| República de Chile (Spanish) Republic of Chile | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ||||||
| Motto: Por la razón o la fuerza "By right or might" (Spanish)[1] | ||||||
| Anthem: Himno Nacional de Chile (Spanish) | ||||||
 | ||||||
| Capital (and largest city) | Santiago1 | |||||
| Official languages | Spanish | |||||
| Demonym | Chilean | |||||
| Government | Democratic republic | |||||
| - | President | Michelle Bachelet | ||||
| Independence | from Spain | |||||
| - | First National Government Junta | September 18, 1810 | ||||
| - | Declared | February 12, 1818 | ||||
| - | Recognized | April 25, 1844 | ||||
| Area | ||||||
| - | Total | 756,950 km² (38th) 292,183 sq mi | ||||
| - | Water (%) | 1. The National flag of Chile, also known as La estrella solitaria ( Spanish for "the lone star" consists of two equal horizontal The Coat of Arms of Chile dates from 1834 and was designed by the English artist Charles Wood Taylor. A motto (from the Italian word motto, meaning witticism sentence is a phrase meant to formally describe the general motivation or intention of a social group A national anthem is a generally patriotic musical composition that evokes and eulogizes the history traditions and struggles of its people recognized either by a nation's The National Anthem of Chile ( Himno Nacional de Chile) is also known as Canción Nacional (National Song Chile has a population of over 16 million people About 85% is urban-dwelling roughly half of which (approx Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago An official language is a Language that is given a special legal status in a particular Country, State, or other territory A demonym or gentilic is a word that denotes the members of a People or the inhabitants of a place Chile has a population of over 16 million people About 85% is urban-dwelling roughly half of which (approx For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. A republic is a State or Country that is not led by a hereditary Monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people have impact on its Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria beˈɾonika mɪˈʃɛl baʃˈle ˈxeɾja / --> (born September 29 1951) is a center-left politician and This is the history of Chile. See also the History of South America and the History of present-day nations and states. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Government Junta of the Kingdom of Chile ( September 18, 1810) also known as the First Government Junta, was the organ established to rule Chile Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common Events 1607 - Eighty Years' War: The Dutch fleet destroys the anchored Spanish fleet at Gibraltar. Year 1844 ( MDCCCXLIV) was a Leap year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Leap year Area is a Quantity expressing the two- Dimensional size of a defined part of a Surface, typically a region bounded by a closed Curve. To help compare Orders of magnitude of different geographical regions we list here Surface areas between 100000 km² and 1000000 km² This is a list of the countries of the world sorted by total area. The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. Water is a common Chemical substance that is essential for the survival of all known forms of Life. In Mathematics, a percentage is a way of expressing a number as a Fraction of 100 ( per cent meaning "per hundred" 07² | ||||
| Population | ||||||
| - | June 2007 estimate | 16,598,074 (60th) | ||||
| - | 2002 census | 15,116,435 | ||||
| - | Density | 22/km² (194th) 57/sq mi | ||||
| GDP (PPP) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $231. In Biology a population is the collection of inter-breeding organisms of a particular Species; in Sociology List of countries by population in 2005|List of countries by population in 1907This is a list of countries ordered according to Population. Population density (in agriculture standing stock and Standing crop) is a measurement of Population per unit area or unit volume List of countries and dependencies by Population density in inhabitants/km² The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. 061 billion[2] (44th) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $13,936[2] (54th) | ||||
| GDP (nominal) | 2007 estimate | |||||
| - | Total | $163. There are three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP (the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product (GDP at Purchasing power parity (PPP Per capita 792 billion[2] (41st) | ||||
| - | Per capita | $9,879[2] (51st) | ||||
| Gini (2006) | 54[3] (high) | |||||
| HDI (2005) | ▲ 0. PLEASE NO RANDOM FIGURES THERE ARE NO FIGURES BASED ON NATIONAL STATISTICS IN THIS ARTICLE Per capita is a Latin phrase meaning for each head with Per meaning 'through' or 'by' This article includes three lists of Countries of the world sorted by their Gross domestic product Per capita at Nominal values, the The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP 867 (high) (40th) | |||||
| Currency | Peso (CLP) | |||||
| Time zone | n/a (UTC-4) | |||||
| - | Summer (DST) | n/a (UTC-3) | ||||
| Internet TLD | .cl | |||||
| Calling code | +56 | |||||
| 1 | The legislative body operates in Valparaíso. This is a list of countries by Human Development Index as included in the United Nations Development Program 's Human Development Report 2007 A currency is a unit of exchange, facilitating the transfer of Goods and/or services It is one form of Money, where money is The peso is the Currency of Chile. The current peso has circulated since 1975 with a previous version circulating between 1817 and 1960 ISO 4217 is the International standard describing three-letter codes (also known as the currency code) to define the names of currencies established Daylight saving time ( DST A country This is a list of country calling codes defined by ITU-T recommendation E The Politics of Chile takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democratic Republic, whereby the President Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile | |||||
| 2 | Includes Easter Island and Isla Sala y Gómez; does not include 1,250,000 km² (482,628 sq mi) of territory claimed in Antarctica. | |||||
Chile, officially the Republic of Chile (Spanish: República de Chile ), is a country in South America occupying a long and narrow coastal strip wedged between the Andes mountains and the Pacific Ocean. South America is a Continent of the Americas, situated entirely in the Western Hemisphere and mostly in the Southern Hemisphere, with a The coast is defined as the part of the land adjoining or near the Ocean. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage at the country's southernmost tip. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Drake Passage or Mar de Hoces -Sea of " Hoces "- is the body of water between the southern tip of South America at Cape Horn, It is one of only two countries in South America that does not have a border with Brazil. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld The Pacific forms the country's entire western border, with a coastline that stretches over 6,435 kilometres. [4] Chilean territory extends to the Pacific Ocean which includes the overseas territories of Juan Fernández Islands, the Sala y Gómez islands, the Desventuradas Islands and Easter Island located in Polynesia. The Juan Fernández Islands is a sparsely inhabited island group reliant on tourism and fishing in the South Pacific Ocean, situated about 667 km off the coast of Chile The Desventuradas Islands (Unfortunate Islands are relatively small oceanic islands located approximately 870 km off the coast of Chile; they are part of the Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over Chile claims 1,250,000 km² (482,628 sq mi) of territory in Antarctica. Permanent Chilean stations and settlements The largest population center is located on King George Island and consists of Frei Montalva Station, which has an
Chile's unusual, ribbon-like shape —4,300 km long and on average 175 km wide— has given it a hugely varied climate, ranging from the world's driest desert - the Atacama - in the north, through a Mediterranean climate in the centre, to a snow-prone Alpine climate in the south, with glaciers, fjords and lakes. The climate of Chile comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale extending across 38 degrees in latitude making generalisations difficult Atacama redirects here for the political-administrative region of Chile, see Atacama Region. A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. A fjord or fiord (fjɔːd|fiːɔːd or fiːɔːd is a long narrow Inlet with steep sides created in a valley carved by glacial activity. A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the [5] The northern Chilean desert contains great mineral wealth, principally copper. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 The relatively small central area dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. This area also is the cultural and political center from which Chile expanded in the late 19th century, when it incorporated its northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests and grazing lands and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. A forest is an area with a high density of Trees There are many definitions of a forest based on various criteria Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. An inlet is a narrow body of water between islands or leading inland from a larger body of water often leading to an enclosed body of water such as a sound, bay, Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. The Andes Mountains are located on the eastern border. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. [6]
Prior to the coming of the Spanish in the 16th century, northern Chile was under Inca rule while Araucanian Indians (also known as Mapuches) inhabited central and southern Chile. Spain () or the Kingdom of Spain (Reino de España is a country located mostly in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. Although Chile declared its independence in 1810, decisive victory over the Spanish was not achieved until 1818. In the War of the Pacific (1879-83), Chile defeated Peru and Bolivia and won its present northern regions. The War of the Pacific, sometimes called the Saltpeter War in reference to its original cause was fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia It was not until the 1880s that the Araucanian Indians were completely subjugated. [7] The country, which had been relatively free of the coups and arbitrary governments that blighted the South American continent, endured a 17 year military dictatorship (1973-1990), one of the bloodiest in 20th-century Latin America that left more than 3,000 people dead and missing. [5]
Currently, Chile is one of South America's most stable and prosperous nations. [5] Within the greater Latin American context it leads in terms of competitiveness, quality of life, political stability, globalization, economic freedom, low perception of corruption and comparatively low poverty rates. Competitiveness is a comparative concept of the ability and performance of a firm sub-sector or country to sell and supply goods and/or services in a given Market Quality of life is the degree of well-being felt by an individual or group of people Globalization (or globalisation) in its literal sense is the process of transformation of local or regional phenomena into global ones Economic freedom is freedom to produce trade and consume any goods and services acquired without the use of force fraud or theft Since 1995, Transparency International has published an annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI ordering the countries of the world according to "the degree Poverty (also called penury) is deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life including food clothing shelter and safe Drinking water, and [8] It also ranks high regionally in freedom of the press, human development and democratic development. Freedom Constitutional or statutory protections pertaining to freedom of the press Its status as the region's richest country in terms of gross domestic product per capita (at market prices[9] and purchasing power parity[10]) is countered by its high level of income inequality, as measured by the Gini index. Market price is an economic concept with commonplace familiarity it is the price that a good or service is offered at or will fetch in the marketplace it is of interest mainly in the The purchasing power parity ( PPP) theory uses the long-term equilibrium Exchange rate of two currencies to equalize their Purchasing power. Economic inequality refers to disparities in the distribution of Economic Assets and Income. The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth [11]
Contents |
Etymology
There are various theories about the origin of the word Chile. According to one theory the Incas of Peru, who had failed to conquer the Araucanians, called the valley of the Aconcagua "Chili" by corruption of the name of a tribal chief ("cacique") called Tili, who ruled the area at the time of the Incan conquest. The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. Cerro Aconcagua is the highest mountain in the Americas, and the highest mountain outside Asia. A traditional tribal chief is the leader of a Tribe, or the head of a tribal form of self-government [12] Another theory points to the similarity of the valley of the Aconcagua with that of the Casma Valley in Peru, where there was a town and valley named Chili. The Casma Valley, a coastal valley situated about 320 km north of Lima, Peru, lies between the towns of Chimbote and Huarmey. [12] Other theories say Chile may derive its name from the indigenous Mapuche word chilli, which may mean "where the land ends,"[13] "the deepest point of the Earth,"[14] or "sea gulls;"[15] or from the Quechua chin, "cold," or the Aymara tchili, meaning "snow. Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America. Aymara ( Aymar aru) is an Aymaran language spoken by the Aymara people of the Andes. "[16][17] Another meaning attributed to chilli is the onomatopoeic cheele-cheele—the Mapuche imitation of a bird call. [13] The Spanish conquistadors heard about this name from the Incas and the few survivors of Diego de Almagro's first Spanish expedition south from Peru in 1535-36 called themselves the "men of Chilli. This article is about the Spanish explorer soldiers of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuriesfor other uses see Conquistador (disambiguation A Conquistador Diego de Almagro ( Almagro, Spain, c 1475 &ndash Cuzco, Peru, July 8, 1538) also known as El Adelantado "[13]
History
About 10,000 years ago, migrating Native Americans settled in fertile valleys and along the coast of what is now Chile. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Incas briefly extended their empire into what is now northern Chile, but the area's barrenness prevented extensive settlement.
