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The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) was the government formed by eleven southern states of the United States of America between 1861 and 1865. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government The United States of America —commonly referred to as the However, since the CSA was never recognized by other countries, it was never a de jure independent country according to international law and custom. Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences whereby a state acknowledges an act International law is the term commonly used for referring to the system of implicit and explicit agreements that bind together nation-states in adherence to recognized values and standards In Law, custom can be described as the established patterns of behavior that can be objectively verified within a particular social setting Its de facto control over its claimed territory varied during the war, and was linked to the fortunes of its military in battle.
Seven states declared their independence from the United States before Abraham Lincoln was inaugurated as President; four more did so after the Civil War began at the Battle of Fort Sumter. Abraham Lincoln (February 12 1809 &ndash April 15 1865 the sixteenth President of the United States, successfully led his country through its greatest internal The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South Background South Carolina declared its secession from the Union shortly after Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, and by February 1861 six The United States of America ("The Union") held secession illegal and refused recognition of the Confederacy. During the American Civil War, the Union was a name used to refer to the federal government of the United States, which was supported by the twenty-three Attempts or aspirations of Secession have been a feature of the politics of the United States since the country's birth Although British and French commercial interests sold the Confederacy warships and materials, no European nation officially recognized the CSA as an independent country.
The CSA effectively collapsed when Robert E. Lee and Joseph Johnston surrendered their armies in April 1865. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3 1807 &ndash March 21 1891 was a career U The last meeting of its Cabinet took place in Georgia in May. Confederate President Jefferson Davis was captured by Union troops near Irwinsville, Georgia on May 10, 1865. Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Nearly all remaining Confederate forces surrendered by the end of June. A decade-long process known as Reconstruction temporarily gave civil rights and the right to vote to the freedmen, expelled ex-Confederate leaders from office, and re-admitted the states to representation in Congress. In the History of the United States, " Reconstruction " refers to the time between 1863 and 1877 when the U A freedman is a former slave who has been manumitted or emancipated. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses
Contents |
History
Causes of secession
By 1860 sectional disagreements between North and South revolved primarily around the maintenance or expansion of slavery. The main explanation for the origins of the American Civil War was slavery, especially the issue of the expansion of slavery into the territories. Slavery in the United States began soon after English colonists first settled Virginia in 1607 and lasted until the passage of the Thirteenth Historian Drew Gilpin Faust observed that, "leaders of the secession movement across the South cited slavery as the most compelling reason for southern independence. "[1] Related and intertwined secondary issues also fueled the dispute; these secondary differences (real or perceived) included tariffs, agrarianism vs. industrialization, and states' rights. The immediate spark for secession was the victory of the Republican Party and the election of Abraham Lincoln in the 1860 election. Civil War historian James McPherson wrote:
To southerners the election’s most ominous feature was the magnitude of Republican victory north of the 41st parallel. Lincoln won more than 60 percent of the vote in that region, losing scarcely two dozen counties. Three-quarters of the Republican congressmen and senators in the next Congress would represent this “Yankee” and antislavery portion of the free states. These facts were “full of portentous significance” declared the New Orleans Crescent. “The idle canvas prattle about Northern conservatism may now be dismissed,” agreed the Richmond Examiner. “A party founded on the single sentiment. . . of hatred of African slavery, is now the controlling power. ” No one could any longer “be deluded. . . that the Black Republican party is a moderate” party, pronounced the New Orleans Delta. “It is in fact, essentially, a revolutionary party. ”[2]
Four of the seceding states, the Deep South states of South Carolina,[3] Mississippi,[4] Georgia,[5] and Texas,[6] issued formal declarations of causes, each of which identified the threat to slaveholders’ rights as the cause of, or a major cause of, secession; Georgia also claimed a general Federal policy of favoring Northern over Southern economic interests. The Deep South is a descriptive category of cultural and geographic subregions in the American South. In what later came to be known as the Cornerstone Speech, C. The Cornerstone Speech was delivered by Confederate Vice President, Alexander Stephens extemporaneously in Savannah Georgia on March 21, S. Vice President Alexander Stephens declared that the "cornerstone" of the new government "rest[ed] upon the great truth that the negro is not equal to the white man; that slavery—subordination to the superior race—is his natural and normal condition. This is an article about the Confederate Vice President For the shipbuilding company see Alexander Stephen and Sons Alexander Hamilton Stephens ( The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another This, our new government, is the first, in the history of the world, based upon this great physical, philosophical, and moral truth". [7]
Historian William J. Cooper Jr. , in his biography of the Confederate president Jefferson Davis, wrote, “From at least the time of the American Revolution white southerners defined their liberty, in part, as the right to own slaves and to decide the fate of the institution without any outside interference. ”[8] Speaking specifically of Davis, Cooper wrote:
For his entire life he believed in the superiority of the white race. He also owned slaves, defended slavery as moral and as a social good, and fought a great war to maintain it. After 1865 he opposed new rights for blacks. He rejoiced at the collapse of Reconstruction and the reassertion of white superiority with its accompanying black subordination. [9]
In his farewell speech to the United States Congress, Davis made it clear that the secession crisis had been created by the Republican Party's failure "to recognize our domestic institutions [an acknowledged euphemism for slavery] which pre-existed the formation of the Union -- our property which was guarded by the Constitution. "[10]
Some southern religious leaders preached the cause of secession. Benjamin M. Palmer (1818-1902), pastor of the First Presbyterian Church of New Orleans, thundered his support for secession in a Thanksgiving sermon in 1860, arguing that white Southerners had a right and duty to maintain slavery out of economic and social self-preservation, in order to act as "guardians" to the "affectionate and loyal" but "helpless" blacks, to safeguard global economic interests, and to defend religion against "atheistic" abolitionism. Benjamin Morgan Palmer ( January 25, 1818 &ndash May 25, 1902) an orator and Presbyterian theologian was the first moderator Presbyterianism is a family of Christian denominations within the Reformed branch of Protestant Western Christianity New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana Thanksgiving, or Thanksgiving Day, is a traditional North American Holiday, which is a form of harvest festival. [11] His sermon was widely distributed across the region.
Seceding states
Seven states seceded by February 1861:
- South Carolina (December 20, 1860),[12]
- Mississippi (January 9, 1861),[13]
- Florida (January 10 1861),[14]
- Alabama (January 11 1861),[15]
- Georgia (January 19, 1861),[16]
- Louisiana (January 26 1861),[17]
- Texas (February 1 1861). Causes of the war See also Origins of the American Civil War, Timeline of events leading to the American Civil War The coexistence of a slave-owning South South Carolina had long before the American Civil War been a region that heavily supported individual States' rights and the institution of Slavery Mississippi was the second state to secede from the Union on January 9, 1861. Origins Secession took place January 10, 1861, and after less than a month as an independent republic Florida became one of the founding members The state of Alabama was a part of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War after seceding from the United States of America On January 18, 1861, Georgia seceded from the Union, keeping the name "State of Georgia" and joined the newly-formed Confederacy Strategically important as a port city due to its location along the Mississippi River and its access to the Gulf of Mexico, the United States War Department The state of Texas seceded from the United States on February 1, 1861, and joined the Confederate States of America on March The Commonwealth of Virginia was a prominent part of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War. The state of Arkansas was a part of the Confederate States of America during the American Civil War, and provided a source of troops supplies and military and The Southern United States state of North Carolina provided an important source of soldiers supplies and war Materiel to the Confederate States of America To a large extent the American Civil War was fought in cities and farms of Tennessee; only Virginia saw more battles See also American Civil War, Origins of the American Civil War, Heart of the Civil War Heritage Area Maryland, a Slave state, was Missouri in the Civil War was a border state that sent men generals and supplies to both opposing sides had its star on both flags had state governments Kentucky was a border state of key importance in the American Civil War. West Virginia was formed and added to the Union as a direct result of the American Civil War (see History of West Virginia) South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen [18]
After Lincoln called for troops, four more states seceded:
- Virginia (April 17, 1861);[19] there was also a rump Union government of Virginia[20]
- Arkansas (May 6, 1861),[21]
- North Carolina (May 20 1861)[22]
- Tennessee (June 8 1861). The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Francis Harrison Pierpont ( January 25 1814 March 24 1899) called the "Father of West Virginia " was an American Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable [23][24]
Two more slave states had rival (or rump) secessionist governments. The Confederacy admitted them, but the pro-Confederate state governments were soon in exile and never controlled the states:
- Missouri did not secede but a rump group proclaimed secession (October 31, 1861). Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [25][26]
- Kentucky did not secede but a rump, unelected group proclaimed secession (November 20, 1861). The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common [27][28]
Additionally, portions of modern-day Oklahoma, Arizona, and New Mexico were claimed as Confederate territories. The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States
Although the slave states of Maryland and Delaware did not secede, many citizens joined the Army of Northern Virginia. A slave state was a US state in which Slavery of African Americans was legal Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.
Rise and fall of the Confederacy
The American Civil War broke out in April 1861 with the Battle of Fort Sumter in Charleston, South Carolina. Background South Carolina declared its secession from the Union shortly after Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, and by February 1861 six Charleston is a city in Charleston county in the US state of South Carolina. Federal troops of the U. S. had retreated to Fort Sumter soon after South Carolina declared their secession. Fort Sumter, a Third System masonry coastal fortification located in Charleston harbor South Carolina, was named after General Thomas Sumter U. S. President Buchanan had attempted to resupply Sumter by sending the Star of the West, but Confederate forces fired upon the ship, driving it away. The Star of the West was a Civilian Ship hired by the United States government to transport military supplies and reinforcements to the garrison of U. S. President Abraham Lincoln also attempted to resupply Sumter. Lincoln notified South Carolina Governor Francis W. Pickens that "an attempt will be made to supply Fort Sumter with provisions only, and that if such attempt be not resisted, no effort to throw in men, arms, or ammunition will be made without further notice, [except] in case of an attack on the fort. " However, suspecting that just such an attempt to reinforce the fort would be made, the Confederate cabinet decided at a meeting in Montgomery to capture Fort Sumter before the relief fleet arrived.
