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This page is about the sculpture. For the modern dance group, see Cloud Gate Dance Theater. Cloud Gate Dance Theatre ( is a Modern dance group based in Taiwan.
Cloud Gate
Anish Kapoor, 2004-2006
Stainless steel
Height: 33 feet (10 m)
Length: 66 feet (20 m)
Width: 42 feet (13 m)
Chicago, Illinois, Millennium Park

Cloud Gate is a public sculpture by British artist Anish Kapoor in Millennium Park within the Loop community area of Chicago in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Anish Kapoor (born 1954 is a Turner Prize winning sculptor. Kapoor was born in Bombay ( Mumbai) India, and attended the In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. Millennium Park is a public Park located in the Chicago Loop community area of Chicago within, United States. Anish Kapoor (born 1954 is a Turner Prize winning sculptor. Kapoor was born in Bombay ( Mumbai) India, and attended the Millennium Park is a public Park located in the Chicago Loop community area of Chicago within, United States. Population According to the 2000 Census, 16388 people live in the Loop The City of Chicago is divided into seventy-seven community areas. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Cook County is a county in the US state of Illinois. It is the second most populous county in the United States after Los Angeles The State of Illinois ( roughly ill-i-NOY is a state of the United States of America, the 21st to be admitted to the Union. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the It is the centerpiece of the AT&T Plaza, and is located above the Park Grill and adjacent to the Chase Promenade. Before proposing a merge request please see Talk and see if the merger you propose has recently been made and The sculpture was constructed from 2004-2006, with a temporary unveiling in the summer of 2004. Nicknamed "The Bean" because of its legume-like shape, Cloud Gate's exterior consists of 168 highly polished stainless steel plates. A legume is a Plant in the family Fabaceae (or Leguminosae or a Fruit of these specific plants In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 It is 33 feet by 66 feet by 42 feet (10 m × 20 m × 13 m) tall, and weighs 110 short tons (99. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The short ton ( S/T) is a unit of mass equal to 2000 lb (around 907 8 MT/98. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. 2 LT). It was inspired by liquid mercury. Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum The sculpture's highly polished exterior reflects and transforms the city's skyline. Visitors are invited to walk around and under Cloud Gate's 12-foot (3. 7 m)-high arch, which contains a concave chamber called the "omphalos" that multiplies and warps image reflections. An omphalos is an ancient religious stone artifact, or Baetylus.

Contents

History

In 1999 the Millennium Park officials chose internationally acclaimed British artist Anish Kapoor’s proposed sculpture over a proposal by artist Jeff Koons for a permanent exhibit at the park. Millennium Park is a public Park located in the Chicago Loop community area of Chicago within, United States. Anish Kapoor (born 1954 is a Turner Prize winning sculptor. Kapoor was born in Bombay ( Mumbai) India, and attended the Jeff Koons (born January 21 1955) is an American artist whose work incorporates Kitsch imagery using painting sculpture and other forms [1] The stainless steel piece, eventually named Cloud Gate, was inspired by liquid mercury and designed to reflect Chicago's skyline. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 Mercury (ˈmɜrkjʊri also called quicksilver or hydrargyrum, is a Chemical element with the symbol Hg ( Latinized hydrargyrum Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. It is Kapoor's first public outdoor work in the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the [2] Originally it was envisioned in the southeast corner of the Lurie Garden, but park officials eventually decided to locate it at the AT&T Plaza (formerly SBC Plaza), where it is currently. Lurie Garden is a Garden located at the southern end of Millennium Park in the Loop area of Chicago in Cook County, The sculpture was nicknamed "The Bean" and then subsequently officially named by Kapoor as "Cloud Gate". [3] The sculpture has become one of the most popular public artworks in the country. [4]

As the sculpture weighs 110 short tons (99. The short ton ( S/T) is a unit of mass equal to 2000 lb (around 907 8 MT/98. This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. 2 LT), care had to be taken in supporting it. The roof of the Park Grill, upon which Cloud Gate sits, had to be strong enough to bear the weight. A large retaining wall separating the Metra train tracks from the North Grant Park garage travels along the back side of the restaurant and supports the sculpture. Metra (officially known as the Northeast Illinois Regional Commuter Railroad Corporation) is a Regional rail system that serves the city of Chicago Illinois Grant Park (originally named Lake Park is a large Park (319 acres or 1 It is further buttressed by lateral members underneath the plaza anchored to the sculpture's interior structure by tie rods. [5]

