A computer printer, or more commonly a printer, is a computer peripheral which produces a hard copy (permanent human-readable text and/or graphics) of documents stored in electronic form, usually on physical print media such as paper or transparencies. Hard Copy is an American tabloid news television show that ran in syndication from 1989 to 1999 Human-readable refers to a representation of information that can be naturally read by Humans In most contexts the alternative representation is Data Graphics (from Greek grc [[wiktγραφικός γραφικός]] see -graphy) are Visual presentations on some surface such as a wall Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging Many printers are primarily used as local peripherals, and are attached by a printer cable to a computer which serves as a document source. For an account of the words periphery and peripheral as they are used in biology sociology politics computer hardware and other fields see the Printer cable refers to the Cable that carries data between a Computer and a printer. Some printers, commonly known as network printers, have built-in network interfaces (typically wireless or Ethernet), and can serve as a hardcopy device for any user on the network. A computer network is a group of interconnected Computers. Networks may be classified according to a wide variety of characteristics Ethernet is a family of frame -based Computer networking technologies for Local area networks (LANs Individual printers are often designed to support both local and network connected users at the same time.
In addition, a few modern printers can directly interface to electronic media such as memory sticks or memory cards, or to image capture devices such as digital cameras, scanners; some printers are combined with a scanners and/or fax machines in a single unit. Memory Stick is a removable flash Memory card format launched by Sony in October 1998, and is also used in general to describe the whole family A memory card or flash memory card is a solid-state electronic Flash memory Data storage device used with Digital Many compact digital still cameras can record Sound and moving Video as well as still Photograph. Historical precedent Scanners can be considered the successors of early telephotography input devices consisting of a rotating drum with a single Photodetector at Fax (short for facsimile, from Latin fac simile, "make similar" i Printers that include non-printing features are sometimes called Multifunction Printers (MFP) or Multi-Function Devices (MFD).
A printer which is combined with a scanner can function as a kind of photocopier if so designed. A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply Most MFPs include printing, scanning, and copying among their features. Printers are designed for low-volume, short-turnaround print jobs; requiring virtually no setup time to achieve a hard copy of a given document. However, printers are generally slow devices (30 pages per minute is considered fast; and many consumer printers are far slower than that), and the cost-per-page is relatively high. In contrast, the printing press (which serves much the same function), is designed and optimized for high-volume print jobs such as newspaper print runs--printing presses are capable of hundreds of pages per minute or more, and have an incremental cost-per-page which is a fraction of that of printers. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image
The printing press remains the machine of choice for high-volume, professional publishing. A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image However, as printers have improved in quality and performance, many jobs which used to be done by professional print shops are now done by users on local printers; see desktop publishing. Desktop publishing (also known as DTP) combines a Personal computer and WYSIWYG page layout Software to create Publication Documents The world's first computer printer was a 19th century mechanically driven apparatus invented by Charles Babbage for his Difference Engine. A computer is a Machine that manipulates data according to a list of instructions. The Difference Engine was an automatic mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. [1]
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Printing technology
Printers are routinely classified by the underlying print technology they employ; numerous such technologies have been developed over the years.
The choice of print engine has a substantial effect on what jobs a printer is suitable for, as different technologies are capable of different levels of image/text quality, print speed, low cost, noise; in addition, some technologies are inappropriate for certain types of physical media (such as carbon paper or transparencies). Carbon paper (originally carbonic paper) is Paper coated on one side with a layer of a loosely bound dry Ink or pigmented coating usually bound with A transparency is a thin sheet of transparent flexible material typically Cellulose acetate, onto which figures can be drawn
Another aspect of printer technology that is often forgotten is resistance to alteration: liquid ink such as from an inkjet head or fabric ribbon becomes absorbed by the paper fibers, so documents printed with a liquid ink sublimation printer are more difficult to alter than documents printed with toner or solid inks, which do not penetrate below the paper surface.
Checks should either be printed with liquid ink or on special "check paper with toner anchorage". [2] For similar reasons carbon film ribbons for IBM Selectric typewriters bore labels warning against using them to type negotiable instruments such as checks. The machine-readable lower portion of a check, however, must be printed using MICR toner or ink. Magnetic Ink Character Recognition, or MICR (pronounced my-ker or micker) a character recognition technology adopted mainly by the banking industry to Banks and other clearing houses employ automation equipment that relies on the magnetic flux from these specially printed characters to function properly.