On April 12, 1861, Confederate troops, following orders from Davis and his Secretary of War, fired upon the federal troops occupying Fort Sumter, forcing their surrender. Events 467 - Anthemius is elevated to Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common
Following the Battle of Fort Sumter, Lincoln called for the remaining states in the Union to send troops to recapture Sumter and other forts and customs-houses[29] in the South that Confederate forces had claimed, some by force. Background South Carolina declared its secession from the Union shortly after Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, and by February 1861 six This proclamation was made before Congress could convene on the matter, and the original request from the War Department called for volunteers for only three months of duty. [29] Lincoln's call for troops resulted in four more states voting to secede, rather than provide troops for the Union. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, and North Carolina joined the Confederacy, bringing the total to eleven states. Once Virginia joined the Confederate States, the Confederate capital was moved from Montgomery, Alabama, to Richmond, Virginia. Montgomery (məntˈgəmɜriː is the Capital, second most populous city and the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the Southern U This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. All but two major battles (Antietam and Gettysburg) took place in Confederate territory. Background and movement to battle See also [[Gettysburg Campaign]] [[Gettysburg Battlefield]] [[Gettysburg Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]]
Alexander H. Stephens maintained that Lincoln's attempt to reinforce Sumter had provoked the war. [30]
Kentucky was a border state during the war and, for a time, had two state governments, one supporting the Confederacy and one supporting the Union. The original government remained in the Union after a short-lived attempt at neutrality, but a rival faction from that state was accepted as a member of the Confederate States of America; it did not control any territory. A more complex situation surrounds the Missouri Secession. The Missouri Secession controversy refers to the disputed status of the state of Missouri during the American Civil War. Although the Confederacy considered Missouri a member of the Confederate States of America; it did not control any territory. With Kentucky and Missouri, the number of Confederate states can be counted as thirteen; later versions of Confederate flags had thirteen stars, reflecting the Confederacy's claims to those states.
The five tribal governments of the Indian Territory — which became Oklahoma in 1907 — also mainly supported the Confederacy, providing troops and one General officer. The Indian Territory, also known as The Indian Country, The Indian territory or the Indian territories, was land set aside within the United States Oklahoma ( is a state located in the South Central region of the United States of America. They were represented in the Confederate Congress after 1863 by Elias Cornelius Boudinot representing the Cherokee, and Samuel Benton Callahan representing the Seminole and Creek people. The Congress of the Confederate States was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865 Elias Cornelius Boudinot (1835&ndash1890 was a delegate to the Arkansas Secession convention a Colonel in the Confederate States Army The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact Samuel Benton Callahan ( January 26, 1833 &ndash February 17, 1911) was a Confederate politician during the American Civil War The Seminole are a Native American people originally of Florida and now residing in Florida and Oklahoma. The Cherokee, in their declaration of causes, gave as reasons for aligning with the Confederacy the similar institutions and interests of the Cherokee nation and the Southern states, alleged violations of the Constitution by the North, claimed that the North was waging war against Southern commercial and political freedom and for the abolition of slavery in general and in the Indian Territory in particular, and that the North intended to seize Indian lands as had been done in the past[31].
Citizens at Mesilla and Tucson in the southern part of New Mexico Territory formed a secession convention and voted to join the Confederacy on March 16, 1861, and appointed Lewis Owings as the new territorial governor. Mesilla is also a spider genus ( Anyphaenidae) Mesilla is a town in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States Tucson (ˈtuːsɒn is the seat of Pima County Arizona, United States, located 118 miles (188 km) southeast The Territory of New Mexico became an Organized territory of the United States on September 9, 1850, and it existed until New Mexico Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Dr Lewis S Owings was a medical doctor and politician in the New Mexico and Arizona territories In July, Mesilla appealed to Confederate troops in El Paso, Texas, under Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor for help in removing the Union Army under Major Isaac Lynde that was stationed nearby. John Robert Baylor ( July 27, 1822 &ndash February 8, 1894) was a politician in Texas and a military officer of the Confederate The Union Army was the army that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. The Confederates defeated Lynde at the Battle of Mesilla on July 27. The Battle of Mesilla was a Confederate victory at Mesilla New Mexico (the Confederate States of America's Arizona Territory) on July 25 Events 1214 - Battle of Bouvines: In France, Philip II of France defeats John of England. After the battle, Baylor established a territorial government for the Confederate Arizona Territory and named himself governor. The Arizona Territory of the Confederate States of America was an Organized territory of the Confederacy that existed between 1861 and 1865 In 1862, a New Mexico Campaign was launched under General Henry Hopkins Sibley to take the northern half of New Mexico. | The New Mexico Campaign was a military operation of the American Civil War in February and March 1862 in which the Confederate Brigadier General Henry Hopkins Sibley ( May 25 1816 &ndash August 23 1886) was a Brigadier general during the American Civil War, fighting Although Confederates briefly occupied the territorial capital of Santa Fe, they were defeated at Glorietta Pass in March and retreated, never to return. Santa Fe ( Navajo: Yootó is the Capital of the state of New Mexico. Glorieta Pass (elevation 7500 ft is a high Mountain pass in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains of northern New Mexico.
The northernmost slave states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia) were contested territory, but the Union won control by 1862. In 1861, martial law was declared in Maryland (the state which borders the U. Martial law is the system of rules that takes effect when the military takes control of the normal administration of justice S. capital, Washington, D. C. , on three sides) to block attempts at secession. Delaware, also a slave state, never considered secession, nor did Washington, D. Delaware ( is a state located on the Atlantic Coast in the Mid-Atlantic region of the United States. C. In 1861, a Unionist legislature in Wheeling, Virginia seceded from Virginia, claiming 48 counties, and joined the United States in 1863 as the state of West Virginia with a constitution that gradually abolished slavery. Wheeling is a city in West Virginia, in the United States. Most of the city is in Ohio County, with a small West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by
Attempts to secede from the Confederate States of America by some counties in East Tennessee were held in check by Confederate declarations of martial law [32] [33]. East Tennessee is a name given to approximately the eastern third of the state of Tennessee, one of
The surrender of the Army of Northern Virginia by General Lee at Appomattox Court House on April 9, 1865, is generally taken as the end of the Confederate States. The Army of Northern Virginia was the primary military force of the Confederate States of America in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated Appomattox Court House is a village located three miles (5 km east of Appomattox, Virginia, USA (25 miles east of Lynchburg Virginia, in the Events 193 - Septimius Severus is proclaimed Roman Emperor by the army in Illyricum (in the Balkans) Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year President Davis was captured at Irwinville, Georgia, on May 10, and the remaining Confederate armies surrendered by June 1865. Events 1291 - Scottish Nobles recognize the authority of Edward I of England. The last Confederate flag was hauled down from CSS Shenandoah on November 6, 1865. History and mission She was designed as a British transport for troops to the East and was built on the River Clyde in Scotland Events 355 - Roman Emperor Constantius II promotes his cousin Julian to the rank of Caesar, entrusting him with Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
Government and politics
Constitution
President 1861-1865
The Southern leaders met in Montgomery, Alabama, to write their constitution. Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the The Confederate States Constitution reveals much about the motivations for secession from the Union. The Constitution of the Confederate States of America was the supreme Law of the Confederate States of America, as adopted on March 11, 1861 Although much of it was copied verbatim from the United States Constitution, it contained several explicit protections of the institution of slavery, though the existing ban on international slave trading was maintained. The Constitution of the United States of America is the supreme Law of the United States. The history of slavery uncovers many different forms of human exploitation across many cultures throughout history In certain areas, the Confederate Constitution gave greater powers to the states, or curtailed the powers of the central government more, than the U. S. Constitution of the time did, but in other areas, the states actually lost rights they had under the U. S. Constitution. Although the Confederate Constitution, like the U. S. Constitution, contained a commerce clause, the Confederate version prohibited the central government from using revenues collected in one state for funding internal improvements in another state. Article 1 Section 8 Clause 3 of the United States Constitution, known as the Commerce Clause, states that Congress has the power to regulate commerce with foreign Public works are the construction or engineering projects carried out by the State on behalf of the Community. The Confederate Constitution's equivalent to the U. S. Constitution's general welfare clause prohibited protective tariffs (but allowed tariffs for domestic revenue), and spoke of "carry[ing] on the Government of the Confederate States" rather than providing for the "general welfare". A General Welfare clause is a section that appears in many Constitutions and in some cases in Charters and Statutes which provides that the body empowered For other uses of this word see Tariff (disambiguation. A tariff is a tax imposed on goods when they are moved across a political boundary State legislatures were given the power to impeach officials of the Confederate government in some cases. Impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to forcibly remove a Government official On the other hand, the Confederate Constitution contained a necessary and proper clause and a supremacy clause that were essentially identical to those of the U. The Necessary-and-Proper Clause (also known as the Elastic Clause, the Basket Clause, the Coefficient Clause, and the Sweeping Clause) is the The Supremacy Clause is the common name given to Article VI Clause 2 of the United States Constitution, which readsThis Constitution and the Laws of the United S. Constitution.
The Confederate Constitution did not specifically include a provision allowing states to secede; the Preamble spoke of each state "acting in its sovereign and independent character" but also of the formation of a "permanent federal government". States were also explicitly denied the power to bar slaveholders from other parts of the Confederacy from bringing their slaves into any state of the Confederacy or to interfere with the property rights of slave owners traveling between different parts of the Confederacy. In contrast with the secular language of the United States Constitution, the Confederate Constitution overtly asked God's blessing ("invoking the favor of Almighty God. ")
The President of the Confederate States of America was to be elected to a six-year term, but could not be re-elected. (The only president was Jefferson Davis; the Confederacy was defeated by the Union before he completed his term. Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the ) One unique power granted to the Confederate president was his ability to subject a bill to a line item veto, a power held by some state governors. In Government, the line-item veto is the power of an executive to nullify or "cancel" specific provisions of a bill usually budget appropriations without The Confederate Congress could overturn either the general or the line item vetoes with the same two-thirds majorities that are required in the U.S. Congress. The United States Congress is the bicameral Legislature of the federal government of the United States of America, consisting of two houses In addition, appropriations not specifically requested by the executive branch required passage by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress.
