| Christopher Columbus | |
 Posthumous portrait of Christopher Columbus by Ridolfo Ghirlandaio. Ridolfo Ghirlandaio or Ghirlandajo ( February 14, 1483 &ndash June 6 1561) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance | |
| Born | August-October 1451 Genoa, Italy |
|---|---|
| Died | May 20, 1506 outside Valladolid, Spain |
| Nationality | Genovese(disputed) |
| Other names | Cristoforo Colombo Cristóbal Colón |
| Title | Admiral of the Ocean Sea |
| Religious beliefs | Roman Catholic |
| Spouse | Filipa Moniz |
| Children | Diego Fernando |
| Relatives | Bartolomeo (brother) Diego (brother) |
Christopher Columbus (bt. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers Diego Colón Moniz 1st Duke of Veragua 1st Marquis of Jamaica and 2nd Admiral of the Indies (also in Diogo Colombo (1479/1480 Porto Santo, Portugal or 1474 Ferdinand Columbus ( Italian: Fernando Colombo, Spanish: Fernando Colón; 15 August ? 1488 - 1539 was the second son of Christopher Bartholomew Columbus ( Spanish: Bartolomé Colón; Italian: Bartolomeo Colombo; c August and October 1451 – May 20, 1506) was an Italian navigator, colonizer, and explorer whose voyages across the Atlantic Ocean led to general European awareness of the Western Hemisphere and of the American continents within. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest A navigator is the person onboard a ship or aircraft responsible for its Navigation. See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism The Western Hemisphere, also Western hemisphere or western hemisphere, is a geographical term for the half of the Earth that lies West The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America Though not the first to reach the Americas from Afro-Eurasia — preceded some five-hundred years by Leif Ericson, and perhaps others — Columbus initiated widespread contact between Europeans and indigenous Americans. Afro-Eurasia or less commonly Afrasia or Eurafrasia Normally it is divided at the Suez Canal into Eurasia and Africa the former of which can be subdivided Leif Ericson ( Old Norse: Leifr Eiríksson) (c 970 – c 1020 was a Norse Explorer who was probably the first European to land in Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact describes alleged interactions between the Indigenous peoples of the Americas and peoples of other continents – Africa, Since the Renaissance, Europe has had a dominating influence in culture economics and social movements in the world For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. With his several hapless attempts at establishing a settlement on the island of Hispaniola, he personally initiated the process of Spanish colonization which foreshadowed general European colonization of the "New World". An island (ˈaɪlənd or isle (/ˈaɪl/ is any piece of land that is completely surrounded by water in two dimensions above high tide and isolated from other significant Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous Island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere. The start of the European colonization of the Americas is typically dated to 1492 although there was at least one earlier colonization effort The New World is one of the names used for the non-Eurasian/non-African parts of the Earth specifically the Americas and Australia. The term Pre-Columbian is sometimes used to refer to the people and cultures of the Americas before the arrival of Columbus and his European successors. The pre-Columbian era incorporates all period subdivisions in the history and prehistory of the Americas before the appearance of significant European influences
His voyage came at a critical time of growing national imperialism and economic competition between developing nation states seeking wealth from the establishment of trade routes and colonies. Imperialism has two meanings one describing an action and the other describing an attitude Competition is a rivalry between individuals groups nations or animals for territory or resources The history of Europe describes the passage of time from humans inhabiting the European continent to the present day A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo See Colony and Colonization for examples of colonialism which do not refer to Western colonialism In this sociopolitical climate, Columbus's far-fetched scheme won the attention of Queen Isabella of Spain. Politics Politics is the process by which groups of people make decisions Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Severely underestimating the circumference of the Earth, he hypothesized that a westward route from Iberia to the Indies would be shorter and more direct than the overland trade route through Arabia. The circumference is the distance around a closed Curve. Circumference is a kind of Perimeter. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 A hypothesis (from Greek) consists either of a suggested explanation for a phenomenon (an event that is observable or of a reasoned proposal suggesting a possible The Indies or East Indies (or East India) is a term often used to refer to the islands of SE Asia, especially the Malay Archipelago A trade route is a logistical network identified as a series of pathways and stoppages used for the commercial transport of cargo The Arabian Peninsula (in Arabic: شبه الجزيرة العربية šibh al-jazīra al-ʻarabīya or جزيرة العرب jazīrat al-ʻarab) If true, this would ensure for Spain control of the lucrative spice trade — heretofore commanded by the Arabs and Italians. Spice trade is a commercial activity of ancient origin which involves the merchandising of Spices and Herbs. The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Following his plotted course, he instead landed within the Bahamas Archipelago at a locale he named San Salvador. The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and Mistaking the North-American island for the East-Asian mainland, he referred to its inhabitants as "Indians" (a general European term for people of the Far East). The Far East is a term often used by people in the Western world to refer to the countries of East Asia.
Academic consensus establishes that he was born in Genoa, although other minor theories have been posited. The Most Serene Republic of Genoa (Repubblica di Genova was an independent state in Liguria on the northwestern Italian coast from the 11th century The exact origin of Christopher Columbus (beside his place and date of birth has been the source of some speculation since the 19th century although historical consensus claims The name Christopher Columbus is the Anglicization of the Latin Christophorus Columbus. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. Also well known are his name's rendering in modern Italian as Cristoforo Colombo, in Portuguese as Cristóvão Colombo (formerly Christovam Colom), and in Spanish as Cristóbal Colón. Italian ( or lingua italiana) is a Romance language spoken by about 63 million people as a First language, primarily in Italy. Portuguese ( or língua portuguesa) is a Romance language that originated in what is now Galicia (Spain and northern Portugal.
The anniversary of the 1492 voyage (vd. Columbus Day) is observed on October 12 throughout the Americas and in Spain. Many countries in the New World and elsewhere celebrate the anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas, which occurred on October 12, Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
Contents |
Early life
Christopher Columbus was born between August and October 1451 in Genoa (nowadays part of Italy). Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest [1] His father was Domenico Colombo, a middle-class wool weaver - who later also had a cheese stand where his son was a helper - working between Genoa and Savona. Domenico Colombo (1418-1496 was the father of the Christopher Columbus and Bartolomeo Columbus. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Cheese is a Food made from Milk, usually the milk of cows, Buffalo, Goats or sheep, by coagulation. This article is about the Italian city For the small town of Savona Canada please see Savona British Columbia, or the village in the USA, see Savona His mother was Susanna Fontanarossa. Susanna Fontanarossa (?-? (Susanna of Fontarossa was the mother of Cristoforo Colombo, a Genoese wool weaver commonly believed to have been Christopher Columbus Bartolomeo, Giovanni Pellegrino and Giacomo were his brothers. Bartolomeo worked in a cartography workshop in Lisbon for at least part of his adulthood. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. [2]
While information about Columbus' early years is scarce, he probably received an incomplete education. He spoke a Genoese dialect. In one of his writings, Columbus claims to have gone to the sea at the age of 10. In 1470 the Columbus Family moved to Savona, where Domenico took over a tavern. In the same year, Columbus was on a Genoese ship hired in the service of René I of Anjou to support his attempt to conquer the Kingdom of Naples. René of Anjou ( January 16, 1409 &ndash July 10, 1480) also known as René I of Naples and Good King René ( French The Kingdom of Naples was an informal name of the Polity officially known as the Kingdom of Sicily which existed on the mainland of the southern Italian
In 1473 Columbus began his apprenticeship as business agent for the important Centurione, Di Negro and Spinola families of Genoa. Later he allegedly made a trip to Chios, a Genoese colony in the Aegean Sea. Chios (Χίος pronounced ˈçio̞s alternative transliterations Khíos and Híos) is the fifth largest of the Greek islands, situated Etymology In ancient times there were various explanations for the name Aegean. In May 1476, he took part in an armed convoy sent by Genoa to carry a valuable cargo to northern Europe. He docked in Bristol, Galway, in Ireland and was possibly in Iceland in 1477. In 1479 Columbus reached his brother Bartolomeo in Lisbon, keeping on trading for the Centurione family. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. He married Filipa Moniz Perestrello of Genoese origin, daughter of the Porto Santo governor, the Genoese nobleman Bartolomeo Perestrello. Porto Santo Island ( pron 'poɾtu 'sɐ̃tu is a Portuguese island 50 km northeast of Madeira Island in the North Atlantic Ocean Bartolomeu Perestrello 1st Capitão Donatário, Lord and Governor of the Island of Porto Santo (c In 1481, his son, Diego, was born. Diego Colón Moniz 1st Duke of Veragua 1st Marquis of Jamaica and 2nd Admiral of the Indies (also in Diogo Colombo (1479/1480 Porto Santo, Portugal or 1474 He calls himself Diego Colon Moniz i. e. he never used Perestrelo in his name.
Voyages
Navigation plans
Europe had long enjoyed a safe land passage to China and India— sources of valued goods such as silk, spices, and opiates— under the hegemony of the Mongol Empire (the Pax Mongolica, or Mongol peace). China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons A spice is a dried Seed, Fruit, Root, Bark or vegetative substance used in Nutritionally insignificant quantities as a Food additive Opium is a Narcotic formed from the Latex (ie sap released by lacerating (or "scoring" the immature seed pods of opium poppies ( Hegemony (hɨˈdʒɛməni (Amer /hɨˈɡɛməni/ (Brit (ἡγεμονία hēgemonía) is a concept that has been used to describe and explain the dominance of one social The Mongol Empire ( Mongolyn Ezent Güren or mn Их Mонгол улс Ikh Mongol Uls; 1206–1368 was the largest contiguous Empire The Pax Mongolica or " Mongol Peace " is a phrase coined by Western scholars to describe the alleged stabilizing effects of the conquest of the Mongol With the Fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks in 1453, the land route to Asia became more difficult. The Fall of Constantinople refers to the capture of the Byzantine Empire's capital by the Ottoman Empire on Tuesday May 29, 1453 (Julian Calendar The Ottoman Empire (1299–1923 ( Old Ottoman Turkish: دولتْ علیّه عثمانیّه Devlet-i Âliye-yi Osmâniyye, Late Ottoman and Modern Turkish The Columbus brothers had a different idea. By the 1480s, they had developed a plan to travel to the Indies, then construed roughly as all of south and east Asia, by sailing directly west across the "Ocean Sea," i. e. , the Atlantic.