In 1520, while attempting to circumnavigate the earth, the Portuguese Ferdinand Magellan, discovered the southern passage now named after him, the Strait of Magellan. Ferdinand Magellan (Fernão de Magalhães fɨɾˈnɐ̃ũ dɨ mɐgɐˈʎɐ̃ĩʃ Fernando de Magallanes (Spring 1480 &ndash April 27 1521 Mactan Island, Cebu The Straits of Magellan (rarely referred to as the Magellanic Straits) comprise a navigable sea route immediately south of mainland Chile and north of Isla Grande The next Europeans to reach Chile were Diego de Almagro and his band of Spanish conquistadors, who came from Peru in 1535 seeking gold. Diego de Almagro ( Almagro, Spain, c 1475 &ndash Cuzco, Peru, July 8, 1538) also known as El Adelantado Gold (ˈɡoʊld is a Chemical element with the symbol Au (from its Latin name aurum) and Atomic number 79 The Spanish encountered hundreds of thousands of Native Americans from various cultures in the area that modern Chile now occupies. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. These cultures supported themselves principally through slash-and-burn agriculture and hunting. Agriculture refers to the production of goods through the growing of plants and fungi and the raising of domesticated Animals The study of agriculture Hunting is the practice of pursuing Animals for Food, Recreation, or Trade. The conquest of Chile began in earnest in 1540 and was carried out by Pedro de Valdivia, one of Francisco Pizarro's lieutenants, who founded the city of Santiago on February 12, 1541. Pedro de Valdivia (c 1500 - January 1, 1554) was a Conquistador and first royal governor of Chile. Francisco Pizarro González 1st Marqués de los Atabillos (c 1471 or 1476 &ndash 26 June 1541 was a Spanish Conquistador, conqueror of the Incan Empire Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Although the Spanish did not find the extensive gold and silver they sought, they recognized the agricultural potential of Chile's central valley, and Chile became part of the Viceroyalty of Peru. Silver (ˈsɪlvɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol " Ag " (argentum from the Ancient Greek: ἀργήντος - argēntos gen Created in 1542 the Viceroyalty of Peru (in Spanish, Virreinato del Perú) was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled
Conquest of the land that is today called Chile took place only gradually, and the Europeans suffered repeated setbacks at the hands of the local population. A massive Mapuche insurrection that began in 1553 resulted in Valdivia's death and the destruction of many of the colony's principal settlements. The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. Subsequent major insurrections took place in 1598 and in 1655. Each time the Mapuche and other native groups revolted, the southern border of the colony was driven northward. The abolition of slavery in 1683 defused tensions on the frontier between the colony and the Mapuche land to the south, and permitted increased trade between colonists and the Mapuche. As a social-economic system slavery is a legal institution under which a Person (called "a slave" is compelled to work for another
The drive for independence from Spain was precipitated by usurpation of the Spanish throne by Napoleon's brother Joseph in 1808. Napoleon Bonaparte (15 August 1769 – 5 May 1821 was a French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the History of Europe. Joseph-Napoléon Bonaparte King of Naples and Sicily, King of Spain (during a time) and the Indies (never de facto and never de iure A national junta in the name of Ferdinand—heir to the deposed king—was formed on September 18, 1810. Events 96 - Nerva is proclaimed Roman Emperor after Domitian is assassinated Year 1810 ( MDCCCX) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian calendar (or a Common year The junta proclaimed Chile an autonomous republic within the Spanish monarchy. A military dictatorship is a Form of government wherein the political power resides with the Military; it is similar but not identical to a Stratocracy, A monarchy is a Form of government in which supreme power is actually or nominally lodged in an individual who is the Head of state, often for life or A movement for total independence soon won a wide following. Spanish attempts to re-impose arbitrary rule during what was called the "Reconquista" led to a prolonged struggle. The Reconquista (a Spanish and Portuguese word for "Reconquest" Arabic: الاسترداد, "Recapturing" was a period
Intermittent warfare continued until 1817, when an army led by Bernardo O'Higgins, Chile's most renowned patriot, and José de San Martín, hero of the Argentine War of Independence, crossed the Andes into Chile and defeated the royalists. Bernardo O'Higgins Riquelme ( August 20, 1778 &ndash October 24, 1842) South American independence leader was one of the commanders José Francisco de San Martín Matorras, also known as José de San Martín ( 25 February 1778 – 17 August 1850) was an Argentine The Argentine War of Independence was fought from 1810 to 1818 by Argentine forces under Manuel Belgrano and José de San Martín against royalist forces loyal The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. On February 12, 1818, Chile was proclaimed an independent republic under O'Higgins' leadership. Events 1429 - English Forces under Sir John Fastolf defend a supply convoy carrying rations to the army besieging Orleans from attack by the Year 1818 ( MDCCCXVIII) was a Common year starting on Thursday (link will display the full calendar of the Gregorian Calendar (or a Common The political revolt brought little social change, however, and 19th century Chilean society preserved the essence of the stratified colonial social structure, which was greatly influenced by family politics and the Roman Catholic Church. A strong presidency eventually emerged, but wealthy landowners remained extremely powerful.
Toward the end of the nineteenth century, the government in Santiago consolidated its position in the south by ruthlessly suppressing the Mapuche during the Occupation of Araucanía. The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. The Occupation of the Araucania (1861–1883 was a series of Military campaigns agreements and penetrations by the Chilean army and Settlers In 1881, it signed a treaty with Argentina confirming Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. The Straits of Magellan (rarely referred to as the Magellanic Straits) comprise a navigable sea route immediately south of mainland Chile and north of Isla Grande As a result of the War of the Pacific with Peru and Bolivia (1879–83), Chile expanded its territory northward by almost one-third, eliminating Bolivia's access to the Pacific, and acquired valuable nitrate deposits, the exploitation of which led to an era of national affluence. The War of the Pacific, sometimes called the Saltpeter War in reference to its original cause was fought between Chile and the joint forces of Bolivia The Chilean Civil War in 1891 brought about a redistribution of power between the President and Congress, and Chile established a parliamentary style democracy. The Chilean Civil War of 1891 was an armed conflict between forces supporting Congress and forces supporting the sitting President, José Manuel Balmaceda However, the Civil War had also been a contest between those who favored the development of local industries and powerful Chilean banking interests, particularly the House of Edwards who had strong ties to foreign investors. Hence the Chilean economy partially degenerated into a system protecting the interests of a ruling oligarchy. Oligarchy' ( Greek, Oligarkhía) is a Form of government where Political power effectively rests with a small elite segment By the 1920s, the emerging middle and working classes were powerful enough to elect a reformist president, Arturo Alessandri Palma, whose program was frustrated by a conservative congress. Working class is a term used in academic Sociology and in ordinary conversation to describe depending on context and speaker those employed in specific fields or types Arturo Fortunato Alessandri Palma ( December 20 1868 &ndash August 24 1950) was a Chilean Political figure and reformer who Alessandri Palma's reformist tendencies were partly tempered later by an admiration for some elements of Mussolini's Italian Corporate State. In the 1920s, Marxist groups with strong popular support arose. Marxism is the political philosophy and practice derived from the work of Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels.
A military coup led by General Luis Altamirano in 1924 set off a period of great political instability that lasted until 1932. Division General Luis Altamirano Talavera ( July 5, 1867 - July 25, 1938) was a Chilean military officer minister Vice President The longest lasting of the ten governments between those years was that of General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo, who briefly held power in 1925 and then again between 1927 and 1931 in what was a de facto dictatorship, although not really comparable in harshness or corruption to the type of military dictatorship that has often bedeviled the rest of Latin America, and certainly not comparable to the violent and repressive regime of Augusto Pinochet decades later. General Carlos Ibáñez del Campo ( November 3 1877 &ndash April 28 1960) was a Chilean Army officer and Political figure Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November By relinquishing power to a democratically elected successor, Ibáñez del Campo retained the respect of a large enough segment of the population to remain a viable politician for more than thirty years, in spite of the vague and shifting nature of his ideology. When constitutional rule was restored in 1932, a strong middle-class party, the Radicals, emerged. It became the key force in coalition governments for the next 20 years. During the period of Radical Party dominance (1932–52), the state increased its role in the economy. In 1952, voters returned Ibáñez del Campo, now reincarnated as a sort of Chilean Perón, to office for another six years. Juan Domingo Perón (October 8 1895 &ndash July 1 1974 was an Argentine Colonel and Politician, elected three times as President of Argentina Jorge Alessandri succeeded Ibáñez del Campo in 1958, bringing Chilean conservatism back into power democratically for another term. Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez ( May 19, 1896 &ndash August 31, 1986) was President of Chile from 1958 to 1964 and was the
The 1964 presidential election of Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Montalva by an absolute majority initiated a period of major reform. The Christian Democratic Party of Chile ( Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile) is a Political party in Chile and governs as part of the Coalition Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva (1911&ndash1982 was a Chilean political figure and President of Chile from 1964 to 1970 An absolute majority or majority of the entire membership (in American English, a Supermajority Voting requirement is a Voting basis Under the slogan "Revolution in Liberty", the Frei administration embarked on far-reaching social and economic programs, particularly in education, housing, and agrarian reform, including rural unionization of agricultural workers. Agrarian reform can refer either narrowly to government-initiated or government-backed redistribution of Agricultural land (see Land reform) or can refer more broadly By 1967, however, Frei encountered increasing opposition from leftists, who charged that his reforms were inadequate, and from conservatives, who found them excessive. At the end of his term, Frei had accomplished many noteworthy objectives, but he had not fully achieved his party's ambitious goals.
In 1970, Senator Salvador Allende Gossens, a Marxist physician and member of Chile's Socialist Party, who headed the "Popular Unity" (UP or "Unidad Popular") coalition of the Socialist, Communist, Radical, and Social-Democratic Parties, along with dissident Christian Democrats, the Popular Unitary Action Movement (MAPU), and the Independent Popular Action, won a plurality of votes in a three-way contest. Salvador Isabelino Allende Gossens (June 26 1908 – September 11 1973 was President of Chile from November 1970 until his death during the coup d'état of The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish Partido Socialista de Chile or PS is part of the ruling Coalition of Parties for Democracy coalition Unidad Popular ( UP) ( English: "People's Unity" was a coalition of Political parties in Chile that stood behind the successful candidacy Despite pressure from the government of the United States, the Chilean Congress, keeping with tradition, conducted a runoff vote between the leading candidates, Allende and former president Jorge Alessandri and chose Allende by a vote of 153 to 35. The National Congress (Congreso Nacional is the legislative branch of the government of the Republic of Chile. Jorge Alessandri Rodríguez ( May 19, 1896 &ndash August 31, 1986) was President of Chile from 1958 to 1964 and was the Frei refused to form an alliance with Alessandri to oppose Allende, on the grounds that the Christian Democrats were a workers party and could not make common cause with the oligarchs.
Allende's program included advancement of workers' interests; a thoroughgoing implementation of agrarian reform; the reorganization of the national economy into socialized, mixed, and private sectors; a foreign policy of "international solidarity" and national independence; and a new institutional order (the "people's state" or "poder popular"), including the institution of a unicameral congress. The Popular Unity platform also called for nationalization of foreign (U. S. ) ownership of Chile's major copper mines. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29
An economic depression that began in 1967 peaked in 1970, exacerbated by capital flight, plummeting private investment, and withdrawal of bank deposits by those opposed to Allende's socialist program. A recession is a contraction phase of the Business cycle. The U Capital flight, in Economics, occurs when Assets and/or Money rapidly flow out of a Country, due to an economic event that disturbs Investors Production fell and unemployment rose. Unemployment occurs when a person is available to work and currently seeking work but the person is without work. Allende adopted measures including price freezes, wage increases, and tax reforms, which had the effect of increasing consumer spending and redistributing income downward. Joint public-private public works projects helped reduce unemployment. Public works are the construction or engineering projects carried out by the State on behalf of the Community. Much of the banking sector was nationalized. A banker or bank is a Financial institution whose primary activity is to act as a payment agent for customers and to borrow and lend money Nationalization, also spelled nationalisation, is the act of taking an industry or assets into the Public ownership of a national government Many enterprises within the copper, coal, iron, nitrate, and steel industries were expropriated, nationalized, or subjected to state intervention. Copper (ˈkɒpɚ is a Chemical element with the symbol Cu (cuprum and Atomic number 29 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 In Inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of Nitric acid with an Ion composed of one Nitrogen and three Oxygen atoms Steel is an Alloy consisting mostly of Iron, with a Carbon content between 0 Expropriation refers to Confiscation of Private property with the stated purpose of establishing social equality. Industrial output increased sharply and unemployment fell during the Allende administration's first year.
Other reforms undertaken during the early Allende period included redistribution of millions of hectares of land to landless agricultural workers as part of the agrarian reform program, giving the armed forces an overdue pay increase, and providing free milk to children. Milk is an opaque white liquid produced by the Mammary glands of female Mammals (including Monotremes. The Indian Peoples Development Corporation and the Mapuche Vocational Institute were founded to address the needs of Chile's indigenous population.
The nationalization of U. S. and other foreign-owned companies led to increased tensions with the United States. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the The Nixon administration brought international financial pressure to bear in order to restrict economic credit to Chile. Simultaneously, the CIA funded opposition media, politicians, and organizations, helping to accelerate a campaign of domestic destabilization. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all By 1972, the economic progress of Allende's first year had been reversed and the economy was in crisis. Political polarization increased, and large mobilizations of both pro- and anti-government groups became frequent, often leading to clashes.