Printed currency in the forms of bills and stamps was authorized and put into circulation, although by the individual states in the Confederacy's name. Securities Trading Access Messaging Protocol (STAMP is a message format protocol used in Canadian Stock market describing electronic communications between exchange The government considered issuing Confederate coinage. Plans, dies and four "proofs" were created, but a lack of bullion prevented any minting. Precious Metal is the eighteenth episode in the of the popular American Crime drama, which is set in Las Vegas, Nevada.
Civil liberties
The Confederacy actively used the military to arrest people suspected of loyalty to the United States. Historian Mark Neely found 2,700 names of men arrested and estimated the full list was much longer. They arrested at about the same rate as the Union arrested Confederate loyalists. Neely concludes:
| “ | The Confederate citizen was not any freer than the Union citizen — and perhaps no less likely to be arrested by military authorities. In fact, the Confederate citizen may have been in some ways less free than his Northern counterpart. For example, freedom to travel within the Confederate states was severely limited by a domestic passport system. An internal passport is an Identity document that can be compared to Identity card used in some countries to control the internal movement and residence of people [34] | ” |
Capital
Served as the last Confederate Capitol building. The Virginia State Capitol is the seat of state government in the Commonwealth of Virginia located in Richmond, the third State Capital of Virginia.
The capital of the Confederate States of America was Montgomery, Alabama, from February 4 until May 29, 1861. Montgomery (məntˈgəmɜriː is the Capital, second most populous city and the 4th most populous metropolitan area in the Southern U Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Events 363 - Roman Emperor Julian defeats the Sassanid army in the Battle of Ctesiphon, under the walls of the Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Richmond, Virginia, was named the new capital on May 30, 1861. This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Shortly before the end of the war, the Confederate government evacuated Richmond, planning to relocate farther south. Little came of these plans before Lee's surrender at Appomattox Court House. Danville, Virginia, served as the last capital of the Confederate States of America, from April 3 to April 10, 1865. Danville is an Independent city in Virginia, bounded by Pittsylvania County Virginia and Caswell County North Carolina. Events 1043 - Edward the Confessor is crowned King of England. Events 879 - Louis III becomes King of the Western Franks. 1407 - the lama Year 1865 ( MDCCCLXV) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year
International diplomacy
Once the war with the United States began, the best hope for the survival of the Confederacy was military intervention by Britain and France. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was the formal name of the United Kingdom from 1 January 1801 until 12 April 1927 This article is about the country For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic France topics. The United States realized this as well and made it clear that recognition of the Confederacy meant war with the United States — and the cutoff of food shipments into Britain. The Confederates who had believed that "cotton is king"[35] — that is, Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton — were proven wrong. King Cotton was a Phrase used in the Southern United States mainly by Southern Politicians and authors who wanted to illustrate the importance of the [36] The British instead focused more heavily on cotton and textile produced in the British Raj and Russia,[37] with the French also ramping up production in Algeria. For usage see British rule in India British Raj ( rāj, lit "reign" in Hindustani) primarily refers to the British Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Algeria ( ar [[Arabic]] الجزائر, Al Jaza'ir ælʤæˈzæːʔir Amazigh: ⴷⵥⴰⵢⴻⵔ Dzayer) officially the People's [37] Notably, in the early years of the war, demand for textiles, and hence cotton, was weak. [38] In time, the war and Union blockade of the South caused economic hardship in textile-producing areas of England such as Lancashire, which depended heavily on cotton exports from the seceding states;[39] however, abolitionist sentiment among English workers ran counter to this economic interest in Confederate victory. The Lancashire Cotton Famine, also known as The Cotton Famine or the Cotton Panic (1861 &ndash 1865 was a depression in the textile industry in northwest [40]
During its existence, while the Confederate government sent repeated delegations to Europe, historians do not give them high marks for diplomatic skills. James M. Mason was sent to London as Confederate minister to Queen Victoria, and John Slidell was sent to Paris as minister to Napoleon III. James Murray Mason ( November 3, 1798 &ndash April 28, 1871) was a United States Representative and United States Senator London ( ˈlʌndən is the capital and largest urban area in the United Kingdom. Victoria (Alexandrina Victoria 24 May 1819 – 22 January 1901 was from 20 June 1837 the Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland John Slidell (1793 &ndash July 26, 1871) was an American politician lawyer and businessman Paris (ˈpærɨs in English; in French) is the Capital of France and the country's largest city Napoléon III, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte (full name Charles Louis Napoléon Bonaparte) (20 April 1808 9 January 1873 was the first President Both were able to obtain private meetings with high British and French officials, but they failed to secure official recognition for the Confederacy. Diplomatic recognition in international law is a unilateral political act with domestic and international legal consequences whereby a state acknowledges an act When Britain and the United States came dangerously close to war during the Trent Affair, where two Confederate agents travelling on a British ship had been illegally seized by the U. Britain in the American Civil War The Trent Affair, also known as the Mason and Slidell Affair, was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the S. Navy in late 1861, it seemed possible that the Confederacy would see its much vaunted recognition. [41] When Lincoln released the two, however, tensions cooled, and in the end the episode was of no help to the Confederacy. [42]
Throughout the early years of the war, British foreign secretary Lord Russell, Napoleon III, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, were interested in the idea of recognition of the Confederacy, or at least of offering a mediation. John Russell 1st Earl Russell, KG, GCMG, PC (18 August 1792 &ndash 28 May 1878 known as Lord John Russell before 1861 was an English "Lord Palmerston" and "Henry Temple" redirect here Recognition meant certain war with the United States, loss of American grain, loss of exports to the United States, loss of huge investments in American securities, possible war in Canada and other North American colonies, much higher taxes, many lives lost and a severe threat to the entire British merchant marine, in exchange for the possibility of some cotton. The Province of Canada or the United Province of Canada was a British colony in North America from 1841 to 1867 Many party leaders and the public wanted no war with such high costs and meager benefits. Recognition was considered following the Second Battle of Bull Run when the British government was preparing to mediate in the conflict, but the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, combined with internal opposition, caused the government to back away. Background and opposing forces See also Northern Virginia Campaign See also [[Second Bull Run Confederate order of battle]] [[Confederate order of battle]] The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War.
In November 1863, Confederate diplomat A. Dudley Mann met Pope Pius IX and received a letter addressed "to the Illustrious and Honorable Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America. Ambrose Dudley Mann ( April 26, 1801 &ndash 1889 was the first United States Assistant Secretary of State and a commissioner for the Confederate States Blessed Pope Pius IX (May 13 1792 &ndash February 7 1878 born Giovanni Maria Mastai-Ferretti, was Pope from June 16 1846 until 1878 ” Mann, in his dispatch to Richmond, interpreted the letter as "a positive recognition of our Government," and some have mistakenly viewed it as a de facto recognition of the C. S. A. Confederate Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin, however, interpreted it as "a mere inferential recognition, unconnected with political action or the regular establishment of diplomatic relations" and thus did not assign it the weight of formal recognition. Judah Philip Benjamin ( August 6, 1811 &ndash May 6, 1884) was an American politician and lawyer [43] For the remainder of the war, Confederate commissioners continued meeting with Cardinal Antonelli, the Vatican Secretary of State. Giacomo Cardinal Antonelli ( April 2, 1806 &ndash November 6, 1876) was an Italian Cardinal deacon. Vatican City, officially the State of the Vatican City (Stato della Città del Vaticano is a Landlocked sovereign City-state whose territory In 1864, Catholic Bishop Patrick N. Lynch of Charleston traveled to the Vatican with an authorization from Jefferson Davis to represent the Confederacy before the Holy See. Patrick Neeson Lynch ( March 10, 1817 - February 26, 1882) was the Catholic Bishop of Charleston South Carolina The Holy See is the episcopal jurisdiction of the Bishop of Rome, commonly known as the Pope, and is the preeminent Episcopal see of the Roman Catholic That same year, Davis sent Duncan Kenner to France and England with an offer to emancipate Southern slaves in exchange for recognition of the Confederacy from France and Great Britain. Duncan F Kenner (1813 &ndash July 3, 1887) was a Louisiana Politician, Lawyer, and Diplomat for the Confederate [44] This attempt was unsuccessful.
No country appointed any diplomat officially to the Confederacy, but several maintained their consuls in the South who had been appointed before the war. In 1861, Ernst Raven applied for approval as the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha consul, but he was a citizen of Texas and there is no evidence that officials in Saxe-Coburg and Gotha knew what he was doing. Ernst or Ernest Raven (1804-1881 was an immigrant from Germany who became a prominent resident of Texas he served as consul for the German Duchy of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha Saxe-Coburg and Gotha or Saxe-Coburg-Gotha (Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha served as the name of the two German duchies of Saxe-Coburg and Saxe-Gotha in In 1863, the Confederacy expelled all foreign consuls (all of them British or French diplomats) for advising their subjects to refuse to serve in combat against the U. S.
Throughout the war, most European powers adopted a policy of neutrality, meeting informally with Confederate diplomats but withholding diplomatic recognition. None ever sent an ambassador or official delegation to Richmond. However, they applied international law principles that recognized the Union and Confederate sides as belligerents. A belligerent is an individual group country or other entity which acts in a hostile manner such as engaging in Combat. Canada allowed both Confederate and Union agents to work openly within its borders, and some state governments in northern Mexico negotiated local agreements to cover trade on the Texas border. British North America consisted of the colonies and territories of the British Empire in continental North America after the end of the American Revolutionary The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America.