Modern print technology
The following printing technologies are routinely found in modern printers, as of April 2006:
Toner-based printers
Toner-based printers work using the Xerographic principle that is at work in most photocopiers: by adhering toner to a light-sensitive print drum, then using static electricity to transfer the toner to the printing medium to which it is fused with heat and pressure. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A laser printer is a common type of Computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper Xerography (or electrophotography) is a Photocopying technique developed by Chester Carlson in 1938 and Patented on October 6 A photocopier (or copier is a machine that makes Paper copies of documents and other visual images quickly and cheaply For the Irish surname see Toner (surname. Toner is a powder used in Laser printers and Photocopiers to form
The most common type of toner-based printer is the laser printer, which uses precision lasers to cause adherence. A laser printer is a common type of Computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. Laser printers are known for high quality prints, good print speed, and a low (Black and White) cost-per-copy; they are the most common printer for many general-purpose office applications. A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. They are far less commonly used as consumer printers due to a high initial cost.
Laser printers are available in both color and monochrome varieties. A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission.
Another toner based printer is the LED printer which uses an array of LEDs instead of a laser to cause toner adhesion to the print drum. An LED printer is a recently-developed type of Computer printer. A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission.
Recent research has also indicated that Laser printers emit potentially dangerous ultrafine particles, possibly causing health problems associated with respiration [1] and cause pollution equivalent to cigarettes. A laser is a device that emits Light ( Electromagnetic radiation) through a process called Stimulated emission. Ultrafine particles ( UFPs) are Nanoscale, less than 100 Nanometres Clusters of UFPs can be seen with the naked eye [3] The degree of particle emissions varies with age, model and design of each printer but is generally proportional to the amount of toner required. Furthermore, a well ventilated workspace would allow such ultrafine particles to disperse thus reducing the health side effects.
Liquid inkjet printers
Solid ink printers
Solid Ink printers, also known as phase-change printers, are a type of thermal transfer printer. Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material ( Ink) onto almost any sized page Solid ink is a technology used in Computer printers and multifunction devices originally created by Tektronix in 1986 Solid ink is a technology used in Computer printers and multifunction devices originally created by Tektronix in 1986 A thermal transfer printer is a printer which prints on Paper (or some other material by melting a coating of ribbon so that it stays glued to the material on which They use solid sticks of CMYK colored ink (similar in consistency to candle wax), which are melted and fed into a piezo crystal operated print-head. CMYK (short for '''c'''yan, '''m'''agenta, '''y'''ellow, and k ey ( Black) and often referred to as process color The printhead sprays the ink on a rotating, oil coated drum. The paper then passes over the print drum, at which time the image is transferred, or transfixed, to the page.
Solid ink printers are most commonly used as color office printers, and are excellent at printing on transparencies and other non-porous media. Solid ink is a technology used in Computer printers and multifunction devices originally created by Tektronix in 1986 Solid ink printers can produce excellent results. Solid ink is a technology used in Computer printers and multifunction devices originally created by Tektronix in 1986 Acquisition and operating costs are similar to laser printers. Drawbacks of the technology include high power consumption and long warm-up times from a cold state.
Also, some users complain that the resulting prints are difficult to write on (the wax tends to repel inks from pens), and are difficult to feed through Automatic Document Feeders, but these traits have been significantly reduced in later models. A pen (Latin pinna, feather is a Writing instrument used to apply Ink to a surface usually Paper. In multifunction or all-in-one printers, Fax machines Photocopiers and Scanners Automatic Document Feeder or ADF is a feature In addition, this type of printer is only available from one manufacturer, Xerox, manufactured as part of their Xerox Phaser office printer line. Xerox Corporation ( (name ˈziːrɒks is a global document management company which manufactures and sells a range of color and black-and-white printers, multifunction Xerox Phaser is the brand name for a line of color and black and white printers produced and sold by Xerox. Previously, solid ink printers were manufactured by Tektronix, but Tek sold the printing business to Xerox in 2001
Dye-sublimation printers
A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is a printer which employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a plastic card, paper or canvas. Solid ink is a technology used in Computer printers and multifunction devices originally created by Tektronix in 1986 Tektronix Inc is a North American company best known for its test and measurement equipment such as Oscilloscopes Logic analyzers, and video and mobile A dye-sublimation printer (or dye-sub printer) is a Computer printer which employs a printing process that uses heat to transfer dye to a medium such as a plastic A canvas print, also known as a stretched canvas or canvas art, is the result of an image printed onto Canvas which is stretched or gallery-wrapped The process is usually to lay one color at a time using a ribbon that has color panels. Dye-sub printers are intended primarily for high-quality color applications, including color photography; and are less well-suited for text. While once the province of high-end print shops, dye-sublimation printers are now increasingly used as dedicated consumer photo printers.