Following Washington Irving's 1828 biography of Columbus, Americans commonly believed Columbus had difficulty obtaining support for his plan because Europeans thought the Earth was flat. Washington Irving (April 3 1783 – November 28 1859 was an American Author, essayist, biographer and historian of the early 19th The idea of a flat Earth is the idea that the surface of the Earth is flat (a plane) rather than the view that it is a very close approximation of [4] In fact, the primitive maritime navigation of the time relied on the stars and the curvature of the spherical Earth. The concept of a spherical Earth dates back to around the 6th century BC in ancient Greek philosophy and possibly ancient Indian philosophy. The knowledge that the Earth was spherical was widespread and the means of calculating its diameter using an astrolabe was known to both scholars and navigators[5]. The spherical view of the earth had been the general opinion of ancient Greek science, and continued as the standard view in the Middle Ages (for example of Bede in The Reckoning of Time). Bede (ˈbiːd (also Saint Bede, the Venerable Bede, or (from Latin Beda (beda (c In fact the Earth had generally been believed to be spherical since the 4th century BCE by most scholars and almost all navigators, and Eratosthenes had measured the diameter of the Earth with good precision in the second century BC[6]. The concept of a spherical Earth dates back to around the 6th century BC in ancient Greek philosophy and possibly ancient Indian philosophy. Eratosthenes of Cyrene ( Greek; 276 BC - 194 BC was a Greek Mathematician, Poet, athlete, Geographer and Columbus put forth (incorrect) arguments based on a significantly smaller diameter for the Earth, claiming that Asia could be easily reached by sailing west across the Atlantic. Most scholars accepted Ptolemy's correct assessment that the terrestrial landmass (for Europeans of the time, comprising Eurasia and Africa) occupied 180 degrees of the terrestrial sphere, and correctly dismissed Columbus's claim that the Earth was much smaller, and that Asia was only a few thousand nautical miles to the west of Europe. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Longitude (ˈlɒndʒɪˌtjuːd or ˈlɒŋgɪˌtjuːd symbolized by the Greek character Lambda (λ is the east-west Geographic coordinate measurement Columbus' error was put down to his lack of experience in navigation at sea[7].
Columbus, believed the (incorrect) calculations of Marinus of Tyre, putting the landmass at 225 degrees, leaving only 135 degrees of water. Marinus of Tyre, (ca 70 - 130 AD Greek Μαρίνος ο Τύριος also rendered as Marinos of Tyre) was a Phoenician {Fact|date=April Moreover, Columbus believed that one degree represented a shorter distance on the earth's surface than was actually the case. Finally, he read maps as if the distances were calculated in Italian miles (1,238 meters). A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States Accepting the length of a degree to be 56⅔ miles, from the writings of Alfraganus, he therefore calculated the circumference of the Earth as 25,255 kilometers at most, and the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan as 3,000 Italian miles (3,700 km, or 2,300 statute miles) Columbus did not realize Al-Farghani used the much longer Arabic mile (about 1,830 m). The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.
The main problem was that experts did not accept his estimate. The true circumference of the Earth is about 40,000 km (25,000 sm), a figure established by Eratosthenes in the second century BC,[6] and the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan 19,600 km (12,200 sm). Eratosthenes of Cyrene ( Greek; 276 BC - 194 BC was a Greek Mathematician, Poet, athlete, Geographer and No ship that was readily available in the 15th century could carry enough food and fresh water for such a journey. Most European sailors and navigators concluded, likely correctly, that sailors undertaking a westward voyage from Europe to Asia non-stop would die of thirst or starvation long before reaching their destination. Spain, however, having completed an expensive war, was desperate for a competitive edge over other European countries in trade with the East Indies. Columbus promised such an advantage.
While Columbus' calculations underestimated the circumference of the Earth and the distance from the Canary Islands to Japan by the standards of his peers as well as in fact, almost all Europeans held the mistaken opinion that the aquatic expanse between Europe and Asia was uninterrupted. As the 16th century developed it was the route to America, rather than to Japan, that gave Spain a competitive edge in developing an overseas empire.
There was a further element of key importance in the plans of Columbus, a closely-held fact discovered by or otherwise learned by Columbus: the trade winds. A brisk wind from the east, commonly called an "easterly", propelled Santa Maria, La Nina, & La Pinta for 5 weeks from the Canaries. To return to Spain eastward against this prevailing wind would have required several months of an arduous sailing technique, called beating, during which food & drinkable water would have been utterly exhausted. Columbus returned home by following prevailing winds northeastward from the southern zone of the North Atlantic to the middle latitudes of the North Atlantic, where prevailing winds are eastward (westerly) to the coastlines of Western Europe, where the winds curve southward towards the Iberian Peninsula. [8] In fact, Columbus was wrong about degrees of longitude to be traversed and wrong about distance per degree, but he was right about a more vital fact: how to use the North Atlantic's great circular wind pattern, clockwise in direction, to get home. [9] [10]
Some mean that his confidence in that land was within reach, was based on his travel in 1477, which may have taken him to Baffin Island at 73 degrees north (in German). There he could also get information from norse or inuit sailors on the long coast streching to the south at about this longitude.
Funding campaign
In 1485, Columbus presented his plans to John II, King of Portugal. João II ( Portuguese, ʒuˈɐ̃ũ English: John II) ( March 3 1455 &ndash October 25 1495) the Perfect Wikipedia talkFeatured lists#Proposed_change_to_all_featured_lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Portuguese He proposed the king equip three sturdy ships and grant Columbus one year's time to sail out into the Atlantic, search for a western route to Orient, and then return home. The Orient is a term which simply means the " East " It originated in Western Asia to describe that part of the world Columbus also requested he be made "Great Admiral of the Ocean", created governor of any and all lands he discovered, and given one-tenth of all revenue from those lands discovered. The king submitted the proposal to his experts, who rejected it. It was their considered opinion that Columbus' proposed route of 2,400 miles (3,860 km) was, in fact, far too short. [7]
In 1488 Columbus appealed to the court of Portugal once again, and once again John invited him to an audience. It too was to come to nothing, for not long afterwards came the arrival of Portugal's native son Bartholomeu Dias from a successful rounding of the southern tip of Africa. Bartolomeu Dias (baɾtuluˈmeu ˈdiɐʃ Anglicized Bartholomew Diaz) (c Portugal was no longer interested in trailblazing a western route to the East.
Columbus travelled from Portugal once more to both Genoa and Venice, but he received encouragement from neither. Genoa ( Genova, ˈdʒɛːnova in Italian; Zena in Genoese and Ligurian; Genua in Latin and archaically in English Venice ( Italian: Venezia, Venetian: Venesia or Venexia) is a city in Northern Italy, the capital of the Previously he had his brother sound out Henry VII of England, to see if the English monarch might not be more amenable to Columbus' proposal. The Kings of Wessex, who conquered Kent and Sussex from Mercia in 825 became increasingly dominant over the other kingdoms of England during After much carefully considered hesitation Henry's invitation came, too late. Columbus had already committed himself to Spain. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
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He had sought an audience from the monarchs Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile, who had united the largest kingdoms of Spain by marrying, and were ruling together. Ferdinand II of Aragon the Catholic (Fernando II de Aragón y V de Castilla "el Católico" Ferran II d'Aragó "el Catòlic" Ferrando II d'Aragón The Kingdom of Aragon was an old kingdom in the Iberian Peninsula, corresponding to the modern-day autonomous community of Aragon ( Kingdom of Castile was one of the medieval kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula. On May 1, 1486, permission having been granted, Columbus laid his plans before Queen Isabella, who, in turn, referred it to a committee. After the passing of much time, these savants of Spain, like their counterparts in Portugal, reported back that Columbus had judged the distance to Asia much too short. They pronounced the idea impractical, and advised their Royal Highnesses to pass on the proposed venture.
However, to keep Columbus from taking his ideas elsewhere, and perhaps to keep their options open, the King and Queen of Spain gave him an annual annuity of 12,000 maravedis ($840) and in 1489 furnished him with a letter ordering all Spanish cities and towns to provide him food and lodging at no cost. The maravedí was the name of various Iberian coins of gold and then silver between the 11th and 14th centuries and the name of different Iberian accounting units between the [11]
After continually lobbying at the Spanish court and two years of negotiations, he finally had success in 1492. Ferdinand and Isabella had just conquered Granada, the last Muslim stronghold on the Iberian peninsula, and they received Columbus in Córdoba, in the Alcázar castle. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. The Iberian Peninsula, or Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe, and includes modern day Spain, Portugal, Andorra ||-||-||} Córdoba ( Cordova in English is a City in Andalusia, southern Spain, and the capital of the province of Córdoba. The Alcázar de los Reyes Cristianos (Spanish for "Alcázar of the Christian Monarchs" also known as the Alcázar of Córdoba, is a medieval Alcázar located Isabella turned Columbus down on the advice of her confessor, and he was leaving town in despair, when Ferdinand intervened. Isabella then sent a royal guard to fetch him and Ferdinand later rightfully claimed credit for being "the principal cause why those islands were discovered". King Ferdinand is referred to as "losing his patience" in this issue, but this cannot be proven.
About half of the financing was to come from private Italian investors, whom Columbus had already lined up. Financially broke after the Granada campaign, the monarchs left it to the royal treasurer to shift funds among various royal accounts on behalf of the enterprise. Columbus was to be made "Admiral of the Seas" and would receive a portion of all profits. The terms were unusually generous, but as his own son later wrote, the monarchs did not really expect him to return.
