| City of Cleveland | |||
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| Nickname: The Forest City | |||
| Motto: Progress & Prosperity | |||
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| Coordinates: | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Country | United States | ||
| State | Ohio | ||
| County | Cuyahoga | ||
| Founded | 1796 | ||
| Incorporated | 1814 (village) | ||
| 1836 (city) | |||
| Government | |||
| - Mayor | Frank G. Jackson (D) | ||
| Area [1] | |||
| - City | 82. The municipal flag of Cleveland serves as the representative banner of the city of Cleveland Ohio, United States. A nickname is a Name of an entity or thing that is not its Proper name. The Forest City is a nickname or alternate Toponym for Cleveland, Ohio. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group Cuyahoga County (pronounced /ˌkaɪəˈhɔgə/ or /ˌkaɪəˈhoːgə/ is a County located in the state of Ohio, United States. Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This list of countries, arranged alphabetically The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The political units and divisions of the United States include The 50 states (four of these being officially styled as Commonwealths) which are typically Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads This is a list of the eighty-eight counties in the US state of Ohio. Cuyahoga County (pronounced /ˌkaɪəˈhɔgə/ or /ˌkaɪəˈhoːgə/ is a County located in the state of Ohio, United States. In the United States a Village is a term sometimes informal for a type of Administrative division at the local government level A mayor (from the Latin māior, meaning "greater" is a modern title used in many countries for the highest ranking officer in a municipal government Frank George Jackson (born October 4, 1946) is an American Politician of the Democratic Party. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status 4 sq mi (213. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. 4 km²) | ||
| - Land | 77. To help compare different Orders of magnitude and geographical regions we list here areas between 100 km² and 1000 km² 6 sq mi (200. 9 km²) | ||
| - Water | 4. 8 sq mi (12. 5 km²) | ||
| Elevation [2] | 653 ft (199 m) | ||
| Population (2000)[1] | |||
| - City | 478,403 | ||
| - Density | 6,166. The elevation of a Geographic location is its height above a fixed reference point often the mean sea level. A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 5/sq mi (2,380. 9/km²) | ||
| - Metro | 2,250,871 | ||
| Time zone | EST (UTC-5) | ||
| - Summer (DST) | EDT (UTC-4) | ||
| Area code(s) | 216 | ||
| FIPS code | 39-16000[3] | ||
| GNIS feature ID | 1066654[4] | ||
| Website: www.city.cleveland.oh.us | |||
Cleveland is a city in the U.S. state of Ohio and the county seat of Cuyahoga County, the most populous county in the state. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America UTC−5 is the Time offset used in the North American Eastern Time Zone during Standard time and in the North American Central Time Zone during Daylight saving time ( DST The Eastern Time Zone ( ET) of the Western Hemisphere falls mostly along the east coast of North America and the west coast of South America UTC−4 is the Time offset used in the Atlantic Standard Time Zone in Canada in winter and the North American Eastern Time Zone during A telephone numbering plan is a plan for allocating Telephone number ranges to countries regions areas and exchanges and to non-fixed telephone networks Area code 216 is one of the Telephone Area codes serving the state of Ohio. Federal Information Processing Standards ( FIPS) are publicly announced standards developed by the United States Federal government for use by all non-military The Geographic Names Information System ( GNIS) is a database that contains name and locative information about more than two million physical and cultural features located throughout A city is an Urban area with a large Population and a particular Administrative, Legal, or Historical status A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Ohio ( is a Midwestern state of the United States. As part of the Great Lakes region, Ohio has long been a cultural and geographical crossroads A county seat is a term for an Administrative center for a County, primarily used in the United States. Cuyahoga County (pronounced /ˌkaɪəˈhɔgə/ or /ˌkaɪəˈhoːgə/ is a County located in the state of Ohio, United States. The municipality is located in northeastern Ohio on the southern shore of Lake Erie, approximately 60 miles (100 km) west of the Pennsylvania border. Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania ( often colloquially referred to as PA (its abbreviation by natives and Northeasterners is a state located in the Northeastern It was founded in 1796 near the mouth of the Cuyahoga River, and became a manufacturing center owing to its location at the head of numerous canals and railroad lines. The Cuyahoga River (ˌkaɪəˈhɔgə or kuy-a-HO-ga) is located in Northeast Ohio in the United States. Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways This article is part of the History of rail transport by country series With the decline of heavy manufacturing, Cleveland's businesses have diversified into the service economy, including the financial services, insurance, and healthcare sectors. Heavy industry does not have a single fixed meaning as compared to Light industry. Insurance, in Law and Economics, is a form of Risk management primarily used to hedge against the Risk of a contingent loss Health care in the United States is provided by many separate legal entities Cleveland is also noted for its association with rock music; the city is home to the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Rock music is a genre of Popular music often though not necessarily employing Electric guitar, Bass guitar, and Drums. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a Museum located on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland Ohio, United States [5]
As of the 2000 Census, the city proper had a total population of 478,403, and was then the 33rd largest city in the nation[6] and the second largest city in Ohio. It is the center of Greater Cleveland, the largest metropolitan area in Ohio, which spans several counties and is defined in several different ways by the Census Bureau. Greater Cleveland is a Nickname for the Metropolitan area surrounding Cleveland, Ohio. A metropolitan area is a large population center consisting of a large Metropolis and its adjacent zone of influence or of more than one closely adjoining neighboring central The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census The Cleveland-Elyria-Mentor Metropolitan Statistical Area which in 2000 ranked as the 23rd largest in the United States with 2,250,871 people. Mentor is a city in Lake County, Ohio, United States. The population was 50278 at the 2000 census. Table of United States Metropolitan Statistical Areas|Table of United States Core Based Statistical AreasIn the United States, the Office of Management and Budget (OMB has produced Cleveland is also part of the larger Cleveland-Akron-Elyria Combined Statistical Area, which in 2000 had a population of 2,945,831, and ranked as the country's 14th largest. Akron is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Summit County. Table of United States Combined Statistical AreasThe United States Office of Management and Budget (OMB defines micropolitan and metropolitan statistical areas. [7]
In studies conducted by The Economist in 2005, Cleveland and Pittsburgh were ranked as the most livable cities in the United States,[8] and the city was ranked as the best city for business meetings in the continental U. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people S. [9] The city faces continuing challenges, in particular from concentrated poverty in some neighborhoods and difficulties in the funding and delivery of high-quality public education. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and Public education is education mandated for or offered to the children of the general public by the Government, whether national regional or local provided by an institution [10]
Residents of Cleveland are usually referred to as "Clevelanders". The following is a list of people from Cleveland Ohio: A Steven Adler Corey Allen Ray Anthony Nicknames used for the city include "The Forest City", "The Cleve," "The Land," "Metropolis of the Western Reserve",[11] "The New American City",[12] "America's North Coast",[13] "Sixth City",[14] "Rock 'n' Roll Capital of the World" (because of the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame),[15] and "C-Town". The Forest City is a nickname or alternate Toponym for Cleveland, Ohio. [16]
Contents |
History
Cleveland obtained its name on July 22, 1796 when surveyors of the Connecticut Land Company laid out Connecticut's Western Reserve into townships and a capital city they named "Cleaveland" after their leader, General Moses Cleaveland. This article chronicles the history of Cleveland Ohio. Pre-history At the end of the last glacial period which ended about 15000 years ago at the Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Year 1796 ( MDCCXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Leap year The Connecticut Land Company was formed in the late eighteenth century to survey and encourage settlement in the Connecticut Western Reserve, part of the Old Northwest Territory Connecticut ( is a state located in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. Moses Cleaveland ( January 29, 1754 &ndash November 16, 1806) was a lawyer politician soldier and surveyor from Connecticut Cleaveland oversaw the plan for the modern downtown area, centered on the Public Square, before returning home, never again to visit Ohio. Public Square is the central plaza in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The first settler in Cleaveland was Lorenzo Carter, who built a cabin on the banks of the Cuyahoga River. The Village of Cleaveland was incorporated on December 23, 1814. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city Year 1814 ( MDCCCXIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The spelling of the city's name was later changed to "Cleveland" when, in 1831, an "a" was dropped so the name could fit a newspaper's masthead. [17]
In spite of the nearby swampy lowlands and harsh winters, its waterfront location proved providential. The area began rapid growth after the 1832 completion of the Ohio and Erie Canal. The Ohio Canal or Ohio and Erie Canal was a Canal constructed in the early 1800s which connected Akron, Summit County with the Cuyahoga This key link between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes connected the city to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence Seaway and the Gulf of Mexico via the Mississippi River. The Ohio River is the largest Tributary by volume of the Mississippi River. The Laurentian Great Lakes are a chain of freshwater lakes located in eastern North America, on the Canada–United States border. The St Lawrence Seaway is the common name for a system of Canals that permits ocean-going vessels to travel from the Atlantic Ocean to the Great Lakes The Gulf of Mexico ( Spanish: Golfo de México) is the ninth largest Body of water in the world The Mississippi River is the second longest River in the United States, with a length of from its source in Lake Itasca in Minnesota to Growth continued with added railroad links. [18] Cleveland incorporated as a city in 1836. [17]
In 1836, the city, then located only on the eastern banks of the Cuyahoga River, nearly erupted into open warfare with neighboring Ohio City over a bridge connecting the two. Ohio City is one of the oldest Neighborhoods of Cleveland, Ohio, United States, located immediately to the west of the Cuyahoga River [19] Ohio City remained an independent municipality until it was annexed by Cleveland in 1854. Annexation ( Latin ad, to and nexus, joining is the legal incorporation of some territory into another geo-political entity (either adjacent or non-contiguous [17] The site flourished as a halfway point for iron ore from Minnesota shipped across the Great Lakes and other raw materials (coal) carried by rail from the south. Iron ores are rocks and Minerals from which Metallic Iron can be economically extracted Minnesota ( Native Americans demonstrated the name to early settlers Cleveland emerged as a major American manufacturing center, home to numerous major steel producers, as well as a number of carmakers, including gasoline cars Peerless, People's,[20] Jordan, Winton (first car driven across the U. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 The automotive industry is the industry involved in the design development manufacture marketing and sale of Motor vehicles In 2007 more than 73 million motor vehicles Peerless was a United States automobile produced by the Peerless Motor Company of Cleveland Ohio. The Jordan Motor Car Company was founded in 1916 in Cleveland Ohio by Edward S The Winton Motor Carriage Company was a pioneer United States Automobile manufacturer based in of Cleveland Ohio. S. ),[21] steam car builders White and Gaeth, and electric car company Baker. A steam car is a car (automobile powered by a Steam engine. Technology A Steam engine is an External combustion engine White Motor Company was an American Automobile and Truck manufacturer in existence from 1900 to 1981 The Gaeth was an American steam Automobile manufactured in Cleveland Ohio from 1902 until 1911 An electric car is a type of alternative fuel Car that utilizes Electric motors and Motor controllers instead of an Internal combustion engine Baker Motor Vehicle Company was a manufacturer of Brass Era electric Automobiles in Cleveland Ohio from 1899 to 1914 By 1920, Standard Oil founder John D. Rockefeller had made his fortune and Cleveland had become the fifth largest city in the country. Standard Oil was a predominant American integrated oil producing transporting refining and marketing company John Davison Rockefeller ( July 8, 1839 &ndash May 23, 1937) was an American Industrialist and philanthropist [17] The city was a center for the national progressive movement, headed locally by Mayor Tom L. Johnson. The Progressive Era in the United States was a period of reform which lasted from the 1890s to the 1920s Many Clevelanders of this era are buried in the historic Lake View Cemetery, along with James A. Garfield, the twentieth U.S. President. Lake View Cemetery is located on the East side of the City of Cleveland Ohio, along the East Cleveland and Cleveland Heights borders James Abram Garfield (November 19 1831 September 19 1881 was the twentieth President of the United States. The President of the United States is the Head of state and Head of government of the United States and is the highest political official in United States by [22]
In commemoration of the centennial of Cleveland's incorporation as a city, the Great Lakes Exposition debuted in June 1936 along the Lake Erie shore north of downtown. A century (from the Latin centum, meaning one hundred is One hundred consecutive Years Centuries are numbered ordinally (e The Great Lakes Exposition was held in Cleveland Ohio, in the summers of 1936 and 1937 along the Lake Erie shore north of downtown. Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally Conceived as a way to energize a city hit hard by the Great Depression, it drew 4 million visitors in its first season, and 7 million by the end of its second and final season in September 1937. [23] The exposition was housed on grounds that are now used by the Great Lakes Science Center, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Burke Lakefront Airport, among others. The Great Lakes Science Center is a museum and educational facility in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a Museum located on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland Ohio, United States Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport is a public Airport situated on the shore of Lake Erie, in the northeast part of downtown Cleveland, [24]
Immediately after World War II, the city experienced a brief boom. World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including In sports, the Indians won the 1948 World Series and the Browns dominated professional football in the 1950s. The Cleveland Indians are a professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The 1948 World Series matched the Cleveland Indians against the Boston Braves. The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The National Football League ( NFL) is the largest professional American football league. Businesses proclaimed that Cleveland was the "best location in the nation". [25] The city's population reached its peak of 914,808, and in 1949 Cleveland was named an All-America City for the first time. The All-America City Award is given by the National Civic League annually to ten cities in the United States. [26] By the 1960s, however, heavy industries began to slump, and residents sought new housing in the suburbs, reflecting the national trends of white flight and urban sprawl. White flight is a term for the demographic trend in which working and Middle-class White people move away from Suburbs Urban sprawl, also known as suburban sprawl, is the spreading of a city and its Suburbs over rural land at the fringe of an urban area Like other major American cities, Cleveland also began witnessing racial unrest, culminating in the Hough Riots from July 18, 1966 – July 23, 1966 and the Glenville Shootout on July 23, 1968 – July 25, 1968. The Hough Riots were Race riots in the predominantly African American community of Hough in Cleveland Ohio that took place over a six-night period Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls, Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1966 ( MCMLXVI) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full calendar of the 1966 Gregorian calendar. The Glenville Shootout was a series of events of violent acts that occurred in the Glenville section of Cleveland Ohio, United States, from the dates Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France. Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler Year 1968 ( MCMLXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The city's nadir is often considered to be its default on its loans on December 15, 1978, when under Mayor Dennis Kucinich it became the first major American city to enter default since the Great Depression. In Finance, default occurs when a debtor has not met its legal obligations according to the debt contract e Events 533 - Byzantine general Belisarius defeats the Vandals, commanded by King Gelimer, at the Battle of Year 1978 ( MCMLXXVIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays the 1978 Gregorian calendar) Dennis John Kucinich (kuˈsɪnɪtʃ (born October 8[[ 946]] is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives and was a candidate for [17] National media began referring to Cleveland as "the mistake on the lake" around this time, in reference to the city's financial difficulties, a notorious 1969 fire on the Cuyahoga River (where industrial waste on the river's surface caught on fire), and its struggling professional sports teams. The Cuyahoga River (ˌkaɪəˈhɔgə or kuy-a-HO-ga) is located in Northeast Ohio in the United States. [27] The city has worked to shed this nickname ever since, though in recent times the national media have been much kinder to the city, using it as an exemplar for public-private partnerships, downtown revitalization, and urban renaissance. Public-private partnership ( PPP) describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more Urban renaissance is a term used to describe the recent period of repopulation and regeneration of many British cities including Birmingham, Bristol, Cardiff [28]
The metropolitan area began recovery thereafter under Mayors George Voinovich and Michael R. White. George Victor Voinovich (born July 15, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from the state of Ohio, and a member Early career White who grew up in Cleveland's Glenville neighborhood began his political career early on during his college years at Ohio State University, Redevelopment within the city limits has been strongest in the downtown area near the Gateway complex—consisting of Progressive Field and Quicken Loans Arena, and near North Coast Harbor—including the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, Cleveland Browns Stadium, and the Great Lakes Science Center. The Gateway Sports and Entertainment Complex, located in Cleveland Ohio, consists of Progressive Field (formerly Jacobs field which houses the Cleveland Indians Progressive Field is a ballpark located in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, and is the home of the Cleveland Indians of the American Quicken Loans Arena (also referred to as "The Q") is a multipurpose Arena in downtown Cleveland Ohio, USA North Coast Harbor is a district in downtown Cleveland Ohio on the shore of Lake Erie. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a Museum located on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland Ohio, United States Cleveland Browns Stadium is a football Stadium located at North Coast Harbor in Cleveland Ohio ( The Great Lakes Science Center is a museum and educational facility in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Although Cleveland was hailed by the media as the "Comeback City,"[29] many of the inner-city residential neighborhoods remain troubled, and the public school system continues to experience serious problems. Economic development, retention of young professionals, and capitalizing upon its waterfront are current municipal priorities. Economic development is the development of economic wealth of countries or regions for the well-being of their inhabitants A brain drain or human capital flight is a large emigration of individuals with technical skills or knowledge, normally due to conflict, lack of opportunity [30] In 1999, Cleveland was identified as an emerging global city. [31]
Geography
Topography
Cleveland is located at . Public Square is the central plaza in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. [32] According to the United States Census Bureau,[1] the city has a total area of 82. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census 4 square miles (213. 5 km²), of which, 77. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of 6 square miles (201. 0 km²) is land and 4. 8 square miles (12. 5 km²) is water. The total area is 5. 87% water.