Inkless printers
Inkless printers use paper with colorless dye crystals embedded between the two outer layers of the paper. When the printer is turned on, heat from the drum causes the crystals to colorize at different rates and become visible. One inkless printing technology, Zink, originally developed at Polaroid, became available in 2007. ZINK Imaging (short for Zero-Ink Imaging is a privately held Massachusetts-based company that is the inventor of the ink-free printing technology platform ZINK Zero Ink and is For the Polaroid instant camera see Instant camera. For the company see Polaroid Corporation. Because of the way it prints, the printer can be as small as a business card, the images are waterproof, and in fact, one product slated for release by Zink Imaging is a digital camera with a printer built into it.
Xerox is also working on an inkless printer which will use a special reusable paper coated with a few micrometres of UV light sensitive chemicals. Xerox Corporation ( (name ˈziːrɒks is a global document management company which manufactures and sells a range of color and black-and-white printers, multifunction The printer will use a special UV light bar which will be able to write and erase the paper. As of early 2007 this technology is still in development and the text on the printed pages can only last between 16-24 hours before fading. [2]
Obsolete and special-purpose printing technologies
The following technologies are either obsolete, or limited to special applications though most were, at one time, in widespread use.
Thermal printers work by selectively heating regions of special heat-sensitive paper. For the type of printer which uses sparks and aluminised paper (and is sometimes referred to as a "thermal printer" see Spark printer. These printers are limited to special-purpose applications such as cash registers and the printers in ATMs and gasoline dispensers. They are also used in some older inexpensive fax machines.
Impact printers rely on a forcible impact to transfer ink to the media, similar to the action of a typewriter. In Physics, a force is whatever can cause an object with Mass to Accelerate. A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium All but the dot matrix printer rely on the use of formed characters, letterforms that represent each of the characters that the printer was capable of printing. A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer refers to a type of Computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact striking Typesetting involves the presentation of textual material in graphic form on Paper or some other medium. In addition, most of these printers were limited to monochrome printing in a single typeface at one time, although bolding and underlining of text could be done by overstriking, that is, printing two or more impressions in the same character position. Impact printers varieties include, Typewriter-derived printers, Teletypewriter-derived printers, Daisy wheel printers, Dot matrix printers and Line printers. Dot matrix printers remain in common use in businesses where multi-part forms are printed, such as car rental service counters.
Pen-based plotters were an alternate printing technology once common in engineering and architectural firms. Pen-based plotters rely on contact with the paper (but not impact, per se), and special purpose pens that are mechanically run over the paper to create text and images.
Typewriter-derived printers
Several different computer printers were simply computer-controllable versions of existing electric typewriters. The Friden Flexowriter, or flexowriter as on its nameplate was a Teleprinter, a heavy duty electric typewriter capable of being driven not only by a human typing The Friden Flexowriter and IBM Selectric typewriter were the most-common examples. The Friden Flexowriter, or flexowriter as on its nameplate was a Teleprinter, a heavy duty electric typewriter capable of being driven not only by a human typing The Flexowriter printed with a conventional typebar mechanism while the Selectric used IBM's well-known "golf ball" printing mechanism. In either case, the letter form then struck a ribbon which was pressed against the paper, printing one character at a time. The maximum speed of the Selectric printer (the faster of the two) was 15. 5 characters per second.
