Paulo, smashed the South African record. São Paulo ( is the largest city in Brazil, with its metropolitan area ranking among the largest urban areas in the world The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa [80]
Cuisine
Cornwall has a strong gastronomic heritage. Surrounded on three sides by the sea amid fertile fishing grounds, Cornwall naturally has fresh seafood readily available; Newlyn is the largest fishing port in the UK by value of fish landed. Newlyn (Lulynn is a town in southwest Cornwall, England, UK. The town forms a small Conurbation with neighbouring Penzance, The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located [81] Television chef Rick Stein has long operated a fish restaurant in Padstow for this reason, and Jamie Oliver recently chose to open his second restaurant, Fifteen, in Watergate Bay near Newquay. A chef is a person who cooks professionally In a professional kitchen setting the term is used only for the one person in charge of everyone else in the kitchen the executive Christopher Richard (Rick Stein OBE (born January 4 1947) is an English Chef, restaurateur Padstow (Lannwedhenek is a small town its great Civil parish and cargo port on the north coast of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom James Trevor 'Jamie' Oliver, MBE (born 27 May 1975 frequently Nicknamed The Naked Chef, is an English Celebrity chef. Fifteen is the name of several Restaurants created by the English Celebrity chef Jamie Oliver. Watergate Bay is a Bay located two miles north of Newquay on the B3276 Newquay to Padstow road near the village of Tregurrian in the Borough Newquay (Tewynn Pleustri is a town Civil parish, Seaside resort and Fishing port on the north Atlantic coast of Cornwall, Masterchef host and founder of Smiths of Smithfield, John Torode, in 2007 purchased Seiners in Perranporth. Masterchef is a BBC television Cookery Game show. It ran initially from 1990 to 2001, and was revived in a different format John Torode (born 1965) is an Australian Chef based in the UK but specialising in Australasian food Perranporth (Porthpyran is a popular Surfing tourist destination on the north Coast of Carrick, Cornwall, UK, six miles south-west In St Ives Porthminster Cafe is a renowned beach restaurant as is The Boardroom at The Blue Bar in Porthtowan. St Ives (Porth Ia is a seaside town, Civil parish and port in the Penwith district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom Porthtowan is a small village in the Carrick district of Cornwall, England, UK and is a popular Summer tourist destination which lies within One famous local fish dish is Stargazy pie, a fish-based pie in which the heads and tails of the fish stick through the pasty crust, as though "star-gazing". Stargazy pie is a Cornish dish made of baked Pilchards and five other kinds of Seafish, covered with a Pastry crust The pie is cooked as part of traditional celebrations for Tom Bawcock's Eve. Tom Bawcock's Eve is a festival held on the 23rd of December in Mousehole, Cornwall, UK.
Cornwall is perhaps best known though for its pasties, a savoury dish made from pastry containing suet. A pasty ( Cornish: Pasti, ˈpæsti (the 'a' pronounced as in 'cat' or less commonly pastie, Tiddy Oggy, is a filled Pastry This article describes Pastry in food For the Distributed Hash Table system see Pastry_(DHT. Today's pasties usually contain a filling of beef steak, onion, potato and swede with salt and white pepper, but historically pasties had a variety of different fillings. For instance, the licky pasty contained mostly leeks, and the herb pasty contained watercress, parsley, and shallots. [82] Pasties are often locally referred to as oggies. Historically, pasties were also often made with sweet fillings such as jam, apple and blackberry, plums or cherries. [83] Recently the origin of the Cornish pasty has been challenged, with neighbouring county Devon claiming to have the oldest known recipe. [84]
The wet climate and relatively poor soil of Cornwall make it unsuitable for growing many arable crops. However, it is ideal for growing the rich grass required for dairying, leading to the production of Cornwall's other famous export, clotted cream. Clotted cream is a thick yellow Cream made by heating Unpasteurized cow's Milk and then leaving it in shallow pans for several hours This forms the basis for many local specialities including Cornish fudge and Cornish ice cream. Fudge is a type of Confectionery which is usually very sweet extremely rich and sometimes flavored with Cocoa. Ice cream or ice-cream (originally iced cream) is a frozen dessert made from Dairy products such as Milk and Cream, combined Cornish clotted cream is protected under EU law[85] and cannot be made anywhere else. Protected designation of origin (PDO and protected geographical indication (PGI and Traditional Speciality Guaranteed (TSG are Geographical indications defined in European Its principal manufacturer is Rodda's, based at Scorrier.
Local desserts include Saffron cake, Cornish heavy (hevva) cake, Cornish fairings biscuits, figgy 'obbin, and Whortleberry pie. A saffron bun, or lussekatt in Swedish (literally "Lucy cat" after Saint Lucy) is a rich Yeast dough Bun that is flavoured with Heavy cake (Hevva cake is a Cake made from Flour, Lard, Butter, Milk, Sugar and Raisins that originated in Cornish fairings are a type of Ginger Biscuit commonly found in Cornwall, UK.