By early 1973, inflation was out of control. In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time The crippled economy was further battered by prolonged and sometimes simultaneous strikes by physicians, teachers, students, truck owners, copper workers, and the small business class. Strike action, often simply called a strike, is a work stoppage caused by the mass refusal by Employees to perform work. A US-backed[18] military coup overthrew Allende on September 11, 1973. The Chilean coup d'état of 1973 is a landmark in the History of Chile and the Russo-American Cold War. Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1973 ( MCMLXXIII) was a Common year starting on Monday (link will display full calendar of the 1973 Gregorian calendar. As the armed forces bombarded the presidential palace (Palacio de La Moneda), Allende reportedly committed suicide. The Coin House ( Spanish for "Mint Palace" or simply La Moneda, is the seat of the President of the Republic of Chile. [19][20][21] A military government, led by General Augusto Pinochet Ugarte, took over control of the country. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November The first years of the regime were marked by serious human rights violations. Human rights refers to the "basic Rights and freedoms to which all humans are entitled On October 1973, at least 72 people were murdered by the Caravan of Death[22]. The Caravan of Death was a Chilean Army Death squad that following the Chilean coup of 1973, flew by helicopter from south to north of Chile between At least a thousand people were executed during the first six months of Pinochet in office, and at least two thousand more were killed during the next sixteen years, as reported by the Rettig Report. The Rettig Report, officially The National Commission for Truth and Reconciliation Report, is a report by a commission designated by then President Patricio Aylwin Some 30,000 were forced to flee the country, and tens of thousands of people were detained and tortured, as investigated by the 2004 Valech Commission. The Valech Report (officially The National Commission on Political Imprisonment and Torture Report) was a study that detailed abuses committed in Chile between 1973 A new Constitution was approved by a highly irregular and undemocratic plebiscite characterized by the absence of registration lists, on September 11, 1980, and General Pinochet became President of the Republic for an 8-year term. A constitution is a system for government often Codified as a written document that establishes the rules and principles of an autonomous political entity A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita Events 9 - The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest ends 506 - The Bishops of Visigothic Gaul Year 1980 ( MCMLXXX) was a Leap year starting on Tuesday (link displays the 1980 Gregorian calendar)
In the late 1980s, the regime gradually permitted greater freedom of assembly, speech, and association, to include trade union and limited political activity. Freedom of speech is the freedom to speak freely without Censorship or Limitation. The right-wing military government pursued free market economic policies. A free market is a Market in which property rights are voluntarily exchanged at a price arranged completely by the mutual consent of sellers and buyers During Pinochet's nearly 17 years in power, Chile moved away from state involvement, toward a largely free market economy that saw an increase in domestic and foreign private investment, although the copper industry and other important mineral resources were not returned to foreign ownership. A market economy is a realized Social system based on the Division of labour in which the prices of Goods and Services are determined in a In a plebiscite on October 5, 1988, General Pinochet was denied a second 8-year term as president (56% against 44%). Events 869 - The Fourth Council of Constantinople is convened to decide about what to do about Patriarch Photius of Constantinople Year 1988 ( MCMLXXXVIII) was a Leap year starting on Friday (link displays 1988 Gregorian calendar) Chileans elected a new president and the majority of members of a two-chamber congress on December 14, 1989. Events 1287 - St Lucia's flood: The Zuider Zee sea wall in the Netherlands collapses killing over 50000 people Year 1989 ( MCMLXXXIX) was a Common year starting on Sunday (link displays 1989 Gregorian calendar) Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, the candidate of a coalition of 17 political parties called the Concertación, received an absolute majority of votes (55%). Patricio Aylwin Azócar (born November 26, 1918) was the first President of Chile after its return to democratic rule in 1990 following The Concert of Parties for Democracy (Concertación de Partidos por la Democracia more often known as the Concertación, is a coalition of Center-left [23]. President Aylwin served from 1990 to 1994, in what was considered a transition period.
In December 1993, Christian Democrat Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, the son of previous president Eduardo Frei Montalva, led the Concertación coalition to victory with an absolute majority of votes (58%). Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle (born June 24, 1942) is a Chilean politician and civil engineer. Eduardo Nicanor Frei Montalva (1911&ndash1982 was a Chilean political figure and President of Chile from 1964 to 1970 [24] Frei Ruiz-Tagle was succeeded in 2000 by Socialist Ricardo Lagos, who won the presidency in an unprecedented runoff election against Joaquín Lavín of the rightist Alliance for Chile. Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (born March 2, 1938) is a lawyer economist and social democrat politician who served as president of Joaquín José Lavín Infante (b Santiago, October 23 1953) is a Chilean Right-wing politician and economist The Alliance for Chile ( Spanish "Alianza por Chile" also known as La Alianza (The Alliance is a coalition of Center-right Chilean [25] In January 2006 Chileans elected their first woman president, Michelle Bachelet Jeria, of the Socialist Party. Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria beˈɾonika mɪˈʃɛl baʃˈle ˈxeɾja / --> (born September 29 1951) is a center-left politician and [26] She was sworn in on March 11, 2006, extending the Concertación coalition governance for another four years. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. [27]
Politics
Chile's Constitution was approved in a highly irregular national plebiscite in September 1980, under the military government of Augusto Pinochet. The current Political Constitution of the Republic of Chile, approved by Chilean voters in a tightly controlled Plebiscite on September 11 1980 A referendum (plural referendums or referenda) ballot question, or plebiscite (from Latin plebiscita A military junta is a government ruled by a committee of military leaders For the government of parliamentary systems see Executive (government. Augusto José Ramón Pinochet Ugarte (November It entered into force in March 1981. After Pinochet's defeat in the 1988 plebiscite, the Constitution was amended to ease provisions for future amendments to the Constitution. In September 2005, President Ricardo Lagos signed into law several constitutional amendments passed by Congress. Ricardo Froilán Lagos Escobar (born March 2, 1938) is a lawyer economist and social democrat politician who served as president of These include eliminating the positions of appointed senators and senators for life, granting the President authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces, and reducing the presidential term from six to four years. A senator for life is a member of the Senate elected or appointed for lifetime [28]
Chileans voted in the first round of presidential elections on December 11, 2005. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. None of the four presidential candidates won more than 50% of the vote. As a result, the top two vote-getters—center-left Concertación coalition’s Michelle Bachelet and center-right Alianza coalition’s Sebastián Piñera—competed in a run-off election on January 15, 2006, which Michelle Bachelet won. Verónica Michelle Bachelet Jeria beˈɾonika mɪˈʃɛl baʃˈle ˈxeɾja / --> (born September 29 1951) is a center-left politician and Miguel Juan Sebastián Piñera Echenique (born December 1 1949) is a Chilean businessman and politician Events 588 BC - Nebuchadrezzar II of Babylon lays siege to Jerusalem under Zedekiah 's reign Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. She was sworn in on March 11, 2006. Events 1425 BC - Thutmose III, Pharaoh of Egypt, dies (according to the Low Chronology of the 18th Dynasty Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. This was Chile’s fourth presidential election since the end of the Pinochet era. All four have been judged free and fair. The President is constitutionally barred from serving consecutive terms.
Chile's bicameral Congress has a 38-seat Senate and a 120-member Chamber of Deputies. The National Congress (Congreso Nacional is the legislative branch of the government of the Republic of Chile. The Senate of the Republic of Chile is the upper house of Chile 's bicameral National Congress, as established in the current Constitution of Chile The Chamber of Deputies of the Republic of Chile (Cámara de Diputados is the lower house of Chile 's bicameral Congress. Senators serve for 8 years with staggered terms, while Deputies are elected every 4 years. The current Senate has a 20-18 split in favor of pro-government Senators. The last congressional elections were held in December 11, 2005, concurrently with the presidential election. Events 359 - Honoratus, the first known Prefect of the City of Constantinople, takes office Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. The current lower house—the Chamber of Deputies—contains 63 members of the governing center-left coalition and 57 from the center-right opposition. The Congress is located in the port city of Valparaíso, about 140 kilometers (84 mi. Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile ) west of the capital, Santiago. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago
Chile's congressional elections are governed by a binomial system that rewards large representations. Therefore, there are only two Senate and two Deputy seats apportioned to each electoral district, parties are forced to form wide coalitions and, historically, the two largest coalitions (Concertación and Alianza) split most of the seats in a district. Only if the leading coalition ticket out-polls the second-place coalition by a margin of more than 2-to-1 does the winning coalition gain both seats. In the 2001 congressional elections, the conservative Independent Democratic Union surpassed the Christian Democrats for the first time to become the largest party in the lower house. The Independent Democrat Union ( Unión Demócrata Independiente, UDI is a Chilean conservative Political party. The Christian Democratic Party of Chile ( Partido Demócrata Cristiano de Chile) is a Political party in Chile and governs as part of the Coalition In 2005, both leading parties, the Christian Democrats and the UDI lost representation in favor of their respective allies Socialist Party (which became the biggest party in the Concertación block) and National Renewal in the right-wing alliance. The Socialist Party of Chile (Spanish Partido Socialista de Chile or PS is part of the ruling Coalition of Parties for Democracy coalition National Renewal (RN ( Spanish: "Renovación Nacional" is a center - right liberal conservative Political party belonging The Communist Party again failed to gain any seats in the election. The Communist Party of Chile (Partido Comunista de Chile is a Chilean political party that advocates Communism. (See Chilean parliamentary election, 2005. The 2005 Chilean parliamentary election took place on December 11 2005, in conjunction with the presidential election. )
Chile's judiciary is independent and includes a court of appeal, a system of military courts, a constitutional tribunal, and the Supreme Court. The Supreme Court of Chile is the highest Court in Chile. It also administrates the lower courts in the nation In June 2005, Chile completed a nation-wide overhaul of its criminal justice system. [29] The reform has replaced inquisitorial proceedings with an adversarial system more similar to that of the United States.
Administrative division
Chile is divided into 15 regions, each of which is headed by an intendant appointed by the President. ||-||} Chile is divided into 15 Regions (in Spanish, regiones; singular región) each of which is headed by an Intendant ( intendente Chile is divided into 53 Provinces grouped into 15 regions. Each province is headed by a governor ( gobernador) appointed by the president A commune (comuna is the smallest administrative subdivision in Chile and may contain Cities, Towns Villages, Hamlets as well as Rural The article is about the geographic sense of the term For other uses including Regions and Regional, see Region (disambiguation. The title of intendant (intendant Spanish intendente) has been used in a number of countries through history Every region is further divided into provinces, with a provincial governor also appointed by the President. A province is a territorial unit almost always an Administrative division. Finally each province is divided into communes[30] which are administered by municipalities, each with its own mayor and councilmen elected by their inhabitants for four years. A commune (comuna is the smallest administrative subdivision in Chile and may contain Cities, Towns Villages, Hamlets as well as Rural A municipality is an administrative entity composed of a clearly defined territory and its population and commonly denotes a City, Town, or Village, or
Each region is designated by a name and a Roman numeral, assigned from north to south. Roman numerals are a Numeral system originating in ancient Rome, adapted from Etruscan numerals. The only exception is the region housing the nation's capital, which is designated RM, that stands for Región Metropolitana (Metropolitan Region).
Two new regions were created in 2006: Arica and Parinacota in the north, and Los Ríos in the south. Border dispute with Peru On January 26th 2007 Peru ’s government issued a protest against Chile ’s demarcation of the coastal frontier the two countries Subdivisions Subdivisions approved by the Deputy Chamber Valdivia Province Including Valdivia, Mariquina, Lanco, Both became operative in October 2007.
 |
|
Geography
A long and narrow coastal Southern Cone country on the west side of the Andes Mountains, Chile stretches over 4,630 kilometers (2,880 mi) north to south, but only 430 kilometers (265 mi) at its widest point east to west. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand A mile is a unit of Length, usually used to measure Distance, in a number of different systems including Imperial units United States This encompasses a remarkable variety of landscapes. Landscape comprises the visible features of an area of land including physical elements such as Landforms living elements of flora and fauna abstract elements such as lighting
At 756,950 km² (292,260 sq mi), Chile is the world's 38th-largest country. Square Kilometre ( US spelling square kilometer) symbol km2, is a decimal multiple of the SI unit of The square mile is an imperial and US unit of Area equal the area of a square of one statute mile. It is comparable in size to Zambia, and is about twice the size of Japan. The Republic of Zambia (ˈzæmbɪə is a Landlocked country in Southern Africa. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Japan topics.