"Died of states' rights"
Historian Frank Lawrence Owsley argued that the Confederacy "died of states' rights. Frank Lawrence Owsley ( January 20, 1890 – October 21, 1955) was a American Historian and member of the Nashville "[45] According to Owsley, strong-willed governors and state legislatures in the South refused to give the national government the soldiers and money it needed because they feared that Richmond was encroaching on the rights of the states. Georgia's governor Joseph Brown warned that he saw the signs of a deep-laid conspiracy on the part of Jefferson Davis to destroy states' rights and individual liberty. Joseph Emerson Brown ( April 15, 1821 November 30, 1894) often referred to as Joe Brown, was governor of Georgia Brown declaimed: "Almost every act of usurpation of power, or of bad faith, has been conceived, brought forth and nurtured in secret session. " To grant the Confederate government the power to draft soldiers was the "essence of military despotism. " [46] In 1863 governor Pendleton Murrah of Texas insisted that Texas troops were needed for self-defense (against Indians or a threatened Union invasion), and refused to send them East. Pendleton Murrah (1824&ndash1865 was the 10th governor of Texas. [47] Zebulon Vance, the governor of North Carolina was notoriously hostile to Davis and his demands. Zebulon Baird Vance ( May 13, 1830 April 14, 1894) was a Confederate military officer in the American Civil War, twice Opposition to conscription in North Carolina was intense and its results were disastrous for recruiting. Governor Vance's faith in states' rights drove him into a stubborn opposition. [48]
Vice President Stephens broke publicly with President Davis, saying any accommodation would only weaken the republic, and he therefore had no choice but to break publicly with the Confederate administration and the president. Stephens charged that to allow Davis to make "arbitrary arrests" and to draft state officials conferred on him more power than the English Parliament had ever bestowed on the king. "History proved the dangers of such unchecked authority. " He added that Davis intended to suppress the peace meetings in North Carolina and "put a muzzle upon certain presses" (especially the antiwar newspaper Raleigh Standard) in order to control elections in that state. Echoing Patrick Henry's "give me liberty or give me death" Stephens warned the Southerners they should never view liberty as "subordinate to independence" because the cry of "independence first and liberty second" was a "fatal delusion. Patrick Henry ( May 29, 1736 June 6, 1799) was a prominent figure in the American Revolution, known and remembered for his " " As historian George Rable concludes, "For Stephens, the essence of patriotism, the heart of the Confederate cause, rested on an unyielding commitment to traditional rights. In his idealist vision of politics, military necessity, pragmatism, and compromise meant nothing. "[49]
The survival of the Confederacy depended on a strong base of civilians and soldiers devoted to victory. The soldiers performed well, though increasing numbers deserted in the last year, and the Confederacy was never able to replace casualties as the Union could. The civilians, although enthusiastic in 1861-62 seem to have lost faith in the nation's future by 1864, and instead looked to protect their homes and communities. As Rable explains, "As the Confederacy shrank, citizens' sense of the cause more than ever narrowed to their own states and communities. This contraction of civic vision was more than a crabbed libertarianism; it represented an increasingly widespread disillusionment with the Confederate experiment. [50]
Relations with the United States
For the four years of its existence, the Confederate States of America asserted its independence and appointed dozens of diplomatic agents abroad. The United States government, by contrast, asserted that the Southern states were states in rebellion and refused any formal recognition of their status. Thus, U. S. Secretary of State William H. Seward issued formal instructions to Charles Francis Adams, the new minister to Great Britain:
| “ | You will indulge in no expressions of harshness or disrespect, or even impatience concerning the seceding States, their agents, or their people. This article is about the New York Governor and Secretary of State Charles Francis Adams may refer to Charles Adams (ice hockey (1876–1947 grocery magnate and founder of the Boston Bruins Charles Francis But you will, on the contrary, all the while remember that those States are now, as they always heretofore have been, and, notwithstanding their temporary self-delusion, they must always continue to be, equal and honored members of this Federal Union, and that their citizens throughout all political misunderstandings and alienations, still are and always must be our kindred and countrymen. [51] | ” |
However, if the British seemed inclined to recognize the Confederacy, or even waver in that regard, they were to be sharply warned, with a strong hint of war:
| “ | [if Britain is] tolerating the application of the so-called seceding States, or wavering about it, you will not leave them to suppose for a moment that they can grant that application and remain friends with the United States. You may even assure them promptly, in that case, that if they determine to recognize, they may at the same time prepare to enter into alliance with the enemies of this republic. [52] | ” |
The Confederate Congress responded to the hostilities by formally declaring war on the United States in May 1861 — calling it "The War between the Confederate States of America and the United States of America. Background South Carolina declared its secession from the Union shortly after Lincoln's victory in the presidential election of 1860, and by February 1861 six "[53] The Union government never declared war but conducted its war efforts under a proclamation of blockade and rebellion. The Union Blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865 during the American Civil War, in which the Union Navy maintained a massive effort on the After the war the states were readmitted to representation in the US Congress. Mid-war negotiations between the two sides occurred without formal political recognition, though the laws of war governed military relationships. The law of war (also law of armed conflict, LOAC) is Law concerning acceptable practices relating to war
Four years after the war, in 1869, the United States Supreme Court ruled in Texas v. White that secession was unconstitutional and legally null. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Texas v White, was a significant case argued before the United States Supreme Court in 1869 In Law, void means of no legal effect The Latin phrase void ab initio means "to be treated as invalid from the outset" The court's opinion was authored by Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase. Salmon Portland Chase ( January 13, 1808 – May 7, 1873) was an American politician and jurist in the Civil War era Jefferson Davis, former president of the Confederacy, and Alexander Stephens, its former vice-president, both penned arguments in favor of secession's legality, most notably Davis' The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government. Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government is a Book written by Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America during the
Confederate flags
 |  |  |  |
| 1st National Flag "Stars and Bars" | 2nd National Flag "Stainless Banner" | 3rd National Flag "Blood Stained Banner" | CSA Naval Jack 1861-1863 |
.svg/170px-Conf_Navy_Jack_(light_blue).svg.png) |  |  | |
| CSA Naval Jack 1863-1865 | Battle Flag "Southern Cross" | Bonnie Blue Flag "Unofficial Southern Flag" |
The first official flag of the Confederate States of America, called the "Stars and Bars", had seven stars, for the seven states that initially formed the Confederacy. The Confederate States of America used several Flags during its existence from 1861 to 1865 This flag was sometimes difficult to distinguish from the Union flag under battle conditions, so the flag was changed to the "Stainless Banner. Flags of the United States The Flag of the United States of America consists of 13 equal horizontal stripes of Red (top and bottom alternating " The union of the Stainless Banner, known as the "Southern Cross", became the one more commonly used in military operations. The Southern Cross had 13 stars, adding the four states that joined the Confederacy after Fort Sumter, and the two divided states of Kentucky and Missouri. Due to similarities between the "Stainless Banner" and a flag of surrender, a red stripe was appended vertically to the end of the flag, creating the third of the national flags.
Because of its depiction in 20th century popular media, the "Southern Cross" is a flag commonly associated with the Confederacy today. The actual "Southern Cross" is a square-shaped flag, but the more commonly seen rectangular flag is actually the flag of the First Tennessee Army, also known as the Naval Jack because it was first used by the Confederate Navy. The Confederate States Navy ( CSN) was the naval branch of the Confederate States Armed forces established by an act of the Confederate Congress
Political leaders
Executive
| Office | Name | Term |
| President | Jefferson Davis | 1861-1865 |
| Vice President | Alexander Stephens | 1861-1865 |
| Secretary of State | Robert Toombs | 1861 |
| Robert M.T. Hunter | 1861-1862 | |
| Judah P. Benjamin | 1862-1865 | |
| Secretary of the Treasury | Christopher Memminger | 1861-1864 |
| George Trenholm | 1864-1865 | |
| John H. Reagan | 1865 | |
| Secretary of War | Leroy Pope Walker | 1861 |
| Judah P. Benjamin | 1861-1862 | |
| George W. Randolph | 1862 | |
| James Seddon | 1862-1865 | |
| John C. Breckinridge | 1865 | |
| Secretary of the Navy | Stephen Mallory | 1861-1865 |
| Postmaster General | John H. Reagan | 1861-1865 |
| Attorney General | Judah P. Benjamin | 1861 |
| Thomas Bragg | 1861-1862 | |
| Thomas H. Watts | 1862-1863 | |
| George Davis | 1864-1865 | |
Legislative
The legislative branch of the Confederate States of America was the Confederate Congress. The President of the Confederate States of America was the Head of State and Head of Government of the Confederate States of America, which was formed from Jefferson Finis Davis ( June 3, 1808 &ndash December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the The Vice President of the Confederate States of America was formally the second highest position within the government of the short-lived Confederacy This is an article about the Confederate Vice President For the shipbuilding company see Alexander Stephen and Sons Alexander Hamilton Stephens ( The Confederate States Secretary of State was the head of the Confederate States State Department from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. Robert Augustus Toombs ( July 2, 1810 &ndash December 15, 1885) was an American political leader Secretary of State of the Confederacy Robert Mercer Taliaferro Hunter ( April 21, 1809 &ndash July 18, 1887) American Statesman, was born in Essex Judah Philip Benjamin ( August 6, 1811 &ndash May 6, 1884) was an American politician and lawyer The United States Secretary of the Treasury is the head of the United States Department of the Treasury, concerned with finance and monetary matters, and until Christopher Gustavus Memminger ( January 9, 1803 &ndash March 7, 1888) was a prominent political leader and the first Secretary of the Treasury George Alfred Trenholm ( February 25, 1807 &ndash December 9, 1876) was a prominent politician in the Confederate States of America John Henninger Reagan ( October 8, 1818 &ndash March 6, 1905) was a leading 19th century American politician from The Confederate States Secretary of War was a member of the Confederate States President's Cabinet during the Civil War. LeRoy Pope Walker ( February 7, 1817 &ndash August 23, 1884) was the first Confederate States Secretary of War and issued the orders Judah Philip Benjamin ( August 6, 1811 &ndash May 6, 1884) was an American politician and lawyer George Wythe Randolph ( March 10, 1818 &ndash April 3, 1867) was a lawyer and the Confederate States Secretary of War during the James Alexander Seddon ( July 13, 1815 &ndash August 19, 1880) was an American lawyer and politician who served two terms in the John Cabell Breckinridge (January 16 1821 &ndash May 17 1875 was a lawyer U The United States Secretary of the Navy ( SECNAV) is the Civilian head of the Department of the Navy. Stephen Russell Mallory (1813 &ndash November 9, 1873) was a United States Politician and the Confederate Secretary of This is a survey of the Postage stamps and Postal history of the Confederate States of America. John Henninger Reagan ( October 8, 1818 &ndash March 6, 1905) was a leading 19th century American politician from In most Common law jurisdictions the Attorney General, or Attorney-General, is the main legal advisor to the government and in some jurisdictions may in addition Judah Philip Benjamin ( August 6, 1811 &ndash May 6, 1884) was an American politician and lawyer Thomas Bragg ( November 9, 1810 January 21, 1872) was a North Carolina Politician and Lawyer. Thomas Hill Watts ( January 3 1819 September 16 1892) was the Democratic Governor of the U For the US Representative from Illinois see George R Davis. For other people with this name see George Davis. The Congress of the Confederate States was the legislative body of the Confederate States of America, existing during the American Civil War between 1861 and 1865 A legislature is a type of representative Deliberative assembly with the power to create amend and change Laws The law created by a legislature is called Legislation Like the United States Congress, the Confederate Congress consisted of two houses: the Confederate Senate, whose membership included two senators from each state (and chosen by the state legislature), and the Confederate House of Representatives, with members popularly elected by residents of the individual states.