Interior construction

"What I wanted to do in Millennium Park is make something that would engage the Chicago skyline…so that one will see the clouds kind of floating in, with those very tall buildings reflected in the work. And then, since it is in the form of a gate, the participant, the viewer, will be able to enter into this very deep chamber that does, in a way, the same thing to one's reflection as the exterior of the piece is doing to the reflection of the city around. "
—Anish Kapoor[2]

Performance Structures, Inc. Anish Kapoor (born 1954 is a Turner Prize winning sculptor. Kapoor was born in Bombay ( Mumbai) India, and attended the (PSI) was chosen to produce the sculpture because of their ability to produce nearly invisible welds. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence. [1] The project began with PSI attempting to recreate Kapoor's design in miniature. These models were made of high-density polyurethane foam. A polyurethane, commonly abbreviated PU, is any Polymer consisting of a chain of organic units joined by urethane links Kapoor then chose between the various models. The chosen model was then used to design the final structure, including the interior structural components. [5] Initially, it had been planned to build and assemble the sculpture completely in Oakland, California, then shipped to Chicago through the Panama Canal and St. Lawrence Seaway. Oakland (ˈoʊklənd founded in 1852 is the eighth-largest city in the U California ( is a US state on the West Coast of the United States, along the Pacific Ocean. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The Panama Canal is a man-made Canal in Panama which joins the The St Lawrence Seaway is the common name for a system of Canals that permits ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes However, this plan was scrapped after park officials deemed it too risky. [1] Instead, the piece was assembled on-site by MTH Industries.

Inside Cloud Gate's polished exterior shell are several steel structures that keep the sculpture standing. The first structural pieces—two steel rings—were put into place in February 2004. As construction continued, criss-crossing pipe trusses were assembled between the two rings. In Architecture and Structural engineering, a truss is a structure comprising one or more triangular units constructed with straight slender members whose [6] The interior was specifically designed and constructed to make sure that no specific point was overloaded, which could produce unwanted indentations on the exterior of the piece. Additionally, the interior frame was designed to expand and contract with the sculpture as its temperature fluctuated. In order to achieve this, each part was designed to allow movement relative to all other parts without excessively constraining any one component. As a result, the two large rings supporting the sculpture move somewhat independently of one another and the shell is allowed some movement independent of the rings. [5]

Exterior maintenance

A view of the "omphalos" in 2004 showing the unpolished, welded seams.
A view of the "omphalos" in 2004 showing the unpolished, welded seams. An omphalos is an ancient religious stone artifact, or Baetylus. Welding is a fabrication process that joins materials usually Metals or Thermoplastics by causing coalescence.

When Cloud Gate's interior components were completed, construction crews began work on the structure's outer shell. In June 2004 when this work began, a large tent was erected around the entire piece in order to shield it from public view. [7] The shell is comprised of 168 stainless steel plates, which were fabricated using three-dimensional modeling software, with metal stiffeners welded to their interior faces to provide a small degree of rigidity. In Metallurgy, stainless steel is defined as a Steel Alloy with a minimum of 11 About a third of plates, along with the entire interior structure, were fabricated in Oakland disassembled and then shipped to Chicago via trucks. [5] The plates were then welded together on-site, creating 2,442 linear feet of welded seams. [8]

The sculpture was fully erected but ultimately unpolished and unfinished for the grand opening of Millennium Park on July 15, 2004 because its assembly fell behind schedule. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Christian soldiers take the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem after the final "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " The piece was temporarily uncovered on July 8 for the opening, though Kapoor was unhappy with this decision since it allowed the public to see the sculpture in an unfinished state. [9] Originally planned to be re-tented for polishing on July 24, public appreciation for the piece convinced park officials to leave it uncovered for several months. The tent was again erected in January 2005 while metalworkers polished the welds between each plate. [10] When the upper and side portions of the shell were completed, the tent was once again removed in August 2005. On October 3rd, the "omphalos" was closed off as workers polished the final portion. [11]

The sculpture was finally completed and dedicated on May 15, 2006. Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. The cost for the piece was first estimated at $6 million, which ballooned to $11. 5 million at the time of the park opening in 2004, with the final figure standing at $23 million. No public funds were involved; all funding came from individual and corporate private donations.