The northern Atacama Desert contains great mineral wealth, primarily copper and nitrates. Atacama redirects here for the political-administrative region of Chile, see Atacama Region. In Inorganic chemistry, a nitrate is a salt of Nitric acid with an Ion composed of one Nitrogen and three Oxygen atoms The relatively small Central Valley, which includes Santiago, dominates the country in terms of population and agricultural resources. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago This area also is the historical center from which Chile expanded in the late nineteenth century, when it integrated the northern and southern regions. Southern Chile is rich in forests, grazing lands, and features a string of volcanoes and lakes. Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the A lake (from Latin lacus) is a Terrain feature (or Physical feature) a body of Liquid on the surface of a world that is localized to the The southern coast is a labyrinth of fjords, inlets, canals, twisting peninsulas, and islands. A fjord or fiord (fjɔːd|fiːɔːd or fiːɔːd is a long narrow Inlet with steep sides created in a valley carved by glacial activity. An inlet is a narrow body of water between islands or leading inland from a larger body of water often leading to an enclosed body of water such as a sound, bay, Canals are artificial channels for water There are two types of canals water conveyance canals which are used for the conveyance and delivery of water and Waterways A peninsula is a piece of land that is nearly surrounded by Water but connected to Mainland via an Isthmus. The Andes Mountains are located on the eastern border. Chile is the longest (N-S) country in the world (over 4,200 km (2,610 mi)), and also claims 1,250,000 km² (482,628 sq mi) of Antarctica as part of its territory. However, this latter claim is suspended under the terms of the Antarctic Treaty, of which Chile is signatory. The Antarctic Treaty and related agreements collectively called the Antarctic Treaty System or ATS, regulate International relations with respect to
Chile controls Easter Island and Sala y Gómez Island, the easternmost islands of Polynesia, which it incorporated to its territory in 1888, and Robinson Crusoe Island, more than 600 km (373 mi) from the mainland, in the Juan Fernández archipelago. Polynesia (from Greek: πολύς many, νῆσος island) is a Subregion of Oceania, comprising a large grouping of over Robinson Crusoe Island (Isla Robinsón Crusoe formerly known as Más a Tierra (Closer to land is the largest island of the Juan Fernández (c 1536 &ndash c 1604 was a Spanish explorer and navigator Easter Island is nowadays a province of Chile. Also controlled but only temporally inhabited (by some local fishermen) are the small islands of Sala y Gómez, San Ambrosio and San Felix, these islands are notable because they extend Chile's claim to territorial waters out from its coast into the Pacific.
Climate
The climate of Chile comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale, extending across 38 degrees in latitude, making generalisations difficult. The climate of Chile comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large geographic scale extending across 38 degrees in latitude making generalisations difficult According to the Köppen system, Chile within its borders hosts at least seven major climatic subtypes, ranging from desert in the north, to alpine tundra and glaciers in the east and south east, humid subtropical in Easter Island, Oceanic in the south and mediterranean climate in central Chile. The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems It was developed by Wladimir Köppen, a German climatologist A desert is a Landscape or region that receives very little precipitation. In physical Geography, tundra is an area where the Tree growth is hindered by low temperatures and short growing seasons "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. Humid subtropical climate ( Köppen Cfa or Cwa) is a climate zone characterized by hot humid summers and chilly to mild winters An oceanic climate (also called marine west coast climate and maritime climate) is the Climate typically found along the west coasts at the middle latitudes A Mediterranean climate is one that resembles the Climate of the lands in the Mediterranean Basin, which includes over half of the area with this climate type world-wide There are four seasons in most of the country: summer (December to February), autumn (March to May), winter (June to August), and spring (September to November).
Time zones
Because of the distance between the mainland and Easter Island, Chile uses 4 different UTC offsets:
- The mainland uses UTC-4, and in summer as daylight saving time UTC-3. UTC−4 is the Time offset used in the Atlantic Standard Time Zone in Canada in winter and the North American Eastern Time Zone during Daylight saving time ( DST Areas using UTC−3 Single zone countries without DST Suriname Single zone countries with DST
- Easter Island uses UTC-6, and in summer as daylight saving time UTC-5. Areas using UTC−6 Single zone countries Belize Costa Rica El Salvador Guatemala Daylight saving time ( DST UTC−5 is the Time offset used in the North American Eastern Time Zone during Standard time and in the North American Central Time Zone during
Economy
After a decade of impressive growth rates, Chile began to experience a moderate economic downturn in 1999, brought on by unfavorable global economic conditions related to the Asian financial crisis, which began in 1997. The Asian Financial Crisis was a period of Financial crisis that gripped much of Asia beginning in July 1997 and raised fears of a worldwide economic meltdown ( The economy remained sluggish until 2003, when it began to show clear signs of recovery, achieving 4. 0% real GDP growth. The Chilean economy finished 2004 with growth of 6. 0%. Real GDP growth reached 5. 7% in 2005 before falling back to 4. 0% growth in 2006. Higher energy prices as well as lagging consumer demand were drags on the economy in 2006. Higher Chilean Government spending and favorable external conditions (including record copper prices for much of 2006) were not enough to offset these drags. For the first time in many years, Chilean economic growth in 2006 was among the weakest in Latin America. GDP expanded 5. 1% in 2007. [6]
Chile has pursued generally sound economic policies for nearly three decades. The 1973-90 military government sold many state-owned companies, and the three democratic governments since 1990 have continued privatization, though at a slower pace. The government's role in the economy is mostly limited to regulation, although the state continues to operate copper giant CODELCO and a few other enterprises (there is one state-run bank). Chile is strongly committed to free trade and has welcomed large amounts of foreign investment. Chile has signed free trade agreements (FTAs) with a whole network of countries, including an FTA with the United States, which was signed in 2003 and implemented in January 2004. Over the last several years, Chile has signed FTAs with the European Union, South Korea, New Zealand, Singapore, Brunei, China, and Japan. It reached a partial trade agreement with India in 2005 and began negotiations for a full-fledged FTA with India in 2006. Chile conducted trade negotiations in 2007 with Australia, Malaysia, and Thailand, as well as with China to expand an existing agreement beyond just trade in goods. Chile hopes to conclude FTA negotiations with Australia and the expanded agreement with China in 2008. Negotiations with Malaysia and Thailand are scheduled to continue throughout 2008. The members of the P4 (Chile, Singapore, New Zealand, and Brunei) also plan to conclude a chapter on finance and investment in 2008. [6] The economic international organization the OECD agreed to invite Chile to be among four countries to open discussions in becoming an official member. [31]
High domestic savings and investment rates helped propel Chile's economy to average growth rates of 8% during the 1990s. The privatized national pension system (AFP) has encouraged domestic investment and contributed to an estimated total domestic savings rate of approximately 21% of GDP. The Pension System -Spanish Sistema Previsional - refers to old-age disability and survivor pensions for workers in Chile However, the AFP is not without its critics, who cite low participation rates (only 55% of the working population is covered), with groups such as the self-employed outside the system. There has also been criticism of the inefficiency and high costs due to a lack of competition among pension funds. Critics cite loopholes in the use of pension savings through lump sum withdraws for the purchase of a second home or payment of university fees as fundamental weaknesses of the AFP. The Bachelet administration plans substantial reform, but not an overhaul, of the AFP during the next several years. [6]
Unemployment stubbornly hovered in the 9%-10% range after the start of the economic slowdown in 1999, above the 7% average for the 1990s. Unemployment finally dipped to 7. 8% for 2006, and has kept falling in 2007, averaging 6. 8% monthly (up to August). [32] Wages have risen faster than inflation as a result of higher productivity, boosting national living standards. The standard of living refers to the quality and quantity of goods and services available to people and the way these goods and services are distributed within a population The percentage of Chileans with household incomes below the poverty line—defined as twice the cost of satisfying a person's minimal nutritional needs—fell from 45. The poverty threshold, or poverty line, is the minimum level of Income deemed necessary to achieve an adequate Standard of living in a given country 1% in 1987 to 13. 7% in 2006, according to government polls. [33] Critics in Chile, however, argue true poverty figures are considerably higher than those officially published, due to the government's use of an outdated 1987 household budget poll, updated every 10 years. According to these critics, using the 1997 household budget data, the poverty rate rises to 29%. [34] Using the relative yardstick favoured in many European countries, 27% of Chileans would be poor, according to Juan Carlos Feres of the ECLAC. The United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (UNECLAC or ECLAC was established in 1948 (then as the UN Economic Commission for Latin [35] Despite enjoying a comparatively higher GDP and more robust economy compared to most other countries of Latin America, Chile also suffers from one of the most uneven distributions of wealth in the world, ahead only of Brazil in the Latin American region and lagging behind even of most developing sub-Saharan African nations. Distribution of wealth is a comparison of the Wealth of various members or groups in a Society, and is one aspect of the Economy and Social structure |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld Sub-Saharan Africa is a geographical term used to describe the area of the African continent which lies south of the Sahara, or those African countries Chile's top 10 richest percentile possesses 47 percent of the country's wealth. [36] In relation to income distribution, some 6. 2% of the country populates the upper economic income bracket, 15% the middle bracket, 21% the lower middle, 38% the lower bracket, and 20% the extreme poor.
Chile's independent Central Bank pursues an inflation target of between 2% and 4%. A central bank, reserve bank, or monetary authority is the entity responsible for the Monetary policy of a country or of a group of member states In economics inflation or price inflation is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services over a period of time Inflation has not exceeded 5% since 1998. Chile registered an inflation rate of 3. 2% in 2006. The Chilean peso’s rapid appreciation against the U. S. dollar in recent years has helped dampen inflation. Most wage settlements and loans are indexed, reducing inflation's volatility. Under the compulsory private pension system, most formal sector employees pay 10% of their salaries into privately managed funds. [6]
Total foreign direct investment (FDI) was only $3. Foreign direct investment ( FDI) in its classic definition is defined as a company from one country making a physical investment into building a factory in another country 4 billion in 2006, up 52% from a poor performance in 2005. However, 80% of FDI continues to go to only four sectors: electricity, gas, water and mining. Much of the jump in FDI in 2006 was also the result of acquisitions and mergers and has done little to create new employment in Chile. The Chilean Government has formed a Council on Innovation and Competition, which is tasked with identifying new sectors and industries to promote. It is hoped that this, combined with some tax reforms to encourage domestic and foreign investment in research and development, will bring in additional FDI and to new parts of the economy. The phrase research and development (also R and D or more often R&D) according to the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, refers As of 2006, Chile invested only 0. 6% of its annual GDP in research and development (R&D). Even then, two-thirds of that was government spending. The fact that domestic and foreign companies spend almost nothing on R&D does not bode well for the Government of Chile’s efforts to develop innovative, knowledge-based sectors. Beyond its general economic and political stability, the government also has encouraged the use of Chile as an "investment platform" for multinational corporations planning to operate in the region, but this will have limited value given the developing business climate in Chile itself. Chile's approach to foreign direct investment is codified in the country's Foreign Investment Law, which gives foreign investors the same treatment as Chileans. Registration is simple and transparent, and foreign investors are guaranteed access to the official foreign exchange market to repatriate their profits and capital. [6]
Foreign trade
2006 was a record year for Chilean trade. Total trade registered a 31% increase over 2005. During 2006, exports of goods and services totaled U. S. $58 billion, an increase of 41%. This figure was somewhat distorted by the skyrocketing price of copper. In 2006, copper exports reached a historical high of U. S. $33. 3 billion. Imports totaled U. S. $35 billion, an increase of 17% compared to the previous year. Chile thus recorded a positive trade balance of U. S. $23 billion in 2006. [6]
The main destinations for Chilean exports were the Americas (U. S. $39 billion), Asia (U. S. $27. 8 billion) and Europe (U. S. $22. 2 billion). Seen as shares of Chile’s export markets, 42% of exports went to the Americas, 30% to Asia and 24% to Europe. Within Chile’s diversified network of trade relationships, its most important partner remained the United States. Total trade with the U. S. was U. S. $14. 8 billion in 2006. Since the U. S. -Chile Free Trade Agreement went into effect on January 1, 2004, U. S. -Chilean trade has increased by 154%. Internal Government of Chile figures show that even when factoring out inflation and the recent high price of copper, bilateral trade between the U. S. and Chile has grown over 60% since then. [6]