Provisional Congress
For the first year, the unicameral Provisional Confederate Congress was the confederacy's legislative branch. The Provisional Confederate Congress, for a time the legislative branch of the Confederate States of America, was the body which drafted the Confederate Constitution
President of the Provisional Congress
- Howell Cobb, Sr. of Georgia - February 4, 1861-February 17, 1862
Presidents pro tempore of the Provisional Congress
- Robert Woodward Barnwell of South Carolina - February 4, 1861
- Thomas Stanhope Bocock of Virginia - December 10-21, 1861 and January 7-8, 1862
- Josiah Abigail Patterson Campbell of Mississippi - December 23-24, 1861 and January 6, 1862
Sessions of the Confederate Congress
Tribal Representatives to Confederate Congress
- Elias Cornelius Boudinot 1862-65 - Cherokee
- Burton Allen Holder 1864-1865 Chickasaw
- Robert McDonald Jones 1863-65 - Choctaw
Judicial
A Judicial branch of the government was outlined in the constitution, but the "Supreme Court of the Confederate States" was never created or seated because of the ongoing war; the state and local courts generally continued to operate as they had been, simply recognizing the CSA as the national government[54]. (Thomas Howell Cobb ( September 7, 1815 – October 9, 1868) was an American political figure Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1500 - Battle of Hemmingstedt. 1600 - Philosopher Giordano Bruno is burned alive at Campo de' Fiori Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday Robert Woodward Barnwell ( August 10, 1801 &ndash November 5, 1882) was an American planter lawyer and educator from South South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Events 211 - Roman Emperor Septimius Severus dies leaving the Roman Empire in the hands of his two quarrelsome sons Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Thomas Stanley Bocock ( May 18, 1815 &ndash August 5, 1891) was a nineteenth century politician and lawyer from Virginia The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Josiah Abigail Patterson Campbell ( March 2, 1830 &ndash January 10, 1917) was a prominent Confederate States of America politician Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday The Provisional Confederate Congress, for a time the legislative branch of the Confederate States of America, was the body which drafted the Confederate Constitution The First Confederate Congress was the first regular session of the legislature of the Confederate States of America. The Second Confederate Congress was the second and last regular session of the legislature of the Confederate States of America. Elias Cornelius Boudinot (1835&ndash1890 was a delegate to the Arkansas Secession convention a Colonel in the Confederate States Army The Cherokee (ᎠᏂᏴᏫᏯ a-ni-yv-wi-ya, in the Cherokee language) are a people native to North America, who at the time of European contact The Chickasaw' are Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States (Mississippi Alabama Tennessee The Choctaw are a Native American people originally from the Southeastern United States ( Mississippi, Alabama, and Louisiana) Some Confederate district courts were, however, established within some of the individual states of the Confederate States of America; namely, South Carolina, Arkansas, Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, North Carolina, Tennessee, Texas and Virginia (and possibly others). At the end of the war, U. S. district courts resumed jurisdiction[55].
Supreme court - not established
District Court
- Asa Biggs 1861-1865
- John White Brockenbrough 1861
- Alexander Mosby Clayton 1861
- Jesse J. Finley 1861-1862
Geography
The Confederate States of America claimed a total of 2,919 miles (4,698 km) of coastline, thus a large part of its territory lay on the seacoast with level and often sandy or marshy ground. Most of the interior portion was arable farmland, though much was also hilly and mountainous, and the far western territories were deserts. The lower reaches of the Mississippi River bisected the country, with the western half often referred to as the Trans-Mississippi. The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to The Trans-Mississippi Theater of the American Civil War was the major military and naval operations west of the Mississippi River. The highest point (excluding Arizona and New Mexico) was Guadalupe Peak in Texas at 8,750 feet (2,667 m). Guadalupe Peak is the highest point in Texas. It is located in Guadalupe Mountains National Park, part of the Guadalupe Mountains range in southeastern Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State.
Climate
Much of the area claimed by the Confederate States of America had a humid subtropical climate with mild winters and long, hot, humid summers. The climate and terrain varied to semi-arid steppe and arid desert, west of longitude 96 degrees west. The subtropical climate made winters mild but allowed infectious diseases to flourish. Consequently, disease killed more soldiers than died in combat.
River system
In peacetime, the vast system of navigable rivers allowed for cheap and easy transportation of farm products. The railroad system was built as a supplement, tying plantation areas to the nearest river or seaport. The vast geography made for difficult Union logistics, and Union soldiers were used to garrison captured areas and protect rail lines. Nevertheless, the Union Navy seized most of the navigable rivers by 1862, making its own logistics easy and Confederate movements difficult. The Union Navy is the term commonly used to describe the United States Navy and its acts during the American Civil War. After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, it became impossible for units to cross the Mississippi since Union gunboats constantly patrolled it. Background See also [[Vicksburg Campaign]] After crossing the Mississippi south of Vicksburg at Bruinsburg and driving northeast Grant had won battles at The South thus lost use of its western regions.
Railroad system
The Confederate railroads in the American Civil War formed an extensive system east of the Mississippi, but there were many gaps in the system and changes of gauge which hindered operations. During the American Civil War, the Confederate States Army depended heavily on Railroads to get supplies to its lines Hence, the Confederacy failed to gain the advantage of interior lines that a more complete railway system might have supplied. Inability to supply spare parts including lack of rails drove operators to frustration and despair.
Rural areas
The area claimed by the Confederate States of America was overwhelmingly rural. Small towns of more than 1,000 were few — the typical county seat had a population of less than 500 people. Cities were rare. New Orleans was the only Southern city in the list of the ten largest U. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana S. cities in the 1860 census, and it was captured by the Union in 1862. Only 13 Confederate cities ranked among the top 100 U. S. cities in 1860, most of them ports whose economic activities were shut down by the Union blockade. The Union Blockade refers to the naval actions between 1861 and 1865 during the American Civil War, in which the Union Navy maintained a massive effort on the The population of Richmond swelled after it became the national capital, reaching an estimated 128,000 in 1864 (Dabney 1990:182). Other large Southern cities (Baltimore, St. Louis, Louisville, and Washington, as well as Wheeling, West Virginia, and Alexandria, Virginia) were never under the control of the Confederate government. Wheeling is a city in West Virginia, in the United States. Most of the city is in Ohio County, with a small West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Alexandria is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state
| # | City | 1860 population | 1860 U.S. rank | Return to U. See also Metropolitan Statistical Area, Core Based Statistical Area Table of United States Core Based Statistical AreasThe United States Census Bureau has defined S. control |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1. | New Orleans, Louisiana | 168,675 | 6 | 1862 |
| 2. New Orleans (nʲuːˈɔrliənz nʲuːˈɔrlənz French: La Nouvelle-Orléans) is a major United States port city and the largest city in Louisiana The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America | Charleston, South Carolina | 40,522 | 22 | 1865 |
| 3. Charleston is a city in Charleston county in the US state of South Carolina. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. | Richmond, Virginia | 37,910 | 25 | 1865 |
| 4. This article is about the city of Richmond the capital of the Commonwealth of Virginia. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state | Mobile, Alabama | 29,258 | 27 | 1865 |
| 5. Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. | Memphis, Tennessee | 22,623 | 38 | 1862 |
| 6. Memphis is a City in the southwest corner of Tennessee, and the County seat of Shelby County. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. | Savannah, Georgia | 22,292 | 41 | 1864 |
| 7. Savannah is a city located in the state of Georgia, United States. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule | Petersburg, Virginia | 18,266 | 50 | 1865 |
| 8. Petersburg is an Independent city in Virginia, United States located on the Appomattox River. The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state | Nashville, Tennessee | 16,988 | 54 | 1862 |
| 9. Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. | Norfolk, Virginia | 14,620 | 61 | 1862 |
| 10. Norfolk is an Independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state | Augusta, Georgia | 12,493 | 77 | 1865 |
| 11. Augusta Georgia is a city in Richmond County, Georgia, United States. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule | Columbus, Georgia | 9,621 | 97 | 1865 |
| 12. Columbus is a City in Muscogee County, Georgia, United States. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule | Atlanta, Georgia | 9,554 | 99 | 1864 |
| 13. The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule | Wilmington, North Carolina | 9,553 | 100 | 1865 |
(See also Atlanta in the Civil War, Charleston, South Carolina, in the Civil War, Nashville in the Civil War, New Orleans in the Civil War, and Richmond in the Civil War). Wilmington is a city in and the County seat of New Hanover County, North Carolina, United States. North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States This article pertains to the history of Nashville Tennessee. Nashville is the capital city of the U New Orleans Louisiana, was the largest city in the Southern United States during the American Civil War. Richmond Virginia, served as the capital of the Confederate States of America during the vast majority of the American Civil War.