The shore of Lake Erie is 569 feet (173 m) above sea level; however, the city lies on a series of irregular bluffs lying roughly parallel to the lake. Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International The term above mean sea level ( AMSL) refers to the Elevation (on the ground or Altitude (in the Air) of any object relative to the In Cleveland these bluffs are cut principally by the Cuyahoga River, Big Creek, and Euclid Creek. The Cuyahoga River (ˌkaɪəˈhɔgə or kuy-a-HO-ga) is located in Northeast Ohio in the United States. The land rises quickly from the lakeshore. Public Square, less than a mile (2 km) inland, sits at an elevation of 650 feet (198 m), and Hopkins Airport, only five miles (8 km) inland from the lake, is at an elevation of 791 feet (241 m). Public Square is the central plaza in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand [33]
Climate
| Monthly normal and record high and low temperatures[34] | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mon. | Avg. High | Avg. Low | Avg. | Rec. High | Rec. Low |
| Jan | 33 °F | 19 °F | 26 °F | 73 °F | -20 °F |
| Feb | 36 °F | 21 °F | 29 °F | 74 °F | -16 °F |
| Mar | 46 °F | 29 °F | 38 °F | 83 °F | -5 °F |
| Apr | 57 °F | 38 °F | 48 °F | 88 °F | 10 °F |
| May | 69 °F | 48 °F | 59 °F | 92 °F | 25 °F |
| Jun | 77 °F | 58 °F | 68 °F | 104 °F | 31 °F |
| Jul | 81 °F | 62 °F | 72 °F | 103 °F | 41 °F |
| Aug | 79 °F | 61 °F | 70 °F | 102 °F | 38 °F |
| Sep | 72 °F | 54 °F | 63 °F | 101 °F | 32 °F |
| Oct | 61 °F | 44 °F | 52 °F | 90 °F | 19 °F |
| Nov | 49 °F | 35 °F | 42 °F | 82 °F | 3 °F |
| Dec | 37 °F | 25 °F | 31 °F | 77 °F | -15 °F |
Cleveland possesses a humid continental climate (Koppen climate classification Dfa), typical of much of the central United States, with very warm, humid summers and cold, snowy winters. The humid continental climate is a Climate found over large areas of land masses in the temperate regions of the mid-latitudes where there is a zone of conflict between The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Lake Erie shoreline is very close to due east-west from the mouth of the Cuyahoga west to Sandusky, but at the mouth of the Cuyahoga it turns sharply northeast. Sandusky is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Erie County. This feature is the principal contributor to the lake effect snow that is typical in Cleveland (especially east side) weather from mid-November until the surface of Lake Erie freezes, usually in late January or early February. Lake-effect snow is produced in the winter when cold Arctic winds move across long expanses of warmer lake water providing energy and picking up Water vapor which freezes The lake effect causes snowfall totals to range greatly across the city: while Hopkins Airport has only reached 100 inches (254 cm) of snowfall in a given season three times since 1968,[35] seasonal totals approaching or exceeding 100 inches (2,500 mm) are not uncommon in an area known as the "Snow Belt", extending from the east side of Cleveland proper through the eastern suburbs and up the Lake Erie shore as far as Buffalo, New York. Inches redirects here To see the Les Savy Fav album see Inches. A centimetre ( American spelling: centimeter, symbol cm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one hundredth The snowbelt is a North American region much of which lies downwind of the Great Lakes where heavy Snowfall is particularly common on predominately eastern and southern Buffalo (ˈbʌfəloʊ is the second largest city in New York State. Despite its reputation as a cold, snowy place in winter mild spells often break winter's grip with temperatures sometimes soaring above 70 °F (21 °C). Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale.
The all-time record high in Cleveland of 104 °F (40 °C) was established on June 25, 1988, and the all-time record low of −20 °F (−29 °C) was set on January 19, 1994. Fahrenheit is a temperature scale named after Daniel Gabriel Fahrenheit (1686–1736 a German Physicist who proposed it in 1724 The Celsius Temperature scale was previously known as the centigrade scale. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Events 1419 - Hundred Years' War: Rouen surrenders to Henry V of England completing his reconquest of Normandy. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) [34] On average, July is the warmest month with a mean temperature of 71. 9 °F (22. 2 °C), and January, with a mean temperature of 25. 7 °F (−3. 5 °C), is the coldest. Normal yearly precipitation based on the 30-year average from 1971 to 2000 is 38. In Meteorology, precipitation (also known as one class of hydrometeors, which are atmospheric water phenomena is any product of the condensation of atmospheric 7 inches (930 mm). [36]
Cityscape
Architecture
- See also: List of tallest buildings in Cleveland and North Coast Harbor
Cleveland's downtown architecture is diverse. Downtown Cleveland is the Central business district of the City of Cleveland and Northeast Ohio. This list of tallest buildings in Cleveland ranks Skyscrapers in the U North Coast Harbor is a district in downtown Cleveland Ohio on the shore of Lake Erie. Tower City Center (formerly known as Cleveland Union Terminal) is a large mixed-use facility located on Public Square in downtown Cleveland, The Warehouse District is a nationally recognized Historic district located in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. The Cuyahoga River (ˌkaɪəˈhɔgə or kuy-a-HO-ga) is located in Northeast Ohio in the United States. Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally Many of the city's government and civic buildings, including City Hall, the Cuyahoga County Courthouse, the Cleveland Public Library, and Public Auditorium, are clustered around an open mall and share a common neoclassical architecture. Cleveland Public Library was founded in 1869 and is located in Cleveland Ohio. Public Auditorium (sometimes called Public Hall) is located in the central business district of downtown Cleveland Ohio. The Cleveland Mall is a long public Park in downtown Cleveland Ohio. Neoclassical architecture was an architectural style produced by the neoclassical movement that began in the mid-18th century both as a reaction against the Rococo Built in the early 20th century, they are the result of the 1903 Group Plan, and constitute one of the most complete examples of City Beautiful design in the United States. The Cleveland Mall is a long public Park in downtown Cleveland Ohio. The City Beautiful movement was a Progressive reform movement in North American Architecture and Urban planning that flourished in the 1890s and [37] The Terminal Tower, dedicated in 1930, was the tallest building in the United States between New York City and Chicago until 1967 and the tallest in the city until 1991. The Terminal Tower is a landmark Skyscraper located on Public Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. The City of New York Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. [38] It is a prototypical Beaux-Arts skyscraper. Beaux Arts architecture denotes the academic classical Architectural style that was taught at the École des Beaux Arts in Paris. A skyscraper is a tall continuously habitable Building. There is no official definition or a precise cutoff height above which a building may clearly be classified as a skyscraper The two newer skyscrapers on Public Square, Key Tower (currently the tallest building in Ohio) and the BP Building, combine elements of Art Deco architecture with postmodern designs. Key Tower is a Skyscraper on Public Square in downtown Cleveland Ohio designed by Architect César Pelli. The BP Tower (also known as the Sohio Building, Standard Oil building, the BP America Building, BP America Tower, 200 Public Square Art Deco was a popular international design movement from 1925 until 1939 affecting the decorative arts such as Architecture, Interior design, and Industrial Postmodern architecture was an international style whose first examples are generally cited as being from the 1950s and which continues to influence present-day Architecture Another of Cleveland's architectural treasures is The Arcade (sometimes called the Old Arcade), a five-story arcade built in 1890 and renovated in 2001 as a Hyatt Regency Hotel. The Arcade in downtown Cleveland Ohio, is a Victorian -era structure of two nine-story buildings joined by a five-story arcade with An arcade is a passage or walkway covered over by a succession of Arches or vaults supported by columns Hyatt is an international brand of hotels within the Global Hyatt Corporation that operates numerous properties [39] Cleveland's landmark ecclesiastical architecture includes the historic Old Stone Church in downtown Cleveland and the onion domed St. Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral in Tremont. Church architecture or ecclesiastical architecture refers to the Architecture of buildings of Christian churches The Old Stone Church is a historic Presbyterian church located in downtown Cleveland Ohio, and is the oldest building on Public Square An onion dome (Russian луковичная глава lúkovichnaya glava) is a type of unioform architectural Dome seen across Eastern Europe and often associated St Theodosius Russian Orthodox Cathedral is located on Starkweather Avenue in the Tremont neighborhood of Cleveland Ohio. [40]
Running east from Public Square through University Circle is Euclid Avenue, which was known for its prestige and elegance. Euclid Avenue is a name applied to streets in many American cities however Cleveland Ohio ’s Euclid Avenue received nationwide attention from the 1860s to the 1920s for its In the late 1880s, writer Bayard Taylor described it as "the most beautiful street in the world. Bayard Taylor ( James) (January 11 1825 &ndash December 19 1878 was an American Poet, literary critic translator and travel author "[41] Known as "Millionaire's Row", Euclid Avenue was world-renowned as the home of such internationally-known names as Rockefeller, Hanna, and Hay. John Davison Rockefeller ( July 8, 1839 &ndash May 23, 1937) was an American Industrialist and philanthropist Marcus Alonzo Hanna ( September 24, 1837 &ndash February 15, 1904) best known as Mark Hanna, was an American Industrialist John Milton Hay ( October 8, 1838 – July 1, 1905) was an American statesman diplomat author journalist and private secretary [42]
Cleveland is home to four parks in the countywide Cleveland Metroparks system, the "Emerald Necklace" of Olmsted-inspired parks that encircles the region. A park is a protected area of Land and Water, usually in its natural or semi-natural (landscaped state and set aside for some purpose often to do with human The Cleveland Metroparks, one of several Ohio Metroparks, are a system of Nature preserves in Greater Cleveland that encircle the city of Frederick Law Olmsted ( April 25, 1822 &ndash August 28, 1903) was an American landscape designer and father of American In the Big Creek valley sits the Cleveland Metroparks Zoo, which contains the largest collection of primates of any zoo in the United States. The Cleveland Metroparks Zoo is a Zoo in Cleveland Ohio. The zoo is 165 acres (66 A primate is a member of the biological order Primates ( Latin: "prime first rank" the group that contains Lemurs the Aye-aye The other three parks are Brookside Park and parts of the Rocky River and Washington Reservations. Apart from the Metroparks is Cleveland Lakefront State Park, which provides public access to Lake Erie. Among its six parks are Edgewater Park, located between the Shoreway and Lake Erie just west of downtown, and Euclid Beach Park and Gordon Park on the east side. The Cleveland Memorial Shoreway (often shortened to simply "The Shoreway" is a limited-access Freeway in Cleveland Ohio. Euclid Beach Park (1895— September 28, 1969) was an Amusement park located on the Lake Erie shore in northeast Cleveland Ohio The City of Cleveland's Rockefeller Park, with its many Cultural Gardens[43] honoring the city's ethnic groups, follows Doan Brook across the city's east side.
