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A citation or bibliographic citation is a reference to a book, article, web page, or other published item, with sufficient detail to identify the item uniquely. An article is a stand-alone section of a larger written work These nonfictional Prose compositions appear in Magazines Newspapers Academic journals A web page or webpage is a resource of information that is suitable for the World Wide Web and can be accessed through a Web browser. ^[1] Different citation systems and styles are used in scientific citation, legal citation, prior art, and the humanities. Scientific Citation is the Process by which Conclusions of previous Scientists are used to justify experimental Procedures Apparatus Legal citation is the legal writing practice of crediting and referring to authoritative documents and sources Prior art (also known as or State of the art, which also has other meanings in most systems of Patent law constitutes all Information that The humanities are academic disciplines which study the Human condition, using methods that are primarily Analytic, Critical, or Speculative

Citation content

Citation content may include:

• of a book: author(s), book title, publisher, date of publication, and page number(s) if appropriate;^[2][3]
• of a journal article: author(s), article title, journal title, volume and issue numbers, date of publication, and page number(s);
• of a newspaper: author(s), article title, name of newspaper, section title and page number(s) if desired, date of publication;
• of a work on the Web: author(s), article and publication title where appropriate, as well as a URL, and a date when the site was accessed. Uniform Resource Locator is an URI which also specifies where the identified resource is available and the protocol for retrieving it
• of a play: inline citations offer part, scene, and line numbers, the latter separated by periods: 4. 452 refers to scene 4, line 452. For example, "In Eugene Onegin, Onegin rejects Tanya when she is free to be his, and only decides he wants her when she is already married" (Pushkin 4. 452-53). ^[4]
• of a poem: If the text is more than one line of the poem, use a slash (/) with a space before and after it to indicate the separate lines. Include the word "line" or "lines" in the Harvard reference. For example: "For I must love because I live / And life in me is what you give. " (Brennan, lines 15-16). ^[4]

Unique identifiers

Along with information such as author(s), date of publication, title and page numbers, citations may also include unique identifiers depending on the type of work being referred to.

• Citations of books may include an International Standard Book Number (ISBN).
• Specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical, may have an associated Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI). The Serial Item and Contribution Identifier (SICI is a code ( ANSI / NISO standard Z39
• Electronic documents may have a digital object identifier (DOI). A digital object identifier ( DOI) is a permanent identifier given to an Electronic document.
• Biomedical research articles may have a PubMed Identifier (PMID). PMID is an Acronym for PubMed Identifier or more specifically PubMed Unique Identifier which is a unique number assigned to each PubMed

Citation systems

There are broadly two citation systems:^[5][6][7]

Parenthetical systems

In-text parenthetical citations include abbreviated source information (for example, author and page number) in parentheses in the article text. This is supplemented by complete source information in a list of Works Cited, References, or Bibliography at the end of the paper.

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a parenthetical reference system might look like this:

The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance (Kubler-Ross, 1969, chap. 3).

The entry in the References list would look like this:

Kubler-Ross, E. (1969). On death and dying. New York: Macmillian.

Note systems

Note systems involve the use of sequential numbers in the text which refer to either footnotes (notes at the end of the page) or endnotes (a note on a separate page at the end of the paper) which give the source detail. The notes system may or may not require a full bibliography, depending on whether the writer has used a full note form or a shortened note form.

For example, an excerpt from the text of a paper using a notes system without a full bibliography could look like this:

The five stages of grief are denial, anger, bargaining, depression, and acceptance. ¹

The note, located either at the foot of the page (footnote) or at the end of the paper (endnote) would look like this:

1. Elisabeth Kubler-Ross, On Death and Dying (New York: Macmillian, 1969), 45-60.

In a paper which contains a full bibliography, the shortened note could look like this:

1. Kubler-Ross, On Death and Dying, 45-60.

and the bibliography entry, which would be required with a shortened note, would look like this:

Kubler-Ross, Elisabeth. On Death and Dying. New York: Macmillian, 1969.