Economy
The Confederacy had an agrarian economy with exports, to a world market, of cotton, and, to a lesser extent, tobacco and sugarcane. The Confederate States of America had an agrarian-based economy that relied heavily on slave-worked plantations for the production of cotton for export to Europe and the northern US states Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Tobacco is an Agricultural product recognized as an addictive drug processed from the fresh Leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. Sugarcane ( Saccharum) is a genus of 6 to 37 species (depending on taxonomic interpretation of tall perennial grasses (family Poaceae tribe Andropogoneae Local food production included grains, hogs, cattle, and gardens. The 11 states produced $155 million in manufactured goods in 1860, chiefly from local grist mills, and lumber, processed tobacco, cotton goods and naval stores such as turpentine. Naval Stores is a broad term which originally applied to the Resin -based components used in building and maintaining wooden Sailing ships a category which includes By the 1830s, the 11 states produced more cotton than all of the other countries in the world combined. The CSA adopted a low tariff of 15 per cent, but imposed it on all imports from the rest of the United States[56]. The tariff mattered little; the Confederacy's ports were blocked to commercial traffic by the Union's blockade, and very few people paid taxes on goods smuggled from the Union states. The government collected about $3. 5 million in tariff revenue from the start of their war against the Union to late 1864. The lack of adequate financial resources led the Confederacy to finance the war through printing money, which led to high inflation.
Armed forces
The military armed forces of the Confederacy were composed of three branches:
The Confederate military leadership included many veterans from the United States Army and United States Navy who had resigned their Federal commissions and had been appointed to senior positions in the Confederate armed forces. The War Department was established by the Confederate Congress in an act on February 21, 1861. The Confederate States Navy ( CSN) was the naval branch of the Confederate States Armed forces established by an act of the Confederate Congress The Confederate States Marine Corps ( CSMC) a branch of the Confederate Navy, was established by the The United States Army is a military organization whose primary mission is to "provide necessary forces and capabilities. Many had served in the Mexican-American War (including Robert E. Lee and Jefferson Davis), but others had little or no military experience (such as Leonidas Polk, who had attended West Point but did not graduate. Leonidas Polk ( April 10, 1806 &ndash June 14, 1864) was a Confederate general who was once a planter in Maury County Tennessee "USMA" redirects here For other uses see USMA (disambiguation The United States Military Academy (also known as USMA, ) The Confederate officer corps was composed in part of young men from slave-owning families, but many came from non-owners. The Confederacy appointed junior and field grade officers by election from the enlisted ranks. Although no Army service academy was established for the Confederacy, many colleges of the South (such as the The Citadel and Virginia Military Institute) maintained cadet corps that were seen as a training ground for Confederate military leadership. History On December 20, 1842, the South Carolina Legislature passed an act establishing the South Carolina Military Academy with the original mission The Virginia Military Institute ( VMI) located in Lexington Virginia, is the oldest state-supported military college and one of six senior A naval academy was established at Drewry’s Bluff, Virginia[57] in 1863, but no midshipmen had graduated by the time the Confederacy collapsed. Drewry's Bluff is located in northeastern Chesterfield County Virginia in the United States.
The soldiers of the Confederate armed forces consisted mainly of white males with an average age between sixteen and twenty-eight. The Confederacy adopted conscription in 1862. Conscription (also known as the draft, the call-up or national service) is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority Many thousands of slaves served as laborers, cooks, and pioneers. Some freed blacks and men of color served in local state militia units of the Confederacy, primarily in Louisiana and South Carolina, but they were used for "local defense, not combat. "[58] Depleted by casualties and desertions, the military suffered chronic manpower shortages. In the spring of 1865 the Confederate Congress, influenced by the public support by General Lee, approved the recruitment of black infantry units. Contrary to Lee’s and Davis’ recommendations, the Congress refused “to guarantee the freedom of black volunteers. ” No more than two hundred troops were ever raised. [59]
Military leaders
Military leaders of the Confederacy (with their state of birth and highest rank[60]) included:
- Robert E. Lee (Virginia) - General and General-in-Chief (1865)
- Albert Sidney Johnston (Kentucky) - General
- Joseph E. Johnston (Virginia) - General
- Braxton Bragg (North Carolina) - General
- P.G.T. Beauregard (Louisiana) - General
- Richard S. Ewell (Virginia) - Lieutenant General
- Samuel Cooper (New York) - General (Adjutant General and highest ranking general in the Army); not in combat
- James Longstreet (South Carolina) - Lieutenant General
- Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson (Virginia now West Virginia)- Lieutenant General
- John Hunt Morgan (Kentucky) - Brigadier General
- A.P. Hill (Virginia) - Lieutenant General
- John Bell Hood (Kentucky) - Lieutenant General
- Wade Hampton III (South Carolina) - Lieutenant General
- Nathan Bedford Forrest (Tennessee) - Lieutenant General
- John Singleton Mosby, the "Grey Ghost of the Confederacy" (Virginia) - Colonel
- J.E.B. Stuart (Virginia) - Major General
- Edward Porter Alexander (Georgia) - Brigadier General
- Franklin Buchanan (Maryland) - Admiral
- Raphael Semmes (Maryland) - Rear Admiral
- Josiah Tattnall (Georgia) - Commodore
- Stand Watie (Georgia) - Brigadier General (last to surrender)
- Leonidas Polk (North Carolina) - Lieutenant General
- Sterling Price (Virginia) - Major General
- Jubal Anderson Early (Virginia) - Lieutenant General
- Richard Taylor (Kentucky) - Lieutenant General (Son of U. Robert Edward Lee (January 19 1807 &ndash October 12 1870 was a career United States Army officer, an Engineer, and among the most celebrated The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state General-in-Chief has been a Military rank or title in various armed forces around the world Joseph Eggleston Johnston (February 3 1807 &ndash March 21 1891 was a career U Braxton Bragg (March 22 1817 &ndash September 27 1876 was a career United States Army officer and then a General in the Confederate States Army, a Pierre Gustave Toutant Beauregard (ˈboʊrɪgɑrd ( May 28, 1818 &ndash February 20, 1893) was a Louisiana -born author civil servant Richard Stoddert Ewell ( February 8, 1817 &ndash January 25, 1872) was a career U Lieutenant General is a Military rank used in many countries The rank traces its origins to the Middle Ages where the title of Lieutenant General was held by the Samuel Cooper ( June 12, 1798 &ndash December 3, 1876) was a career U New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous James Longstreet (January 8 1821 &ndash January 2 1904 was one of the foremost Confederate Generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21 1824 &ndash May 10 1863 was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by John Hunt Morgan ( June 1, 1825 &ndash September 4, 1864) was a Confederate General and Cavalry officer in the Brigadier General is the lowest ranking General Officer in some countries usually sitting between the ranks of Colonel and Major General. Ambrose Powell Hill (November 9 1825 &ndash April 2 1865 was a Confederate general in the American Civil War. John Bell Hood ( June 1 or June 29, 1831 &ndash August 30, 1879) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War Wade Hampton III ( March 28, 1818 April 11, 1902) was a Confederate Cavalry leader during the American Civil War Nathan Bedford Forrest ( July 13, 1821 &ndash October 29, 1877) was a lieutenant general in the Confederate Army during John Singleton Mosby ( December 6 1833 &ndash May 30 1916) also known as the "Gray Ghost" was a Confederate Partisan James Ewell Brown "Jeb" Stuart ( February 6, 1833 &ndash May 12, 1864) was an American soldier from Virginia and a Major General or Major-General is a Military rank used in many countries Edward Porter Alexander (May 26 1835 &ndash April 28 1910 was an engineer an officer in the U Franklin Buchanan ( September 13, 1800 &mdash May 11, 1874) was an officer in the United States Navy who became an Admiral Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers For other uses see Semmes (disambiguation. Raphael Semmes ( September 27, 1809 &ndash August 30, 1877) was an officer Rear admiral is a Naval Commissioned officer rank above that of a Commodore and Captain, and below that of a Vice Admiral. Commodore Josiah Tattnall Jr ( 14 June 1794 &ndash 14 June 1871) was an officer in the United States Navy during the Please see " Commodore " for other uses of this rank Commodore is a rank of the United States Navy with a somewhat Stand Watie ( 12 December 1806 &ndash 9 September 1871) (also known as Standhope Oowatie, Degataga "stand The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Leonidas Polk ( April 10, 1806 &ndash June 14, 1864) was a Confederate general who was once a planter in Maury County Tennessee Sterling Price ( September 20, 1809 September 29, 1867) was a lawyer politician and Militia General from the Jubal Anderson Early ( November 3 1816 &ndash March 2 1894) was a Lawyer and Confederate general in the American Civil Richard Taylor ( January 27 1826 &ndash April 12 1879) was a Confederate General in the American Civil War. S. President Zachary Taylor)
- Lloyd J. Beall (South Carolina) - Colonel - Commandant of the Confederate States Marine Corps
- William Lamb (Virginia) - Colonel - Commandant of Fort Fisher
- Stephen Dodson Ramseur (North Carolina) Major General
- Camille Armand Jules Marie, Prince de Polignac (France) Major General
- John Austin Wharton (Tennessee) Major General
- Thomas L. Rosser (Virginia) Major General
- Patrick Cleburne (Ireland) Brigadier General
Table of CSA states
| State | Flag[1] | Secession ordinance | Admitted C. Zachary Taylor (November 24 1784 &ndash July 9 1850 was an American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States. Lloyd James Beall ( October 19, 1808 &ndash November 10, 1887) was a United States Army officer and Paymaster Colonel ( RP ˈkɜnəl GA ˈkɜrnəl is a Military rank of a Commissioned officer, with corresponding ranks existing in almost every country Fort Fisher was a Confederate fort during the American Civil War. Stephen Dodson Ramseur ( May 31, 1837 &ndash October 20, 1864) was one of the youngest Confederate Generals in the Camille Armand Jules Marie Prince de Polignac (February 16 1832 &ndash November 15 1913 was a French nobleman, scholar and Soldier John Austin Wharton ( July 23, 1828 &ndash April 6, 1865) was a lawyer plantation owner and Confederate General during Thomas Lafayette (Tex Rosser ( October 15, 1836 &ndash March 29, 1910) was a Confederate General during the American Patrick Ronayne Cleburne ( March 16 or March 17, 1828 &ndash November 30, 1864) was an Anglo- Irish soldier serving in Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world S. A. | Under predominant Union control | Readmitted to the Union |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South Carolina |  | December 20, 1860 | February 8, 1861 | 1865 | July 9, 1868 |