Neighborhoods
Downtown Cleveland includes mixed-use neighborhoods such as the Flats and the Warehouse District, which are occupied by industrial and office buildings and also by restaurants and bars. Downtown Cleveland is the Central business district of the City of Cleveland and Northeast Ohio. The Flats is a mixed-use industrial entertainment and increasingly residential area of Cleveland, Ohio, USA. The Warehouse District is a nationally recognized Historic district located in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. The number of downtown housing units in the form of condominiums, lofts, and apartments has increased over the past ten years. A condominium, or condo, is a form of Housing tenure and other Real property where a specified part of a piece of real estate (usually of an apartment Loft mainly refers to two different types of rooms It typically refers to an upper story or Attic in a Building, directly under the Roof This trend looks to continue with the recent revival of the Flats. The apartment and condominium project that was recently completed on the West Bank, Stonebridge Apartments, has been highly successful. The East Bank has its own redevelopment project underway orchestrated by Scott Wolstein of Developers Diversified Realty, Inc that looks only to enhance the Flats recent success.
Cleveland residents often define themselves in terms of whether they live on the east side or the west side of the Cuyahoga River. The Flats is a mixed-use industrial entertainment and increasingly residential area of Cleveland, Ohio, USA. The Cuyahoga River (ˌkaɪəˈhɔgə or kuy-a-HO-ga) is located in Northeast Ohio in the United States. Downtown Cleveland is the Central business district of the City of Cleveland and Northeast Ohio. The Cuyahoga River (ˌkaɪəˈhɔgə or kuy-a-HO-ga) is located in Northeast Ohio in the United States. [44] The east side comprises the following neighborhoods: Buckeye-Shaker Square, Central, Collinwood, Corlett, Euclid-Green, Fairfax, Forest Hills, Glenville, Payne/Goodrich-Kirtland Park, Hough, Kinsman, Lee Harvard/Seville-Miles, Mount Pleasant, Nottingham, St. Clair-Superior, Union-Miles Park, University Circle, Little Italy, and Woodland Hills. Shaker Square is a neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland Ohio which is centered around a Shopping center and a station on the rapid transit train Collinwood is a neighborhood on the east side of Cleveland Ohio annexed by the city in 1910 Glenville is a neighborhood in the Eastern section of Cleveland, Ohio. St Clair - Superior is a near east side Neighborhood of Cleveland Ohio. University Circle is the cultural educational and medical center of Greater Cleveland, and is located on the east side of Cleveland Ohio. Little Italy is a neighborhood in Cleveland Ohio located at the base of Murray Hill between Cleveland's University Circle neighborhood and the suburb of Cleveland The west side of the city includes the following neighborhoods: Brooklyn Centre, Clark-Fulton, Detroit-Shoreway, Cudell, Edgewater, Ohio City, Old Brooklyn, Stockyards, West Boulevard, and the four neighborhoods colloquially known as West Park: Kamm's Corners, Jefferson, Puritas-Longmead, and Riverside. Detroit-Shoreway is a west side Neighborhood of Cleveland Ohio. Ohio City is one of the oldest Neighborhoods of Cleveland, Ohio, United States, located immediately to the west of the Cuyahoga River Old Brooklyn is a west side Neighborhood of Cleveland, extending east-to-west from the Cuyahoga River to the City of Brooklyn and north-to-south West Park is a west side Neighborhood in Cleveland Ohio. Originally part of Rockport Township, West Park was named after Benjamin West, an Three neighborhoods in the Cuyahoga Valley are sometimes referred to as the south side: Industrial Valley/Duck Island, Slavic Village (North and South Broadway), and Tremont. Slavic Village is a former predominantly Central and Eastern European Neighborhood in Cleveland Ohio.
Several inner-city neighborhoods have begun to gentrify in recent years. Gentrification, or urban gentrification, is the change in an Urban area associated with the movement of more affluent individuals into a lower-class Areas on both the west side (Ohio City, Tremont, Detroit-Shoreway, and Edgewater) and the east side (Collinwood, Hough, Fairfax, and Little Italy) have been successful in attracting increasing numbers of creative class members, which in turn is spurring new residential development. The creative class is a group of people that social scientist Dr [45] Furthermore, a live-work zoning overlay for the city's near east side has facilitated the transformation of old industrial buildings into loft spaces for artists. Zoning is a term used in Urban planning for a system of land-use Regulation in various parts of the world including North America the United Kingdom [46]
Suburbs
Cleveland's older inner-ring or "first" suburbs include Bedford, Bedford Heights, Brook Park, Brooklyn, Cleveland Heights, Cuyahoga Heights, East Cleveland, Euclid, Fairview Park, Garfield Heights, Lakewood, Maple Heights, Parma, Shaker Heights, South Euclid, University Heights, and Warrensville Heights. Greater Cleveland is a Nickname for the Metropolitan area surrounding Cleveland, Ohio. Bedford is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 14214 at the 2000 census Bedford Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. Brook Park is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States and a suburb of Cleveland. Brooklyn is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. The population was 11586 at the 2000 census. Cleveland Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States, a suburb of Cleveland. Cuyahoga Heights is a village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. East Cleveland is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States, and is the first suburb of Cleveland Ohio. Euclid is a city in Cuyahoga County Ohio, United States. It is part of the Greater Cleveland Metropolitan Fairview Park is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. Garfield Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. Lakewood is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is part of the Greater Cleveland Metropolitan Area and borders the city of Cleveland Maple Heights is a suburban Cleveland city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. Parma is a City in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States and the largest Suburb of Cleveland. Shaker Heights is a City in the US state of Ohio. As of the 2000 Census, the city population was 29405 and was the tenth-largest city in South Euclid is a City in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. University Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County Ohio, United States. Warrensville Heights is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. All are members of the Northeast Ohio First Suburbs Consortium. [47]
Culture
Entertainment and performing arts
Cleveland is home to Playhouse Square Center, the second largest performing arts center in the United States behind New York's Lincoln Center. The Playhouse Square Center, in downtown Cleveland Ohio, is the second-largest theater complex in the United States (second only to New York The City of New York [48] Playhouse Square includes the State, Palace, Allen, Hanna, and Ohio theaters within what is known as the Theater District of Downtown Cleveland. State Theater is a theater on Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland Ohio. The Palace Theater is a theater in Playhouse Square Center in downtown Cleveland Ohio. The Allen Theater is a theater on Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The Hanna Theater is a theater on Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The Ohio Theater is a theater on Playhouse Square in downtown Cleveland Ohio. [49] Playhouse Square's resident performing arts companies include the Cleveland Opera, the Ohio Ballet, and the Great Lakes Theater Festival. Cleveland Opera was Cleveland Ohio 's leading professional Opera company from 1976 to 2006 The Great Lakes Theater Festival is the second oldest regional theater company in Greater Cleveland, and is "Shakespeare's Great Company" specializing in large-cast [50] The center also hosts various Broadway musicals, special concerts, speaking engagements, and other events throughout the year. Musical theatre is a form of Theatre combining Music, Songs spoken Dialogue and Dance. One Playhouse Square, now the headquarters for Cleveland's public broadcasters, was originally used as the broadcast studios of WJW Radio, where disc jockey Alan Freed first popularized the term "rock and roll". Public broadcasting refers to radio television and other electronic media outlets that receive some or all of their funding from the public WKNR is an AM all-sports station in Cleveland Ohio, broadcasting at 850 kHz with its transmitter in North Royalton Ohio and A disc jockey (also known as DJ or deejay) is a person who selects and plays recorded music for an audience Alan Freed (December 15 1921 &ndash January 20 1965 also known as Moondog, was an American Disc-jockey who became Rock and roll (also known as rock 'n' roll) is a form of Music that evolved in the United States in the late 1940s and early 1950s with roots in mostly African [51] Located between Playhouse Square and University Circle are the Cleveland Play House and Karamu House, a well-known African American performing and fine arts center, both founded in the 1920s. The Cleveland Play House is a regional theater company and also the name of a theater complex in the Fairfax neighborhood of Cleveland Ohio. Karamu House in Cleveland Ohio is the oldest African-American theater in the United States. [52]
Cleveland is also home to the Cleveland Orchestra, widely considered one of the finest orchestras in the world, and often referred to as the finest in the United States. The Cleveland Orchestra, located in Cleveland, Ohio is one of the major symphony Orchestras in the United States. An orchestra is an instrumental ensemble, usually fairly large with string brass woodwind sections and possibly a percussion section as well [53] It is one of the "Big Five" major orchestras in the United States. In the context of classical music in the United States, the Big Five refers to five Symphony orchestras that were considered to be the most prominent and The Orchestra plays in Severance Hall during the winter and at Blossom Music Center during the summer. Severance Hall is one of the world's most admired Concert halls It is located in the University Circle district of Cleveland, Ohio, Blossom Music Center is an Amphitheatre located in Cuyahoga Falls Ohio. [54]
There are two main art museums in Cleveland. An art gallery or art museum is a space for the exhibition of art, usually Visual art. The Cleveland Museum of Art is a major American art museum,[55] with a collection that includes more than 40,000 works of art ranging over 6,000 years, from ancient masterpieces to contemporary pieces. The Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA is an Art museum in the University Circle neighborhood of Cleveland Ohio. Arts of the ancient world refers to the many types of Art that were in the Cultures of Ancient societies such as those of ancient China, Contemporary art can be defined variously as art produced at this present point in time or art produced since World War II. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland showcases established and emerging artists, particularly from the Cleveland area, through hosting and producing temporary exhibitions. The Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland, better known by its acronym MOCA, is a Contemporary art museum located in Cleveland Ohio. [56]
Cleveland has served as the filming location for several noteworthy movies, including The Fortune Cookie (1967) with Walter Matthau and Jack Lemmon, the Academy Award-winning Deer Hunter (1978), Antwone Fisher (2002), and the holiday favorite A Christmas Story (1983). The Fortune Cookie (alternative UK title Meet Whiplash Willie) is a 1966 film starring Walter Matthau and Jack Walter John Matthau ( October 1, 1920 – July 1, 2000) was an American award-winning Actor best known for his role John Uhler "Jack" Lemmon III (February 8 1925 &ndash June 27 2001 was an American Actor known principally for his comedic roles "The Oscar" redirects here for the film see The Oscar (film. The Deer Hunter is a 1978 war Drama film about a trio of Rusyn American steel worker friends and their infantry service in the Antwone Quenton Fisher (born August 3 1959 in Cleveland Ohio) is an American author screenwriter and film producer For other uses see A Christmas Story (disambiguation A Christmas Story is a 1983 film based on the Short stories [57] Scenes for Spider-Man 3 were filmed in Cleveland in April 2006. For the video game based on the film see Spider-Man 3 (video game. [58] Cleveland is the lifelong home of writer Harvey Pekar and the setting for most of his autobiographical comic books. Harvey Lawrence Pekar (born October 8 1939 in Cleveland Ohio; ˈpiːkɑr is an American underground comic book writer best known for his The city was also the setting for the popular sitcom, The Drew Carey Show which starred Cleveland native Drew Carey. The Drew Carey Show is an American Sitcom (set in Cleveland Ohio) that aired on ABC from 1995 to 2004 Drew Allison Carey (born May 23 1958 is an American Comedian, Actor and Game show host.
Cleveland was the home of Joe Shuster and Jerry Siegel, who created the comic book character Superman in 1932. Joseph "Joe" Shuster (July 10 1914 - July 30 1992 was a Canadian -born American Comic book Artist best known for co-creating the DC Comics Jerome "Jerry" Siegel (October 17 1914 – January 28 1996 who also used pseudonyms including Joe Carter, Jerry Ess, Siegel was a fan of movies Superman is a fictional Comic book Superhero widely considered to be one of the most recognized of such characters and an American Cultural icon Both attended Glenville High School, and their early collaborations resulted in the creation of "The Man of Steel". Glenville High School is a public high school in the Glenville neighborhood on the East Side of Cleveland Ohio. [59]
Cleveland is the home of the heavy metal music groups Chimaira and Mushroomhead, alternative rock groups Nine Inch Nails and Filter, hip hop group Bone Thugs-n-Harmony, Eric Carmen and his band, The Raspberries,[60] singer/songwriter Tracy Chapman, and Benjamin Orr of The Cars. Mushroomhead is a band from Cleveland, Ohio. Formed in 1993 the band’s music can be described as a Synthesis of alternative Alternative rock (also called alternative music, alt-rock or simply alternative; known primarily in the UK as indie) is a genre of Filter (commonly typeset as FIL TER, to fit their logo is a rock group formed in 1993 in Cleveland Ohio by Richard Patrick Hip hop music, also referred to as rap music, is a Music genre typically consisting of a rhythmic vocal style called rap which is accompanied with Bone Thugs-N-Harmony is an American Hip hop group from the Glenville section of Cleveland Ohio. Eric Howard Carmen (born August 11 1949 in Cleveland, Ohio, U Raspberries are a Power pop / Rock and roll band from Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Singer-songwriter is a term that refers to Performers who write, compose and sing their own material including Lyrics Tracy Chapman (born March 30, 1964) is an American Singer-songwriter, best known for her singles " Fast Car " " Benjamin Orr ( September 8 1947 &ndash October 3 2000) was the Bass guitar player and one of the Vocalists for the The Cars were an American rock band that emerged from the early New Wave music scene in the late 1970s R&B singer Bobby Womack, James Ingram, Gerald Levert also was a lifelong resident of Cleveland, and it was the hometown of R&B groups the Dazz Band and The Rude Boys, as well as R&B singer Avant. Robert Dwayne "Bobby" Womack (ˈwoʊmæk (born March 4 1944 is an American Singer-songwriter and Musician. James Ingram (born February 16, 1956) is an American soul musician Gerald Levert ( July 13 1966 - November 10 2006) was an American R&B singer The Dazz Band is a former American Funk music band that was most popular in the early 1980s The Rude Boys is a 1990s vocal group from Cleveland Ohio. Career Band members Larry Marcus Melvin Sephus and brothers Edward Lee Banks and Joe Little III were Avant (born Myron Avant on April 26, 1978 in Cleveland Ohio) is a multi- Platinum American R&B singer It was also home to protopunk bands Pere Ubu, Rocket From the Tombs, and Electric Eels. Pere Ubu are an Experimental rock music group formed in Cleveland Ohio, in 1975 Rocket From the Tombs (or RFTT) was an American Rock music band originally active from mid- 1974 to mid-1975 in Cleveland Ohio. Not to be confused with the Japanese rock band Electric Eel Shock The electric eels (lowercase "e"s in reference to E e cummings [61]
Cuisine
Cleveland's many immigrant groups have long played an important role in defining the regional cuisine. German and Eastern European foods, such as beer, pierogi, and kielbasa are popular in and around the city, as are foods associated with Cleveland's Irish and Italian immigrants. Beer is the world's oldest and most widely consumed Alcoholic beverage and the third most popular drink overall after water and tea Pierogi (also perogi, perogy, pirohi, piroghi, pirogi, pirogen, pierogy, pidahih,--> or Kielbasa comes from the Polish word kiełbasa for traditional Polish sausage. Residents like Hector Boiardi (Chef Boyardee) and Michael Ruhlman have been noted for their contributions in the culinary world. Ettore Boiardi (October 22 1897 – June 21 1985 better known as " Chef Boyardee " was an Italian -born chef who became famous for his Eponymous Michael Carl Ruhlman (born July 28, 1963 in Cleveland Ohio) is an American Author. The West Side Market is home to vendors selling many kinds of ethnic food, as well as fresh produce, and ethnic restaurants can be found in the Little Italy, Slavic Village, and Tremont neighborhoods, among others. The West Side Market is Cleveland Ohio 's oldest operating indoor/outdoor market space Little Italy is a neighborhood in Cleveland Ohio located at the base of Murray Hill between Cleveland's University Circle neighborhood and the suburb of Cleveland Slavic Village is a former predominantly Central and Eastern European Neighborhood in Cleveland Ohio.