Citation styles

Main articles: APA style, MLA style, The Chicago Manual of Style, Bluebook, ASA style, Harvard referencing, and Vancouver system

Citation styles can broadly be divided into styles common to the Humanities and the Sciences, though there is considerable overlap. A style guide or style manual is a set of standards for design and writing of documents either for general use or for a specific publication or organization The ACS style, a standard method of Citation in academic publications originated with the American Chemical Society (ACS The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated in writing as CMS or CMOS or verbally as Chicago) is a Style guide for American English The Elements of Typographic Style is a book by Canadian Typographer, Poet and Translator Robert Bringhurst. ISO 690 is an ISO standard for bibliographic referencing in Documents of all sorts The MHRA Style Guide (formerly the MHRA Style Book) is a widely-used Style guide for academic essays and publications in the The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers (1977 6th ed 2003) is an academic documentation Style guide widely used in the United The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, published by the Modern Language Association of America, in its third edition ( 2008) is an The New York Times Manual of Style and Usage: The Official Style Guide Used by the Writers and Editors of the World's Most Authoritative Newspaper is a Style guide Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press Oxford is a reference book and Style guide published in England by Oxford University Hart's Rules for Compositors and Readers at the University Press Oxford is a reference book and Style guide published in England by Oxford University The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, published by the Modern Language Association of America, in its third edition ( 2008) is an The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated in writing as CMS or CMOS or verbally as Chicago) is a Style guide for American English The Bluebook A Uniform System of Citation, a Style guide, prescribes the most widely used Legal citation system in the United States. ASA style is a widely accepted format for writing university research papers that specifies such the arrangement and punctuation of Footnotes and bibliographies. The Vancouver system, also known as the 'author-number' system is a way of writing references in academic papers Some style guides, such as the Chicago Manual of Style, are quite flexible and cover both parenthetical and note citation systems. ^[7] Others, such as MLA and APA styles, specify formats within the context of a single citation system. The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, published by the Modern Language Association of America, in its third edition ( 2008) is an ^[6] These may be referred to as citation formats as well as citation styles. ^[8][9][10] The various guides thus specify order of appearance, for example, of publication date, title, and page numbers following the author name, in addition to conventions of punctuation, use of italics, emphasis, parenthesis, quotation marks, etc, particular to their style.

A number of organizations have created styles to fit their needs, consequently a number of different guides exist. Individual publishers often have their own in-house variations as well, and some works are so long established as to have their own citation methods too: Stephanus pagination for Plato; Bekker numbers for Aristotle; Bible citation by book, chapter and verse; or Shakespeare notation by play, act and scene. Stephanus pagination is the system of reference and organization used in modern editions and translations of Plato (and less famously Plutarch) Biography Early life Birth and family Plato was born in Athens Greece The Corpus Aristotelicum is the collection of Aristotle 's works that have survived from antiquity through Medieval manuscript transmission Aristotle (Greek Aristotélēs) (384 BC – 322 BC was a Greek philosopher a student of Plato and teacher of Alexander the Great. A Bible citation is usually referenced with the book name chapter number and verse number. William Shakespeare ( baptised

Some examples of style guides include:

Humanities

• The American Political Science Association (APSA) relies on the Style Manual for Political Science, a style often used by political science scholars and historians. The American Political Science Association ( APSA) is an organization dedicated to Political science. It is largely based on that of the Chicago Manual of Style.
• The ASA style of American Sociological Association is one of the main styles used in sociological publications. ASA style is a widely accepted format for writing university research papers that specifies such the arrangement and punctuation of Footnotes and bibliographies. The American Sociological Association (ASA founded in 1905 as the American Sociological Society (ASS is a Non-profit organization dedicated to advancing the discipline and Sociology (from Latin: socius "companion" and the suffix -ology "the study of" from Greek λόγος lógos "knowledge"
• The Chicago Style was developed and its guide is The Chicago Manual of Style. The Chicago Manual of Style (abbreviated in writing as CMS or CMOS or verbally as Chicago) is a Style guide for American English Some social sciences and humanities scholars use the nearly identical Turabian style. Used by writers in many fields.
• Evidence Explained: Citing History Sources from Artifacts to Cyberspace, extends models based upon the Chicago Style format with major emphasis upon primary sources not covered by CMOS. Its many models range from court and land records to censuses, ecclesiastical registers, business files, and national-government records of twelve western nations—in both original forms and electronic and film media. The work has been labeled "a key resource for scholars and serious researchers who must rely upon and understand historical evidence. "^[11]
• The Columbia Style was made by Janice R. Walker and Todd Taylor to give detailed guidelines for citing internet sources. Columbia Style offers models for both the humanities and the sciences.
• Harvard referencing (or author-date system) is recommended by the British Standards Institution and involves a short reference (e. BSI Group, also known in its home market as the British Standards Institution (or BSI) is a multinational business services provider whose principal activity g Smith, 2000) being inserted after the cited text in parenthesis and the full reference being listed at the end of the article.
• The MHRA Style Guide is published by the Modern Humanities Research Association, and is most often used in the arts and humanities, particularly in the United Kingdom where the MHRA is based. The MHRA Style Guide (formerly the MHRA Style Book) is a widely-used Style guide for academic essays and publications in the The Modern Humanities Research Association ( MHRA) is an international organisation that aims to encourage and promote advanced study and research of Humanities. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, commonly known as the United Kingdom, the UK or Britain,is a Sovereign state located It is fairly similar to the MLA style, but with some differences. The style guide uses footnotes that fully reference a citation and has a bibliography at the end. Its major advantage is that a reader does not need to consult the bibliography to find a reference as the footnote provides all the details. The guide is available for free download. ^[12]
• MLA style was developed by the Modern Language Association and is most often used in the humanities, particularly in English studies, comparative literature, and foreign-language literary criticism. The MLA Style Manual and Guide to Scholarly Publishing, published by the Modern Language Association of America, in its third edition ( 2008) is an The Modern Language Association of America (usually referred to as simply Modern Language Association or MLA) is the principal Professional association English studies is an academic discipline that includes the study of Literatures written in the English language (including literatures from the U Comparative literature (sometimes abbreviated "Comp lit" is critical scholarship dealing with the Literature of two or more different Linguistic Literary criticism is the study discussion evaluation and interpretation of Literature. Harvard referencing is used within the text, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources on a Works Cited page at the end of the paper. See the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers.