According to the contract that Columbus made with King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, if Columbus discovered any new islands or mainland, he would receive many high rewards. In terms of power, he would be given the rank of Admiral of the Ocean Sea (Atlantic Ocean) and appointed Viceroy and Governor of all the new lands. He had the right to nominate three persons, from whom the sovereigns would choose one, for any office in the new lands. He would be entitled to 10 percent of all the revenues from the new lands in perpetuity; this part was denied to him in the contract, although it was one of his demands. Finally, he would also have the option of buying one-eighth interest in any commercial venture with the new lands and receive one-eighth of the profits.
Columbus was later arrested in 1500 and supplanted from these posts. After his death, Columbus's sons, Diego and Fernando, took legal action to enforce their father's contract. Many of the smears against Columbus were initiated by the Spanish crown during these lengthy court cases, known as the pleitos colombinos. The family had some success in their first litigation, as a judgment of 1511 confirmed Diego's position as Viceroy, but reduced his powers. Diego resumed litigation in 1512, which lasted until 1536, and further disputes continued until 1790. [12]
First voyage
On the evening of August 3, 1492, Columbus departed from Palos de la Frontera with three ships; one larger carrack, Santa María, nicknamed Gallega (the Gallician), and two smaller caravels, Pinta (the Painted) and Santa Clara, nicknamed Niña after her owner Juan Niño of Moguer. Events 8 - Roman Empire General Tiberius defeats Dalmatians on the river Bathinus. Palos de la Frontera or Palos, is a town and Municipality located in the southwestern Spanish province of Huelva, in the autonomous community A carrack or nau was a three- or four- masted Sailing ship developed in the Atlantic Ocean in the 15th century by the Portuguese The Santa María was the largest of the three Ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 This article is about the Caravel boat type For the carvel type of boat building see Carvel (boat building. La Pinta (the "Painted" was the fastest of the three Ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean The Niña (the Spanish word for "girl" was one of the three Ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first voyage towards the Indies [13] They were property of Juan de la Cosa and the Pinzón brothers (Martin Alonzo and Vicente Yáñez), but the monarchs forced the Palos inhabitants to contribute to the expedition. Juan de la Cosa (c 1460 &ndash February 28, 1510) was a Spanish cartographer, Conquistador and explorer. The Pinzon brothers were Spanish sailors/explorers/fishermen natives of Palos de la Frontera. Martín Alonso Pinzón, ( Palos de la Frontera, Huelva; c 1441 &ndash March 1493 Spanish navigator and explorer. Vicente Yáñez Pinzón ( Palos de la Frontera ( Spain) c 1460 &ndash after 1523 was a Spanish Navigator, explorer, and Conquistador Columbus first sailed to the Canary Islands, which were owned by Castile, where he restocked the provisions and made repairs, and on September 6, he started what turned out to be a five-week voyage across the ocean. The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile Events 3114 BC - According to the Proleptic Julian calendar the current era in the Maya Long Count Calendar started
Land was sighted at 2 a.m. on October 12, 1492, by a sailor named Rodrigo de Triana (also known as Juan Rodríguez Bermejo) aboard Pinta. Events 539 BC - The army of Cyrus the Great of Persia takes Babylon. Rodrigo de Triana (born 1469 in Sevilla, Spain was a Jewish Spanish sailor and the first European since the Vikings known to have seen America [14] Columbus called the island (in what is now The Bahamas) San Salvador, although the natives called it Guanahani. The Bahamas, officially the Commonwealth of The Bahamas, is an independent sovereign English -speaking country consisting of two thousand Cays and Guanahani was the name the natives gave to the island that Columbus called San Salvador when he arrived at the Americas Exactly which island in the Bahamas this corresponds to is an unresolved topic; prime candidates are Samana Cay, Plana Cays, or San Salvador Island (named San Salvador in 1925 in the belief that it was Columbus's San Salvador). Samana Cay is a small island in the central Bahamas, uninhabited most of the time and believed by some researchers to have been the location of Columbus 's first landfall The Plana Cays are a group of two small islands in the southern Bahama Islands located east of Acklins Island and west of Mayaguana Island. San Salvador Island, also known as Watling Island, is an island and district of the Bahamas. The indigenous people he encountered, the Lucayan, Taíno or Arawak, were peaceful and friendly. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Lucayan were Arawakan People who inhabited the Bahamas at the time of Christopher Columbus ' landing on October 12, 1492. The Taínos were pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles. The term Arawak (from aru, the Lokono word for Cassava flour was used to designate the Amerindians encountered by the Spanish in From the October 12, 1492 entry in his journal he wrote of them, "Many of the men I have seen have scars on their bodies, and when I made signs to them to find out how this happened, they indicated that people from other nearby islands come to San Salvador to capture them; they defend themselves the best they can. I believe that people from the mainland come here to take them as slaves. They ought to make good and skilled servants, for they repeat very quickly whatever we say to them. I think they can very easily be made Christians, for they seem to have no religion. If it pleases our Lord, I will take six of them to Your Highnesses when I depart, in order that they may learn our language. " [15] Lacking modern weaponry and even metal-forged swords or pikes, he remarked upon their tactical vulnerability, writing, "I could conquer the whole of them with 50 men, and govern them as I pleased. " [16]
Columbus also explored the northeast coast of Cuba (landed on October 28) and the northern coast of Hispaniola, by December 5. The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Events 306 - Maxentius is proclaimed Roman Emperor. 312 - Battle of Milvian Bridge: Constantine Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous Island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. Here, the Santa Maria ran aground on Christmas morning 1492 and had to be abandoned. The Santa María was the largest of the three Ships used by Christopher Columbus in his first voyage across the Atlantic Ocean in 1492 He was received by the native cacique Guacanagari, who gave him permission to leave some of his men behind. Cacique or Cazique (female form Cacica) from the Taíno word for the Pre-Columbian tribal chiefs or leaders, of the Taino Guacanagari or Guacanagarix was one of the five Caciques of Hispaniola in the western part of the island which is now present day Haiti. Columbus left 39 men and founded the settlement of La Navidad in what is now present-day Haiti. La Navidad was a settlement that Christopher Colombus and his men established in present day Haiti in 1492 from the remains of the Spanish Ship the Santa María Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: [17] Before returning to Spain, Columbus also kidnapped some ten to twenty-five natives and took them back with him. Only seven or eight of the native Indians arrived in Spain alive, but they made quite an impression on Seville. [14]
Columbus headed for Spain, but another storm forced him into Lisbon. Lisbon (Lisboa liʒˈboɐ is the Capital and largest city of Portugal. He anchored next to the King's harbor patrol ship on March 4, 1493 in Portugal. Events 51 - Nero, later to become Roman Emperor, is given the title Princeps iuventutis (head of the youth After spending more than one week in Portugal, he set sail for Spain. He reached Spain on March 15, 1493. Events 44 BC - Julius Caesar, Dictator of the Roman Republic, is stabbed to death by Marcus Junius Brutus, Word of his finding new lands rapidly spread throughout Europe.
There is increasing modern scientific evidence that this voyage also brought syphilis back from the New World. Syphilis is a Sexually transmitted disease caused by the spirochetal Bacterium Treponema pallidum pallidum. Many of the crew members who served on this voyage later joined the army of King Charles VIII in his invasion of Italy in 1495 resulting in the spreading of the disease across Europe and as many at 5 million deaths. Charles VIII may refer to Charles VIII of France, "the Affable" (1470–1498 Charles VIII of Sweden and I of Norway (1409–1470 Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest [18][19]
Second voyage
Columbus left Cádiz, Spain, on September 24, 1493 to find new territories, with 17 ships carrying supplies, and about 1,200 men to colonize the region. Cádiz ( Spanish:) is a city and port in southwestern Spain. It is the capital of the province of the same name, a province which is one of eight Events 622 - Prophet Muhammad completes his hegira from Mecca to Medina. On October 13, the ships left the Canary Islands as they had on the first voyage, following a more southerly course. Events 54 - Nero ascends to the Roman throne 409 - Vandals and Alans crossed the Pyrenees
On November 3, 1493, Columbus sighted a rugged island that he named Dominica (Latin for Sunday); later that day, he landed at Marie-Galante, which he named Santa Maria la Galante. Events 644 - Umar ibn al-Khattab, the second Muslim Caliph, is killed by a Persian slave in Medina. The Commonwealth of Dominica, commonly known as Dominica, is an Island nation in the Caribbean Sea. Marie-Galante is an island of the Caribbean Sea located in the Guadeloupean archipelago After sailing past Les Saintes (Los Santos, The Saints), he arrived at Guadeloupe (Santa María de Guadalupe de Extremadura, after the image of the Virgin Mary venerated at the Spanish monastery of Villuercas, in Guadalupe, Spain), which he explored between November 4 and November 10, 1493. The Îles des Saintes (literally "Islands of the Saints" also called simply Les Saintes, are a group of Islands within the French overseas department Guadeloupe is an island group or Archipelago located in the eastern Caribbean Sea at, with a land area of 1628 square kilometres (629 sq The Royal Monastery of Santa Maria de Guadalupe ( Spanish: Real Monasterio de Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe) is a monastic establishment in Guadalupe, Events 1333 - Flood of the Arno River, causing massive damage in Florence as recorded by the Florentine chronicler Giovanni Villani Events 1444 - Battle of Varna: The crusading forces of King Vladislaus III of Varna (aka Ulaszlo I of Hungary and Wladyslaw
The exact course of his voyage through the Lesser Antilles is debated, but it seems likely that he turned north, sighting and naming several islands, including Montserrat (for Santa Maria de Montserrate, after the Blessed Virgin of the Monastery of Montserrat, which is located on the Mountain of Montserrat, in Catalonia, Spain), Antigua (after a church in Seville, Spain, called Santa Maria la Antigua, meaning "Old St. The Lesser Antilles, also known as the Caribbees, are part of the Antilles, which together with the Bahamas and Greater Antilles form the Montserrat (ˌmɒntsəˈræt is British overseas territory located in the Leeward Islands, part of the chain of islands called the Lesser Antilles Antigua (ænˈtiːgə an-TEE-gah) is an Island in the West Indies, in the Leeward Islands in the Caribbean region the main Mary's"), Redonda (for Santa Maria la Redonda, Spanish for "round", owing to the island's shape), Nevis (derived from the Spanish, Nuestra Señora de las Nieves, meaning "Our Lady of the Snows", because Columbus thought the clouds over Nevis Peak made the island resemble a snow-capped mountain), Saint Kitts (for St. Christopher, patron of sailors and travelers), Sint Eustatius (for the early Roman martyr, St. Eustachius), Saba (also for St. Redonda is a very small uninhabited Caribbean Island or Islet which is politically a part of the nation of Antigua and Barbuda, in the NEVIS, or New Exhaust Valve & Intake System, is a type of Internal combustion engine developed by Cesare Bortone in cooperation with the University Saint Kitts (also known more formally as Saint Christopher Island ( Saint-Christophe in French) is an Island in the West Indies Saint Christopher ( Greek: Άγιος Χριστόφορος) is a Saint venerated by Roman Catholics and Orthodox Christians Sint Eustatius, also known as Statia, or Saint Eustace, is one of the islands which make up the Netherlands Antilles; it is in the northern Leeward For the Lithuanian saint see Eustace of Vilnius. Saint Eustace, also known as Eustachius or Eustathius, was a legendary SABA was a German manufacturer for electronic equipment from the Black Forest up to the 1980s Christopher?), Saint Martin (San Martin), and Saint Croix (Santa Cruz, meaning "Holy Cross"). Saint Martin is a tropical Island in the northeast Caribbean, approximately 300 km (186 miles east of Puerto Rico. He also sighted the island chain of the Virgin Islands (and named them Islas de Santa Ursula y las Once Mil Virgenes, Saint Ursula and the 11,000 Virgins, a cumbersome name that was usually shortened, both on maps of the time and in common parlance, to Islas Virgenes), and he also named the islands of Virgin Gorda (the fat virgin), Tortola, and Peter Island (San Pedro). See also Culture of the Virgin Islands Music of the Virgin Islands Virgin Islands Creole This article is about the saint For schools by the same name see St Virgin Gorda is the third-largest (after Tortola and Anegada) and second most populous of the British Virgin Islands (BVI Tortola is the largest and most populated of the British Virgin Islands, a group of islands which form part of the Archipelago of the Virgin Islands. Peter Island is a private island located in the British Virgin Islands, about 5
He continued to the Greater Antilles, and landed at Puerto Rico (originally San Juan Bautista, in honor of Saint John the Baptist, a name that was later supplanted by Puerto Rico (English: Rich Port) while the capital retained the name, San Juan) on November 19, 1493. The Greater Antilles is one of three island groups in the Caribbean. Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Events 1095 - The Council of Clermont, called by Pope Urban II to discuss sending the First Crusade to the Holy Land One of the first skirmishes between native Americans and Europeans since the time of the Vikings[20] took place when Columbus's men rescued two boys who had just been castrated by their captors.