Total trade with Europe also grew in 2006, expanding by 42%. The Netherlands and Italy were Chile’s main European trading partners. Total trade with Asia also grew significantly at nearly 31%. Trade with Korea and Japan grew significantly, but China remained Chile’s most important trading partner in Asia. Chile’s total trade with China reached U. S. $8. 8 billion in 2006, representing nearly 66% of the value of its trade relationship with Asia. [6]
The growth of exports in 2006 was due mainly to a strong increase in sales to the United States, the Netherlands, and Japan. These three markets alone accounted for an additional U. S. $5. 5 billion worth of Chilean exports. Chilean exports to the United States totaled U. S. $9. 3 billion, representing a 37. 7% increase compared to 2005 (U. S. $6. 7 billion). Exports to the European Union were U. S. $15. 4 billion, a 63. 7% increased compared to 2005 (U. S. $9. 4 billion). Exports to Asia increased from U. S. $15. 2 billion in 2005 to U. S. $19. 7 billion in 2006, a 29. 9% increase. [6]
During 2006, Chile imported U. S. $26 billion from the Americas, representing 54% of total imports, followed by Asia at 22%, and Europe at 16%. Mercosur members were the main suppliers of imports to Chile at U. S. $9. 1 billion, followed by the United States with U. S. $5. 5 billion and the European Union with U. S. $5. 2 billion. From Asia, China was the most important exporter to Chile, with goods valued at U. S. $3. 6 billion. Year-on-year growth in imports was especially strong from a number of countries—Ecuador (123. 9%), Thailand (72. 1%), Korea (52. 6%), and China (36. 9%). [6]
Chile’s overall trade profile has traditionally been dependent upon copper exports. The state-owned firm CODELCO is the world's largest copper-producing company, with recorded copper reserves of 200 years. Chile has made an effort to expand nontraditional exports. The most important non-mineral exports are forestry and wood products, fresh fruit and processed food, fishmeal and seafood, and wine. Chilean wine is Wine made in the South American country of Chile. [6]
Successive Chilean governments have actively pursued trade-liberalizing agreements. During the 1990s, Chile signed free trade agreements (FTA) with Canada, Mexico, and Central America. See also List of free trade agreements This is article is on free international trade Chile also concluded preferential trade agreements with Venezuela, Colombia, and Ecuador. An association agreement with Mercosur—Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay—went into effect in October 1996. Continuing its export-oriented development strategy, Chile completed landmark free trade agreements in 2002 with the European Union and South Korea. Chile, as a member of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) organization, is seeking to boost commercial ties to Asian markets. To that end, it has signed trade agreements in recent years with New Zealand, Singapore, Brunei, India, China, and most recently Japan. In 2007, Chile held trade negotiations with Australia, Thailand, Malaysia, and China. In 2008, Chile hopes to conclude an FTA with Australia, and finalize an expanded agreement (covering trade in services and investment) with China. The P4 (Chile, Singapore, New Zealand, and Brunei) also plan to expand ties through adding a finance and investment chapter to the existing P4 agreement. Chile’s trade talks with Malaysia and Thailand are also scheduled to continue in 2008. [6]
.jpg/250px-San_Antonio_Port_(Chile).jpg)
After two years of negotiations, the United States and Chile signed an agreement in June 2003 that will lead to completely duty-free bilateral trade within 12 years. The U. S. -Chile FTA entered into force January 1, 2004 following approval by the U. S. and Chilean congresses. The bilateral FTA has inaugurated greatly expanded U. S. -Chilean trade ties, with total bilateral trade jumping by 154% during the FTA’s first three years. [6]
Chile unilaterally lowered its across-the-board import tariff for all countries with which it does not have a trade agreement to 6% in 2003. Higher effective tariffs are charged only on imports of wheat, wheat flour, and sugar as a result of a system of import price bands. The price bands were ruled inconsistent with Chile's World Trade Organization (WTO) obligations in 2002, and the government has introduced legislation to modify them. Under the terms of the U. S. -Chile FTA, the price bands will be completely phased out for U. S. imports of wheat, wheat flour, and sugar within 12 years. [6]
Chile is a strong proponent of pressing ahead on negotiations for a Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) and is active in the WTO’s Doha round of negotiations, principally through its membership in the G-20 and Cairns Group. The Free Trade Area of the Americas ( FTAA) ( Spanish: Área de Libre Comercio de las Américas (ALCA French: Zone de libre-échange des The Doha Development Round is the current trade-negotiation round of the World Trade Organization (WTO which commenced in November 2001 The Cairns Group is an interest group of 19 agricultural exporting countries composed of Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada [6]
Finance
Chile's financial sector has grown quickly in recent years, with a banking reform law approved in 1997 that broadened the scope of permissible foreign activity for Chilean banks. The Chilean Government implemented a further liberalization of capital markets in 2001, and there is further pending legislation proposing further liberalization. Over the last ten years, Chileans have enjoyed the introduction of new financial tools such as home equity loans, currency futures and options, factoring, leasing, and debit cards. The introduction of these new products has also been accompanied by an increased use of traditional instruments such as loans and credit cards. Chile's private pension system, with assets worth roughly $70 billion at the end of 2006, has been an important source of investment capital for the capital market. Chile maintains one of the best credit ratings (S&P A+) in Latin America. There are three main ways for Chilean firms to raise funds abroad: bank loans, issuance of bonds, and the selling of stocks on U. S. markets through American Depository Receipts (ADRs). Nearly all of the funds raised through these means go to finance domestic Chilean investment. The government is required by law to run a fiscal surplus of at least 1% of GDP. In 2006, the Government of Chile ran a surplus of $11. 3 billion, equal to almost 8% of GDP. The Government of Chile continues to pay down its foreign debt, with public debt only 3. 9% of GDP at the end of 2006. [6]
Defense
Chile's Armed Forces are subject to civilian control exercised by the President through the Minister of Defense. The President has the authority to remove the commanders-in-chief of the armed forces. [6]
Army
The commander in chief of the Chilean Army is General Oscar Izurieta Ferrer. The Chilean Army is 45,000 strong and is organized with an Army headquarters in Santiago, seven divisions throughout its territory, an Air Brigade in Rancagua, and a Special Forces Command in Colina. The Chilean Army is one of the most professional and technologically advanced armies in Latin America. [6]
Navy
.jpg/250px-Almirante_Blanco_Encalada_(FF-15).jpg)
Admiral Rodolfo Codina directs the 23,000-person Navy, including 2,500 Marines. Of the fleet of 29 surface vessels, only eight are operational major combatants (frigates). Those ships are based in Valparaiso. The Navy operates its own aircraft for transport and patrol; there are no Navy fighter or bomber aircraft. The Navy also operates four submarines based in Talcahuano. [6]
Air Force (FACH)
Gen. Ricardo Ortega Perrier heads a force of 12,500. Air assets are distributed among five air brigades headquartered in Iquique, Antofagasta, Santiago, Puerto Montt, and Punta Arenas. The Air Force also operates an airbase on King George Island, Antarctica. The FACH took delivery of the final 2 of 10 F-16s, all purchased from the U. S. , in March 2007. Chile also took delivery in 2007 of a number of reconditioned Block 15 F-16s from the Netherlands, bringing to 18 the total of F-16s purchased from the Dutch. [6]
Carabineros
After the military coup in September 1973, the Chilean national police (Carabineros) were incorporated into the Defense Ministry. With the return of democratic government, the police were placed under the operational control of the Interior Ministry but remained under the nominal control of the Defense Ministry. Gen. Eduardo Gordon is the head of the national police force of 40,964[38] men and women who are responsible for law enforcement, traffic management, narcotics suppression, border control, and counter-terrorism throughout Chile. [6]
Foreign relations
Since the early decades after independence, Chile has always had an active involvement in foreign affairs. In 1837 the country aggressively challenged the dominance of Peru's port of Callao for preeminence in the Pacific trade routes, defeating the short-lived alliance between Peru and Bolivia, the Peru-Bolivian Confederation (1836-39) in the War of the Confederation. Callao in Perupng see image description page at http//enwikipedia The Peru-Bolivian Confederation (or Confederacy was a short-lived confederated state that existed in South America between the years 1836 and 1839 The War of the Confederation (also known in Peru as the Chilean-Confederation war) ( 1836 - 1839) was a conflict between the Peru-Bolivian Confederation The war dissolved the confederation while distributing power in the Pacific. A second international war, the War of the Pacific (1879-83), further increased Chile's regional role, while adding considerably to its territory. [13]
During the nineteenth century, Chile's commercial ties were primarily with Britain, a country that had a decisive influence on the organization of the navy. The French influenced Chile's legal and educational systems and had a decisive impact on Chile, through the architecture of the capital in the boom years at the turn of the century. German influence came from the organization and training of the army by Prussians. "Prussians" redirects here "Prussians" may also refer to citizens of the former German state of Prussia. [13]
On June 26, 1945 Chile participated as a founding member of the United Nations being among 50 countries that signed the United Nations Charter in San Francisco. The United Nations ( UN) is an International organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in International law, International security The United Nations Charter is the Treaty that forms and establishes the International organization called the United Nations. [39][40][41] With the military coup of 1973, Chile became isolated politically as a result of widespread human rights abuses. [13]
Since its return to democracy in 1990, Chile has been an active participant in the international political arena. Chile completed a 2-year non-permanent position on the UN Security Council in January 2005. Jose Miguel Insulza, a Chilean national, was elected Secretary General of the Organization of American States in May 2005. Chile is currently serving on the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors, and the 2007-2008 chair of the board is Chile’s ambassador to the IAEA, Milenko E. Skoknic. The country is an active member of the UN family of agencies and participates in UN peacekeeping activities. It is currently bidding for a seat on the UN Human Rights Council. Chile hosted the Defense Ministerial of the Americas in 2002 and the APEC summit and related meetings in 2004. It also hosted the Community of Democracies ministerial in April 2005 and the Ibero-American Summit in November 2007. An associate member of Mercosur and a full member of APEC, Chile has been an important actor on international economic issues and hemispheric free trade. [6]
The Chilean Government has diplomatic relations with most countries. It settled its territorial disputes with Argentina during the 1990s. Chile and Bolivia severed diplomatic ties in 1978 over Bolivia's desire to reacquire territory it lost to Chile in 1879-83 War of the Pacific. The two countries maintain consular relations and are represented at the Consul General level. [6]
Demographics
Chile's 2002 census reported a population of 15,116,435. Chile has a population of over 16 million people About 85% is urban-dwelling roughly half of which (approx Its growth has been declining since 1990, due to a decreasing birth rate. Crude birth rate is the natality or Childbirths per 1000 people per year [42] By 2050 the population is expected to reach approximately 20. 2 million. [43] About 85% of the country's population lives in urban areas, with 40% living in Greater Santiago. Santiago ( (litteraly in spanish Saint James) is the Capital of Chile, and the center of its largest Conurbation ( Greater Santiago The largest agglomerations according to the 2002 census are Greater Santiago with 5. In the study of human settlements an agglomeration is an extended City or Town area comprising the built-up area of a central place ( usually a Municipality 4 million people, Greater Valparaíso with 804,000 and Greater Concepción with 666,000. Gran Concepción is the second largest Conurbation in Chile, after Greater Santiago with 889725 habitants
Racial structure
The bulk of the Chilean population features a considerably homogeneous mestizo quality,[44] the product of miscegenation between colonial Spanish immigrants and Amerindian females[45] (including the Atacameños, Diaguitas, Picunches, Araucanians or Mapuches, Huilliches, Pehuenches, and Cuncos[46]). Miscegenation (Latin miscere "to mix" + genus "kind" is the mixing of different racial groups, that is marrying, cohabiting For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. The Atacameños (also called Lickan-antay) were a Native American people who inhabited the Andean portion of the Atacama Desert. The Diaguita, also called Diaguita-Calchaquí, are a group of South American indigenous peoples. The Picunche (a Mapudungun word meaning "North People" also referred to as picones by the Spanish were a mapudungun speaking Chilean people The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. The Huilliche ( Huillice) is an ethnic group of Chile, belonging to the Mapuche culture Pehuenches (people of pehuén in Mapudungun) are an indigenous people that are part of the Mapuche peoples and live in the Andes in south central Chile The Cuncos are a sedentary native Chilean people belonging to the southern group of Mapuche peoples and that inhabited the coasts of Chile from Valdivia Chile's ethnic structure can be classified as 30% white, 5% Native American and 65% predominantly white mestizos. [44] Whites are mostly Spanish in origin (mainly Castilians, Andalusians and Basques), and to a much lesser degree from Chile's various waves of immigrants (Italians, Germans, Israelis, Yugoslavians, Arabs, etc. Castilian is a noun and adjective that refers to the region and former kingdom of Castile in Spain; in particular it may refer to a native person The Basques (Euskaldunak are a people who inhabit a region spanning over parts of north-central Spain and southwestern France. The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Israel topics. See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian The araB gene Promoter is a bacterial promoter activated by e L-arabinose binding ). Foreigners have always been scarce in Chile, totalling 600 in the whole colonial period. At the 1960 census they numbered 105,000 (55% being Spanish, German, Italians or Argentines, in that order). For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. Besides being small in number, they mixed quickly with the locals. The black population was always scant, reaching a high of 25,000 during the colonial period; its racial contribution is less than 1%. The current Native American population is relatively small (see below) according to the censuses; their numbers are augmented when one takes into consideration those that are physically similar, and those that are linguistically or socially thought to belong to them. [44]