Culinary scene
Beginning in 2007, Cleveland's culinary scene began to receive international attention. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. In early 2008, the Chicago Tribune called Cleveland America's "hot new dining city". 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common The Chicago Tribune is a major daily Newspaper based in Chicago, Illinois, United States, and owned by the Tribune Company [62] The national food press—Gourmet, Food & Wine, Esquire and Playboy. com—heaped praise on several Cleveland spots this year for best new restaurant, best steakhouse, best farm-to-table programs and great new neighborhood eateries. [62]
On November 11, 2007, Cleveland chef Michael Symon helped brighten the spotlight on Cleveland's culinary scene when he was named "The Next Iron Chef" on the Food Network reality TV show by the same name. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Michael Symon (b 1969) is an Iron Chef and the owner and executive chef of the restaurants Lola and Lolita, both in Cleveland The Next Iron Chef, a Limited-run series on the Food Network, was a Spin-off of Iron Chef America. Food Network is a cable network that airs specials and recurring (episodic programs about food and cooking Anthony Bourdain highlighted the city's food scene on a 2007 episode of his Travel Channel show "Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations". Anthony Michael "Tony" Bourdain (born June 25 1956 is an American Author and Chef. The Travel Channel is a Cable television network that features Anthony Bourdain No Reservations is an ongoing American travel and food show on the Travel Channel; it also airs on the Discovery Travel & Living
Cleveland's Baricelli Inn has long been an internationally recognized restaurant under the direction of world-renowned Cleveland Chef Paul Minnillo.
Tourism
Five miles (8 km) east of downtown Cleveland is University Circle, a 550-acre (2. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a Museum located on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland Ohio, United States Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally University Circle is the cultural educational and medical center of Greater Cleveland, and is located on the east side of Cleveland Ohio. 2 km²) concentration of cultural, educational, and medical institutions, including the Cleveland Botanical Garden, Case Western Reserve University, University Hospitals, Severance Hall, the Cleveland Museum of Art, the Cleveland Museum of Natural History, and the Western Reserve Historical Society. Cleveland Botanical Garden, located in the University Circle neighborhood of Cleveland Ohio, in the United States, was founded in 1930 as the Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland Ohio, United States, with some residence halls on the south end of campus University Hospitals is a major Not-for-profit medical center in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Severance Hall is one of the world's most admired Concert halls It is located in the University Circle district of Cleveland, Ohio, The Cleveland Museum of Art (CMA is an Art museum in the University Circle neighborhood of Cleveland Ohio. The Cleveland Museum of Natural History is a Natural history Museum located approximately five miles (8 km east of downtown Cleveland Ohio in The Western Reserve Historical Society (WRHS was founded in 1867 making it the oldest cultural institution in Northeast Ohio Cleveland is also home to the I. M. Pei-designed Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, located on the Lake Erie waterfront at North Coast Harbor downtown. Ieoh Ming Pei ( (b April 26, 1917) commonly known by his initials I The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a Museum located on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland Ohio, United States Neighboring attractions include Cleveland Browns Stadium, the Great Lakes Science Center, the Steamship Mather Museum, and the USS Cod, a World War II submarine. Cleveland Browns Stadium is a football Stadium located at North Coast Harbor in Cleveland Ohio ( The Great Lakes Science Center is a museum and educational facility in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, United States. History She was built in as the Flagship for the Cleveland-Cliffs Iron Company and was named in honor of the then-company president William Gwinn Mather World War II Cod arrived in Brisbane, Australia, on 2 October 1943 to prepare for her first War patrol, on which World War II, or the Second World War, (often abbreviated WWII) was a global military conflict which involved a majority of the world's nations, including Museum Boats Six Gato s are on display in the United States. is at Seawolf Park, is at the Wisconsin Maritime Museum, and is at [63]
Cleveland is home to many festivals throughout the year. A festival is an event usually and ordinarily staged by a local community which centers on some unique aspect of that community Cultural festivals such as the annual Feast of the Assumption in the Little Italy neighborhood, the Greek Orthodox Festival in the Tremont neighborhood, and the Harvest Festival in the Slavic Village neighborhood are popular events. The annual Feast of the Assumption Festival takes place each year in Cleveland 's Little Italy neighborhood Vendors at the West Side Market in Ohio City offer many different ethnic foods for sale. The West Side Market is Cleveland Ohio 's oldest operating indoor/outdoor market space Cleveland hosts an annual parade on Saint Patrick's Day that brings hundreds of thousands to the streets of downtown. A parade (also called march or marchpast) is a procession of people usually organized along a street often in Costume, and often accompanied by Fire Saint Patrick's Day (Lá ’le Pádraig or Lá Fhéile Pádraig) colloquially St [64]
Fashion Week Cleveland, the city's annual fashion event, is one of the few internationally-recognized fashion industry happenings in North America. Fashion Week Cleveland is an annual fashion industry event held in Cleveland Ohio which began in 2002 [65] The show is considered by many to be the best in the Midwest—perhaps second only to New York for fashion weeks in the US. New York Fashion Week, currently officially called Mercedes-Benz Fashion Week, is a semiannual Fashion week held in New York City. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the
In addition to the cultural festivals, Cleveland hosted the CMJ Rock Hall Music Fest, which featured national and local acts, including both established artists and up-and-coming acts, but the festival was discontinued in 2007 due to financial and manpower costs to the Rock Hall. Claes Oldenburg (born January 28, 1929) is a sculptor, best known for his Public art installations typically featuring very large replicas of The CMJ Rock Hall Music Fest was an annual Music festival that took place in venues across Cleveland Ohio. [66] The annual Ingenuity Festival and Notacon conference focus on the combination of art and technology. Notacon (pronounced "not-a-con" is an art and technology conference which takes place annually in Cleveland, Ohio. The Cleveland International Film Festival has been held annually since 1977, and its eleven day run drew a record 52,753 people in 2007. The Cleveland International Film Festival, first held in 1977 is the largest Film festival in Ohio. [67] Cleveland also hosts an annual holiday display lighting and celebration, dubbed Winterfest, which is held downtown at the city's historic hub, Public Square. [68]
Sports
- See also: List of Cleveland sports teams
Cleveland's professional sports teams include the Cleveland Indians (Major League Baseball), Cleveland Browns (National Football League), Cleveland Cavaliers (National Basketball Association), Cleveland City Stars (United Soccer Leagues), Lake Erie Monsters (American Hockey League), and the Cleveland Gladiators (Arena Football League). Sports teams ever to play in Cleveland. Teams still in existence are in bold Progressive Field is a ballpark located in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, and is the home of the Cleveland Indians of the American The Cleveland Indians are a professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. Professional sports, as opposed to amateur Sports are those in which athletes receive payment for their performance The Cleveland Indians are a professional baseball team based in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The Cleveland Browns are a professional American football team based in Cleveland, Ohio. The National Football League ( NFL) is the largest professional American football league. The Cleveland Cavaliers (also known as the Cavs) are a professional Basketball team based in Cleveland Ohio. Cleveland City Stars is an American professional Soccer team founded in 2006 The United Soccer Leagues ( USL) is the parent organization for the men's lower division leagues of US and Canadian soccer USL First Division (second division The Lake Erie Monsters are an Ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. American Hockey Association (1926–1942The American Hockey League (AHL is a Professional Ice hockey league in North America that serves as the primary The Cleveland Gladiators are an Arena Football League franchise based in Cleveland Ohio. The Arena Football League (AFL was founded in 1987 as an American football indoor league. Annual sporting events held in Cleveland include the Champ Car Grand Prix of Cleveland, the Cleveland Marathon, the Mid-American Conference college basketball tournament and the Ohio Classic college football game. Champ Car, was the name for a class and specification of cars used in American Championship Car Racing for many decades primarily for use in the Indianapolis The Grand Prix of Cleveland was an Open wheel automobile racing event in the Champ Car World Series, held annually at Burke Lakefront Airport in The Cleveland Marathon is an annual Marathon foot-race run in Cleveland, Ohio, USA. The Mid-American Conference ( MAC) is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA Division I college athletic conference with a membership College basketball most often refers to the American Basketball competitive governance structure established by the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA The Ohio Classic is a College football game played annually between two teams from historically black universities. College football is American football played by teams of student athletes fielded by American universities, Colleges and military academies [69] The city hosted the Gravity Games, an extreme sports series, from 2002 to 2004, and the Dew Action Sports Tour Right Guard Open in 2007. Gravity Games is a multi-sport competition originating from Providence Rhode Island that is broken down into Winter and Summer adaptations Extreme sport (also called action sport and adventure sport) is a media term for certain activities perceived as having a high level of inherent AST Dew Tour is a balarina sports tour that consists of five major multi-sport events spanning across the country with a cumulative points system a $2 Local sporting facilities include Progressive Field, Cleveland Browns Stadium, Quicken Loans Arena, and the CSU Wolstein Center. Progressive Field is a ballpark located in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, and is the home of the Cleveland Indians of the American Cleveland Browns Stadium is a football Stadium located at North Coast Harbor in Cleveland Ohio ( Quicken Loans Arena (also referred to as "The Q") is a multipurpose Arena in downtown Cleveland Ohio, USA
The Cleveland Browns dominated the NFL from 1950 to 1955. The 1950 NFL season was the 31st Regular season of the National Football League. The 1955 NFL season was the 36th Regular season of the National Football League. The city's franchise is one of the most storied in football, though it last won an NFL championship in 1964 and has never appeared in the Super Bowl. Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed change to all featured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below The 1964 National Football League championship game was the 32nd annual championship game professional American football, the Super Bowl is the Championship game of the National Football League (NFL The Cleveland Indians last reached the World Series in 1997, losing to the Florida Marlins, and have not won the series since 1948. For other events named "World Series" see World Series (disambiguation. The 1997 World Series featured the Cleveland Indians, who were playing in their second World Series in three years The Florida Marlins are a professional baseball team based in Miami Gardens Florida. The 1948 World Series matched the Cleveland Indians against the Boston Braves. Between 1995 and 2001, Jacobs Field sold out 455 consecutive games, a Major League Baseball record. Progressive Field is a ballpark located in downtown Cleveland, Ohio, and is the home of the Cleveland Indians of the American [70] The Cleveland Cavaliers are experiencing a renaissance with Cleveland fans due to LeBron James, a native of nearby Akron and the number one overall draft pick of 2003. LeBron Raymone James (born December 30 1984 in Akron Ohio) is an American professional Basketball player who plays for the Cleveland Cavaliers of The 2003 NBA Draft was held on June 26, 2003 at The Theater at Madison Square Garden in New York City, New York. The Cavaliers won the Eastern Conference in 2007, but were defeated in the NBA Finals by the San Antonio Spurs. The Eastern Conference of the National Basketball Association is made up of fifteen teams and organized in three divisions of five teams each The 2007 NBA Finals was the championship series of the 2006-07 National Basketball Association season, and was the conclusion of the 2007 NBA Playoffs. The San Antonio Spurs are an American professional Basketball team based in San Antonio Texas. The city's recent lack of success in sports has earned it a reputation of being a cursed sports city, which ESPN validated by proclaiming Cleveland as its "most tortured sports city" in 2004. A sports-related curse is the effective action of some power or evil that is used to explain the failures or misfortunes of specific sports teams players or even cities ESPN, originally an acronym for Entertainment and Sports Programming Network, is an American Cable television network dedicated to [71]
The tradition of professional hockey in Cleveland started with the original Cleveland Barons in 1937. The Cleveland Barons were a minor league professional Ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. [72] Cleveland fielded an NHL team, also called the Cleveland Barons, from 1976 to 1978, which was later merged into the Minnesota North Stars. The National Hockey League ( NHL) is a professional Ice hockey league composed of 30 teams in North America The Cleveland Barons were a professional Ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL from 1976–78 The 1976–77 NHL season was the 60th season of the National Hockey League. The 1977–78 NHL season was the 61st season of the National Hockey League. The Minnesota North Stars were a professional Ice hockey team in the National Hockey League (NHL for 26 seasons from 1967 to 1993. Cleveland's current hockey team is the minor-league Lake Erie Monsters, which began play in 2007. The Lake Erie Monsters are an Ice hockey team in the American Hockey League. [73] The city has had other major and minor-league hockey teams in the past including the Cleveland Lumberjacks of the International Hockey League and the Cleveland Crusaders of the WHA. Facts Founded 1992 - 1993 season Arena Richfield Coliseum (capacity 20000 1992–1994 & Gund Arena The Cleveland Crusaders were a professional Ice hockey team from Cleveland Ohio. The World Hockey Association (French Association Mondiale de Hockey) was a professional Ice hockey league that operated in North America from 1972 Cleveland was also home to the Cleveland Rockers, one of the original eight teams[74] in the WNBA in 1997. The Cleveland Rockers was a Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA team that played from 1997 until 2003 However, in 2003, the team folded after owner Gordon Gund dropped the team from operation. Gordon Gund (born October 15, 1939) is the former principal owner of the NBA 's Cleveland Cavaliers, a co-owner of the San Jose Sharks
In 2005, Major League Soccer commissioner Don Garber announced that Cleveland was one of several top areas in contention for an expansion team in 2007. Major League Soccer ( MLS) is the top-flight professional Soccer league in the United States and Canada with 14 teams 13 in the U Don Garber (born October 9, 1957 in Queens New York) is the Commissioner of Major League Soccer and CEO of Soccer See also Relocation of professional sports teams An expansion team is a term used for a brand new team in a sports league [75] Delays in securing a soccer-only stadium have now prevented any such team from beginning play until the 2009 season, but the Cleveland area is still a contender for expansion. The city's current soccer team, the Cleveland City Stars, play in the USL Second Division. Cleveland City Stars is an American professional Soccer team founded in 2006 The United Soccer Leagues ( USL) is the parent organization for the men's lower division leagues of US and Canadian soccer USL First Division (second division History In 1995 the USISL split into two leagues one professional and one amateur
Cleveland also fielded two indoor soccer teams, the original Cleveland Force of the MISL. This article is primarily regarding indoor soccer as played in North America The Cleveland Force is a name that has been used by two different teams in the Major Indoor Soccer League. The Major Indoor Soccer League was the top professional Indoor soccer league in the USA. This team folded in 1988. They were replaced by the Cleveland Crunch of the NPSL, but the team ceased operations in 2005 after having won three league championships in the 90s. The Cleveland Force is a name that has been used by two different teams in the Major Indoor Soccer League. The National Professional Soccer League was a professional Indoor soccer league in the USA.