On November 22, Columbus returned to Hispaniola, where he intended to visit Fuerte de la Navidad (Christmas Fort), built during his first voyage, and located on the northern coast of Haiti; Fuerte de la Navidad was found in ruins, destroyed by the native Taino people, whereupon, Columbus moved more than 100 kilometers eastwards, establishing a new settlement, which he called La Isabela, likewise on the northern coast of Hispaniola, in the present-day Dominican Republic. Events 498 - Kofi Aseidu- After the death of Anastasius II, Symmachus is elected Pope in the Lateran La Navidad was a settlement that Christopher Colombus and his men established in present day Haiti in 1492 from the remains of the Spanish Ship the Santa María Haiti ( English: ˈheɪ·tiː or haɪ·ˈjiː·tiː French Haïti a·i·ti Haitian Creole: The Taínos were pre-Columbian inhabitants of the Bahamas, Greater Antilles, and the northern Lesser Antilles. La Isabela in the Dominican Republic is considered the first formal European settlement in the New World Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous Island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of The Dominican Republic ( Spanish: República Dominicana;) is a nation located in the Caribbean region and shares the island of Hispaniola with However, La Isabela proved to be a poorly-chosen location, and the settlement was short-lived. La Isabela in the Dominican Republic is considered the first formal European settlement in the New World
He left Hispaniola on April 24, 1494, arrived at Cuba (naming it Juana) on April 30. Events 1479 BC - Thutmose III ascends to the throne of Egypt, although power effectively shifts to Hatshepsut (according to The Republic of Cuba (ˈkjuːbə or) consists of the island of Cuba (the largest and second-most populous island of the Greater Antilles) Isla de la Events 313 - Roman emperor Licinius unifies the entire Eastern Roman Empire under his rule He explored the southern coast of Cuba, which he believed to be a peninsula rather than an island, and several nearby islands, including the Isle of Pines (Isla de las Pinas, later known as La Evangelista, The Evangelist). Isla de la Juventud (lit Isle of Youth; until 1978 named Isla de Pinos – Pine Island is the second-largest Cuban Island and the sixth-largest He reached Jamaica on May 5. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Events 553 - The Second Council of Constantinople begins 1215 - Rebel Barons renounce their allegiance to King John He retraced his route to Hispaniola, arriving on August 20, before he finally returned to Spain. Events 636 - Battle of Yarmouk: Arab forces led by Khalid ibn al-Walid take control of Syria and Palestine
During this second trip, the rape of an indigenous woman was reported by one of Columbus's crew (Michel de Cuneo) and with Columbus's tolerance:
When I was in the ship, I turned into captivity a beautiful caribe woman, given to me as a gift by the Almirant, and after I took her to my stateroom, and while she was naked as their custom is, I felt desires of laying with her. I want to satisfy my desire but she didn’t want and gave me such a treatment with her nails that I think it would be better to never begun. But when I saw this (and to tell you everything up to the end), I take a rope and whipped her, after what she screamed a lot, in such a way you cannot believe your ears. Finally we reached such an agreement that I can tell you she appeared to be trained in a whore school. Original text:
Mientras estaba en la barca, hice cautiva a una hermosísima mujer caribe, que el susodicho Almirante me regaló, y después que la hube llevado a mi camarote, y estando ella desnuda según es su costumbre, sentí deseos de holgar con ella. Quise cumplir mi deseo pero ella no lo consintió y me dió tal trato con sus uñas que hubiera preferido no haber empezado nunca. Pero al ver esto (y para contártelo todo hasta el final), tomé una cuerda y le di de azotes, después de los cuales echó grandes gritos, tales que no hubieras podido creer tus oídos. Finalmente llegamos a estar tan de acuerdo que puedo decirte que parecía haber sido criada en una escuela de putas. [21]
Third voyage
On May 30, 1498, Columbus left with six ships from Sanlúcar, Spain, for his third trip to the New World. Events 1416 - The Council of Constance, called by the Emperor Sigismund a supporter of Antipope John XXIII burns Jerome of Prague following Sanlúcar de Barrameda (or simply Sanlúcar) is a city in the northwest of Cádiz province, part of the autonomous community of Andalucía in He was accompanied by the young Bartolomé de Las Casas, who would later provide partial transcripts of Columbus' logs. Bartolomé de las Casas, OP ( August 24 1484 &ndash July 17 1566) was a 16th century Spanish Dominican
Columbus led the fleet to the Portuguese island of Porto Santo, his wife's native land. Porto Santo Island ( pron 'poɾtu 'sɐ̃tu is a Portuguese island 50 km northeast of Madeira Island in the North Atlantic Ocean He then sailed to Madeira and spent some time there with the Portuguese captain João Gonçalves da Camara before sailing to the Canary Islands and Cape Verde. History See also History of Madeira Pre-Portuguese times Pliny mentions certain Purple Islands the position of which with reference to the The Canary Islands ( English pronunciation kəˈnæriː ˈaɪləndz Spanish: Islas Canarias, ˈizlas kaˈnarjas are a Spanish The Republic of Cape Verde ( Portuguese: Cabo Verde, 'kabu 'veɾdɨ is a Republic located on an Archipelago in the Macaronesia Columbus landed on the south coast of the island of Trinidad on July 31. Trinidad ( Spanish: " Trinity " is the largest and most populous of the two major islands and Events 30 BC - Battle of Alexandria: Mark Antony achieves a minor victory over Octavian 's forces but most of his army subsequently From August 4 through August 12, he explored the Gulf of Paria which separates Trinidad from Venezuela. Events 70 - The Destruction of the Second Temple in Jerusalem by the Romans. Events 1099 - First Crusade: Battle of Ascalon - Crusaders under the command of Godfrey of Bouillon defeat Fatimid The Gulf of Paria ( Golfo de Paria in Spanish) is a 7800 km 2 (3000 square mile) shallow inland sea between the island of Trinidad ( Spanish: " Trinity " is the largest and most populous of the two major islands and Venezuela (ˌvɛnəˈzweɪlə) officially the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Spanish República Bolivariana de Venezuela) is a country on the He explored the mainland of South America, including the Orinoco River. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a ORiNOCO is the brand name that was used for a family of wireless networking solutions by Proxim (previously Lucent) He also sailed to the islands of Chacachacare and Margarita Island and sighted and named Tobago (Bella Forma) and Grenada (Concepcion). Chacachacare is an island in the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago located at 10° 41' north Latitude and 61° 45' west Longitude. Tobago is the smaller of the two main islands that make up the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago. Grenada (grɪˈneɪdə is an Island nation that includes the southern Grenadines in the southeastern Caribbean Sea.