Indigenous communities
| Those belonging to recognised indigenous communities (2002) | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Alacaluf | 2,622 | 0. The Alacaluf (also called Halakwulup, Kawésqar, Kaweskar) are a South American people living in Chile in the Strait of Magellan 02% | Mapuche | 604,349 | 4. The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. 00% |
| Atacameño | 21,015 | 0. The Atacameños (also called Lickan-antay) were a Native American people who inhabited the Andean portion of the Atacama Desert. 14% | Quechua | 6,175 | 0. Quechua ( Runa Simi) is a Native American language of South America. 04% |
| Aymara | 48,501 | 0. The Aymara are a native Ethnic group in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America; about 1 32% | Rapanui | 4,647 | 0. The Rapanui or Rapa Nui ("Big Rapa" are the native Polynesian inhabitants of Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean (the island itself 03% |
| Colla | 3,198 | 0. 02% | Yámana | 1,685 | 0. The Yaghan, also called Yagán, Yahgan (the original spelling Yámana or Yamana, are the indigenous inhabitants of the islands south of 01% |
In the 1992 Chilean census, a total of 10. 5% of the total population surveyed declared themselves indigenous, irrespective of whether they currently practiced or spoke a native culture and language; almost one million people (9. For indigenous peoples in the United States other than Hawaii and Alaska see also Native Americans in the United States. 7% of the total) declared themselves Mapuche, 0. The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. 6% declared to be Aymara, and a 0. The Aymara are a native Ethnic group in the Andes and Altiplano regions of South America; about 1 2% reported as Rapanui. The Rapanui or Rapa Nui ("Big Rapa" are the native Polynesian inhabitants of Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean (the island itself
At the 2002 census, only indigenous people that still practiced a native culture or spoke a native language were surveyed: 4. 6% of the population (692,192 people) fit that description; of these, 87. 3% declared themselves Mapuche. [47]
Immigration
Relative to its overall population, Chile never experienced any large scale wave of immigrants. [48] The total number of immigrants to Chile, both originating from other Latin American countries and all other (mostly European) countries, never surpassed 4% of its total population. [49][48] This is not to say that immigrants were not important to the evolution of Chilean society and the Chilean nation. Basque families who migrated to Chile in the 18th century vitalized the economy and joined the old Castilian aristocracy to become the political elite that still dominates the country. [46] Some non-Spanish European immigrants arrived in Chile — mainly to the northern and southern extremities of the country — during the 19th and 20th centuries, including English, Germans, Irish, Italians, French, Croatians and other former Yugoslavians. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as The Irish people ( Irish: Muintir na hÉireann, na hÉireannaigh, na Gaeil) are a Western European Ethnic group who originate The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries See also Kingdom of Yugoslavia, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Federal Republic of Yugoslavia Yugoslavia ( Serbo-Croatian [50][48] The prevalence of non-Hispanic European surnames among the governing body of modern Chile are a testament to their disproportionate contribution and influence on the country. Also worth mentioning are the Korean, and especially Palestinian communities, the latter being the largest colony of that people outside of the Arab world. The Korean people are an East Asian Ethnic group. Most Koreans speak the Korean language. Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn The volume of immigrants from neighboring countries to Chile during those same periods was of a similar value. [48]
After independence and during the republican era, English, Italian, and French merchants established themselves in the growing cities of Chile and incidentally joined the political or economic elites of the country. The English people (from the adjective in Englisc) are a Nation and Ethnic group native to England who predominantly speak English The' Italian people' are a Southern European Ethnic group located primarily in Italy, Switzerland, France and by virtue of a wide-ranging Legal residents and citizens To be French according to the first article of the Constitution is to be a citizen of France regardless of one's origin race or religion ( The official encouragement of German and Swiss colonization in the Lake District (Los Lagos Region) during the second half of the 19th century was exceptional. The German people (Deutsche are an Ethnic group, in the sense of sharing a common German culture, descent and speaking the German language as Switzerland (English pronunciation; Schweiz Swiss German: Schwyz or Schwiiz Suisse Svizzera Svizra officially the Swiss Confederation Geography and demography The region has an area of 67013 km² and its population according to the 2002 INE Census was 1073135 with a population density Small numbers of displaced eastern European Jews and Christian Syrians and Palestinians fleeing the Ottoman Empire arrived in Chile. PLEASE TAKE NOTE************ A Christian is a person who adheres to Christianity, a monotheistic Religion centered on the life and teachings of Jesus of Nazareth Syria Greater Syria, a historical region of the Levant Roman Syria Ottoman Syria Palestinian people or Palestinians ( الشعب الفلسطيني, ash-sha`b al-filasTīni; الفلسطينيون, al-filasTīnīyyūn Today they spearhead financial and small manufacturing operations. [51] Croats have also immigrated to Chile and have formed a notable ethnic identity[52]. Croats (Hrvati are a South Slavic people mostly living in Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina and nearby countries
Currently, immigration from neighboring countries to Chile is greatest, and during the last decade immigration to Chile has doubled to 184,464 people in 2002, originating primarily from Argentina, Bolivia and Peru. Immigration refers to the movement of people among countries While the movement of people has existed throughout human history at various levels modern immigration implies long-term For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The Republic of Bolivia (República de Bolivia) named after Simón Bolívar, is a Landlocked country in central South America. Peru (Perú Piruw Piruw officially the Republic of Peru ( reˈpuβlika del peˈɾu is a country in western South America. Emigration of Chileans has decreased during the last decade: It is estimated that 857,781 Chileans live abroad, 50. "Emigrant" redirects here For the Butterflies, see Catopsilia. 1% of those being in Argentina, 13. 3% in the United States, 8. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the 8% in Brazil, 4. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld 9% in Sweden, and around 2% in Australia, with the rest being scattered in smaller numbers across the globe. "Sverige" redirects here For other uses see Sweden (disambiguation and Sverige (disambiguation. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
Culture
Northern Chile was an important center of culture in the medieval and early modern Inca empire, while the central and southern regions were areas of Mapuche cultural activities. The Inca Empire (or Inka Empire) was the largest empire in Pre-Columbian America. The Mapuche are the indigenous inhabitants of Central and Southern Chile and Southern Argentina. Through the colonial period following the conquest, and during the early Republican period, the country's culture was dominated by the Spanish. Other European influences, primarily English, French, and German began in the 19th century and have continued to this day. German migrants influenced the Bavarian style rural architecture and cuisine in the south of Chile in cities such as Valdivia and Puerto Montt. Valdivia is a city and commune in southern Chile administered by the Municipality of Valdivia Puerto Montt is a port city and commune in southern Chile, located at the northern end of the Reloncaví Sound in the Llanquihue Province, Los Lagos [53][54][55][56][57]
Music and dance
The national dance is the cueca. The Cueca is the national Dance of Chile, where it was officially selected on September 18 1979, and Bolivia. Another form of traditional Chilean song, though not a dance, is the tonada. Arising from music imported by the Spanish colonists, it is distinguished from the cueca by an intermediate melodic section and a more prominent melody. In the mid-1960s native musical forms were revitalized by the Parra family with the Nueva Canción Chilena, which was associated with political activists and reformers, and by the folk singer and researcher on folklore and Chilean ethnography, Margot Loyola. The Parra family is a Chilean family known for its many artists Nueva Canción (Spanish for 'new song' is a movement in Latin American music that was developed first in the Southern Cone of South America - Argentina Chile and Uruguay - Folk music can have a number of different meanings including Traditional music: The original meaning of the term "folk music" was synonymous Usually a researcher or scientific researcher is someone who is professionally engaged in Scientific research, technological research or Engineering research History The concept of folklore developed as part of the 19th century ideology of Romantic nationalism, leading to the reshaping of oral traditions to serve modern ideological Ethnography ( Greek ethnos = people and graphein = writing is a genre of writing that uses Fieldwork to provide a descriptive
Literature
Chileans call their country país de poetas—country of poets. Gabriela Mistral was the first Chilean to win a Nobel Prize for Literature (1945). Gabriela Mistral ( April 7, 1889 — January 10, 1957) was the Pseudonym of Lucila de María del Perpetuo Socorro Godoy Alcayaga The Nobel Prize in Literature (Nobelpriset i litteratur is awarded annually since 1901 to an author from any country who has in the words from the will of Alfred Chile's most famous poet, however, is Pablo Neruda, who also won the Nobel Prize for Literature (1971) and is world-renowned for his extensive library of works on romance, nature, and politics. Pablo Neruda ( July 12, 1904 – September 23, 1973) was the pen name and later legal name of the Chilean writer and politician His three highly individualistic homes, located in Isla Negra, Santiago and Valparaíso are popular tourist destinations. Isla Negra is a fishing village some 130 kilometres south-west of Valparaiso, Chile.
Cuisine
Chilean cuisine is a reflection of the country's topographical variety, featuring an assortment of seafood, beef, fruits, and vegetables. Traditional recipes include cazuela, empanadas, humitas, and curanto. Cazuela (/ka'swela/ is the name of a South American ( Southern Cone) Spanish -originated soup An empanada (not to be confused with the Portuguese empada, which is a different dish is essentially a stuffed Pastry. Humita is a Native American dish from pre-Hispanic times and a traditional food in Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador and Peru Curanto is a traditional food of Chiloé Island that has spread to the southern areas of Chile and Argentina.
Sports
Chile's most popular sport is association football (soccer). Association football, more commonly known as football or soccer, is a Team sport played between two teams of eleven players and is widely considered Chile hosted the 1962 FIFA World Cup and its national football team finished third. The 1962 FIFA World Cup, the seventh staging of the World Cup was held in Chile from May 30 to June 17. The Chilean national football team represents Chile in all major international football competitions Other results achieved by the national football team include four finals at the Copa América, one silver and two bronze medals at the Pan American Games and a bronze medal at the 2000 Summer Olympics. The Copa América ( Spanish and Portuguese for "America Cup" is the main football competition of the men's national football teams governed by The Pan American Games are a Multi-sport event, held every four years between competitors from all nations of The Americas. "I am proud and happy to proclaim that you have presented to the world the best Olympic Games ever The main soccer clubs are Colo-Colo, CF Universidad de Chile and CD Universidad Católica. Corporación Club Social y Deportivo Colo-Colo is a Chilean football club. Club de Fútbol Profesional de la Universidad de Chile is one of the most popular football clubs in Chile. Club Deportivo Universidad Católica is one of Chile 's most popular football clubs based in the country's capital Santiago. Colo-Colo is the country's most successful club, winning 41 national tournaments and three international championships, including the coveted Copa Libertadores South American club tournament. The Copa Santander Libertadores, also known as Copa Libertadores de América, ( Taça Libertadores da América) is a football cup competition played
Tennis is the country's most successful sport and second most popular. Tennis is a sport played between two players ( singles) or between two teams of two players each ( doubles) Its national team won the World Team Cup clay tournament twice in 2003-04, and played the Davis Cup final against Italy in 1976. The Chile Davis Cup Team is currently captained by former Chilean tennis player Hans Gildemeister. The ARAG ATP World Team Championship is the international team championship of the Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP The Davis Cup is the premier international team event in men's Tennis. Italy (Italia officially the Italian Republic, (Repubblica Italiana is located on the Italian Peninsula in Southern Europe, and on the two largest At the 2004 Summer Olympics the country captured gold and bronze in men's singles and gold in men's doubles. The 2004 Summer Olympic Games, officially known as the Games of the XXVIII Olympiad, was an International Multi-sport event which was celebrated Marcelo Ríos became the first Latin American man to reach the number one spot in the ATP singles rankings in 1998. Marcelo Andrés Ríos Mayorga (born December 26, 1975) is a former world number one Tennis player from Chile. The ATP Rankings is the Association of Tennis Professionals' historical objective merit-based method used for determining entry and seeding in men's tennis tournaments Anita Lizana won the US Open in 1937, becoming the first women from Latin America to win a grand slam tournament. Anita Lizana de Ellis ( November 19 1915 in Santiago - August 21 1994) was a tennis player from Chile and the The US Open Tennis tournament is one of the oldest tennis championships in the world first contested in 1881 The four Grand Slam tournaments are the most important Tennis events of the year Luis Ayala was twice a runner-up at the French Open and both Ríos and Fernando González reached the Australian Open men's singles finals. Luis Ignacio Ayala (born January 12, 1978 in Los Mochis, Sinaloa, Mexico) is a professional Baseball Pitcher The French Open ( Les Internationaux de France de Roland Garros or Tournoi de Roland-Garros) is a major Tennis tournament held over Fernando Francisco González Ciuffardi (born July 29, 1980) nicknamed El bombardero de La Reina ( Spanish "The La Reina The Australian Open is one of the four Grand Slam Tennis Tournaments held each year