Media
Cleveland is served in print by The Plain Dealer, the city's sole remaining daily newspaper. The following is a list of media in Cleveland Ohio, United States. The Plain Dealer is the major daily Newspaper of Cleveland Ohio. A newspaper is a written Publication containing News, information and Advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called Newsprint. The competing Cleveland Press ceased publication on June 17, 1982, and the Cleveland News ended its run in 1960. The Cleveland Press was a daily American Newspaper that was published in Cleveland Ohio from November 2, 1878 until June Events 1462 - Vlad III the Impaler attempts to assassinate Mehmed II ( The Night Attack) forcing him to retreat Year 1982 ( MCMLXXXII) was a Common year starting on Friday (link displays the 1982 Gregorian calendar) Cleveland also supports several alternative weekly publications, including the Free Times and Cleveland Scene. An alternative newspaper is a type of Newspaper that eschews comprehensive coverage of general news in favor of opinionated Reviews and columns The Free Times was an Alternative weekly Newspaper in Cleveland, Ohio. The Cleveland Scene is an Alternative weekly newspaper from Cleveland, Ohio
Cleveland, combined with nearby Akron, was ranked in 2006–2007 as the 17th largest television market by Nielsen Media Research. Nielsen Media Research ( NMR) is an American firm that measures media Audiences including Television, Radio [76] The market is served by stations affiliated with major American networks including: WKYC-TV (channel 3, NBC), WEWS (channel 5, ABC), WJW-TV (channel 8, Fox), WOIO (channel 19, CBS), WUAB (channel 43, MNTV), and WBNX (channel 55, The CW). WKYC-TV, channel 3 is an NBC -affiliated television station located in Cleveland Ohio, owned by the Gannett Company. The National Broadcasting Company ( NBC) is an American Television network headquartered in the GE Building in New York City's WEWS-TV, channel 5 is a television station in Cleveland Ohio. The American Broadcasting Company ( ABC) is an American Television network. WJW, channel 8 is a Fox -affilated television station in Cleveland Ohio. CBS Broadcasting Inc ( CBS) is an American radio and Television network. WUAB, identified on-air as "My43 WUAB" is the MyNetworkTV affiliate in Cleveland Ohio. MyNetworkTV (unofficially abbreviated MyNet or MNT) is a Television network in the United States, owned by the Fox Broadcasting Company WBNX-TV is the CW television affiliate serving the Cleveland Ohio Television market broadcasting on channel 55 (analog and channel 30 (digital The CW Television Network ( The CW) is a Television network in the United States launched at the beginning of the 2006-2007 television season. Cleveland is also served by WVPX (channel 23, ION) and Spanish-language channel WQHS-TV (channel 61, Univision). WVPX is the Cleveland Ohio affiliate of the ION Television network (formerly known as Pax TV and i Ion Television is a broadcast television network first broadcast on August 31 1998 This page is about the existing television station in Cleveland Ohio. Univision is a Spanish-language television network in the United States and Puerto Rico. WVIZ (channel 25) and WEAO (channel 49) are members of PBS. WVIZ is a public television station in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. The Public Broadcasting Service ( PBS) is a Non-profit Public broadcasting Television service with 354 member TV stations in the A Cleveland first in television was The Morning Exchange program on WEWS, which defined the morning show format, and served as the inspiration for Good Morning America. The Morning Exchange is a daily morning TV show that aired on WEWS-TV (channel 5 in Cleveland Ohio from 1972 Good Morning America ( GMA) is a morning news show that is broadcast on the ABC television network debuting on November [77]
Cleveland is also served by over 43 AM and FM radio stations directly, and dozens of other stations are heard from elsewhere in Northeast Ohio. See also Frequency modulation, FM band FM broadcasting is a broadcast Technology invented by Edwin Howard Armstrong that This article is about radio broadcasting for other uses see Radio (disambiguation. Greater Cleveland is a Nickname for the Metropolitan area surrounding Cleveland, Ohio. [78]
Economy
Cleveland's location on the Cuyahoga River and Lake Erie has been key to its growth. The Cuyahoga River (ˌkaɪəˈhɔgə or kuy-a-HO-ga) is located in Northeast Ohio in the United States. Lake Erie (ˈɪəriː is the fourth largest Lake (by surface area of the five Great Lakes, and the tenth largest globally The Ohio and Erie Canal coupled with rail links helped establish the city as a major American manufacturing center. The Ohio Canal or Ohio and Erie Canal was a Canal constructed in the early 1800s which connected Akron, Summit County with the Cuyahoga Steel and many other manufactured goods emerged as its industries. Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 [79]
The city has sought to diversify its economy to become less dependent on its struggling manufacturing sector. Manufacturing (from Latin manu factura, "making by hand" is the use of tools and labor to make things for use or sale Cleveland is the corporate headquarters of many large companies such as Eaton Corporation, National City Corporation, American Greetings, Forest City Enterprises, Sherwin-Williams Company, KeyCorp, Parker-Hannifin Corporation, Progressive Auto Insurance, TravelCenters of America, and Aleris International. Eaton Corporation ( is a diversified industrial manufacturer with 2007 sales of $13 National City Corporation ( based in Cleveland Ohio, USA, and founded in 1845 used to be one of the ten largest banks in America in terms of deposits mortgages American Greetings Corporation Inc is the world's largest publicly-traded Greeting card company Forest City Enterprises () is a $9-billion diversified Real estate management and development company based in Cleveland Ohio. The Sherwin-Williams Company is an American company in the general building materials industry KeyBank ( is a Bank headquartered in the Key Tower in Cleveland, Ohio. Parker Hannifin Corporation ( originally Parker Appliance Company and sometimes referred to as Parker, of Cleveland Ohio, is a manufacturer The Progressive Corporation (PGR Progressive Casualty Insurance Company through its subsidiaries provides personal Automobile insurance, and other specialty property-casualty TravelCenters of America ( TA) is the largest Truck stop chain in North America. Aleris International ( is one of the world’s largest recyclers of aluminum and zinc and is headquartered in Beachwood, Ohio, a suburb of Cleveland. NASA maintains a facility in Cleveland, the Glenn Research Center. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration ( NASA, ˈnæsə is an agency of the United States government, responsible for the nation's public space program NASA John H Glenn Research Center at Lewis Field (see History for previous names is a NASA center located within the cities of Brook Park Jones Day, one of the largest law firms in the world, traces its origins to Cleveland, and its Cleveland office remains the firm's largest. Jones Day is an international Law firm headquartered in Cleveland Ohio. [80]
However, in recent years, the Cleveland area has lost nearly a dozen corporate headquarters, including TRW, Office Max, BP, and Oglebay Norton, many through acquisitions or mergers. TRW Incorporated was an American Corporation involved in a number of businesses mostly defense-related but including Automotive, Aerospace and OfficeMax ( is an office supplies retailer founded in 1988 and headquartered in Naperville Illinois. BP plc, previously known as British Petroleum, is the third largest global Energy company, a multinational oil company (" Oil major [81] In 2005, Duke Realty Corp. , one of the area's largest landlords, announced it was selling all of its property in the Cleveland area because of the stagnation of the market. [82] The commercial real estate market rebounded in 2007 as office properties were purchased at a record pace. [83] From the beginning of July to the end of September, 2007, there was one foreclosure for every fifty-seven homes in the metropolitan area,[84] and ten percent of the city's homes are now vacant, due in part to the rise in foreclosure filings. [85]
Cleveland's largest employer, the Cleveland Clinic,[86] ranks among America's best hospitals as tabulated by U.S. News & World Report. The Cleveland Clinic (formally known as the Cleveland Clinic Foundation) is a multispecialty academic medical center located in Cleveland, Ohio, USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D [87] Cleveland's healthcare industry includes University Hospitals of Cleveland, a noted competitor which ranked twenty-fifth in cancer care,[88] and MetroHealth medical center. University Hospitals is a major Not-for-profit medical center in Cleveland, Ohio, United States. MetroHealth is one of the three major health care systems in Cleveland Ohio along with the Cleveland Clinic and University Hospitals of Cleveland
Cleveland is an emerging area for biotechnology and fuel cell research, led by Case Western Reserve University, the Cleveland Clinic, and University Hospitals of Cleveland. Biotechnology is Technology based on Biology, especially when used in Agriculture, Food science, and Medicine. A fuel cell is an electrochemical conversion device It produces electricity from Fuel (on the Anode side and an oxidant (on the Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland Ohio, United States, with some residence halls on the south end of campus Cleveland is among the top recipients of investment for biotech start-ups and research. [89] Case Western Reserve, the Clinic, and University Hospitals have recently announced plans to build a large biotechnology research center and incubator on the site of the former Mt. Business incubators are programs designed to accelerate the successful development of Entrepreneurial companies through an array of business support resources and services developed Sinai Medical Center, creating a research campus to stimulate biotech startup companies that can be spun off from research conducted in the city. A startup company or start-up is a Company with a limited operating history [90]
City leaders stepped up efforts to cultivate a technology sector in its economy in the early 2000s. Former Mayor Jane L. Campbell appointed a "tech czar" whose job is to actively recruit tech companies to the downtown office market, offering connections to the high-speed fiber networks that run underneath downtown streets in several "high-tech offices" focused on the Euclid Avenue area. Personal details Campbell the daughter of former General Secretary of the National Council of Churches, Joan Brown Campbell, was born in Ann Arbor Euclid Avenue is a name applied to streets in many American cities however Cleveland Ohio ’s Euclid Avenue received nationwide attention from the 1860s to the 1920s for its Cleveland State University hired a Technology Transfer Officer to work full time on cultivating technology transfers from CSU research to marketable ideas and companies in the Cleveland area, and appointed a Vice President for Economic Development to leverage the university's assets in expanding the city's economy. Cleveland State University ( abbr CSU) is a Public university located in Cleveland Ohio. Case Western Reserve University participates in technology initiatives such as the OneCommunity project[91] a high-speed fiber optic network linking the area's major research centers intended to stimulate growth. OneCommunity's work attracted the attention of Intel and in mid-2005, Cleveland was named an Intel "Worldwide Digital Community" along with Corpus Christi, Texas, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, and Taipei, Taiwan. Corpus Christi is a coastal city in the South Texas region of the U Philadelphia (ˌfɪləˈdɛlfiə Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of This distinction added about $12 million for marketing to expand regional technology partnerships, create a city-wide WiFi network, and develop a tech economy. Wi-Fi (ˈwaɪfaɪ is the trade name for the popular wireless technology used In addition to this Intel initiative, in January 2006 a New York-based think tank, the Intelligent Community Forum, selected Cleveland as the sole American city among its seven finalists for the "Intelligent Community of the Year" award. The group announced that it nominated the city for its OneCommunity network with potential broadband applications. [92] The OneCommunity Network is collaborating with Cisco Systems to deploy a cutting-edge wireless network that could provide widespread access to the region. Cisco is testing new technologies in wireless "mesh" networking. OneCommunity and Cisco officially launched the first phase in September 2006, blanketing several square miles of University Circle with wireless connectivity. Additionally, Cisco Systems acquired the former Aironet Wireless Networks, which was based in the Greater Cleveland area, to form its wireless networking product lineup and maintain a facility in the region. [93]
Demographics
| Historical populations[94] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Census year | Population | Rank | %± | |
| 1820 | 606 | - | - | |
| 1830 | 1,075 | - | 77. 4% | |
| 1840 | 6,071 | 67 | 464. 7% | |
| 1850 | 17,034 | 41 | 180. 6% | |
| 1860 | 43,417 | 21 | 154. 9% | |
| 1870 | 92,829 | 15 | 113. 8% | |
| 1880 | 160,146 | 11 | 72. 5% | |
| 1890 | 261,353 | 10 | 63. 2% | |
| 1900 | 381,768 | 7 | 46. 1% | |
| 1910 | 560,663 | 9 | 46. 9% | |
| 1920 | 796,841 | 5 | 42. 1% | |
| 1930 | 900,429 | 6 | 13. 0% | |
| 1940 | 878,336 | 6 | -2. 7% | |
| 1950 | 914,808 | 7 | 4. 2% | |
| 1960 | 876,050 | 8 | -4. 2% | |
| 1970 | 750,903 | 10 | -14. 3% | |
| 1980 | 573,822 | 18 | -23. 6% | |
| 1990 | 505,616 | 23 | -11. 9% | |
| 2000 | 478,403 | 33 | -5. 4% | |
As of the 2000 Census,[3] there were 478,403 people, 190,638 households, and 111,904 families residing in the city. The household is the basic unit of analysis in many Social, Microeconomic and Government models The population density was 6,166. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume 5 people per square mile (2,380. 9/km²). There were 215,856 housing units at an average density of 2,782. 4 per square mile (1,074. 3/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 50. 99% Black or African American, 41. The term black people usually refers to a racial group of Humans with dark Skin color, but the term has also been used to categorise a number of diverse African Americans or Black Americans are citizens or residents of the United States who have origins in any of the black populations of Africa 49% White, 1. White People is the second album by Handsome Boy Modeling School. 35% Asian, 0. Asian Americans are Americans of Asian ancestry. They include sub-ethnic groups such as Chinese Americans Filipino Americans Indian 30% Native American, 0. Native Americans in the United States are the indigenous peoples from the regions of North America now encompassed by the continental United States 04% Pacific Islander, 3. Pacific Islander (or Pacific Person, pl Pacific People, also called Oceanic[s] ' is a geographic term to describe the Austronesian 59% from other races, and 2. 24% from two or more races. 7. 26% of the population was Hispanic or Latino of any race. Hispanic (hispano hispánico hispânico Hispānus adjective from ''Hispānia'', the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula) is a term that historically [1] Ethnic groups include Germans (9. German Americans ( German: Deutschamerikaner) are citizens of the United States of Ethnic German ancestry 2%), Irish (8. Irish Americans (Gael-Mheiriceánach are citizens of the United States who can claim ancestry originating in Ireland. 2% ), Poles (4. A Polish American is an American citizen of Polish descent There are an estimated 10 million Americans of Polish descent 8%), Italians (4. An Italian American is an American of Italian descent and/or dual citizenship 6%), and English (2. English Americans (occasionally known as Anglo -Americans although this may have a wider cultural meaning are Citizens of the United States whose ancestry 8%). There are also substantial communities of Hungarians, Arabs, Romanians, Czechs, Slovaks, Greeks, Ukrainians, Albanians, Macedonians, Croats, Serbs, Lithuanians, Slovenes, Koreans, and Han Chinese. Hungarian Americans are American citizens of Hungarian descent An Arab American is a United States citizen or resident of Arab cultural and linguistic heritage and/or Identity whose ancestry traces back to any of various See also List of Romanian Americans A Romanian American is a Citizen of the United States who has significant Romanian heritage Czech Americans refer to citizens of the United States who were born in or who descended from the territory of the historic Czech lands, (consisting of } The Slovaks or Slovakians are a western Slavic People that primarily inhabit Slovakia and speak the Slovak language, which is A Greek American (Ελληνοαμερικανοί Ellinoamerikani) is a citizen of the United States, who is of Greek heritage or origin Ukrainian Americans (Українці Америки Українці у США are Citizens of the United States who are of Ukrainian ancestry Albanian Americans are Citizens of the United States who are of Albanian ancestry Macedonian Americans are Americans of Ethnic Macedonian descent Croatian Americans are citizens of the United States of Croatian descent Serbian Americans are Citizens of the United States who are of Serbian ancestry Lithuanian Americans are Citizens of the United States who are of Lithuanian ancestry Slovenes or Slovenians ( Slovene Slovenci, dual Slovenca, singular Slovenec, feminine Slovenke, dual Slovenki Korean Americans ( Korean: ko 한국계 미국인 Hanja: ko 韓國系美國人 hangukgye migugin) are Americans of Korean origin Chinese Americans ( Chinese: 华裔美国人 are Americans of Chinese descent The presence of Hungarians within the Cleveland proper was so great that the city once boasted the highest concentration of Hungarians in the world outside of Budapest. Budapest ( also /ˈbʊ-/) is the capital city of Hungary. As the largest city of Hungary it serves as the country's principal Political, [95]