Columbus returned to Hispaniola on August 19 to find that many of the Spanish settlers of the new colony were discontented, having been misled by Columbus about the supposedly bountiful riches of the new world. Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous Island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of Events 43 BC - Octavian, later known as Augustus compels the Roman Senate to elect him Consul. An entry in his journal from September 1498 reads, "From here one might send, in the name of the Holy Trinity, as many slaves as could be sold. . . " Indeed, as a fierce supporter of slavery, Columbus ultimately refused to baptize the native people of Hispanolia, since Catholic law forbade the enslavement of Christians. [22]
Columbus repeatedly had to deal with rebellious settlers and natives. He had some of his crew hanged for disobeying him. A number of returning settlers and sailors lobbied against Columbus at the Spanish court, accusing him and his brothers of gross mismanagement. On his return he was arrested for a period (see Governorship and arrest section below).
Fourth voyage
Columbus made a fourth voyage nominally in search of the Strait of Malacca to the Indian Ocean. The Strait of Malacca is a narrow 805 km (500 mile stretch of water between Peninsular Malaysia (West Malaysia) and the Indonesian island of Sumatra The Indian Ocean is the third largest of the world's Oceanic divisions covering about 20% of the water on the Earth 's surface Accompanied by his brother Bartolomeo and his 13-year-old son Fernando, he left Cádiz, Spain, on May 11, 1502, with the ships Capitana, Gallega, Vizcaína and Santiago de Palos. Bartholomew Columbus ( Spanish: Bartolomé Colón; Italian: Bartolomeo Colombo; c Ferdinand Columbus ( Italian: Fernando Colombo, Spanish: Fernando Colón; 15 August ? 1488 - 1539 was the second son of Christopher Events 330 - Byzantium is renamed ''Nova Roma'' during a dedication ceremony but is more popularly referred to as Constantinople He sailed to Arzila on the Moroccan coast to rescue Portuguese soldiers whom he had heard were under siege by the Moors. Asilah or Arzila (أصيلة، أرزيلة is a fortified town on the northwest tip of the Atlantic coast of Morocco, about 50 km from Tangier. Portugal, officially the Portuguese Republic (República Portuguesa is a country on the Iberian Peninsula. The description Moors has referred to several historic and modern populations of Muslim (and earlier non-Muslim people of Berber and Arab descent On June 15, they landed at Carbet on the island of Martinique (Martinica). Martinique is an Island in the eastern Caribbean Sea, having a land area of 1128 km² A hurricane was brewing, so he continued on, hoping to find shelter on Hispaniola. A tropical cyclone is a storm system characterized by a low pressure center and numerous Thunderstorms that produce strong winds and Flooding Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous Island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of He arrived at Santo Domingo on June 29, but was denied port, and the new governor refused to listen to his storm prediction. Santo Domingo de Guzmán (known as Santo Domingo population 2084852 (Metro (2003 estimated 2253437 (Metro in 2006 is the Capital and largest city in the Instead, while Columbus' ships sheltered at the mouth of the Rio Jaina, the first Spanish treasure fleet sailed into the hurricane. Columbus' ships survived with only minor damage, while twenty-nine of the thirty ships in the governor's fleet were lost to the July 1st storm. In addition to the ships, 500 lives (including that of the governor, Francisco de Bobadilla) and an immense cargo of gold were surrendered to the sea. Francisco de Bobadilla was a Spanish colonial Administrator. Member of the Order of Calatrava, in 1499 de Bobadilla was appointed to succeed
After a brief stop at Jamaica, Columbus sailed to Central America, arriving at Guanaja (Isla de Pinos) in the Bay Islands off the coast of Honduras on July 30. Jamaica (ˈdʒəˈmeɪkə} is an Island nation of the Greater Antilles, in length and as much as in width situated in the Caribbean Sea. Guanaja is one of the Bay Islands of Honduras, and is in the Caribbean. Honduras in Spanish, República de Honduras) is a democratic republic in Central America. Events 1419 - First Defenestration of Prague. 1502 - Christopher Columbus lands at Guanaja in the Bay Islands off Here Bartolomeo found native merchants and a large canoe, which was described as "long as a galley" and was filled with cargo. On August 14, he landed on the American mainland at Puerto Castilla, near Trujillo, Honduras. Events 1183 - Taira no Munemori and the Taira clan take the young Emperor Antoku and the three sacred treasures Trujillo is a city and a Municipality on the northern Caribbean coast of the Honduran department of Colón, of which the city He spent two months exploring the coasts of Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica, before arriving in Almirante Bay, Panama on October 16. Nicaragua (ˌnɪkəˈrɑgwə officially the Republic of Nicaragua () is a representative democratic republic and the largest nation in Central America Costa Rica, officially the Republic of Costa Rica ( Spanish: Costa Rica or República de Costa Rica,) is a Country in Panama, officially the Republic of Panama (República de Panamá) is the southernmost country of Central America. Events 456 - Magister militum Ricimer defeats the Emperor Avitus at Piacenza and becomes master of the western
On December 5, 1502, Columbus and his crew found themselves in a storm unlike any they had ever experienced. Events 63 BC - Cicero reads the last of his Catiline Orations. In his journal Columbus writes,
For nine days I was as one lost, without hope of life. Eyes never beheld the sea so angry, so high, so covered with foam. The wind not only prevented our progress, but offered no opportunity to run behind any headland for shelter; hence we were forced to keep out in this bloody ocean, seething like a pot on a hot fire. Never did the sky look more terrible; for one whole day and night it blazed like a furnace, and the lightning broke with such violence that each time I wondered if it had carried off my spars and sails; the flashes came with such fury and frightfulness that we all thought that the ship would be blasted. All this time the water never ceased to fall from the sky; I do not say it rained, for it was like another deluge. The men were so worn out that they longed for death to end their dreadful suffering. [23]
In Panama, Columbus learned from the natives of gold and a strait to another ocean. After much exploration, in January 1503 he established a garrison at the mouth of the Rio Belen. On April 6 one of the ships became stranded in the river. At the same time, the garrison was attacked, and the other ships were damaged. Columbus left for Hispaniola on April 16, heading north. On May 10 he sighted the Cayman Islands, naming them "Las Tortugas" after the numerous sea turtles there. The Cayman Islands are a British overseas territory located in the western Caribbean Sea, comprising the islands of Grand Cayman, Cayman Brac Sea turtles ( Superfamily Chelonioidea) are Turtles found in all the world's oceans except the Arctic Ocean. His ships next sustained more damage in a storm off the coast of Cuba. Unable to travel farther, on June 25, 1503, they were beached in St. Ann's Bay, Jamaica. Events 524 - Battle of Vézeronce, the Franks defeat the Burgundians Brief history St Ann is one of the oldest populated areas in the island of Jamaica tracing back to 600 - 650 A
For a year Columbus and his men remained stranded on Jamaica. A lunar eclipse occurs whenever the Moon passes through some portion of the Earth's shadow A Spaniard, Diego Mendez, and some natives paddled a canoe to get help from Hispaniola. A canoe is a small narrow Boat, typically human-powered though it may also be powered by sails or small electric or gas motors Hispaniola (from Spanish, La Española) is the second-largest and most populous Island of the Antilles, lying between the islands of That island's governor, Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres, detested Columbus and obstructed all efforts to rescue him and his men. See the talk page for details--> In the meantime Columbus, in a desperate effort to induce the natives to continue provisioning him and his hungry men, successfully intimidated the natives by correctly predicting a lunar eclipse for February 29, 1504, using the Ephemeris of the German astronomer Regiomontanus. A lunar eclipse occurs whenever the Moon passes through some portion of the Earth's shadow Leap years Although the modern calendar counts a year as 365 days a complete revolution around the sun takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours An ephemeris (plural ephemerides; from the Greek word ἐφήμερος ephemeros "daily" is a table of values that gives the positions of Johannes Müller von Königsberg ( June 6, 1436 &ndash July 6, 1476) known by his Latin Pseudonym Regiomontanus [24] Help finally arrived, no thanks to the governor, on June 29, 1504, and Columbus and his men arrived in Sanlúcar, Spain, on November 7. Events 512 - A Solar eclipse is recorded by a monastic chronicler in Ireland. Sanlúcar de Barrameda (or simply Sanlúcar) is a city in the northwest of Cádiz province, part of the autonomous community of Andalucía in
Governorship and arrest
During Columbus' stint as governor and viceroy, disgruntled Spaniards, who chafed at being governed by an Italian, had claimed that he had ruled his domain tyrannically. Columbus was physically and mentally exhausted; his body was wracked by arthritis and his eyes by ophthalmia. Arthritis (from Greek arthro-, joint + -itis, inflammation plural arthritides is a group of conditions involving damage to the Joints of the body In October 1499, he sent two ships to Spain, asking the Court of Spain to appoint a royal commissioner to help him govern.
The Court appointed Francisco de Bobadilla, a member of the Order of Calatrava; however, his authority stretched far beyond what Columbus had requested. Francisco de Bobadilla was a Spanish colonial Administrator. Member of the Order of Calatrava, in 1499 de Bobadilla was appointed to succeed The Order of Calatrava was the first Military order founded in Castile, but the second to receive Papal approval Bobadilla was given total control as governor from 1500 until his death in 1502. Arriving in Santo Domingo while Columbus was away, Bobadilla was immediately peppered with complaints about all three Columbus brothers: Christopher, Bartolomé, and Diego. Consuelo Varela, a Spanish historian, states: "Even those who loved him [Columbus] had to admit the atrocities that had taken place. "[25][26]
As a result of these testimonies and without being allowed a word in his own defense, Columbus upon his return, had manacles placed on his arms and chains on his feet and was cast into prison to await return to Spain. He was 53 years old.