Teletypewriter-derived printers
The common teleprinter could easily be interfaced to the computer and became very popular except for those computers manufactured by IBM. A teleprinter ( A teleprinter ( International Business Machines Corporation abbreviated IBM and nicknamed "Big Blue", is a multinational Computer Technology Some models used a "typebox" that was positioned (in the X- and Y-axes) by a mechanism and the selected letter from was struck by a hammer. Others used a type cylinder in a similar way as the Selectric typewriters used their type ball. In either case, the letter form then struck a ribbon to print the letterform. Most teleprinters operated at ten characters per second although a few achieved 15 CPS.
Daisy wheel printers
Daisy-wheel printers operate in much the same fashion as a typewriter. A daisy wheel printer is a printing technology which produces high-quality output comparable to that produced by high-end typewriters such as the IBM Selectric. A typewriter is a mechanical or Electromechanical device with a set of "keys" that when pressed cause characters to be printed on a medium A hammer strikes a wheel with petals (the daisy wheel), each petal containing a letter form at its tip. The letter form strikes a ribbon of ink, depositing the ink on the page and thus printing a character. An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or By rotating the daisy wheel, different characters are selected for printing.
These printers were also referred to as letter-quality printers because, during their heyday, they could produce text which was as clear and crisp as a typewriter (though they were nowhere near the quality of printing presses). A printing press is a mechanical device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a medium (such as paper or cloth thereby transferring an image The fastest letter-quality printers printed at 30 characters per second.
Dot-matrix printers
In the general sense many printers rely on a matrix of pixels, or dots, that together form the larger image. A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer refers to a type of Computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact striking In Mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a rectangular table of elements (or entries) which may be Numbers or more generally In Digital imaging, a pixel ( pict ure el ement is the smallest piece of information in an image However, the term dot matrix printer is specifically used for impact printers that use a matrix of small pins to create precise dots. A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer refers to a type of Computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact striking A pin is a device used for fastening objects or material together The advantage of dot-matrix over other impact printers is that they can produce graphical images in addition to text; however the text is generally of poorer quality than impact printers that use letterforms (type). The term graphic design can refer to a number of artistic and professional disciplines which focus on visual communication and presentation
Dot-matrix printers can be broadly divided into two major classes:
- Ballistic wire printers (discussed in the dot matrix printers article)
- Stored energy printers
Dot matrix printers can either be character-based or line-based (that is, a single horizontal series of pixels across the page), referring to the configuration of the print head. A dot matrix printer or impact matrix printer refers to a type of Computer printer with a print head that runs back and forth on the page and prints by impact striking A stored energy printer is a type of Computer printer that uses the energy stored in a spring or Magnetic field to push a hammer through a ribbon to print a dot For other uses see Character. In Computer and machine-based Telecommunications terminology a character is a unit of
At one time, dot matrix printers were one of the more common types of printers used for general use - such as for home and small office use. Such printers would have either 9 or 24 pins on the print head. 24-pin print heads were able to print at a higher quality. Once the price of inkjet printers dropped to the point where they were competitive with dot matrix printers, dot matrix printers began to fall out of favor for general use.
Some dot matrix printers, such as the NEC P6300, can be upgraded to print in color. This is achieved through the use of a four-color ribbon mounted on a mechanism (provided in an upgrade kit that replaces the standard black ribbon mechanism after installation) that raises and lowers the ribbons as needed. Color graphics are generally printed in four passes at standard resolution, thus slowing down printing considerably. As a result, color graphics can take up to four times longer to print than standard monochrome graphics, or up to 8-16 times as long at high resolution mode.
Dot matrix printers are still commonly used in low-cost, low-quality applications like cash registers, or in demanding, very high volume applications like invoice printing. A cash register is a mechanical or electronic device for calculating and recording sales transactions and an attached Cash drawer for storing Currency. An invoice or bill is a commercial document issued by a seller to the Buyer, indicating the products quantities and agreed Prices The fact that they use an impact printing method allows them to be used to print multi-part documents using carbonless copy paper (like sales invoices and credit card receipts), whereas other printing methods are unusable with paper of this type. Carbonless copy paper, non-carbon copy paper, or NCR paper is an alternative to Carbon paper, used to make a copy of an original handwritten document without Dot-matrix printers are now (as of 2005) rapidly being superseded even as receipt printers.