Cloud Gate is wiped down twice a day by hand and is completely cleaned twice a year with 40 gallons of liquid Tide. Tide is the name of a popular Laundry detergent on the market in Canada, the United States and other countries [12]

Praise and controversy

The buildings of the Historic Michigan Boulevard District reflected off of the west side of Cloud Gate.
The buildings of the Historic Michigan Boulevard District reflected off of the west side of Cloud Gate.

Cloud Gate has become an icon of the city of Chicago. Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. The public took an instant liking to it, affectionately referring to it as "the bean. "[13] It has had tremendous drawing power, attracting locals, tourists and art aficionados alike. [14] It is one of the most photographed attractions in the city, and its images are reproduced on internet websites and in travel, art and architecture magazines. The American Welding Society recognized Cloud Gate, MTH Industries and PSI by awarding them with the group's Extraordinary Welding Award. The American Welding Society ( AWS) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to advancing the Science, technology and application of Welding and allied joining [15] It is well known for the funhouse mirror effect its reflections produce,[16][17] and it contributed to Millennium Park being named among the 10 best architectural achievements of 2004 in Time. A funhouse or fun house is an amusement facility found on Amusement park and Carnival midways in which patrons can have a number of unusual and For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of [16]

The sculpture is tremendously popular. [18] The sculpture has become so popular that Chicago Mayor Richard M. Daley declared the day of the sculpture's dedication, May 15, 2006, to be "Cloud Gate Day". The Mayor of Chicago is the Chief executive of Chicago, Illinois, the third largest City in the United Richard Michael Daley (born April 24 1942 is a United States Politician, member of the national and local Democratic Party and current mayor Events 1252 - Pope Innocent IV issues the Papal bull Ad exstirpanda, which authorizes but also limits the Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Anish Kapoor attended the celebration, while Orbert Davis and the Chicago Jazz Philharmonic played the Davis-composed "Fanfare for Cloud Gate". Orbert Davis is an American jazz Trumpeter and Bandleader. Biography Davis was born in Chicago and raised in Momence [19] The sculpture has also been used as a backdrop in commercial films, notably in the recent Hollywood film The Break-Up. The Break-Up is a 2006 Comedy-drama film from Universal Pictures starring Vince Vaughn, Jennifer Aniston, Joey

In 2005, the sculpture attracted some controversy when a professional photographer was denied access to the piece without a paid permit. A photographer is a person who takes a Photograph using a Camera. [20][21] The artist holds the copyright for the sculpture: this means that, while the public can freely photograph it, permission of the artist is required for any commercial reproductions. This is the case for all works of art currently covered by United States copyright law, and is not specific to this work. Copyright is a legal concept enacted by Governments, giving the creator of an original work of authorship Exclusive rights to control its distribution usually for Lack of knowledge of the laws around this issue, as well as lack of clarity about the original denial to photograph the work of art, led to an Internet protest in which people started uploading their own personal photos of the work of art wherever possible, and led most prominently to the popular photo-sharing website Flickr. Flickr is an image and video hosting Website, Web services suite and Online community platform [22][23]