On October 1, 1500, Columbus and his two brothers, likewise in chains, were sent back to Spain. Events 331 BC - Alexander the Great defeats Darius III of Persia in the Battle of Gaugamela. Once in Cádiz, a grieving Columbus wrote to a friend at court:
It is now seventeen years since I came to serve these princes with the Enterprise of the Indies. They made me pass eight of them in discussion, and at the end rejected it as a thing of jest. Nevertheless I persisted therein. . . Over there I have placed under their sovereignty more land than there is in Africa and Europe, and more than 1,700 islands. . . In seven years I, by the divine will, made that conquest. At a time when I was entitled to expect rewards and retirement, I was incontinently arrested and sent home loaded with chains. . . The accusation was brought out of malice on the basis of charges made by civilians who had revolted and wished to take possession on the land. . . . I beg your graces, with the zeal of faithful Christians in whom their Highnesses have confidence, to read all my papers, and to consider how I, who came from so far to serve these princes. . . now at the end of my days have been despoiled of my honor and my property without cause, wherein is neither justice nor mercy. [27]
According to testimony of 23 witnesses during his trial, Columbus regularly used barbaric acts of torture to govern Hispaniola. [22]
Columbus and his brothers lingered in jail for six weeks before the busy King Ferdinand ordered their release. Not long thereafter, the king and queen summoned the Columbus brothers to their presence at the Alhambra palace in Granada. This article is about the Alhambra in Granada Spain For other meanings see Alhambra (disambiguation. Granada is a city and the capital of the province of Granada, in the autonomous region of Andalusia, Spain. There the royal couple heard the brothers' pleas; restored their freedom and their wealth; and, after much persuasion, agreed to fund Columbus' fourth voyage. But the door was firmly shut on Christopher Columbus's role as governor. From that point forward, Nicolás de Ovando y Cáceres was to be the new governor of the West Indies. See the talk page for details-->
Later life
While Columbus had always given the conversion of non-believers as one reason for his explorations, he grew increasingly religious in his later years. He claimed to hear divine voices, lobbied for a new crusade to capture Jerusalem, often wore Franciscan habit, and described his explorations to the "paradise" as part of God's plan which would soon result in the Last Judgment and the end of the world. The Crusades were a series of military campaigns of a religious character waged by much of Christian Europe against external and internal opponents Jerusalem (יְרוּשָׁלַיִם, he-Latn Yerushaláyim; Arabic: ar القُدس, ar-Latn al-Quds) is the The term Franciscan is commonly used to refer to members of Catholic God is the principal or sole Deity in Religions and other belief systems that worship one deity. Summary of Christian eschatological differencesIn Christian theology, Christian eschatology is the study of its religious Beliefs concerning all Future and
In his later years, Columbus demanded that the Spanish Crown give him 10% of all profits made in the new lands, pursuant to earlier agreements. Because he had been relieved of his duties as governor, the crown did not feel bound by these contracts, and his demands were rejected. After his death his family later sued for part of the profits from trade with America in the pliegos colombinos.
On May 20, 1506, at about the age of 55, Columbus died in Valladolid, fairly wealthy from the gold his men had accumulated in Hispaniola. Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region When he died he was still convinced that his journeys had been along the east coast of Asia. According to a study, published in February 2007, by Antonio Rodriguez Cuartero, Department of Internal Medicine of the University of Granada, he died of a heart attack caused by Reiter's Syndrome (also called reactive arthritis). The University of Granada is a University at Granada, Spain, first founded by the Moors in 1349 and then officially founded in 1531 by the Emperor Reactive arthritis (ReA is an Autoimmune condition that develops in response to an infection in another part of the body According to his personal diaries and notes by contemporaries, the symptoms of this illness (burning pain during urination, pain and swelling of the knees, and conjunctivitis of the eyes) were clearly visible in his last three years. Conjunctivitis (commonly called " Pink Eye " or " Red Eye " in North America and " Madras eye " in India) is an inflammation [28]
His remains were first buried in Valladolid and then at the monastery of La Cartuja in Seville (southern Spain), by the will of his son Diego, who had been governor of Hispaniola. Seville ( Spanish: Sevilla, see also different names) is the artistic cultural and financial capital of southern Spain. Diego Colón Moniz 1st Duke of Veragua 1st Marquis of Jamaica and 2nd Admiral of the Indies (also in Diogo Colombo (1479/1480 Porto Santo, Portugal or 1474 Then in 1542, his remains were transferred to Santo Domingo, in eastern Hispaniola. Santo Domingo de Guzmán (known as Santo Domingo population 2084852 (Metro (2003 estimated 2253437 (Metro in 2006 is the Capital and largest city in the In 1795, the French took over Hispaniola, and his remains were moved to Havana, Cuba. Havana ( IPA: aˈβana officially Ciudad de La Habana, is the Capital city, major port and leading After Cuba became independent following the Spanish-American War in 1898, his remains were moved back to the Cathedral of Seville in Spain[29], where they were placed on an elaborate catafalque. The Cathedral of Seville, also known as Catedral de Santa María de la Sede (Cathedral of Saint Mary of the See) is the Cathedral of the city of Seville A catafalque is a raised Bier or platform often movable that is used to support the Casket, Coffin, or body of the deceased during a Funeral However, a lead box bearing an inscription identifying "Don Christopher Columbus" and containing fragments of bone and a bullet was discovered at Santo Domingo in 1877.
To lay to rest claims that the wrong relics were moved to Havana and that the remains of Columbus were left buried in the cathedral of Santo Domingo, DNA samples were taken in June 2003 (History Today August 2003). Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known The results are not definitively conclusive. Initial observations suggested that the bones did not appear to belong to somebody with the physique or age at death associated with Columbus. [30] DNA extraction proved difficult; only a few limited fragments of mitochondrial DNA could be isolated. Mitochondrial DNA ( mtDNA) is the DNA located in Organelles called mitochondria. However, such as they are, these do appear to match corresponding DNA from Columbus's brother, giving support to the idea that the two had the same mother and that the body therefore may be that of Columbus. [31][32] The authorities in Santo Domingo have not allowed the remains there to be exhumed, so it is unknown if any of those remains could be from Columbus's body. The location of the Dominican remains is in the "Columbus Lighthouse" or Faro A Colon which is in Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
Legacy
Amerigo Vespucci's travel journals, published 1502-4, convinced Martin Waldseemüller that the discovered place was not India, as Columbus always believed, but a new continent, and in 1507, a year after Columbus' death, Waldseemüller published a world map calling the new continent America from Vespucci's Latinized name "Americus". The Explorer and Cartographer Amerigo Vespucci ( March 9, 1454 - February 22, 1512) was the first person to demonstrate Martin Waldseemüller (Latinized Martinus Ilacomilus or Hylacomylus, c A continent is one of several large Landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by Convention rather than any strict criteria with seven regions The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America
Historically, the British had downplayed Columbus and emphasized the role of John Cabot as a pioneering explorer. Giovanni Caboto ( c 1450 - c 1498 known in English as John Cabot, was an Italian Navigator and explorer commonly credited as the But, for the emerging United States, Cabot made a poor national hero. Veneration of Columbus in America dates back to colonial times. America itself was sometimes referred to as Columbia. Columbia (kəˈlʌmbiə is the first popular and poetic name for the United States of America; it is also the origin of the name for the District [33] The use of Columbus as a founding figure of New World nations and the use of the word Columbia spread rapidly after the American Revolution. During the last two decades of the 18th century the name "Columbia" was given to the federal capital District of Columbia, South Carolina's new capital city, Columbia, South Carolina, the Columbia River, and numerous other places. Washington DC ( formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, the District, or simply D Columbia is the state capital and largest city in the US state of South Carolina. The Columbia River (known as Attempts to rename the United States "Columbia" failed, but Columbia became a female national personification of America, similar to the male Uncle Sam. A national personification is an anthropomorphization of a Nation; it can appear in both Editorial cartoons and Propaganda. Uncle Sam is a National personification of the United States (US with the first usage of the term dating from the War of 1812 and the first Outside the United States the name was used in 1819 for the Republic of Colombia, a precursor of the modern nation of Colombia. Gran Colombia ( Spanish for Great Colombia) is a name used today for the Republic of Colombia of the period 1819-1831 Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America.
A candidate for sainthood in the Catholic Church in 1866, Celebration of Columbus' legacy perhaps reached a zenith in 1892 when the 400th anniversary of his first arrival in the Americas occurred. Monuments to Columbus like the Columbian Exposition in Chicago were erected throughout the United States and Latin America extolling him. The World's Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago World's Fair) a World's Fair, was held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary Chicago (ʃɪˈkɑːgoʊ is the largest City by population in the state of Illinois and the American Midwest of the United States. Numerous cities, towns, counties, and streets have been named after him, including the capital cities of two U. S. states (Columbus, Ohio and Columbia, South Carolina). A US state is any one of the fifty subnational entities of the United States of America that share Sovereignty with the federal government Columbus is the Capital and the largest city of the US state of Ohio. Columbia is the state capital and largest city in the US state of South Carolina.
Sometimes thought of erroneously as the discoverer of the New World (he was preceded by Irish, Vikings, and perhaps even English and Chinese), he is regarded more accurately as the person who brought it into the forefront of Western attention. "Columbus' claim to fame isn't that he got there first," explains historian Martin Dugard, "it's that he stayed. "[34] Equally false is the notion that he was first to envision a rounded earth. This was known in ancient times, though largely forgotten in the Middle Ages. By Columbus's day, educated men were in agreement as to its spherical shape, even if many or most people believed otherwise. More contentious was the size of the earth, and whether it was possible in practical terms to cross such a vast body of water: the longest any ship (European or otherwise) had gone without making landfall did not much exceed 30 days when Columbus embarked on his first audacious voyage.
In 1909, descendants of Columbus undertook to dismantle the Columbus family chapel in Spain and move it to a site near State College, Pennsylvania, where it may now be visited by the public. State College is the largest borough in Centre County in the U At the museum associated with the chapel, there are a number of Columbus relics worthy of note, including the armchair which the "Admiral of the Ocean Sea" used at his chart table.