There are also many types of beers brewed in Cornwall – Sharp's Brewery and St Austell Brewery are the best-known – including stouts, ales and other beer types. The St Austell Brewery was founded in 1851 by a young Cornish man named Walter Hicks Stout and porter are dark Beers made using roasted Malts or roast Barley. Ale is a type of Beer brewed from Malted Barley using a top-fermenting Brewers' yeast. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea There is some small scale production of wine, mead and cider. Wine is an Alcoholic beverage made from the fermentation of Grape juice Mead (ˈmiːd is a fermented Alcoholic beverage made of Honey, Water, and Yeast. For the non-alcoholic beverage commonly known in the US as "cider" see Apple cider.
See also
References
- ^ Cornwall Council tourism stats
- ^ Peter Kingston, 2005. "Closed for Business". The Guardian, Tuesday May 10, 2005. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Philip Payton (1996). Philip John Payton is professor of Cornish and Australian Studies at the University of Exeter and Director of the Institute of Cornish Studies Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates
- ^ The Duchy of Cornwall - history supported by references to primary source material
- ^ Britain's Heritage and History - Cornwall. Camelot International. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican
- ^ Celtic Museum. Michael Newton/Saorsa Media (1991). Retrieved on 2007-12-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1409 - The University of Leipzig opens 1755 - The second Eddystone Lighthouse is destroyed by fire
- ^ Kingdoms of British Celts - Cornubia. The History Files. Retrieved on 2007-12-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 800 - Charlemagne judges the accusations against Pope Leo III in the Vatican
- ^ Philip Payton. Philip John Payton is professor of Cornish and Australian Studies at the University of Exeter and Director of the Institute of Cornish Studies (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates
- ^ Halliday. F. E. A History of Cornwall, Duckworth, 1959, ISBN 1-84232-123-4, p51.
- ^ Halliday, p52.
- ^ Metallurgy in Archaeology, R. F. Tylecote, 1962
- ^ Simon Keynes and Michael Lapidge (tr. ), Alfred the Great - Asser's Life of King Alfred and other contemporary sources, London, Penguin, 1983, p175; cf. ibid, p89.
- ^ Dominions of King Canute
- ^ Michael Swanton (tr. ), The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles, (2nd ed. ) London, Phoenix Press, 2000, p177. The Old English word translated by Swanton as "Cornwall" is "Wealas", which some translations render as "Wales". However, in the Anglo-Saxon period this terminology was applied equally to all Brythonic people and their lands, not specifically to Wales and the Welsh in the modern sense. Since this reference concerns a parcel of adjoining territories contiguous with Cornwall but not with Wales, and since Wales was not under English rule at this date whereas the evidence of Domesday Book indicates that Cornwall was, it may reasonably be concluded that the land in question was "West Wales" (ie. Cornwall), not "North Wales".
- ^ Ann Williams and G. H. Martin, (tr. ) Domesday Book - a complete translation, London, Penguin, 2002, pp341-357
- ^ Cornwall, Peyton, 1998, pp100-108
- ^ Philip Payton. Philip John Payton is professor of Cornish and Australian Studies at the University of Exeter and Director of the Institute of Cornish Studies (1996). Cornwall. Fowey: Alexander Associates - Cornwall - 1996
- ^ Cornwall County Council, "The County Flower. "
- ^ Met Office, 2000. Annual average temperature for the United Kingdom.
- ^ Met Office, 2000. Annual average rainfall for the United Kingdom.
- ^ Met Office, 2000. Annual average sunshine for the United Kingdom.
- ^ Weather Averages - Truro, England. Foreca. Retrieved on 2008-05-20. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ One Cornwall - A unified council for Cornwall. Cornwall County Council. Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- ^ Cornwall super-council go-ahead. BBC (2007-07-25). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Retrieved on 2007-07-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
- ^ About The Force - Devon & Cornwall Constabulary
- ^ British Archaeology, no 30, December 1997: Letters
- ^ Mark Prisk appointed Shadow Minister for Cornwall (flash video). Cameron, David (2007-07-24). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Blair gets Cornish assembly call. BBC (2001-12-11). Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Retrieved on 2008-05-22. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- ^ Minutes for the Census Sub-Group Meeting held on 23 November 2006. Central & Local Information Partnership (2007-02-09). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 474 - Zeno crowned as co-emperor of the Byzantine Empire. Retrieved on 2008-05-23. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1430 - Siege of Compiègne: Joan of Arc is captured by the Burgundians while leading an army to relieve Compiègne
- ^ Payton, Philip (2004). Philip John Payton is professor of Cornish and Australian Studies at the University of Exeter and Director of the Institute of Cornish Studies "Re-inventing Kernow", Cornwall: A History, 2nd revised edition, Fowey: Cornwall Editions Limited, p. Fowey ( IPA /ˈfɔɪ/ (rhymes with " Boy " Fowydh is a small Town, Civil parish and cargo port at the mouth of the 262. ISBN 1904880053.