Notes

  1. ^ a b c Schulze, Franz. Sunday afternoon in the Cyber-Age Park: the city's new greensward features Frank Gehny's latest, plus "interactive" sculptural works by Jaume Plensa and Anish Kapoor. Art in America. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  2. ^ a b Cloud Gate on the AT&T Plaza. Millennium Park. Millennium Park is a public Park located in the Chicago Loop community area of Chicago within, United States. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  3. ^ Bernstein, Fred A. (2004-07-18). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, ART/ARCHITECTURE; Big Shoulders, Big Donors, Big Art. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. The New York Times Company ( is an American media company It is Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
  4. ^ Lacayo, Richard (May 2008). Anish Kapoor: Past Present Future. Time. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Time Inc.. Time Inc is a major subsidiary of the media conglomerate Time Warner, the company formed by the 1990 Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  5. ^ a b c d Steele, Jeffrety. Special Project - Chicago's Millennium Park Project. McGraw-Hill Construction. The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc, ( is a Publicly traded corporation headquartered in Rockefeller Center in New York City. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  6. ^ "Making Metal Gleam" (April 2007). USGlass 42 (4).  
  7. ^ Becker, Lynn. A photo essay on the making of Anish Kapoor's Cloud Gate sculpture in Chicago's Millennium Park. Repeat. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt.
  8. ^ Nunn, Emily (2005-24-08). Making it shine. Chicago Tribune. The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  9. ^ Cloud Gate. Chicago Architecture Info. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
  10. ^ A place to reflect in Chicago. Los Angeles Times (2005-01-02). The Los Angeles Times (also known as the LA Times) is a daily Newspaper published in Los Angeles California and distributed Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 366 - The Alamanni cross the frozen Rhine River in large numbers invading the Roman Empire. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
  11. ^ Ryan, Karen (2005-08-18). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Cloud Gate Sculpture in Millennium Park to be Completely Untented by Sunday, August 28. Millennium Park. Millennium Park is a public Park located in the Chicago Loop community area of Chicago within, United States. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
  12. ^ Bange, Jackie (2005-08-18). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 293 BC - The oldest known Roman temple to Venus is founded starting the institution of Vinalia Rustica. Clean the Bean. WGN-TV. WGN-TV, channel 9 is a Television station in Chicago Illinois. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 193 - Roman Emperor Didius Julianus is Assassinated 987 - Hugh Capet is elected
  13. ^ Kennedy, Randy (2006-08-20). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine A Most Public Artist Polishes a New York Image. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. The New York Times Company ( is an American media company It is Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  14. ^ Kennedy, Randy (2008-05-25). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1085 - Alfonso VI of Castile takes Toledo Spain back from the Moors. The Week Ahead: May 25-31. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. The New York Times Company ( is an American media company It is Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  15. ^ AWS Honors MTH and Others for Work on Cloud Gate Project. USGNN. Retrieved on 2008-06-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 455 - The Vandals enter Rome, and plunder the city for two weeks
  16. ^ a b Lacayo, Richard (2004). The Best Architecture. Time. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  17. ^ Roston, Eric (2004-10-11). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Windy City Redux. Time. For other uses see Time (disambiguation Time is a component of a measuring system used to sequence events to compare the durations of Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  18. ^ Smith, Roberta (2008-05-30). 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Sculptor as Magician. The New York Times. The New York Times Company. The New York Times Company ( is an American media company It is Retrieved on 2008-06-03. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 350 - Roman usurper Nepotianus, of the Constantinian dynasty, proclaims himself Roman Emperor, entering
  19. ^ Lifson, Edward (2006-06-15). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 763 BC - Assyrians record a Solar eclipse that will be used to fix the Chronology of Mesopotamian history Cloud Gate Day. Chicago Public Radio. Chicago Public Radio is a noncommercial Public radio station broadcasting from Chicago, Illinois. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  20. ^ Copyright of public space (2005-01-27). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 98 - Trajan becomes Roman Emperor after the death of Nerva. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  21. ^ Kelly Kleiman (2005-03-30). Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 240 BC - 1st recorded Perihelion passage of Halley's Comet. Who owns public art?. The Christian Science Monitor. The Christian Science Monitor (CSM is an international Newspaper published daily Monday through Friday Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  22. ^ Public Park Designated Copyrighted Space. Slashdot (2005-02-12). Slashdot, often abbreviated as /, is a technology-related news Website owned by SourceForge Inc Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
  23. ^ Cory Doctorow (2005-02-06). Cory Doctorow (born July 17, 1971) is a Canadian Blogger Journalist and Science fiction author who serves as co-editor Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats the combined army of Pompeian followers and Numidians under Metellus Scipio Chicago's public sculpture can't be photographed by the public. Boing Boing. Boing Boing (originally bOING bOING) is a publishing entity first established as a Magazine, later becoming a group blog. Retrieved on 2007-05-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.

External links

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