There were 190,638 households out of which 29. 9% have children under the age of 18 living with them, 28. 5% were married couples living together, 24. NOTICE TO WOULD-BE ROMEOS ************** 8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 41. 3% were nonfamilies. 35. 2% of all households were made up of individuals and 11. 1% had someone living alone who is 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2. 44 and the average family size was 3. 19. The population was spread out with 28. 5% under the age of 18, 9. 5% from 18 to 24, 30. 4% from 25 to 44, 19. 0% from 45 to 64, and 12. 5% who are 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 90. 0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 85. 2 males. [1]
The median income for a household in the city was $25,928, and the median income for a family was $30,286. The median household income is commonly used to provide data about geographic areas and divides households into two equal segments with the first half of Households earning less The United States dollar ( sign: $; code: USD) is the unit of Currency of the United States; it has also been Males had a median income of $30,610 versus $24,214 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,291. Per capita income means how much each individual receives in monetary terms of the yearly income generated in the country 26. 3% of the population and 22. 9% of families were below the poverty line. The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of Income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate Standard of living in a given country Out of the total population, 37. 6% of those under the age of 18 and 16. 8% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line. [1]
Cleveland was hit hard in the 1960s and early 1970s by white flight and suburbanization, further exacerbated by the busing-based desegregation of Cleveland schools required by the United States Supreme Court. White flight is a term for the demographic trend in which working and Middle-class White people move away from Suburbs Suburbanization (or suburbanisation) is a term used to describe the process of population movement from within towns and cities to the rural-urban fringe Desegregation busing in the United States (also known as forced busing or busing) is the practice of attempting to integrate schools by assigning students to Desegregation is the process of ending Racial segregation, most commonly used in reference to the United States. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Although busing ended in the 1990s, Cleveland continued to slide into poverty, reaching a nadir in 2004 when it was named the poorest major city in the United States. Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and [96] Cleveland was again rated the poorest major city in the U. S. in 2006, with a poverty rate of 32. 4%. [97]
Government and politics
- See also: List of mayors of Cleveland, Ohio, Cleveland City Council, and List of Cleveland politicians
Cleveland's position as a center of manufacturing established it as a hotbed of union activity early in its history. The Mayor of Cleveland is the chief executive of the city 's government Cleveland City Council is the legislative branch of the government of the City of Cleveland in Ohio. Notable Politicians from the city of Cleveland Ohio: John W Willey was the first mayor of Cleveland from 1836 to 1837 Labor unions in the United States function as legally recognized representatives of workers in numerous industries This contributed to a political progressivism that has influenced Cleveland politics to the present. In US history the term Progressivism refers to a broadly based reform movement that reached its height early in the 20th century While other parts of Ohio, particularly Cincinnati and the southern portion of the state, have historically supported the Republican Party, Cleveland commonly breeds the strongest support in the state for the Democrats;[98] Cleveland's two representatives in the House of Representatives are Democrats: Dennis Kucinich and Stephanie Tubbs Jones. The Democratic Party is one of two major Political parties in the United States, the other being the Republican Party. The United States House of Representatives is one of the two chambers of the United States Congress; the other is the Senate. Dennis John Kucinich (kuˈsɪnɪtʃ (born October 8[[ 946]] is a Democratic member of the United States House of Representatives and was a candidate for Stephanie Tubbs Jones ( September 10, 1949 &ndash August 20, 2008) was a Democratic politician and member of the United States During the 2004 Presidential election, although George W. Bush carried Ohio, John Kerry carried Cuyahoga County,[99] which gave him the strongest support in the state. The United States presidential election of 2004 was held on Tuesday November 2, 2004, to elect the President of the United States. George Walker Bush ( born July 6 1946 is the forty-third and current President of the United States. } John Forbes Kerry (born December 11 1943 is an American Politician who is currently serving his fourth term as the junior United States Senator
The city of Cleveland operates on the mayor-council (strong mayor) form of government. The Mayor-Council government system sometimes called the Mayor-Commission government system is one of two variations of Government used for the most part in modern [100] The mayor is the chief executive of the city, and the office is held in 2007 by Frank G. Jackson. The Mayor of Cleveland is the chief executive of the city 's government In Political science and Constitutional law, the executive is the branch of government responsible for the day-to-day management of the State. Frank George Jackson (born October 4, 1946) is an American Politician of the Democratic Party. Previous mayors of Cleveland include progressive Democrat Tom L. Johnson, United States Supreme Court Justice Harold Hitz Burton, Republican Senator George V. Voinovich, two-time Democratic Ohio Governor and Senator Frank J. Lausche, and Carl B. Stokes, the first African American mayor of a major American city. The Supreme Court of the United States is the highest judicial body in the United States and leads the federal judiciary. Harold Hitz Burton ( June 22, 1888 &ndash October 28, 1964) served as the 45th mayor of Cleveland, Ohio, a member The United States Senate is the Upper house of the bicameral United States Congress, the Lower house being the House of Representatives George Victor Voinovich (born July 15, 1936) is the senior United States Senator from the state of Ohio, and a member Frank John Lausche ( November 14, 1895 &ndash April 21, 1990) was a Democratic politician from Ohio. Carl Burton Stokes ( June 21 1927 &ndash April 3 1996) was an American Politician of the Democratic party who [101]
Education
Cleveland is home to a number of colleges and universities. Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland Ohio, United States, with some residence halls on the south end of campus Most prominent among these is Case Western Reserve University, a world-renowned research and teaching institution located in University Circle. Case Western Reserve University is a private research university located in Cleveland Ohio, United States, with some residence halls on the south end of campus A private university with several prominent graduate programs, Case was ranked 38th in the nation in 2007 by U.S. News & World Report. USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D [102] University Circle also contains Cleveland Institute of Art, the Cleveland Institute of Music, and the Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine. The Cleveland Institute of Art is a private college of art and design located in University Circle, Cleveland Ohio. The Cleveland Institute of Music is one of the nation's leading independent music conservatories. The Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine, OCPM is a four-year private medical College in the greater Cleveland Ohio metro area in the Southern Suburb of Independence Cleveland State University (CSU), based in downtown Cleveland, is the city's public four-year university. Cleveland State University ( abbr CSU) is a Public university located in Cleveland Ohio. In addition to CSU, downtown hosts the metropolitan campus of Cuyahoga Community College, the county's two-year higher education institution, as well as Myers University, a private four-year school that focuses on business education. Cuyahoga Community College (also known as Tri-C is a two-year college in Cuyahoga County Ohio. [103]
The Cleveland Metropolitan School District is the largest K-12 district in the state, with 127 schools and an enrollment of 55,567 students during the 2006–2007 academic year. Cleveland Metropolitan School District (formerly the Cleveland Municipal School District) is a School district that serves the city of Cleveland in K–12 (pronounced "kay through twelve" "kay to twelve" or just "kay twelve" a designation for the sum of primary and Secondary education [104] It is the only district in Ohio that is under direct control of the mayor, who appoints a school board. A board of education or a school Board or school committee is the title of the Board of directors of a school local School district [105]
Transportation
Airports
Cleveland Hopkins International Airport is the city's major airport and an international airport that serves as one of three main hubs for Continental Airlines. Cleveland Hopkins International Airport is a public Airport located nine miles (14 km) southwest of the Central business district of Cleveland An international airport is an Airport typically equipped with Customs and Immigration facilities to handle international flights to and from other An airline hub is an Airport that an airline uses as a transfer point to get passengers to their intended destination Continental Airlines Inc ( is a United States certificated air carrier. It holds the distinction of having the first airport-to-downtown rapid transit connection in North America, established in 1968. In 1930, the airport was the site of the first airfield lighting system and the first air traffic control tower. A control tower, or more specifically an air traffic control tower is the name of the airport building from which the Air traffic control unit controls the movement of aircraft In addition to Hopkins, Cleveland is served by Burke Lakefront Airport, on the north shore of downtown between Lake Erie and the Shoreway. Cleveland Burke Lakefront Airport is a public Airport situated on the shore of Lake Erie, in the northeast part of downtown Cleveland, The Cleveland Memorial Shoreway (often shortened to simply "The Shoreway" is a limited-access Freeway in Cleveland Ohio. Burke is primarily a commuter and business airport. [106]
Railroads
Amtrak, the national passenger rail system, provides service to Cleveland, via the Capitol Limited and Lake Shore Limited routes, which stop at Cleveland Lakefront Station. The National Railroad Passenger Corporation, Doing business as Amtrak, is a Government-owned corporation that was organized on May 1, 1971 Amtrak 's Capitol Limited is one of the two routes connecting Washington D The Lake Shore Limited is a daily Passenger train route operated by Amtrak in the Northeastern and Midwestern United States Cleveland Lakefront Station is Amtrak 's station in Cleveland Ohio. Cleveland has also been identified as a hub for the proposed Ohio Hub project, which would bring high-speed rail to Ohio. The Ohio Hub is a high-speed The system's goal is to "expand the capacity of the transportation system by improving the railroads for both freight and passenger trains [107]
Public Mass Transit
Cleveland currently has a bus and rail mass transit system operated by the Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority, also known as "RTA". Urban rail transit is an all-encompassing term for various types of local rail systems serving urban or older Suburban areas The Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority (officially the GCRTA, but historically and locally referred to as the RTA) is the public transit The rail portion is officially called the RTA Rapid Transit, but is referred to by local residents as The Rapid. RTA Rapid Transit (generally known as The Rapid) is a Rapid transit and Light rail system in Cleveland It consists of two light rail lines, known as the Green and Blue Lines, and a heavy rail line, the Red Line. A rapid transit, underground, subway, elevated railway or metro(politan system is an electric passenger railway RTA is currently installing a bus rapid transit line, for which naming rights were purchased by the Cleveland Clinic and University Hospitals, called the "Health Line", which will run along Euclid Avenue from downtown to University Circle. Bus rapid transit ( BRT) is a broad term given to a variety of transportation systems that through improvements to infrastructure vehicles and scheduling attempt to use Euclid Avenue is a name applied to streets in many American cities however Cleveland Ohio ’s Euclid Avenue received nationwide attention from the 1860s to the 1920s for its [108] National bus service is provided at a Greyhound station, located just behind Playhouse Square theater district. Greyhound Lines is an intercity Common carrier of passengers by Bus serving over 3700 destinations in the United States. The Playhouse Square Center, in downtown Cleveland Ohio, is the second-largest theater complex in the United States (second only to New York
Major Highways
Three two-digit Interstate highways serve Cleveland directly. The Dwight D Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways, commonly called the Interstate Highway System (or simply the Interstate System)
Interstate 71 begins just southwest of downtown and is the major route from downtown Cleveland to the airport. Interstate 71 (I-71 is an Interstate Highway in the Great Lakes/Midwestern region of the United States. I-71 runs through the southwestern suburbs and eventually connects Cleveland with Columbus. Columbus is the Capital and the largest city of the US state of Ohio. 