Line printers
Line printers, as the name implies, print an entire line of text at a time. The line printer is a form of high speed impact printer in which one line of type is printed at a time Three principal designs existed. In drum printers, a drum carries the entire character set of the printer repeated in each column that is to be printed. In chain printers (also known as train printers), the character set is arranged multiple times around a chain that travels horizontally past the print line. In either case, to print a line, precisely timed hammers strike against the back of the paper at the exact moment that the correct character to be printed is passing in front of the paper. The paper presses forward against a ribbon which then presses against the character form and the impression of the character form is printed onto the paper.
Comb printers represent the third major design. These printers were a hybrid of dot matrix printing and line printing. In these printers, a comb of hammers printed a portion of a row of pixels at one time (for example, every eighth pixel). By shifting the comb back and forth slightly, the entire pixel row could be printed (continuing the example, in just eight cycles). The paper then advanced and the next pixel row was printed. Because far less motion was involved than in a conventional dot matrix printer, these printers were very fast compared to dot matrix printers and were competitive in speed with formed-character line printers while also being able to print dot-matrix graphics.
Line printers were the fastest of all impact printers and were used for bulk printing in large computer centres. They were virtually never used with personal computers and have now been replaced by high-speed laser printers. A personal computer ( PC) is any Computer whose original sales price size and capabilities make it useful for individuals and which is intended to be operated
The legacy of line printers lives on in many computer operating systems, which use the abbreviations "lp", "lpr", or "LPT" to refer to printers. An operating system (commonly abbreviated OS and O/S) is the software component of a Computer system that is responsible for the management and coordination
Pen-based plotters
A plotter is a vector graphics printing device which operates by moving a pen over the surface of paper. A plotter is a Vector graphics printing device that connects to a Computer. Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points lines, Curves and shapes or Polygon (s which are all based Plotters have been (and still are) used in applications such as computer-aided design, though they are being replaced with wide-format conventional printers (which nowadays have sufficient resolution to render high-quality vector graphics using a rasterized print engine). It is commonplace to refer to such wide-format printers as "plotters", even though such usage is technically incorrect.
Other printers
A number of other sorts of printers are important for historical reasons, or for special purpose uses:
- Digital minilab (photographic paper)
- Electrolytic printers
- Microsphere (special paper)
- Spark printer (supplied for Sinclair ZX81)
- barcode printer multiple technologies, including: thermal printing, inkjet printing, and laser printing barcodes
- Billboard / sign paint spray printers
- Laser etching (product packaging) industrial printers
Printing mode
The data received by a printer may be:
Some printers can process all three types of data, others not. A minilab is a small Photographic developing and printing system as opposed to large centralized photo developing labs Photographic paper is paper coated with Light -sensitive chemicals used for making Photographic prints Photographic paper differs from photo papers The VT52 was a CRT -based Computer terminal produced by Digital Equipment Corporation during the late 1970s. A spark printer is an obsolete form of Computer printer which uses a special Paper coated with a layer of Aluminium over a black backing which is The Sinclair ZX81 Home computer, released by Sinclair Research in 1981, was the follow up to the company's ZX80. A barcode printer (or bar code printer) is a computer Peripheral for printing Barcode labels or tags that can be attached to physical objects For the type of printer which uses sparks and aluminised paper (and is sometimes referred to as a "thermal printer" see Spark printer. Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material ( Ink) onto almost any sized page A laser printer is a common type of Computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper A bar code (also barcode) is an optical Machine-readable representation of data In Computing, plain text is a term used for an ordinary "unformatted" sequential file readable as textual material without much processing In Computer graphics, a raster graphics image or bitmap, is a Data structure representing a generally rectangular grid of Pixels Vector graphics is the use of geometrical primitives such as points lines, Curves and shapes or Polygon (s which are all based
- Character Printers (such as Daisy wheel printers) can handle only plain text data or rather simple point plots. A daisy wheel printer is a printing technology which produces high-quality output comparable to that produced by high-end typewriters such as the IBM Selectric.
- Pen Plotters typically process vector images. A plotter is a Vector graphics printing device that connects to a Computer. Inkjet based Plotters can adequately reproduce all three.