Culpability is sometimes placed on contemporary governments and their citizens for the hardship suffered by Native Americans during the time of Christopher Columbus. Columbus myths and celebrations are generally a positive affair, making less room for this concept in history books. Christopher Columbus was strongly criticised[1] in a song by Jamaican artiste Burning Spear titled 'A Damn Blasted Liar. Winston Rodney OD (born March 1, 1948) also known as Burning Spear, is a Grammy Award winning Jamaican roots ' The controversial song opened a strong opinionated debate across much of the Caribbean region on the effects that Christopher Columbus and his leadership had on the region's native peoples. [2]
The Spanish colonization of the Americas, and the subsequent effects on the native peoples, were dramatized in the 1992 feature film 1492: Conquest of Paradise to commemorate the 500th anniversary of his landing in the Americas. 1492 Conquest of Paradise is a 1992 American / European adventure / Drama film. *In 2003, Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez urged Native American Latin Americans to not celebrate the Columbus Day holiday. Hugo Rafael Chávez Frías (ˈuɰo rafaˈel ˈtʃaβ̞es ˈfɾias (born July 28 1954 is the current President of Venezuela. Chavez blamed Columbus for leading the way in the mass genocide of the Native Americans by the Spanish. [35]
Physical appearance
Although an abundance of artwork involving Christopher Columbus exists, no authentic contemporary portrait has been found. A portrait is a painting, photograph, Sculpture, or other artistic representation of a person in which the face and its expression is predominant There is a portrait painted by Alejo Fernández, between 1505 and 1536, titled Virgen de los Navegantes in the Royal Alcazar in Seville. Alejo Fernández (born c 1475 was a Spanish painter of the sixteenth century best known for his portrait of Christopher Columbus painted between 1505 At the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition, 71 alleged portraits of Columbus were displayed, most did not match contemporary descriptions. Year 1893 ( MDCCCXCIII) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common The World's Columbian Exposition (also called The Chicago World's Fair) a World's Fair, was held in Chicago in 1893 to celebrate the 400th anniversary [36] These writings describe him as having reddish hair, which turned to white early in his life, light colored eyes,[37] as well as being a lighter skinned person with too much sun exposure turning his face red.
In keeping with descriptions of Columbus having had auburn hair or (later) white hair, textbooks use the Sebastiano del Piombo painting (which in its normal-sized resolution shows Columbus's hair as auburn) so often that it has become the iconic image of Columbus accepted by popular culture. Popular culture (or pop culture) is the Culture — patterns of human activity and the symbolic structures that give such activities significance and importance —
In popular culture
Colombus is a significant historical figure and has been depicted in fiction and in popular films and television.
In 1991, author Salman Rushdie published a fictional representation of Columbus in The New Yorker, "Christopher Columbus and Queen Isabella of Spain Consummate Their Relationship, Santa Fe, January, 1492," (The New Yorker, June 17, 1991, p. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie Kt (born 19 June 1947 is an Indian - British novelist and essayist The New Yorker is an American Magazine that publishes reportage commentary criticism essays fiction satire cartoons and poetry 32). In Pastwatch: The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (1996) science fiction novelist Orson Scott Card focuses on Columbus' life and activities, but the novel's action also deals with a group of scientists from the future who travel back to the 15th century with the goal of changing the pattern of European contact with the Americas. Pastwatch The Redemption of Christopher Columbus (1996 is the first Science fiction novel in the Pastwatch series by Orson Scott Card. Orson Scott Card (born August 24, 1951) is a bestselling American Author, Critic, political writer and speaker. The Americas are the lands of the Western hemisphere or New World, consisting of the Continents of North America and South America British author Stephen Baxter includes Columbus' quest for royal sponsorship as a crucial historical event in his 2007 science fiction novel Navigator (ISBN 978-0-441-01559-7), the third entry in the author's Time's Tapestry Series. Stephen Baxter (born 13 November 1957 is a British Hard science fiction Author.
Columbus has also been portrayed in cinema and television, including mini-series, films and cartoons. Most notably he was portrayed by Gérard Depardieu in 1992 film by Ridley Scott 1492: Conquest of Paradise. Gérard Xavier Marcel Depardieu CQ (born 27 December 1948) is one of France's most prominent actors Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30 1937 in South Shields, Tyne and Wear) is a British Academy Award Nominated and Golden Globe Emmy Award and BAFTA Award winning 1492 Conquest of Paradise is a 1992 American / European adventure / Drama film. Scott presented Columbus as an idealist as opposed to the view that he was ruthless and responsible for the misfortune of Native Americans. As in many of Scott's movies, the character is presented as having some ideas that weren't current at his time.
Other more recent productions include TV mini-series Christopher Columbus (1985) with Gabriel Byrne as Colombus, Christopher Columbus: The Discovery, a 1992 biopic film by Alexander Salkind, Christopher Columbus, a 1949 film starring Fredric March as Columbus, and comedy Carry On Columbus (1992). A miniseries (also mini-series) in a serial Storytelling medium is a production which tells a story in a pre-planned limited number of episodes Gabriel James Byrne ( Irish: Gabriel Séamas Ó Broin; born 12 May, 1950) is an Emmy - and Tony -nominated Irish Christopher Columbus The Discovery a 1992 film directed by James Bond alumnus John Glen, was the last project developed by the father-and-son production A biographical motion picture &mdash often shortened to biopic &mdash is a film that dramatizes the life of an actual person or people Alexander Salkind (June 2 1921 – March 8 1997 was the second of three generations of successful international Film producers Biography Born in Gdańsk Christopher Columbus is a 1949 Biographical film starring Fredric March as Christopher Columbus and Florence Eldridge as Fredric March ( August 31, 1897 – April 14, 1975) was an American two-time Academy Award and Tony Award -winning Comedy (from the Greek κωμωδίαkomodia has a popular meaning (any discourse generally intended to amuse especially in Television, Film, and Carry On Columbus was a 1992 film and the most recent in the Carry On films series
Notes
- ^ Phillips, William D. , and Carla Rahn Phillips. The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992. Page 9.
"Even with less than a complete record, however, scholars can state with assurance that Columbus was born in the republic of Genoa in northern Italy, although perhaps not in the city itself, and that his family made a living in the wool business as weavers and merchants. [. . . ] The two main early biographies of Columbus have been taken as literal truth by hundreds of writers, in large part because they were written by individual closely connected to Columbus or his writings. [. . . ] Both biographies have serious shortcomings as evidence. " - ^ Encyclopedia Britannica, 1993 ed. , Vol. 16, pp. 605ff / Morison, Christopher Columbus, 1955 ed. , pp. 14ff
- ^ "Marco Polo et le Livre des Merveilles", ISBN 9782354040079 p. 37
- ^ Boller, Paul F (1995). Not So!:Popular Myths about America from Columbus to Clinton. ISBN 9780195091861.
- ^ Russell, Jeffrey Burton 1991. Inventing the Flat Earth. Columbus and modern historians, Praeger, New York, Westport, London 1991;
Zinn, Howard 1980. A People's History of the United States, HarperCollins 2001. p. 2 - ^ a b Sagan, Carl. Cosmos; the mean circumference of the Earth is 40,041. 47 km.
- ^ a b Morison, Samuel Eliot, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: The Life of Christopher Columbus Boston, 1942
- ^ The First Voyage Log (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ Christopher Columbus and the Spanish Empire (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ Trade Winds and the Hadley Cell (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-04-18. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1025 - Bolesław Chrobry is crowned in Gniezno, becoming the first King of Poland.
- ^ Durant, Will "The Story of Civilization" vol. vi, "The Reformation". Chapter XIII, page 260.
- ^ Mark McDonald, "Ferdinand Columbus, Renaissance Collector (1488-1539)", 2005, British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714126449
- ^ The Columbus Foundation: Santa Clara
- ^ a b Clements R. Markham, ed. The Journal of Christopher Columbus (During His First Voyage). ASIN B000I1OMXM. The Amazon Standard Identification Number ( ASIN) is a unique identification number assigned by Amazon
- ^ Robert H. Fuson, ed The Log of Christopher Columbus, Tab Books, 1992, International Marine Publishing, ISBN 0-87742-316-4
- ^ Columbus Day sparks debate over explorer's legacy - News
- ^ Maclean, Frances (January, 2008). The Lost Fort of Columbus. Smithsonian Magazine. Smithsonian is a monthly Magazine published by the Smithsonian Institution in Washington D Retrieved on 2008-01-24. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 41 - Gaius Caesar (Caligula, known for his eccentricity and cruel Despotism, is Assassinated by his disgruntled
- ^ CBC News Staff (January 2008). Study traces origins of syphilis in Europe to New World. Retrieved on 2008-01-15. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign
- ^ Harper, Kristin, et al (January 2008). On the Origin of the Treponematoses: A Phylogenetic Approach. Retrieved on 2008-01-21. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1189 - Philip II of France and Richard I of England begin to assemble troops to wage the Third Crusade.
- ^ Phillips, Jr. , William D. & Carla Rahn Phillips (1992). The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. ISBN 9780521350976.
- ^ Cólón, Cristóbal, Michel de Cúneo y otros (1982). Cronistas de Indias: antología, Buenos Aires: Colihue ISBN 950-581-020-2
- ^ a b Christopher Columbus: Man Of Mystery, Not Much Is Known, And Some Of What's Been Discovered Isn't Good - CBS News
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot,Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, Boston, 1942, page 617.
- ^ Samuel Eliot Morison, Christopher Columbus, Mariner, 1955, pp. Samuel Eliot Morison, Rear Admiral, United States Naval Reserve ( July 9, 1887 – May 15, 1976) was an American 184-92.
- ^ Giles Tremlett. "Lost document reveals Columbus as tyrant of the Caribbean", The Guardian, 2006-08-07. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 322 BC - Battle of Crannon between Athens and Macedon following the death of Alexander the Great. Retrieved on 2006-10-10. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 680 - Battle of Karbala: Shia Imam Husayn bin Ali, the grandson of the Prophet Muhammad, is decapitated (English)
- ^ Bobadilla's 48-page report—derived from the testimonies of 23 people who had seen or heard about the treatment meted out by Columbus and his brothers—had originally been lost for centuries, but was rediscovered in 2005 in the Spanish archives in Valladolid. ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region It contained an account of Columbus' seven-year reign as the first Governor of the Indies.