Interstate 77 begins in downtown Cleveland and runs almost due south through the southern suburbs. Interstate 77 (abbreviated I-77) is an Interstate highway in the eastern United States. I-77 sees the least traffic of the three interstates, although it does connect Cleveland to Akron. Akron is a city in the US state of Ohio and the County seat of Summit County. 
Interstate 90 connects the two sides of Cleveland, and is the northern terminus for both I-71 and I-77. Interstate 90 (I-90 is the longest interstate highway in the United States at nearly 3100 miles (5000 kilometers Running due east–west through the west side suburbs, I-90 turns northeast at the junction with I-71 and 
I-490, and is known as the Innerbelt through downtown. At the junction with the Shoreway, I-90 makes a 90-degree turn known in the area as Dead Man's Curve, then continues northeast, entering Lake County near the eastern split with 
Ohio State Route 2. Dead Man's Curve is the unofficial but commonly used name given to hazardous curves on Interstate and other roads in the United States that have claimed lives due to accidents Lake County is a County located in the US state of Ohio. As of 2000 the population was 227511 State Route 2 is an east-west Highway crossing most of northern Ohio.
Cleveland is also served by two three-digit interstates,
Interstate 480, which enters Cleveland briefly at a few points and- Interstate 490, which connects I-77 with the junction of I-90 and I-71 just south of downtown. Interstate 480 (I-480 is a loop highway that connects the Ohio Turnpike ( I-80) with suburban Cleveland Ohio. Interstate 490 (abbreviated I-490) is a 243-mile Interstate highway in Cleveland Ohio. [109]
Two other limited-access highways serve Cleveland.
- The Cleveland Memorial Shoreway carries State Route 2 along its length, and at varying points also carries
US 6, 
US 20 and I-90. The Cleveland Memorial Shoreway (often shortened to simply "The Shoreway" is a limited-access Freeway in Cleveland Ohio. State Route 2 is an east-west Highway crossing most of northern Ohio. US Route 6, also called the Grand Army of the Republic Highway, is a main route of the U US Route 20 is an east-west United States highway. As the "0" in its route number implies U - The Jennings Freeway
(State Route 176) connects I-71 just south of I-90 to I-480 near the suburbs of Parma and Brooklyn Heights. State Route 176 (SR 176 is partially a Limited-access highway. Parma is a City in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States and the largest Suburb of Cleveland. Brooklyn Heights is a village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. - A third highway, the Berea Freeway
(State Route 237 in part), connects I-71 to the airport, and forms part of the boundary between Cleveland and Brook Park. State Route 237 (SR 237 is a nearly 14-mile north-south signed route in Cuyahoga County Ohio. Brook Park is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States and a suburb of Cleveland. [110]
Sister cities
Cleveland has twenty sister cities:[111]
See also
- Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion
- Cleveland Torso Murderer (Kingsbury Run murders)
References
- ^ a b c d e f Cleveland, Ohio Fact Sheet. United States Census Bureau. Alexandria ( Egyptian Arabic: اسكندريه Eskendereyya; Standard Arabic: ar الإسكندرية Al-Iskandariyya; Ἀλεξάνδρεια This article is about the country of Egypt For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Egypt topics. Bahir Dar is a City in north western Ethiopia NOTE This intro is the result of careful NPOV work Please do not make potentially controversial edits to it without first discussing on the talk page Bangalore ( officially Bengaluru ( Kannada: ಬೆಂಗಳೂರು) is the capital of the Indian state of Karnataka. India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Cleveland is an area in the north east of England. Its name means literally "cliff-land" referring to its hilly southern areas which rise to nearly. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located Conakry or Konakry ( Malinké: Kɔnakiri) is the Capital and largest city of Guinea. Guinea, officially Republic of Guinea (pronounced /ˈgɪni/ République de Guinée is a country in West Africa, formerly known as French Guinea Fieri ( Albanian: Fier or Fieri) is a City in southwest Albania, in the district This article is about the country in southern Europe For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Albania topics. Gdańsk ( Polish pronunciation; 'Danzig', Gduńsk Gedania Dantiscum is the City at the centre of the fourth-largest Metropolitan area in Poland Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Heidenheim an der Brenz (short Heidenheim is a city in eastern Baden-Württemberg, Germany. Germany, officially the Federal Republic of Germany ( ˈbʊndəsʁepuˌbliːk ˈdɔʏtʃlant is a Country in Central Europe. Holon (חוֹלוֹן, Ḥōlōn is a City in Israel, on the central coastal strip south of Tel Aviv. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. Ibadan (Ìlú Èbá-Ọdàn the town at the junction the savannah and the forest the Capital of Oyo State, is the third largest city Nigeria, officially named the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal Constitutional republic comprising thirty-six states and one Federal Klaipėda ( ˈklaɪpɛdə Memel is a City in Lithuania situated at the mouth of the Curonian Lagoon where it flows into the Baltic Sea Lithuania, officially the Republic of Lithuania (Lietuvos Respublika is a Country in Eastern often referred to as Northern Europe or in the Lima is the Capital and largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers on a coast overlooking Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Ljubljana ( is the largest and Capital city of Slovenia. It is located in the center of the country and is a mid-sized city of some 270000 inhabitants Slovenia, officially the Republic of Slovenia (Republika Slovenija) is a Country in southern Central Europe bordering Italy to the west Miskolc (miʃkolts approximate pronunciation "Me-shkolts" in Slovak Miškovec, in Polish Miszkolc) is a city in North-East Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Meanguera is a Municipality in the Morazán department of El Salvador. El Salvador ( República de El Salvador,) is a country in Central America. Taipei ( Taiwanese Pe̍h-ōe-jī: Tâi-pak-chhī Jhuyin Fuhao: ㄊㄞˊ ㄅㄟˇ ㄕˋ Hakka: Thòi-pet-sṳ has been the capital of REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending Ireland (pronounced /ˈaɾlənd/ Éire) is the third largest island in Europe, and the twentieth-largest island in the world Cleveland East Ohio Gas Explosion occurred on the afternoon of Friday October 20, 1944. The Cleveland Torso Murderer (also known as the Mad Butcher of Kingsbury Run) was an unidentified Serial killer active in the Cleveland Ohio The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census Retrieved on 2005-10-11. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed
- ^ Geographic Names Information System Feature Detail Report. USGS. The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. Retrieved on 2007-03-27. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 196 BC - Ptolemy V ascends to the throne of Egypt. 1309 - Pope Clement V excommunicates
- ^ a b American FactFinder. United States Census Bureau. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ US Board on Geographic Names. United States Geological Survey (2007-10-25). The United States Geological Survey ( USGS) is a scientific agency of the United States government. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1147 - The Portuguese, under Afonso I, and Crusaders from England and Flanders conquer Lisbon after a Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ Visitor Information. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved on 2007-05-14. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the
- ^ United States Census Bureau (2001-04-02). The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Events 68 - Galba, Governor of Hispania, names himself legatus senatus populique Romani, breaking the line of Census 2000 PHC-T-5. Ranking Tables for Incorporated Places of 100,000 or More: 1990 and 2000. United States Census, 2000. Retrieved on 2007-08-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great.
- ^ United States and Puerto Rico -- Metropolitan Area GCT-PH1. Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2000, United States Census Bureau, Census 2000. The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ Economist. "Vancouver tops liveability ranking according to a new survey by the Economist Intelligence Unit". Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2005-10-11. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed
- ^ Copestake, Jon. "Where business is a pleasure." The Economist. The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London (2005-12-23)
- ^ Request For Proposals: Finance, Design, Build, Manage, Operate, Maintain, Repair and Upgrade A Citywide Municipal Wireless Broadband Network Infrastructure (PDF) Page 17. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 962 - Byzantine-Arab Wars: Under the future Emperor Nicephorus Phocas, Byzantine troops stormed the city City of Cleveland Municipal Wireless Network RFP (April 20, 2007). Events 1303 - The University of Rome La Sapienza is instituted by Pope Boniface VIII. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ Cleveland. Architect Magazine. January 1, 2007. New Year See also New Year The Ancient Romans began their consular year on January 1st since 153 BC Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Accessed October 11, 2007. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Living in Cleveland. The Lerner Research Institute. 2007. Accessed October 11, 2007. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Roll to a Final Four in Rockin' Cleveland. Wood, Terry. ESPN. com. March 29, 2007. Events 1461 - Wars of the Roses: Battle of Towton - Edward of York defeats Queen Margaret to become King Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Accessed October 11, 2007. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Cleveland Court Winner. The New York Times. August 3, 1919. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Year 1919 ( MCMXIX) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common Accessed October 11, 2007
- ^ Rock ’n’ Roll and the Cleveland Connection : Deanna R. Adams
- ^ Of Cleveland, by Cleveland, for Cleveland (and the world), Mountain Xpress. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. January 24, 2007. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Accessed October 11, 2007. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ a b c d e Cleveland: A Bicentennial Timeline. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ Ohio and Erie Canal. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ Columbus Street Bridge. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ Clymer, Floyd. Treasury of Early American Automobiles, 1877–1925 (New York: Bonanza Books, 1950), p. 178.
- ^ Clymer, p. 156.
- ^ Find A Grave: Lake View Cemetery. Findagrave. Find A Grave is a Website allowing its users to access maintain and expand an online Database of Burial records com. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ Great Lakes Exposition. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Case Western Reserve University. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ Porter, Philip (1976). "Chapter 6", Cleveland: Confused City on a Seesaw. Columbus, Ohio: Ohio State University Press, pp. 106–107. ISBN 0814202640.
- ^ Cleveland Electric Illuminating Co. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-06-14. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
- ^ Past Winners of the All-America City Award. National Civic League. The National Civic League is an Organization founded in 1894 in Philadelphia Pennsylvania at a meeting of politicians policy-makers journalists and Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
- ^ Schlossberg, Dan. Cleveland - Mistake on the Lake no more. Travel World Magazine. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ Walljasper, Jay. "Town Square." Project for Public Spaces. Project for Public Spaces (PPS is a nonprofit organization dedicated to creating and sustaining public places that build communities. November 2004. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ Paynter, Bob; Pledger, Marcia. "Comeback City' fights old-shoe image", The Plain Dealer, October 14, 2001. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Year 2001 ( MMI) was a Common year starting on Monday according to the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ Jackson, Frank, State of the City of Cleveland (PDF). Frank George Jackson (born October 4, 1946) is an American Politician of the Democratic Party. City of Cleveland, Ohio. 2007-03-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ GaWC Research Bulletin 5, GaWC, Loughborough University, 28 July 1999
- ^ US Gazetteer files: 2000 and 1990. Loughborough University is a Campus university located in the Market town of Loughborough, Leicestershire, in the East Midlands United States Census Bureau (2005-05-03). The United States Census Bureau (officially Bureau of the Census as defined in Title) is the government agency that is responsible for the United States Census Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1491 - Kongo monarch Nkuwu Nzinga is baptised by Portuguese missionaries adopting the baptismal name of João Retrieved on 2008-01-31. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1504 - France cedes Naples to Aragon. 1606 - Gunpowder Plot: Guy Fawkes
- ^ Cleveland-Hopkins International Airport. AirNav. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ a b Monthly Averages for Cleveland, OH. The Weather Channel. Retrieved on 2007-07-23. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1632 - Three hundred colonists bound for New France depart from Dieppe France.
- ^ Cleveland Snowfalle (sic) Statistics. National Weather Service. The National Weather Service ( NWS) once known as the Weather Bureau is one of the six scientific agencies that make up the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Retrieved on 2005-10-13. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
- ^ NOWData - NOAA Online Weather Data. National Weather Service. Retrieved on 2006-04-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 456 - St Patrick returns to Ireland as a missionary bishop
- ^ Lawrence, Michael (1980). Make No Little Plans. Cleveland, Ohio: Western Reserve Historical Society, 20–25. The Western Reserve Historical Society (WRHS was founded in 1867 making it the oldest cultural institution in Northeast Ohio ISBN 0-911704-24-8.
- ^ Toman, James and Cook, Daniel (2005). "The Tower", Cleveland's Towering Treasure. Cleveleand, Ohio: Cleveland Landmarks Press, 76. ISBN 0-936760-20-6.
- ^ The Arcade: A Clevaland Classic. Retrieved on 2007-09-17. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
- ^ Cleveland Sacred Landmarks. Cleveland State University. Cleveland State University ( abbr CSU) is a Public university located in Cleveland Ohio. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
- ^ Upton, Harriet Taylor (1910). History of the Western Reserve. The Lewis Publishing Company, 507.