At the Olympic Games Chile boasts two gold medals (tennis), six silver medals (athletics, equestrian, boxing and shooting) and four bronze medals (tennis, boxing and football). The Olympic Games is an international Multi-sport event established for both summer and winter games Boxing (sometimes also known as English boxing or pugilism) is a Combat sport in which two participants generally of similar weight, Shooting is the act or process of firing Rifles Shotguns or other projectile Weapons such as bows or Crossbows Even the firing of
Rodeo is the country's national sport and is practiced in the more rural areas of the country. Rodeo is the second most popular sport (following Soccer) in Chile. A national sport is a Sport or Game that is considered to be a intrinsic part of the culture of a Nation. A sport similar to hockey called chueca was played by the Mapuche people during the Spanish conquest. Hockey is any of a family of Sports in which two teams compete by trying to maneuver a Ball, or a hard round rubber or heavy plastic disc called a puck Palín may refer to Palín Escuintla, municipality in the Escuintla Department of Guatemala Palín Michalovce, village in the Michalovce Skiing and snowboarding are practiced at ski centers located in the Central Andes, while surfing is popular at some coastal towns. Snow skiing is a group of sports utilizing Skis as primary equipment Snowboarding is a sport that involves descending a Snow -covered slope on a Snowboard attached to a participant's feet using a special boot set into a mounted binding The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Surfing is a surface water sport in which the participant is carried along the face of a breaking wave, most commonly using a Surfboard, although wave-riders
Tourism
Tourism in Chile has experienced sustained growth over the last few decades. Tourism is Travel for Recreational or Leisure purposes The World Tourism Organization defines tourists as people who "travel In 2005, tourism grew by 13. 6%, generating more than 4. 5 billion dollars of which 1. 5 billion is attributed to foreign tourists. According to the National Service of Tourism (Sernatur), 2 million people a year visit the country. Most of these visitors come from other countries in the American continent, mainly Argentina; followed by a growing amount from the United States, Europe, and Brazil with a growing amount of Asians from South Korea and PR China. For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Argentina topics. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld South Korea, officially the Republic of Korea and often referred to as Korea ( Korean: 대한민국 tɛː Talk People's Republic of China) PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA ARTICLE GUIDELINES [58]
The main attractions for tourists are places of natural beauty situated in the extreme zones of the country: San Pedro de Atacama, in the north, is very popular with foreign tourists who arrive to admire the Incaic architecture and the altiplano lakes of the Valley of the Moon. San Pedro de Atacama is a Chilean town and commune in El Loa Province, Antofagasta Region. In Putre, also in the North, there is the Chungará Lake, as well as the Parinacota and the Pomerape volcanoes, with altitudes of 6,348 m and 6,222 m, respectively. Putre is a Chilean town and commune, capital of the Parinacota Province in the Arica-Parinacota Region. Lake Chungará is situated in northern Chile, in Tarapacá Region. Parinacota may refer to Parinacota Volcano Parinacota Province Parinacota Chile Arica-Parinacota Pomerape is a Stratovolcano lying on the border of Chile and Bolivia. Throughout the central Andes there are many ski resorts of international repute, like Portillo and Valle Nevado. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America. Portillo is a Spanish word meaning "narrow pass" or " Wicket. Resort statistics Elevation Base 3028 m Highest Elevation 3670 m Lowest Elevation 2 In the south, the main tourist sites are the Chiloé Archipelago, Patagonia, the San Rafael Lagoon, with its many glaciers, and the Towers of Paine national park. Chiloé Archipelago (Archipiélago de Chiloé consists of several islands lying off the coast of Chile. Llao LLaojpg|thumb|250px| Lake Nahuel Huapi, near Bariloche, Argentina San Rafael Lagoon is an arc-shaped coastal Lake located in the Aisén Region of Chile, within the national park that bears its name. The central port city of Valparaíso, with its unique architecture, is also popular. Valparaíso (literally in Spanish: Valle Paraíso (Paradise Valley and also called "Valpo" locally is a major city in Chile Finally, Easter Island in the Pacific Ocean is probably the main Chilean tourist destination. The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth 's Oceanic divisions
For locals, tourism is concentrated mostly in the summer (December to March), and mainly in the coastal beach towns. Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta, La Serena and Coquimbo are the main summer centres in the north, and Pucón on the shores of Lake Villarrica is the main one in the south. Iquique (iˈkike is a city in northern Chile, capital of Tarapacá Region, on the Pacific coast, west of the Atacama Desert and the For the copper-mining company named after the region see Antofagasta plc. La Serena may refer to La Serena Chile, a city La Serena Colombia, a town La Serena Spain, a historical territory Coquimbo is a port city and capital of the Elqui Province located on the Pan-American Highway, in the Coquimbo Region of Chile. Pucón ( Mapudungun: "entrance of the Cordillera " is a Chilean city and commune administered by the municipality of Pucón located in the Lake Villarrica, also known as Mallolafquén Due to its proximity to Santiago, the coast of the Valparaíso Region, with its many beach resorts, receives the largest amount of tourists. Geography It is west but on the same latitude as the "Región Metropolitana de Santiago " Viña del Mar, Valparaíso's northern affluent neighbor, is popular due to its beaches, casino, and its annual song festival, the most important musical event in Latin America. Viña del Mar ( Spanish: "Vineyard of the Sea" also known locally as La Ciudad Jardín (Spanish "The Garden City" is a Chilean A casino is in the modern sense of the word a facility that houses and accommodates certain types of Gambling activities The Viña del Mar International Song Festival (Festival Internacional de la Canción de Viña del Mar is a Music festival held annually during February since 1959 in Viña
In November 2005, the government launched a campaign under the brand "Chile: All Ways Surprising," intended to promote the country internationally for both business and tourism. [59]
Languages
Spanish
The Spanish spoken in Chile is distinctively accented and quite unlike that of neighbouring South American countries due to the dropping of final syllables and 's' sounds, and the soft pronunciation of some consonants. Chilean Spanish ( Spanish: Español chileno or Castellano chileno) is the variety of Spanish spoken in most of Chile
English language learning and teaching is popular among students, academics and professionals, with some English words being absorbed and appropriated into everyday Spanish speech, although they might seem unrecognizable due to Non-native pronunciations of English. The speech of non-native English speakers may exhibit pronunciation characteristics that result from such speakers imperfectly learning the pronunciation of English either by transferring [60]
Indigenous languages
There are several indigenous languages spoken in Chile: Mapudungun, Quechua, Rapa Nui, Huilliche, Aimará, Kawésqar, and Yámana. Republic of Chile is an overwhelmingly Spanish speaking country with perhaps the exception of Mapudungun and isolated native and immigrant communities Mapudungun (from mapu 'earth land' and dungun 'speak speech' is a Language isolate spoken in central Chile and west central Argentina Chilean Quechua is a Quechuan language spoken in northern Chile. The Huilliche ( Huillice) is an ethnic group of Chile, belonging to the Mapuche culture Central Aymara (ISO 639-3 ayr is a branch of the Aymara language spoken by more than 2227642 across Southern South America, including 1785000 in Bolivians Kawésqar (also known as Qawasqar 639-3 Alacaluf Halakwulup Kaweskar Alakaluf Kawaskar Kawesqar Qawashqar Halakwalip Hekaine Kaueskar Aksanás is an Alacalufan The Yaghan, also called Yagán, Yahgan (the original spelling Yámana or Yamana, are the indigenous inhabitants of the islands south of After the Spanish invasion, Spanish took over as the lingua franca, and the indigenous languages have become minority languages with some now extinct or close to extinction. A lingua franca (from Italian, literally meaning Frankish language, see etymology under Sabir and Italian below is any Language widely [61]
National symbols
The national flower is the copihue (Lapageria rosea, Chilean bellflower), which grows in the woods of southern Chile. The Copihue ( co-pee-way) ( Lapageria rosea) also known as the Chilean Bellflower and Chilean Glory Flower, is the national flower of
The coat of arms depicts the two national animals: the condor (Vultur gryphus, a very large bird that lives in the mountains) and the huemul (Hippocamelus bisulcus, an endangered white tail deer). A coat of arms or armorial bearings (often just arms for short in European tradition is a design belonging to a particular person (or group of people Condor is the name for two Species of New World vultures each in a Monotypic Genus. It also has the legend Por la razón o la fuerza (By right or might or By reason or by force).
The flag of Chile consists of two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; there is a blue square the same height as the white band at the hoist-side end of the white band; the square bears a white five-pointed star in the center representing a guide to progress and honor; blue symbolizes the sky, white is for the snow-covered Andes, and red stands for the blood spilled to achieve independence. The Andes form the world's longest exposed Mountain range. They lie as a continuous chain of highland along the western coast of South America.
Religion
Chile is a traditionally Catholic nation, with an estimated 70% of Chileans belonging to that church. Chile has a Catholic majority with an estimated 70% of Chileans belonging to that church According to census data other declared denominations or groupings include: Protestant or Evangelical (15. 1%), Jehovah's Witnesses (1%), The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (0. 9%), Jewish (0. 1%), Atheist or Agnostic (8. 3%), and other (4. 4%). Less than 0. 1% are either Orthodox or Muslim. (For the precise numbers of declared religions among the population ages 15 and over as indicated by the results of the latest census, see: 2002 Census data. ) The LDS church statistics claim to have 543,628 members within Chile. [62]
See also
International rankings
| Publisher | Index | Overall ranking | Lat. Am. ranking | Countries surveyed | % rank. This is a list of topics related to Chile. Those interested in the subject can monitor changes to the pages by clicking on Related changes in the sidebar Antártica Chilena Province is one of four provinces in its southernmost region, Magallanes and Antártica Chilena Region. The technical regulator of communications in Chile is the Ministry of Transportation and Telecommunications, through the Undersecretariat of Telecommunications (Subtel Chile holds nationwide presidential parliamentary and municipal elections Education in Chile is divided in Preschool, Primary school, Secondary school, and technical or Higher education ( University Colonial era to 1690 In colonial times the segmentation of Chile into Latifundios left only small parcels for native American and Mestizo villagers Since its return to democracy in 1990 Chile has been an active participant in the international political arena This is a list of national holidays in Chile. Most holidays in Chile are Christian holidays Human rights in Chile are generally respected by the government This is a list of Chilean companies by field of operation Media El Mercurio SAP Copesa Mining This is a list of Chileans who are famous or notable Economists/ Entrepreneurs Eduardo Aninat - finance minister during Television is one of the major mass media of Chile. It was introduced in 1957. The United States intervention in Chilean's politics started during the War of Chilean Independence. The Chilean Pharmaceutical Policy was an attempt in the 1960s and 1970s to introduce a rational National pharmaceuticals policy. Chilean Spanish ( Spanish: Español chileno or Castellano chileno) is the variety of Spanish spoken in most of Chile Chilean wine is Wine made in the South American country of Chile. Rodeo is the second most popular sport (following Soccer) in Chile. The Association of Guides and Scouts of Chile - Asociación de Guías y Scouts de Chile (AGSCH was formed in 1978 by the amalgamation of the Asociación de Scouts Access According to the regualatory agency SISS (see below the Chilean urban areas access to water supply stood at 99 | Date |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freedom House | Freedom in the World 2008 | Free | — | 193 | — | 2008/01 |
| SOPAC/UNEP | 2005 Environmental Vulnerability Index | Vulnerable | — | 235 | — | 2005/05 |
| Heritage Foundation/The Wall Street Journal | 2008 Index of Economic Freedom | 8 | 1 | 157 | 5 | 2008/01 |
| Fraser Institute | Economic Freedom of the World - 2007 Annual Report | 11 | 1 | 141 | 8 | 2007/09 |
| Fund for Peace | Failed States Index 2007 | 18 (159)[63] | 1 (20)[63] | 177 | 10 | 2007/07 |
| Transparency International | 2007 Corruption Perceptions Index | 22 | 1 | 179 | 12 | 2007/09 |
| The Economist | The Global Peace Index, 2008 | 19 | 1 | 140 | 14 | 2008/05 |
| World Health Organization | The world health report 2000 - Health system performance (overall) | 33 | 2 | 191 | 17 | 2000/06 |
| The Economist | The World in 2007 - Democracy index, 2006 | 30 | 3 | 167 | 18 | 2006/11 |
| World Bank | Doing Business - Ease of Doing Business, 2008 | 33 | 2[64] | 178 | 19 | 2007/09 |
| Yale University/Columbia University | 2008 Environmental Performance Index | 29 | 4 | 149 | 19 | 2008/01 |
| World Economic Forum | The Global Competitiveness Report 2007-2008's Global Competitiveness Index | 26 | 1 | 131 | 20 | 2007/10 |