- Modern printing technology, such as laser printers and inkjet printers, can adequately reproduce all three. A laser printer is a common type of Computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper Inkjet printers operate by propelling variably-sized droplets of liquid or molten material ( Ink) onto almost any sized page This is especially true of printers equipped with support for PostScript and/or PCL; which includes the vast majority of printers produced today. PostScript ( PS) is a dynamically typed concatenative Programming language created by John Warnock and Charles Geschke in 1982 A page description language (PDL is a language that describes the appearance of a printed page in a higher level than an actual output Bitmap.
Today it is common to print everything (even plain text) by sending ready bitmapped images to the printer, because it allows better control over formatting. Many printer drivers do not use the text mode at all, even if the printer is capable of it. In Computers, a printer driver or a print processor is a piece of Software that converts the data to be printed to the form specific to a printer
Monochrome, color and photo printers
A monochrome printer can only produce an image consisting of one color, usually black. A photo printer is a printer (usually an Inkjet printer) that is specifically designed to print high quality digital photos on Photo paper. Monochrome comes from the Greek μονόχρωμος ( monochromos) meaning “of one color” which is a combination An image (from Latin imago) or picture is an artifact usually two-dimensional that has a similar appearance to some subject &mdashusually Black is the Color of objects that do not emit or Reflect Light in any part of the Visible spectrum; they absorb all such frequencies of A monochrome printer may also be able to produce various tones of that color, such as a grey-scale. In Computing, a grayscale or greyscale Digital image is an image in which the value of each Pixel
A color printer can produce images of multiple colors.
A photo printer is a color printer that can produce images that mimic the color range (gamut) and resolution of photographic methods of printing. A photo printer is a printer (usually an Inkjet printer) that is specifically designed to print high quality digital photos on Photo paper. In color reproduction including Computer graphics and Photography, the gamut, or color gamut (pronounced /ˈgæmət/ is a certain complete In color reproduction including Computer graphics and Photography, the gamut, or color gamut (pronounced /ˈgæmət/ is a certain complete Image resolution describes the detail an Image holds The term applies equally to Digital images film images and other types of images A photograph (often shortened to photo) is an Image created by Light falling on a light-sensitive surface usually Photographic film or an electronic Many can be used autonomously (without a computer), with a memory card or USB connector. Autonomy ( Greek: Auto- Nomos - nomos meaning "law" one who gives oneself his/her own Law) is the right to Self-government A memory card or flash memory card is a solid-state electronic Flash memory Data storage device used with Digital
The printer manufacturing business
Often the razor and blades business model is applied. Freebie marketing, also known as the razor and blades business model, is the concept of either giving away a sellable item for nothing or charging an extremely low price in order That is, a company may sell a printer at cost, and make profits on the ink cartridge, paper, or some other replacement part. An ink cartridge is a replaceable component of an Ink jet printer that contains the Ink (and sometimes the print-head itself that is spread on paper during printing Paper is thin material mainly used for writing upon printing upon or packaging This has caused legal disputes regarding the right of companies other than the printer manufacturer to sell compatible ink cartridges. A legal case is a dispute between opposing parties resolved by a Court, or by some equivalent legal process A right is a legal or moral Entitlement or Permission. Rights are of vital importance in theories of Justice and deontological ethics Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale
Printing speed
The speed of early printers was measured in units of characters per second. More modern printers are measured in pages per minute. These measures are used primarily as a marketing tool, and are not well standardised. Usually pages per minute refers to sparse monochrome office documents, rather than dense pictures which usually print much more slowly. PPM are most of the time referring to A4 paper in Europe and letter paper in the US, resulting in a 5-10% difference. A series Paper in the A series format has a 1\sqrt{2} aspect ratio although this is rounded to the nearest millimetre
References
- ^ Babbage printer finally runs BBC News, 13 April, 2000
- ^ Abagnale, Frank (2007). Protection Against Check Fraud. abagnale. com. Retrieved on 2007-06-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1358 - Republic of Dubrovnik is founded 1709 - Peter the Great defeats Charles XII of Sweden
- ^ Printers pose health risks: study - Technology - theage.com.au
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