- ^ Cigliano, Jan (1991). Showplace of America. Kent State University Press. ISBN 0-87338-445-8.
- ^ Welcome to the History of the Cleveland Cultural Gardens. Cleveland Cultural Gardens. Retrieved on 2007-04-19. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1012 - Martyrdom of Alphege in Greenwich London. 1529 - At the Second Diet of Speyer
- ^ Neighborhood Link. Cleveland State University. Retrieved on 2005-10-14. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces
- ^ Kennedy, Maureen and Leonard, Paul. Dealing with Neighborhood Change: A Primer on Gentrification and Policy Choices. Brookings Institution (April 2001). The Brookings Institution is a nonprofit public policy organization based in Washington D Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ Gill, Michael. "Can the Creative Class Save Cleveland?". Free Times (2003-10-29) Retrieved on 2007-08-01
- ^ Northeast Region. The Free Times was an Alternative weekly Newspaper in Cleveland, Ohio. Year 2003 ( MMIII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 437 - Valentinian III, Western Roman Emperor, marries Licinia Eudoxia, daughter of his cousin Theodosius II Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman Northeast Ohio First Suburbs Consortium. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ PSC Volunteer. Playhouse Square Center. Retrieved on 2006-08-14. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures
- ^ Playhouse Square: The Theater District. Playhouse Square Center. Retrieved on May 14, 2007. Events 1264 - Battle of Lewes: Henry III of England is captured in France making Simon de Montfort the Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Playhouse Square: About Us. Playhouse Square Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-24. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1218 - The Fifth Crusade leaves Acre for Egypt. 1276 - Magnus Ladulås is crowned
- ^ Alan Freed. Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame and Museum is a Museum located on the shores of Lake Erie in downtown Cleveland Ohio, United States Retrieved on 2007-07-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
- ^ Mansfield, Herbert. Theater. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1998-03-04. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth Retrieved on 2007-07-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
- ^ Walsh, Michael. "The Finest Orchestra? (Surprise!) Cleveland". Time. Time (trademarked in capitals as TIME) is a weekly American Newsmagazine, similar to Newsweek and (1994-01-10) Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 1994 ( MCMXCIV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link will display full 1994 Gregorian calendar) Events 49 BC - Julius Caesar crosses the Rubicon, signaling the start of civil war. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ A Brief History of the Cleveland Orchestra. Cleveland Orchestra. The Cleveland Orchestra, located in Cleveland, Ohio is one of the major symphony Orchestras in the United States. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Cleveland Museum of Art. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-06-14. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 1276 - While taking exile in Fuzhou in southern China, away from the advancing Mongol invaders, the remnants of the Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Who We Are. Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland. The Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland, better known by its acronym MOCA, is a Contemporary art museum located in Cleveland Ohio. Retrieved on 2007-08-16. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting
- ^ Movies made in Cleveland. IMDb. Retrieved on 2006-01-24. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled
- ^ 'Spider Man 3' in Cleveland. Cleveland. com. Retrieved on 2006-05-20. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held
- ^ Superman. Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-07-22. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of Retrieved on 2007-07-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
- ^ Eric Carmen Biography. ericcarmen. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-03. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 324 - Battle of Adrianople Constantine I defeats Licinius, who flees to Byzantium.
- ^ The Bands. ClePunk. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ a b Cleveland?!? - chicagotribune.com
- ^ Travel Cleveland: Cleveland Attractions. Convention and Visitors Bureau of Greater Cleveland. Retrieved on 2007-05-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- ^ Cleveland's Irish Parade. clevelandirishparade. org. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ COSMOWORLDS | FASHION WEEKS BY COUNTRY - Directory Fashion Weeks Europe, Russia, North America, Canada, Latin-/South America, Australia, Africa, Asia, Middle East
- ^ Soeder, John. "CMJ/Rock Hall Music Fest cancelled after two-year run." The Plain Dealer, 2007-04-06. The Plain Dealer is the major daily Newspaper of Cleveland Ohio. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 46 BC - Julius Caesar defeats Caecilius Metellus Scipio and Marcus Porcius Cato in the Battle of Thapsus
- ^ O'Connor, Cliff. "Another record-setting year for Cleveland film fest. " The Plain Dealer, 2007-03-26. The Plain Dealer is the major daily Newspaper of Cleveland Ohio. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1026 - Pope John XIX crowns Conrad II as Holy Roman Emperor.
- ^ Winterfest. Cleveland. com. Retrieved on May 14, 2007.
- ^ Travel Cleveland: Sports + Recreation. Convention and Visitors Bureau of Greater Cleveland. Retrieved on 2007-05-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 334 BC - The Greek army of Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of the Granicus.
- ^ Cleveland IndiansHistory. Major League Baseball. Retrieved on 2007-08-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 48 BC - Caesar's civil war: Battle of Pharsalus - Julius Caesar decisively defeats Pompey at Pharsalus
- ^ Darcy, Kieran. Mistakes by the Lake. ESPN. com: Page 2. (2004-07-13). "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Retrieved on 2005-10-11. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed
- ^ Cleveland Barons (1976-1978). Sports E-cyclopedia.
- ^ Malik, George James. "Griffins take down Lake Erie in opener", Grand Rapids Press. The Grand Rapids Press is a daily Newspaper published in Grand Rapids Michigan. 2007-10-07. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar)
- ^ "Rockers divvied up in dispersal draft", USA Today, January 6, 2004. Events 1066 - Harold Godwinson is crowned King of England. 1205 - Philip of Swabia becomes King "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ Nierman, Jonathan (October 11, 2005). Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Commissioner sets Toronto deadline. Major League Soccer. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ Sampling the Population. Nielsen Media Research (2006-09-23). Nielsen Media Research ( NMR) is an American firm that measures media Audiences including Television, Radio Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
- ^ NewsChannel5's First 50 Years. WEWS-TV (2005). WEWS-TV, channel 5 is a television station in Cleveland Ohio. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
- ^ Cleveland OH, RadioStationWorld. Retrieved on 2007-08-02. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 338 BC - A Macedonian army led by Philip II defeated the combined forces of Athens and Thebes in the
- ^ Stapleton, Darwin H. Industry. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1997-07-17. Year 1997 ( MCMXCVII) was a Common year starting on Wednesday (link will display full 1997 Gregorian calendar Events 180 - Twelve inhabitants of Scillium in North Africa are executed for being Christians Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Cho, Janet H. "A global venue; Cleveland's Jones Day law firm makes motions all over the world, but its culture is rooted in the town where it began", The Plain Dealer. 2006-06-19. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1179 - The Norwegian Battle of Kalvskinnet outside Nidaros.
- ^ Sustainability (Draft): Trends, Cleveland Planning Commission. Accessed November 12, 2007. Events 764 - Tibetan troops occupy Chang'an, the capital of the Chinese Tang Dynasty, for fifteen days Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Stagnant Commercial Market Rocks Cleveland Real Estate, January 12, 2006. Events 475 - Basiliscus becomes Byzantine Emperor, with a coronation ceremony in the Hebdomon palace in Constantinople Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Accessed November 9, 2007. Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Webber Sadovi, Maura (2007-10-31). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 445 BC – Ezra reads the Book of the Law to the Israelites in Jerusalem (see Nehemiah 91 NLTse Health-Care Industry Helps Revive Office Market in Cleveland. The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved on 2008-01-05. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1477 - Battle of Nancy: Charles the Bold is killed and Burgundy becomes part of France.
- ^ Ohio is a leader in housing downturn, The Columbus Dispatch. The Columbus Dispatch is a daily Newspaper, based in Columbus Ohio, that serves the central portion of the state November 14, 2007. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Accessed November 14, 2007. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ Foreclosure Wave Sweeps America, BBC, November 5, 2007. Events 1499 - Publication of the Catholicon in Treguier ( Brittany) Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Accessed November 14, 2007. Events 1533 - Conquistadors from Spain under the leadership of Francisco Pizarro arrive in Cajamarca, Inca Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
- ^ State Profile: Largest Employers, Ohio. America's Career InfoNet (2007). Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ Best Hospitals 2006: Cleveland Clinic. U.S. News & World Report (2006). USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D Retrieved on 2006-09-17. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1176 - The Battle of Myriokephalon is fought 1462 - The Battle of Świecino (or Battle of Żarnowiec
- ^ Best Hospitals 2006: Cancer. U. S. News & World Report. (2006-07-13) Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1174 - William I of Scotland, a key rebel in the Revolt of 1173-1174, is captured at Alnwick by forces loyal to Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ BioEnterprise (April 24, 2007). Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. "Midwest Health Care Startups Raise $324 Million in Q1 2007" (PDF). Press release. A news release, media release, press release or press statement is a written or recorded Communication directed at members of the News Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ Case Western Reserve University: West Quad. Case Western Reserve University: School of Medicine. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ Fiber Optic Network Connecting Cleveland and Northeast Ohio. OneCommunity project. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ Gomez, Henry J. "Top U. S. Broadband town: Cleveland". The Plain Dealer. The Plain Dealer is the major daily Newspaper of Cleveland Ohio. (2006-01-20). Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 250 - Emperor Decius begins a widespread persecution of Christians in Rome.
- ^ Vanac, Mary. "Ohio hot to invest in Wi-Fi technology", The Plain Dealer. 2006-10-05. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople
- ^ Gibson, Campbell. Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990. US Census Bureau. Retrieved on 2005-10-11. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed
- ^ Baranick, Alana. "Cleveland's Hungarian story expands beyond Buckeye Rd. where immigrants paved the way for new arrivals", The Plain Dealer. Retrieved 2007-07-08. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 939 - The Major Occultation or Ghaybat el-Kubra of Muhammad al-Mahdi 1099 - First Crusade: 15000
- ^ The Associated Press. "Cleveland rated poorest big city in U.S." September 23, 2004. Events 1122 - Concordat of Worms. 1459 - Battle of Blore Heath, the first major battle of the English "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved from MSNBC on 2007-08-01. MSNBC is a 24-hour cable television news channel based in the United States and available in Canada. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ Diane Suchetka and Barb Galbincea. "Cleveland Rated Poorest City for Second Time". The Plain Dealer. The Plain Dealer is the major daily Newspaper of Cleveland Ohio. (2006-08-30) Available at The American Policy Roundtable. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1363 - Beginning date of the Battle of Lake Poyang; the forces of two Chinese rebel leaders— Chen Youliang and Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ Huskins, David. Ohio Voter and Election Maps. University of Akron Center for Policy Studies. The University of Akron is an open enrollment regional institution of higher learning located in Akron Ohio. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ Leip, David. 2004 Presidential General Election Results. Atlas of U. S. Presidential Elections. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ Richardson, James F. Politics. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1998-05-13. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1497 - Pope Alexander VI excommunicates Girolamo Savonarola. Retrieved on 2007-08-01. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 30 BC - Octavian (later known as Augustus enters Alexandria, Egypt, bringing it under the control of the Roman
- ^ "Carl B. Stokes, 68, first Black Mayor of a major U. S. city, dies - Obituary". Jet, April 22, 1996. Events 1500 - Portuguese Navigator Pedro Álvares Cabral becomes the first European to sight Brazil. Year 1996 ( MCMXCVI) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display full 1996 Gregorian calendar) Available at findarticles.com. Retrieved on 2007-08-10. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 612 BC - Killing of Sinsharishkun, King of Assyrian Empire
- ^ "America's Best Colleges 2007". U.S. News & World Report. USNews & World Report is an influential weekly American Newsmagazine published in Washington D Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Wertheim, Sally H. Higher Education. The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History. 1998-05-12. Year 1998 ( MCMXCVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display full 1998 Gregorian calendar) Events 1191 - Richard I of England marries Berengaria of Navarre. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Master Plan Update 2 (MS Word doc). Microsoft Word is Microsoft 's flagship word processing software. Cleveland Metropolitan School District Bond Accountability Commission. 2007-05-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 878 - Syracuse Italy is captured by the Muslim sultan of Sicily. Retrieved on 2007-07-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 285 - Diocletian appoints Maximian as Caesar, co-ruler
- ^ Reform History. Catalyst Cleveland. Retrieved on 2007-05-09. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1457 BC - Battle of Megiddo (15th century BC between Thutmose III and a large Canaanite coalition under the King of
- ^ Tinsley, Jesse. "Burke to host air service again; Startup offers no-hassle hop to Detroit, more", The Plain Dealer. 2006-07-18. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 390 BC - Roman - Gaulish Wars Battle of the Allia - a Roman army is defeated by raiding Gauls,
- ^ The Ohio Hub. Ohio Rail Development Commission. Retrieved on 2006-11-04. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani
- ^ The Euclid Corridor Transportation Project. Greater Cleveland Regional Transit Authority. Retrieved on 2005-10-11. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed
- ^ Interstate 490 Cleveland. Interstate-Guide. com. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Riverside Neighborhood Tour. Neighborhood Link, Cleveland State University. Cleveland State University ( abbr CSU) is a Public university located in Cleveland Ohio. Retrieved on 2007-07-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Godfrey of Bouillon is elected the first Defender of the Holy Sepulchre of The Kingdom of
- ^ Sister Cities information obtained from Online Directory: Ohio, USA. Sister Cities International, Inc. Retrieved on July 11, 2007. Events 911 - Signing of the Treaty of Saint-Clair-sur-Epte between Charles the Simple and Rollo of Normandy. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century.
External links
- City Of Cleveland Home Page
- The Encyclopedia Of Cleveland History (2002). Case Western Reserve University.
- Positively Cleveland (Convention and Visitors Bureau of Greater Cleveland)
- Cleveland at the Open Directory Project
- Cleveland travel guide from Wikitravel
- Flickr: Photos tagged with "Cleveland"
- Cleveland Memory Project
- Pictures of Cleveland at UrbanOhio.com
- Historic Cleveland Maps (1835–1971)
- Cleveland Cartography
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