| Mississippi |  | January 9, 1861 | February 8, 1861 | 1863 | February 23, 1870 |
| Florida |  (unofficial) | January 10, 1861 | February 8, 1861 | 1865 | June 25, 1868 |
| Alabama |   | January 11, 1861 | February 8, 1861 | 1865 | July 13, 1868 |
| Georgia |   | January 19, 1861 | February 8, 1861 | 1865 | 1st Date July 21, 1868; 2nd Date July 15, 1870 |
| Louisiana |  | January 26, 1861 | February 8, 1861 | 1863 | July 9, 1868 |
| Texas |  | February 1, 1861 | March 2, 1861 | 1865 | March 30, 1870 |
| Virginia |  | April 17, 1861 | May 7, 1861 | 1865; (1861 for West Virginia) | January 26, 1870 |
| Arkansas | May 6, 1861 | May 18, 1861 | 1864 | June 22, 1868 | |
| North Carolina |  | May 20, 1861 | May 21, 1861 | 1865 | July 4, 1868 |
| Tennessee | June 8, 1861 | July 2, 1861 | 1863 | July 24, 1866 | |
| Missouri (exiled government) |  | October 31, 1861 | November 28, 1861 | 1861 | Unionist govt. South Carolina ( is a state in the southern region ( Deep South) of the United States of America. Events 69 - Vespasian, formerly a general under Nero, enters Rome to claim the title of Emperor. Year 1860 ( MDCCLX) was a Leap year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year starting Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Mississippi ( is a state located in the Deep South of the United States Events 475 - Byzantine Emperor Zeno is forced to flee his capital at Constantinople. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1455 - Traditional date for the publication of the Gutenberg Bible, the first Western Book printed from Movable Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Florida ( is a state located in the southeastern region of the United States, bordering Alabama to the northwest and Georgia to the Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Alabama (formally the State of Alabama;) is a State located in the southern region of the United States of America. Events 1055 - Theodora is crowned Empress of the Byzantine Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap The State of Georgia ( is a state in the United States and was one of the original Thirteen Colonies that revolted against British rule Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 356 BC - Herostratus sets fire to the Temple of Artemis in Ephesus, one of the Seven Wonders of the World Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The State of Louisiana ( or, État de Louisiane, pronounced) is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 421 - Constantius III becomes co- Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 455 - Roman military commander Avitus is proclaimed Emperor of the Western Roman Empire. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. Events 1327 - Teenaged Edward III is crowned King of England, but the country is ruled by his mother Queen Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The Commonwealth of Virginia ( is an American state Events 69 - After the First Battle of Bedriacum, Vitellius becomes Roman Emperor. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common West Virginia ( is a state in the Appalachian Upland South, and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States, bordered by Events 1340 - King Edward III of England is declared King of France. Year 1870 ( MDCCCLXX) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Events 1527 - Spanish and German troops sack Rome; some consider this the end of the Renaissance. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1152 - Henry II of England marries Eleanor of Aquitaine. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap North Carolina ( is a state located on the Atlantic Seaboard in the southeastern United States Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 836 - Pactum Sicardi, peace between the Principality of Benevento and the Duchy of Naples Year 1868 ( MDCCCLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap Tennessee ( is a state located in the Southern United States. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 310 - Pope Miltiades is elected 626 - In fear of assassination Li Shimin ambushes and kills his rival Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1132 - Battle of Nocera between Ranulf II of Alife and Roger II of Sicily. Year 1866 ( MDCCCLXVI) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Missouri ( or) is a state in the Midwestern region of the United States bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee The Missouri Secession controversy refers to the disputed status of the state of Missouri during the American Civil War. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common For the town in Argentina, see 28 de Noviembre. Events Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common appointed by Missouri Constitutional Convention 1861 |
| Kentucky (Russellville Convention) |  | November 20, 1861 | December 10, 1861 | 1861 | Elected Union & unelected rump C. The Missouri Constitutional Convention (1861-63 was a constitutional convention in the American Civil War that decided that Missouri stay in the Union The Commonwealth of Kentucky ( is a state located in the East Central United States of America. The Confederate government of Kentucky was a Shadow government established for the Commonwealth of Kentucky by a self-constituted group of Southern Events 284 - Diocletian was chosen as Roman Emperor. 762 - Bögü Khan of the Uyghurs, Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 1041 - Empress Zoe of Byzantium elevates her adoptive son to the throne of the Eastern Roman Empire as Michael V Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common S. A. governments from 1861 |
| Arizona Territory (Mesilla government) | March 16, 1861 | February 14, 1862 | 1862 | Not a state. The Arizona Territory of the Confederate States of America was an Organized territory of the Confederacy that existed between 1861 and 1865 Mesilla is also a spider genus ( Anyphaenidae) Mesilla is a town in Doña Ana County, New Mexico, United States Events 597 BC - Babylonians capture Jerusalem, replace Jehoiachin with Zedekiah as king Year 1861 ( MDCCCLXI) was a Common year starting on Tuesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Events 842 - Charles the Bald and Louis the German swear the Oaths of Strasbourg in the French and German Year 1862 was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year starting on Monday |
See also
- Burr conspiracy
- Triangular Trade
- Golden Circle (Slavery)
- Origins of the American Civil War
- Southern United States
- History of the Southern United States
- Flags of the Confederate States of America
- Seal of the Confederate States of America
- Confederate States of America dollar
- Stamps and postal history of the Confederate States
- Confederados
- Confederate Patent Office
- United States presidential election, 1864
- 38th United States Congress
- For the 2004 motion picture, see C.S.A.: The Confederate States of America
Notes
- ^ Drew Gilpin Faust p. The Burr conspiracy was a suspected treasonous Cabal of planters, Politicians and army officers led by former U Triangular trade is a historical term indicating Trade between three ports or regions The Golden Circle was a pan-Caribbean political alliance inspired by the Burr conspiracy, in the 1850s that would have included many countries into a United States-like federal The main explanation for the origins of the American Civil War was slavery, especially the issue of the expansion of slavery into the territories. The Southern United States &mdashcommonly referred to as the American South, Dixie, or simply the South &mdashconstitutes a large distinctive The history of the Southern United States reaches back thousands of years and includes the Mississippian peoples well known for their mound building The Confederate States of America used several Flags during its existence from 1861 to 1865 The Confederate Seal was the seal of the government styled Confederate States of America, of the eleven states that attempted secession during the American Civil War The Confederate States of America dollar was first issued into circulation in April 1861 when the Confederacy was only two months old and on the eve of the outbreak of the This is a survey of the Postage stamps and Postal history of the Confederate States of America. The Confederados are a cultural sub-group of 10000 to 20000 Confederate Americans who immigrated chiefly to the area of the city of São Paulo, Brazil The Confederate Patent Office was the agency of the Confederate States of America charged with issuing Patents on Inventions The Chief Clerk during its entire In the United States Presidential election of 1864, Abraham Lincoln was re-elected as president The Thirty-eighth United States Congress was a meeting of the legislative branch of the United States federal government consisting of the United States Senate and CSA The Confederate States of America is a 2004 Mockumentary directed by Kevin Willmott. 59
- ^ McPherson pg. 232-233
- ^ The text of the Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union.
- ^ The text of A Declaration of the Immediate Causes which Induce and Justify the Secession of the State of Mississippi from the Federal Union.
- ^ The text of Georgia's secession declaration.
- ^ The text of A Declaration of the Causes which Impel the State of Texas to Secede from the Federal Union.
- ^ McPherson pg. 244. The text of Alexander Stephens' "Cornerstone Speech".
- ^ Cooper pg. xv
- ^ Cooper pg. xiv
- ^ Coski pg. 23. The bracketed text was added by Coski.
- ^ The text of Benjamin Palmer's "Thanksgiving Sermon".
- ^ The text of South Carolina's Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ The text of Mississippi's Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ The text of Florida's Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ The text of Alabama's Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ The text of Georgia's Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ The text of Louisiana's Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ The text of Texas' Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ The text of Virginia's Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ Virginia did not turn over its military to the Confederate States until June 8, 1861 and the Constitution of the Confederate States was ratified on June 19 1861. Events 68 - The Roman Senate accepts emperor Galba. 536 - St Silverius becomes Pope (probable The Constitution of the Confederate States of America was the supreme Law of the Confederate States of America, as adopted on March 11, 1861 Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros.
- ^ The text of Arkansas' Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ The text of North Carolina's Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ The text of Tennessee's Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ The Tennessee legislature ratified an agreement to enter a military league with the Confederate States on May 7, 1861. Events 558 - In Constantinople, the dome of the Hagia Sophia collapses Tennessee voters approved the agreement on June 8, 1861.
- ^ The text of Missouri's Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ The pro-Confederate politicians tried to meet in Neosho, Missouri, and then were driven out of the entire state.
- ^ The text of Kentucky's Ordinance of Secession.