Legal

• The Bluebook is a citation system traditionally used in American academic legal writing, and the Bluebook (or similar systems derived from it) are used by many courts. The Bluebook A Uniform System of Citation, a Style guide, prescribes the most widely used Legal citation system in the United States. ^[13] At present, academic legal articles are always footnoted, but motions submitted to courts and court opinions traditionally use inline citations which are either separate sentences or separate clauses. An inline citation (or inline reference) is a Citation placed at the end of a sentence or Paragraph for the purpose of cataloging where the said

Sciences

• The ACS style is the American Chemical Society style, often used in chemistry. The ACS style, a standard method of Citation in academic publications originated with the American Chemical Society (ACS The American Chemical Society ( ACS) is a Learned society ( Professional association) based in the United States that supports scientific inquiry ^[14]
• In the AIP style of the American Institute of Physics, references are numbered in the text and the reference list. The American Institute of Physics (AIP is an international body representing Physicists and publishing physics related journals
• The AMS styles, e. g. , AMS-LaTeX, are styles developed for the American Mathematical Society (AMS), typically implemented using the BibTeX tool in the LaTeX typesetting environment. AMS-LaTeX is a collection of LaTeX document classes and packages developed for the American Mathematical Society (AMS The American Mathematical Society (AMS is an association of professional Mathematicians dedicated to the interests of mathematical research and scholarship which BibTeX is a tool for formatting lists of references. The BibTeX tool is typically used together with the LaTeX document preparation system LaTeX (ˈleɪtɛ Brackets with author’s initials and year are inserted in the text and at the beginning of the reference. Typical citations are listed in-line with alphabetic-label format, e. g. [AB90]. This type of style is also called a "Authorship trigraph. "
• The Vancouver system, recommended by the Council of Science Editors, is used in medical and scientific papers and research. The Vancouver system, also known as the 'author-number' system is a way of writing references in academic papers The Council of Science Editors ( CSE) is the organization that publishes Scientific Style and Format The CBE Manual for Authors Editors and Publishers (6th edition
  • In one major variant, citation numbers are included in the text in square brackets rather than as superscripts. All bibliographical information is exclusively included in the list of references at the end of the document, next to the respective citation number. ^[15]
• The APA style is the American Psychological Association style, which is most often used in social sciences. The American Psychological Association (APA is a professional organization representing psychologists in the U The social sciences comprise academic disciplines concerned with the study of the social life of human groups and individuals including Anthropology, Communication studies APA style uses Harvard referencing within the text, listing the author's name and year of publication, keyed to an alphabetical list of sources at the end of the paper on a References page.
• Pechenik is a style described in "A Short Guide to Writing about Biology" by Jan A. Pechenik. ^[16]
• IEEE is a style used by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers which encloses citation numbers within square brackets. The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers or IEEE (read eye-triple-e) is an international Non-profit, professional organization The reference list is arranged by the order of citation, not by alphabetical order.

See also

• Acknowledgment (creative arts)
• Case citation
• Citation creator
• Citation signal
• Citationality
• Credit (creative arts)
• Cross-reference
• Scholarly method
• Source evaluation

Notes

References

Further reading