- ^ Cornwall (United Kingdom)
- ^ British Flags (United Kingdom) from The World Flag Database
- ^ ONS December 2006
- ^ Eurostat
- ^ Halliday, p69.
- ^ Halliday, p182.
- ^ Poverty and deprivation in Cornwall (June 2006)and Poverty and neighbourhood renewal in west Cornwall (January 2002)PDF (756 KiB)
- ^ Cornwall Tourist Board, 2003. A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International The total number of visitors to the County includes those on business and visiting relatives. Tourism in CornwallPDF (206 KiB). A kibibyte (a contraction of ki lo bi nary byte) is a unit of Information or Computer storage, established by the International
- ^ Scottish Executive, 2004. A literature review of the evidence base for culture, the arts and sport policy.
- ^ line caught wild bass from cornwall - south west handline fishermen's association
- ^ . UNESCO Page on the Cornwall & West Devon application
- ^ The University of Exeter :: Cornwall Campus :: Camborne School of Mines
- ^ Home
- ^ Office for National Statistics, 2001. Population Change in England by County 1981-2000.
- ^ Office for National Statistics, 2001. Births, Deaths and Natural Change in Cornwall 1974 – 2001.
- ^ Office for National Statistics, 1996. % of Population of Pension Age (1996).
- ^ London School of Economics - Cornish ethnicity data from the 2001 Census
- ^ http://www.gosw.gov.uk/gosw/docs/254795/mode_of_use.doc
- ^ Cornish in United Kingdom. European Commission. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Newlyn. Cornwalls. co. uk. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Elizabeth Adela Forbes. PenleeHouse. org. uk. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Samuel John Lamorna Birch. HayleGallery. co. uk. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Virginia Woolf. NYTimes. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Ben Nicholson. StormFineArts. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Naum Gabo. Artnet. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Bernard Leach and the Leach Pottery. Studio-Pots. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Tate St Ives. Tate. org. uk. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Brass on the Grass concerts during the summer at Constantine
- ^ An-Daras.com
- ^ The whole Tori - Music - Entertainment - theage.com.au
- ^ Daphne du Maurier. This place should not be confused with Constantine Bay, Cornwall which is west of Padstow. DuMaurier. org. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ The Birds. MovieDiva. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ The Killer Mine. BoekBesprekingen. nl. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ The Little Country. Amazon. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Over Sea, Under Stone. Powell's Books. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ The Adventure of the Devil's Foot. WorldwideSchool. org. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Biography of William Golding. William-Golding. co. uk. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ William Sydney Graham. CPRW. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ St Enodoc Church. RockInfo. co. uk. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Shell Cottage. hp-lexicon. org. Retrieved on 2008-01-11. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire.
- ^ ORME Nicholas(2000) The saints of Cornwall, see also Article on "Saint Uny" at http://www.lelant.info/uny.htm. The patron Saint of Wendron Parish Church, "Saint Wendrona" is another example. Wendron is a village and Civil parish in the Kerrier district of Cornwall, England, United Kingdom, north of Helston
- ^ DOBLE GH (1960) The saints of Cornwall
- ^ see for example absences from OLSON B and PADEL OJ (1986) 'A tenth century list of Cornish parochial saints' in Cambridge medieval Celtic studies 12; and Nova legenda Angliae by John of Tynemouth and CAPGRAVE John
- ^ St. Piran - Sen piran. St-Piran. com. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ The Prayer Book Rebellion 1549. TudorPlace. com. ar. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Methodism. Cornish-Mining. org. uk. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ Truro Cathedral website - History page. TruroCathedral. org. uk. Retrieved on 2007-05-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople
- ^ BBC News Online, 2006. "Cornish out of running for Games. "
- ^ BBC NEWS, Surfers aim to break world record
- ^ SMH, Record breakers: Ready, set - now pucker up for Bosnia
- ^ Objective One media release [1]
- ^ http://www.alanrichards.org/cornish3.htm - Cornish recipe site
- ^ Martin, Edith (1929). Cornish Recipes, Ancient & Modern. 22nd edition, 1965.
- ^ BBC NEWS | England | Cornwall | Devon invented the Cornish pasty
- ^ Official list of British protected foods
Further reading
- Halliday, Frank Ernest (2001. Frank Ernest Halliday (February 10 1903 &ndash March 26 1982 was a twentieth-century English academic and author ). History of Cornwall, 2nd edition. Main text same as 1959 edition but with afterword by Halliday's son. . Thirsk, North Yorkshire: House of Stratus. ISBN 0-7551-0817-5.
- Price,J. H. , Hepton, C. E. L. and Honey, S. I. 1979. The inshore benthic biota of the Lizard Peninsula, south west Cornwall !. the marine algae: History; Chlorophyta; Phaeophyta. Cornish Studies. 7: 7 - 37.
External links
- Cornwall County Council
- Campaign for a Cornish Assembly
- Cornwall 24 - Cornwall's independent news and discussion site
- Cornish World Magazine - Independent Cornish magazine with worldwide subscription
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