- ^ Russellville Convention
- ^ a b Lincoln's proclamation calling for troops from the remaining states (bottom of page); Department of War details to States (top)
- ^ Alexander H. The Confederate government of Kentucky was a Shadow government established for the Commonwealth of Kentucky by a self-constituted group of Southern Stephens A Constitutional View of the Late War Between the States (1870), Vol. 2, p. 36. 75 MB PDF file "I maintain that it was inaugurated and begun, though no blow had been struck, when the hostile fleet, styled the "Relief Squadron," with eleven ships, carrying two hundred and eighty-five guns and two thousand four hundred men, was sent out from New York and Norfolk, with orders from the authorities at Washington, to reinforce Fort Sumter peaceably, if permitted "but forcibly if they must. "
- ^ Declaration by the People of the Cherokee Nation of the Causes Which Have Impelled Them to Unite Their Fortunes With Those of the Confederate States of America
- ^ ""Marx and Engels on the American Civil War", Army of the Cumberland and George H. Thomas source page
- ^ "Background of the Confederate States Constitution", The American Civil War Home Page
- ^ [Neely 11, 16]
- ^ Henry Blumenthal Confederate Diplomacy: Popular Notions and International Realities The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 32, No. 2. (May, 1966), pp. 152.
- ^ Henry Blumenthal Confederate Diplomacy: Popular Notions and International Realities The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 32, No. 2. (May, 1966), pg. 155
- ^ a b Henry Blumenthal Confederate Diplomacy: Popular Notions and International Realities The Journal of Southern History, Vol. 32, No. 2. (May, 1966), pg. 159
- ^ Stanley Lebergott Why the South Lost: Commercial Purpose in the Confederacy, 1861-1865 The Journal of American History, Vol. 70, No. 1. (Jun. , 1983), pp. 61
- ^ International Slavery Museum, Liverpool, UK
- ^ See text of inscription on the Abraham Lincoln statue in Manchester, UK
- ^ Henry Blumenthal Confederate Diplomacy: Popular Notions and International Realities pg. 157
- ^ ibid See articles footnote 20
- ^ Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies in the War of the Rebellion, p. 1015.
- ^ Louisiana Department of Culture, Recreation, and Tourism's description of Kenner's diplomatic mission
- ^ Frank L. Owsley, State Rights in the Confederacy (Chicago, 1925),
- ^ Rable (1994) 257; however Wallace Hettle in The Peculiar Democracy: Southern Democrats in Peace and Civil War (2001) p. 158 says Owsley's "famous thesis. . . is overstated. "
- ^ John Moretta; "Pendleton Murrah and States Rights in Civil War Texas," Civil War History, Vol. 45, 1999
- ^ Albert Burton Moore, Conscription and Conflict in the Confederacy. (1924) P. 295.
- ^ Rable (1994) 258-9
- ^ Rable (1994) p 265
- ^ William Seward to Charles Francis Adams, April 10, 1861 in Marion Mills Miller, Ed. Life And Works Of Abraham Lincoln (1907) Vol 6.
- ^ ibid
- ^ Moore, Frank, The Rebellion Record, Volume I, G. P. Putnam, 1861, Doc. 140, pages 195-197
- ^ "Legal Materials on the Confederate States of America in the Schaffer Law Library", Albany Law School.
- ^ Records of District Courts of the United States, National Archives.
- ^ Tariff of the Confederate States of America, May 21, 1861.
- ^ 1862blackCSN
- ^ Rubin pg. 104
- ^ Levine pg. 146-147
- ^ Eicher, Civil War High Commands
References
- Eicher, John H. , & Eicher, David J. , Civil War High Commands, Stanford University Press, 2001, ISBN 0-8047-3641-3.
- Wilentz, Sean, The Rise of American Democracy, W. W. Norton & Co. , ISBN 0-393-32921-6.
Bibliography
- Cooper, William J. Jr. Jefferson Davis, American. (2000)
- Coski, John. The Confederate Battle Flag. (2005)
- Current, Richard N. , ed. Encyclopedia of the Confederacy (4 vol), 1993. 1900 pages, articles by scholars.
- Faust, Drew Gilpin. The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South. (1988)
- Faust, Patricia L. ed, Historical Times Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Civil War, 1986.
- Heidler, David S. , et al. Encyclopedia of the American Civil War : A Political, Social, and Military History, 2002. 2400 pages (ISBN 0-393-04758-X)
- Levine, Bruce. Confederate Emancipation. (2006)
- McPherson, James M. Battle Cry of Freedom. (1988)
- Rubin, Sarah Anne. A Shattered Nation: The Rise & Fall of the Confederacy 1861-1868. (2005)
- Woodworth, Steven E. ed. The American Civil War: A Handbook of Literature and Research, 1996. 750 pages of historiography and bibliography
Economic and social history
see Economy of the Confederate States of America
- Black, Robert C. The Confederate States of America had an agrarian-based economy that relied heavily on slave-worked plantations for the production of cotton for export to Europe and the northern US states , III. The Railroads of the Confederacy, 1988.
- Clinton, Catherine, and Silber, Nina, eds. Divided Houses: Gender and the Civil War, 1992.
- Dabney, Virginius. Richmond: The Story of a City. Charlottesville: The University of Virginia Press, 1990. ISBN 0-8139-1274-1.
- Faust, Drew Gilpin. Mothers of Invention: Women of the Slaveholding South in the American Civil War, 1996.
- Faust, Drew Gilpin. The Creation of Confederate Nationalism: Ideology and Identity in the Civil War South, 1988.
- Grimsley, Mark. The Hard Hand of War: Union Military Policy toward Southern Civilians, 1861-1865, 1995.
- Lentz, Perry Carlton. Our Missing Epic: A Study in the Novels about the American Civil War, 1970.
- Massey, Mary Elizabeth. Bonnet Brigades: American Women and the Civil War, 1966.
- Massey, Mary Elizabeth. Refugee Life in the Confederacy, 1964.
- Rable, George C. Civil Wars: Women and the Crisis of Southern Nationalism, 1989.
- Ramsdell, Charles. Behind the Lines in the Southern Confederacy, 1994.
- Roark, James L. Masters without Slaves: Southern Planters in the Civil War and Reconstruction, 1977.
- Rubin, Anne Sarah. A Shattered Nation: The Rise and Fall of the Confederacy, 1861-1868, 2005. A cultural study of Confederates' self images.
- Thomas, Emory M. The Confederacy as a Revolutionary Experience, 1992.
- Wiley, Bell Irwin. Confederate Women, 1975.
- Wiley, Bell Irwin. The Plain People of the Confederacy, 1944.
- Woodward, C. Vann, ed. Mary Chesnut's Civil War, 1981.
Politics
- Alexander, Thomas B. , and Beringer, Richard E. The Anatomy of the Confederate Congress: A Study of the Influences of Member Characteristics on Legislative Voting Behavior, 1861-1865, 1972.
- Boritt, Gabor S. , et al, Why the Confederacy Lost, 1992.
- Cooper, William J, Jefferson Davis, American, 2000. Standard biography.
- Coulter, E. Merton. The Confederate States of America, 1861-1865, 1950.
- William C. Davis (2003). Look Away! A History of the Confederate States of America. New York: Free Press. ISBN 0-684-86585-8.
- Eaton, Clement. A History of the Southern Confederacy, 1954.
- Eckenrode, H. J. , Jefferson Davis: President of the South, 1923.
- Gallgher, Gary W. , The Confederate War, 1999.
- Neely, Mark E. , Jr. , Confederate Bastille: Jefferson Davis and Civil Liberties, 1993.
- Rembert, W. Patrick. Jefferson Davis and His Cabinet, 1944.
- Rable, George C. , The Confederate Republic: A Revolution against Politics, 1994.
- Roland, Charles P. The Confederacy, 1960. brief
- Thomas, Emory M. Confederate Nation: 1861-1865, 1979. Standard political-economic-social history
- Wakelyn, Jon L. Biographical Dictionary of the Confederacy Greenwood Press ISBN 0-8371-6124-X
- Williams, William M. Justice in Grey: A History of the Judicial System of the Confederate States of America, 1941.
- Yearns, Wilfred Buck. The Confederate Congress, 1960.
Primary sources
- Carter, Susan B. , ed. The Historical Statistics of the United States: Millennial Edition (5 vols), 2006.
- Davis, Jefferson, The Rise and Fall of the Confederate Government (2 vols), 1881.
- Harwell, Richard B. , The Confederate Reader (1957)
- Jones, John B. A Rebel War Clerk's Diary at the Confederate States Capital, edited by Howard Swiggert, [1935] 1993. 2 vols.
- Richardson, James D. , ed. A Compilation of the Messages and Papers of the Confederacy, Including the Diplomatic Correspondence 1861-1865, 2 volumes, 1906.
- Yearns, W. Buck and Barret, John G. ,eds. North Carolina Civil War Documentary, 1980.
- Confederate official government documents major online collection of complete texts in HTML format, from U. of North Carolina
- Journal of the Congress of the Confederate States of America, 1861-1865 (7 vols), 1904. Available online at the Library of Congress [2]
External links
- The McGavock Confederate Cemetery at Franklin, TN
- Confederate offices Index of Politicians by Office Held or Sought
- Civil War Research & Discussion Group -*Confederate States of Am. Army and Navy Uniforms, 1861
- The Countryman, 1862-1866, published weekly by Turnwold, Ga. , edited by J. A. Turner
- The Federal and the Confederate Constitution Compared
- The Making of the Confederate Constitution, by A. L. Hull, 1905.
- Confederate Currency
- Photographs of the original Confederate Constitution and other Civil War documents owned by the Hargrett Rare Book and Manuscript Library at the University of Georgia Libraries.
- Photographic History of the Civil War, 10 vols., 1912.
- DocSouth: Documenting the American South - numerous online text, image, and audio collections.
- Confederate States of America: A Register of Its Records in the Library of Congress
Dictionary
Confederate States of America
-proper noun
- A nation existing from 1861-1865, consisting of the eleven Southern states who sought independence from the United States of America over the issue of slavery and states' rights.
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