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot "Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus" page 576, Boston, 1942
- ^ Cause of the death of Colombus (in Spanish)
- ^ Cristóbal Colón: traslación de sus restos mortales a la ciudad de Sevilla at Fundación Biblioteca Virtual Miguel de Cervantes
- ^ Giles Tremlett, Young bones lay Columbus myth to rest, The Guardian, August 11, 2004
- ^ Lorenzi, Rossella. The Guardian (until 1959 The Manchester Guardian) is a British Newspaper owned by the Guardian Media Group. "DNA Suggests Columbus Remains in Spain", Discovery News, October 6, 2004. Discovery Channel is an American Satellite and Cable TV channel (also delivered via IPTV, Terrestrial television and Events 105 BC - Battle of Arausio: The Cimbri inflict the heaviest defeat on the Roman army of Gnaeus Mallius Maximus "MMIV" redirects here For the Modest Mouse album see " Baron von Bullshit Rides Again " Retrieved on 2006-10-11. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1138 - A massive earthquake struck Aleppo, Syria. 1531 - Huldrych Zwingli is killed (English)
- ^ DNA verifies Columbus’ remains in Spain, Associated Press, 19 May 2006
- ^ Stewart, George R. [1945] (1967). The Associated Press ( AP) is an American News agency. The AP is a Cooperative owned by its contributing Newspapers radio George Rippey Stewart ( May 31, 1895 – August 22, 1980) was an American Toponymist, a novelist and a professor of English Names on the Land: A Historical Account of Place-Naming in the United States, Sentry edition (3rd), Houghton Mifflin, p. Houghton Mifflin Company is a leading educational Publisher in the United States. 199.
- ^ Dugard, Martin. The Last Voyage of Columbus. Little, Brown and Company: New York, 2005.
- ^ Columbus 'sparked a genocide'. BBC News (October 12, 2003). Retrieved on 2006-10-21. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1512 - Martin Luther joins the theological faculty of the University of Wittenberg.
- ^ Morison, Samuel Eliot Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, pg. 47-48, Boston 1942.
- ^ Bartolomé de Las Casas, Historia de las Indias, ed. Agustín Millares Carlo, 3 vols. (Mexico City, 1951), book 1, chapter 2, 1:29. The Spanish word garzos is now usually translated as "light blue," but it seems to have connoted light grey-green or hazel eyes to Columbus's contemporaries. The word rubio can mean "blonde," "fair," or "ruddy. " The Worlds of Christopher Columbus by William D. & Carla Rahn Phillips, pg. 282.
References
- Cohen, J.M. (1969) The Four Voyages of Christopher Columbus: Being His Own Log-Book, Letters and Dispatches with Connecting Narrative Drawn from the Life of the Admiral by His Son Hernando Colon and Others. J M (John Michael Cohen (February 51903 - July 19 1989 was a prolific translator (into English) of European literature London UK: Penguin Classics.
- Cook, Sherburn and Woodrow Borah (1971) Essays in Population History, Volume I. Berkeley CA: University of California Press
- Crosby, A. W. (1987) The Columbian Voyages: the Columbian Exchange, and their Historians. Washington, DC: American Historical Association.
- Friedman, Thomas (2005) The World Is Flat: A Brief History of the Twenty-first Century. Thomas Lauren Friedman (born July 20, 1953) is an American journalist columnist and author New York: Farrar Straus Giroux.
- Hart, Michael H. (1992) The 100. Michael H Hart (born April 28, 1932 in New York City) is an Astrophysicist who has also written three books on History and controversial The 100 A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History is a 1978 book by Michael H Seacaucus NJ: Carol Publishing Group.
- Keen, Benjamin (1978) The Life of the Admiral Christopher Columbus by his Son Ferdinand, Westport CT: Greenwood Press.
- Lowen, James. "Lies My Teacher Told Me".
- Nelson, Diane M. (1999) A Finger in the Wound: Body Politics in Quincentennial Guatemala. Berkeley CA: University of California Press.
- Morison, Samuel Eliot, Admiral of the Ocean Sea: A Life of Christopher Columbus, Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1942. Samuel Eliot Morison, Rear Admiral, United States Naval Reserve ( July 9, 1887 – May 15, 1976) was an American
- Morison, Samuel Eliot, Christopher Columbus, Mariner, Boston, Little, Brown and Company, 1955. Samuel Eliot Morison, Rear Admiral, United States Naval Reserve ( July 9, 1887 – May 15, 1976) was an American
- Phillips, W. D. and C. R. Phillips (1992) The Worlds of Christopher Columbus. Cambridge UK: Cambridge University Press.
- Turner, Jack (2004) Spice: The History of a Temptation. New York: Random House.
- Wilford, John Noble (1991) The Mysterious History of Columbus: An Exploration of the Man, the Myth, the Legacy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
- Rosa, Manuel DaSilva (2006) O Mistério Colombo Revelado. Manuel da Silva Rosa (born 1961) is a Portuguese author who supports the theory of a Portuguese origin for Christopher Columbus. Lisbon: Ésquilo.
- Fuson, Robert H. (1992) The Log of Christopher Columbus. Camden, Maine: International Marine Publishing
See also
- 1492: Conquest of Paradise, a 1992 biopic film by Ridley Scott
- Origin theories of Christopher Columbus
- Christopher Columbus: The Discovery, a 1992 biopic film by Alexander Salkind
- Christopher Columbus, a 1949 film starring Fredric March as Columbus
- List of Viceroys of New Spain
- Viceroyalty of New Spain
- Bartolomeo Columbus
- Columbus Day
- Colombia, South American country named in honor of Christopher Columbus
- Fernando Colón
- Guanahani (a discussion of candidates for site of first landing)
- Knights of Columbus
- List of places named for Christopher Columbus
- Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli
- Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact
- Rafael Perestrello
- Spanish colonization of the Americas
External links
- The Letter of Columbus to Luis de Sant Angel Announcing His Discovery
- Podcasts and audio about Columbus
- Columbus Navigation
- Images of Christopher Columbus and His Voyages Selections from the Collections of the Library of Congress. 1492 Conquest of Paradise is a 1992 American / European adventure / Drama film. A biographical motion picture &mdash often shortened to biopic &mdash is a film that dramatizes the life of an actual person or people Sir Ridley Scott (born November 30 1937 in South Shields, Tyne and Wear) is a British Academy Award Nominated and Golden Globe Emmy Award and BAFTA Award winning The exact origin of Christopher Columbus (beside his place and date of birth has been the source of some speculation since the 19th century although historical consensus claims Christopher Columbus The Discovery a 1992 film directed by James Bond alumnus John Glen, was the last project developed by the father-and-son production A biographical motion picture &mdash often shortened to biopic &mdash is a film that dramatizes the life of an actual person or people Alexander Salkind (June 2 1921 – March 8 1997 was the second of three generations of successful international Film producers Biography Born in Gdańsk Christopher Columbus is a 1949 Biographical film starring Fredric March as Christopher Columbus and Florence Eldridge as Fredric March ( August 31, 1897 – April 14, 1975) was an American two-time Academy Award and Tony Award -winning Viceroys of New Spain In addition to viceroys the following list includes the highest Spanish governors of the colony before the appointment of the first viceroy The Viceroyalty of New Spain (Virreinato de Nueva España was a name given to the Viceroy -ruled territories of the Spanish Empire in North America, Bartholomew Columbus ( Spanish: Bartolomé Colón; Italian: Bartolomeo Colombo; c Many countries in the New World and elsewhere celebrate the anniversary of Christopher Columbus 's arrival in the Americas, which occurred on October 12, Colombia (kəˈlʌmbɪə officially the Republic of Colombia () is a country in northwestern South America. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a Ferdinand Columbus ( Italian: Fernando Colombo, Spanish: Fernando Colón; 15 August ? 1488 - 1539 was the second son of Christopher Guanahani was the name the natives gave to the island that Columbus called San Salvador when he arrived at the Americas The Knights of Columbus is the world's largest Catholic fraternal service organization A number of places mostly in the Western Hemisphere have been named after Christopher Columbus, the voyager who was the first European to make the New World widely known to Paolo dal Pozzo Toscanelli (1397 &ndash May 10, 1482) was an Italian Mathematician, Astronomer, and Cosmographer. Pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact describes alleged interactions between the Indigenous peoples of the Americas and peoples of other continents – Africa, Rafael Perestrello ( fl 1514&ndash1517 was a Portuguese explorer and a cousin of Filipa Moniz Perestrello the wife of the famed explorer Christopher Columbus The Spanish colonization of the Americas was Spain 's conquest settlement and rule over much of the Western hemisphere.
- Works by Christopher Columbus at Project Gutenberg
- The Eclipse That Saved Columbus Science News 7 October 2006
- Christopher Columbus and the Indians By Howard Zinn, from A People's History of the United States
- Christopher Columbus 1911 Britannica article
- IMDB
- Animated Hero Classics: Christopher Columbus (1991) at the Internet Movie Database
- 1492: Conquest of Paradise (1992) at the Internet Movie Database
| Persondata | |
|---|---|
| NAME | Columbus, Christopher |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Cristoforo Colombo, Cristóbal Colón |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | navigator and an admiral for the Crown of Castile |
| DATE OF BIRTH | c. Project Gutenberg, abbreviated as PG, is a volunteer effort to Digitize, archive and distribute Cultural works Events 3761 BC - The epoch (origin of the modern Hebrew calendar ( Proleptic Julian calendar) Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. A navigator is the person onboard a ship or aircraft responsible for its Navigation. Admiral is the rank, or part of the name of the ranks of the highest Naval officers The Crown of Castile, as a historic entity is usually considered to have begun in 1230 with the third and definitive union of the two kingdoms of León and Castile 1451 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Genoa |
| DATE OF DEATH | May 20, 1506 |
| PLACE OF DEATH | Valladolid, Spain |
Events 325 - The First Council of Nicaea &ndash the first Ecumenical Council of the Christian Church is held ||-||} is an industrial city and it is a Municipality in north-central Spain, upon the Pisuerga River and within the Ribera del Duero wine-making region Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula.
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