| World Bank | Logistics Performance Index | 32 | 1 | 150 | 21 | 2007/11 |
| AccountAbility | Responsible Competitiveness Index 2007 | 24 | 1 | 108 | 22 | 2007/07 |
| UNDP | Human Development Report - Human Development Index 2007 | 40 | 2 | 177 | 23 | 2007/11 |
| Reporters without borders | Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2007 | 39 | 3 | 169 | 23 | 2007/10 |
| International Living | Quality of Life Index 2008 | 48 | 8 | 194 | 25 | 2008/03 |
| World Economic Forum | The Global Information Technology Report 2007-2008's Networked Readiness Index | 34 | 1 | 127 | 27 | 2008/04 |
| World Bank | Where is the Wealth of Nations? (2005) - Total wealth per capita | 32 | 4 | 118 | 27 | 2005/09 |
| The Economist | The World in 2005 - Worldwide quality-of-life index, 2005 | 31 | 1 | 111 | 28 | 2004/11 |
| Unesco | EFA Global Monitoring Report 2008 - EFA Development Index | 37 | 3 | 129 | 29 | 2007/11 |
| Yale University/Columbia University | 2005 Environmental Sustainability Index | 42 | 9 | 146 | 29 | 2005/01 |
| Freedom House | Freedom of the Press 2007 | 66 | 2 | 195 | 34 | 2007/05 |
| FedEx | The Power of Access - 2006 Access Index | 32 | 1 | 75 | 43 | 2006/05 |
| Brown University | Seventh Annual Global e-Government Study (2007) | 85 | 8 | 198 | 43 | 2007/07 |
| IMD International | World Competitiveness Yearbook 2008 | 26 | 1 | 55 | 47 | 2008/05 |
| Economist Intelligence Unit/Business Software Alliance | IT industry competitiveness index 2007 | 31 | 1 | 64 | 48 | 2007/07 |
| World Economic Forum | The Global Gender Gap Index 2007 | 86 | 16 | 128 | 67 | 2007/11 |
| A.T. Kearney/Foreign Policy Magazine | Globalization Index 2007 | 43 | 2 | 72 | 78 | 2007/12 |
Notes and references
- ^ Banknotes and Coins. Freedom House is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Democracy, political The Pacific Islands Applied Geoscience Commission ( SOPAC) is an inter-governmental regional organisation dedicated to providing services to promote The UN Environment Programme (or UNEP) coordinates United Nations environmental activities assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies The Environmental Vulnerability Index (EVI is a Measurement devised by the South Pacific Applied Geoscience Commission (SOPAC the United Nations Environment The Heritage Foundation is an American conservative Think tank. The Index of Economic Freedom is a series of 10 economic measurements created by the Wall Street Journal and The Heritage Foundation to measure the degree of Economic freedom The Fraser Institute is Conservative and Libertarian Think tank based in Canada that espouses Free market principles The Fund for Peace is an independent Washington DC -based Nonprofit research and educational organization Transparency International ( TI) is a leading international Non-governmental organization addressing corruption The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London The Global Peace Index is an attempt to measure the relative position of nations’ and regions’ peacefulness The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London The Economist has in a study examined the state of Democracy in 167 countries and attempted to quantify this with an Economist Intelligence Unit Index of Democracy The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The Environmental Performance Index (EPI is a method of quantifying and numerically benchmarking the environmental performance of a country's policies The World Economic Forum (WEF is a Geneva -based Non-profit foundation best known for its Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e The Human Development Report (HDR is an annual milestone publication by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP The Human Development Index ( HDI) is an index combining normalized measures of Life expectancy, Literacy, Educational attainment, and GDP International Living (IL is a publishing group founded in Baltimore Maryland in 1979 as the flagship of Agora Inc The World Economic Forum (WEF is a Geneva -based Non-profit foundation best known for its Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland The World Bank is an internationally supported Bank that provides financial and technical assistance to developing countries for development programs (e The Economist is an English-language weekly news and International affairs publication owned by The Economist Newspaper Ltd and edited in London United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization ( UNESCO) is a specialized agency of the United Nations established on November 16 Columbia University is a private University in the United States and a member of the Ivy League. The Environmental Sustainability Index (ESI is a composite index tracking 21 elements of Environmental sustainability covering natural resource endowments past and Freedom House is a United States -based international Non-governmental organization that conducts research and advocacy on Democracy, political FedEx Corporation ( is a Logistics services company based in the United States. Brown University is a highly esteemed private University located in Providence, Rhode Island and is a member of the Ivy League. The International Institute for Management Development ( IMD) is a non profit business school located in Lausanne, Switzerland. The Economist Intelligence Unit ( EIU) is part of The Economist Group. The Business Software Alliance ( BSA) is a Trade group established in 1988 and representing a number of the world's largest Software makers The World Economic Forum (WEF is a Geneva -based Non-profit foundation best known for its Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland AT Kearney is a global Management consulting firm focusing on strategic and operational CEO-agenda concerns Foreign Policy is a bimonthly American Magazine founded in 1970 by Samuel P Chilean Central Bank. Retrieved on 2007-11-11. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 308 - The Congress of Carnuntum: Attempting to keep peace within the Roman Empire, the leaders of the Tetrarchy declare
- ^ a b c d World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008. International Monetary Fund.
- ^ Encuesta Casen. Mideplan.
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Chile. Central Intelligence Agency. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all
- ^ a b c Country profile: Chile.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x Background Note: Chile. United States Department of State, Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, January 2008.
- ^ CIA - The World Factbook -- Chile. Central Intelligence Agency. near as long as it used to be several months ago It has been actively summarized and split into sub-articles and there is a dynamic talk page discussion of all
- ^ Human and income poverty: developing countries. UNDP. Retrieved on 2008-05-19. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1535 - French explorer Jacques Cartier sets sail on his second voyage to North America with three ships 110 men and
- ^ World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ World Economic Outlook Database, April 2008. International Monetary Fund. The International Monetary Fund ( IMF) is an International organization that oversees the Global financial system by following the Macroeconomic Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ Encuesta Casen. Mideplan (2007).
- ^ a b Encina, Francisco A. , and Leopoldo Castedo (1961). Resumen de la Historia de Chile. 4th ed. Santiago. Zig-Zag.
- ^ a b c d e f Hudson, Rex A. , ed. . Chile: A Country Study. GPO for the Library of Congress. 1995. Retrieved on 2005-02-27. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 1560 - The Treaty of Berwick, which would expel the French from Scotland, is signed by England and the Congregation
- ^ Pearson, Neale J. (2004). "Chile". Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia. Scholastic Library Publishing. Retrieved on 2005-03-02. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 986 - Louis V becomes King of the Franks. 1127 - Assassination of Charles the Good
- ^ "Chile". Encyclopedia Americana. (2005). Grolier Online. Retrieved on March 2005.
- ^ "Chile (república)". Enciclopedia Microsoft Encarta Online. (2005). Retrieved on 2005-02-26. Year 2005 ( MMV) was a Common year starting on Saturday (link displays full calendar of the Gregorian calendar. Events 747 BC - Epoch (origin of Ptolemy 's Nabonassar Era 364 - Valentinian I is proclaimed
- ^ "CHILE". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th edition). (1911).
- ^ Documents reveal Us Funding for Chile coup. CNN (December 19, 2006). Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 324 - Licinius abdicates his position as Roman Emperor. Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ Soto, Óscar. El Último dia de Salvador Allende.
- ^ Ahumada, Eugeno. Chile: La memoria prohibida.
- ^ September 11, 1973: the definitive coup.
- ^ Flashback: Caravan of Death. BBC News. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ Man in the News: Patricio Aylwin; A Moderate Leads Chile. The New York Times. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ Chile elects new leader Late president's son wins big.
- ^ Moderate socialist Lagos wins Chilean presidential election. CNN (January 16, 2000). Cable News Network, usually referred to by its Initialism CNN, is a major English language Television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner Events 27 BC - The title Augustus is bestowed upon Gaius Julius Caesar Octavian by the Roman Senate. 2000 ( MM) was a Leap year that started on Saturday of the Common Era, in accordance with the Gregorian calendar. Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ Chile elects first woman president. msnbc.com. Msnbccom is the most-visited online news organization in the U Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ Bachelet Sworn In As Chile's President. The Washington Post. The Washington Post is the largest and most circulated Newspaper in Washington D Retrieved on 2008-05-02. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common Events 1194 - King Richard I of England gives Portsmouth its first Royal Charter.
- ^ Chile scraps Pinochet-era system. BBC NEWS.
- ^ President Lagos: We can make a greater effort to make yesterday’s and today’s trials equally just. Chilean Government.
- ^ Organigrama. Gobierno de Chile.
- ^ Economic Department. Embassy of Chile in the United States of America.
- ^ Chilean Central Bank.
- ^ CASEN 2006 en profundidad. Libertad y Desarrollo (2007-06-22). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 217 BC - Battle of Raphia: Ptolemy IV of Egypt defeats Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid kingdom. Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Una muy necesaria corrección: Hay cuatro millones de pobres en Chile. El Mercurio (2007-10-14). El Mercurio is a conservative Chilean newspaper with editions in Valparaíso and Santiago. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1066 - Norman Conquest: Battle of Hastings - In England on Senlac Hill seven miles from Hastings, the forces Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Destitute no more. The Economist (2007-08-16). Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1384 - The Hongwu Emperor of Ming China, Emperor Dong hears a case of a couple who tore paper money bills while fighting Retrieved on 2007-10-22. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 202 BC - Hannibal Barca, leader of the Carthaginians, is defeated by the Roman legions under Scipio Africanus
- ^ Human Development Report 2006. United Nations Development Programme, p. 335 (November 9, 2006). Events 694 - Egica, a king of the Visigoths of Hispania, accuses Jews of aiding Muslims sentencing all Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ World Wine Situation and Outlook. USDA.
- ^ Carabineros de Chile, accessed on May 31, 2008
- ^ United Nations Member States. Events 1279 BC - Rameses II (The Great (19th dynasty becomes pharaoh of Ancient Egypt. 2008 ( MMVIII) is the current year in accordance with the Gregorian calendar, a Leap year that started on Tuesday of the Common
- ^ United Nations Member States.
- ^ The San Francisco Conference: Chile Signs United Nations Charter.
- ^ Anuario Estadísticas Vitales 2003. Instituto National de Estadísticas (INE).
- ^ Chile: Proyecciones y Estimaciones de Población. Total País 1950- 2050. Instituto National de Estadísticas (INE).
- ^ a b c Elementos de Salud Pública, section 5.2.6. University of Chile.
- ^ DYS19 and DYS199 loci in a Chilean population of mixed ancestry. University of Chile.
- ^ a b Chile. (2007). In Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved July 15, 2007, from Encyclopædia Britannica Online: http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-24684
- ^ Censo 2002 - Síntesis de Resultados. Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas.
- ^ a b c d Doña, Cristián; Amanda Levinson (February 2004). Chile: Moving Towards a Migration Policy. Migration Information Source.
- ^ Nuestro País. Universidad de Talca.
- ^ People. Embassy of Chile in Australia (June 9, 2006). Events 53 - Roman Emperor Nero marries Claudia Octavia 62 - Claudia Octavia commits Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar.
- ^ Chile: The people. Britannica Online Encyclopedia.
- ^ Journal for General Social Issues, Issue 6. CEEOL Social Research (2006).
- ^ Valdivia, Chile Living Guide.
- ^ Chile.
- ^ Chile.
- ^ Foreign Relations.
- ^ Food in Chile.
- ^ Unknown.
- ^ Unknown. ProChile.
- ^ El dialecto más austral del español: fonética del español de Chile.
- ^ Languages of Chile.
- ^ Chile.
- ^ a b Reversed ranking shown. Actual ranking in parentheses.
- ^ Second after Puerto Rico, which is not an independent country
Bibliography
- Bureau of Western Hemisphere Affairs, United States Department of State, August 2006
- Library of Congress country profile
- Encyclopaedia Britannica, Chile - Country Page
- Chile entry at The World Factbook
- Disputes between Chile and Argentine
External links
Official resources
- Gobierno - Government (English version)
- Ministerio del Interior - Interior Ministry
- Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores - Ministry of Foreign Affairs
- Ministerio de Hacienda - Ministry of Finance (English version)
- Congreso Nacional - National Congress
- Senado - Senate
- Cámara de Diputados - Chamber of Deputies
- Biblioteca del Congreso Nacional - Library of National Congress
- Poder Judicial - Judiciary
- Banco Central - Central Bank (English version)
- Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (INE) - National Statistics Institute
General information
- Atacama, Chile Web Site
- Atacama Chile
- Open Directory Project - Chile directory category
- Chile travel guide from Wikitravel
- Several links compiled by LANIC
- Council of Hemispheric Affairs An independent source of Latin American News and Opinion
- Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Chile
- Invest in Chile
- Native flora species
- Chile travel ideas
Puerto Rico (ˌpwertoˈriko officially the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico ("Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico" {{lang-en|"Associated Free State of Puerto Rico"}} Wikitravel is a Web -based project "to create a free, complete up-to-date and reliable worldwide travel guide.
Dapyx Software network: MP3 Explorer | Ebook Manager | Zenithic