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"Carpathian" and "Carpathians" redirect here. For other uses, see Carpathian (disambiguation).
Carpathians
Range
none Inner Western Carpathians, High Tatras
Inner Western Carpathians, High Tatras
CountriesCzech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, Ukraine, Romania
Highest pointGerlachovský štít
 - elevation2,655 m (8,711 ft)
Satellite image of the Carpathians
Satellite image of the Carpathians

The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Romanian: Carpaţi; Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати (Karpaty); German: Karpaten; Serbian: Karpati / Карпати; Hungarian: Kárpátok) are a range of mountains forming an arc of roughly 1,500 km across Central and Eastern Europe. High Tatras or High Tatra (Slovak and Czech Vysoké Tatry, Polish Tatry Wysokie) are a Mountain range on the borders between Slovakia The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Hungary (Magyarország 'mɔɟɔrorsaːg) officially in English the Republic of Hungary ( Magyar Köztársaság, literally Magyar (Hungarian Republic Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Gerlachovský štít ( translated into English as Gerlachov Peak, Gerlachovský Peak or Gerlach Peak) is the highest peak in the High Tatras The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International A foot (plural feet or foot; symbol or abbreviation ft or sometimes &prime – the prime symbol) is a non-SI unit The Carpathian Mountains or Carpathians (Carpaţi Czech, Polish and Slovak: Karpaty; Ukrainian: Карпати Romanian or Daco-Romanian ( dated: Rumanian or Roumanian; self designation limba română, ˈlimba roˈmɨnə is a Romance Czech (ˈʧɛk čeština ˈʧɛʃcɪna in Czech is a West Slavic language with about 12 million native speakers it is the majority language in the Polish ( język polski, polszczyzna) is the Official language of Poland. The Slovak language ( slovenčina, slovenský jazyk, not to be confused with Slovenščina) sometimes referred to as "Slovakian" Ukrainian (in Ukrainian украї́нська мо́ва ukrayins'ka mova,) is a language of the East Slavic subgroup of the Slavic languages. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Serbian (sr-Cyrl српски језик sr-Latn ''srpski jezik'' is a South Slavic language, Hungarian ( magyar nyelv) is a Uralic language (more specifically a Ugric language) unrelated to most other languages in Europe. The kilometre ( American spelling: kilometer) symbol km is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one thousand Central Europe is the Region lying between the variously and vaguely defined areas of Eastern and Eastern Europe is a general term that refers to the Geopolitical region encompassing the easternmost part of the European continent. They provide the habitat for the largest populations in Europe of brown bears, wolves and lynxes, all concentrated in Romania, as well as over one third of all European plant species. The Brown Bear ( Ursus arctos) is an Omnivorous Mammal of the family Ursidae, distributed across much of northern Eurasia and The Eurasian Wolf ( Canis lupus lupus) also known as the Common Wolf, European Wolf, Carpathian Wolf, Steppes Wolf, Tibetan Wolf A lynx is any of four medium-sized wild cats. All are members of the Genus Lynx, but there is considerable confusion about the best way to classify Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania [1]

The chain of mountain ranges stretches in an arc from the Czech Republic in the northwest to Ukraine and Romania in the east, to the Iron Gates on the Danube River between Romania and Serbia in the south. The Czech Republic ( ˈt͡ʃɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka short form in Česko ˈt͡ʃɛskɔ also called Czechia, Ukraine (Україна Ukrayina, /ukrɑˈjinɑ/ is a country in Eastern Europe. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania For the Iron Gates built by Alexander the Great in the Alexander Romance, see Gates of Alexander. The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania Serbia (Србија Srbija) officially the Republic of Serbia (Република Србија Republika Srbija) is a Landlocked Country The highest range within the Carpathians are the Tatras, on the border of Poland and Slovakia, where the highest peaks exceed 2600 meters in elevation, followed by the Southern Carpathians in Romania, where the highest peaks exceed 2500 meters in elevation. Panorama tatierjpg|thumb|right|300px|Panorama of Tatras]]The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra ( Tatry in both Polish and Slovak) Poland (Polska officially the Republic of Poland Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million The Southern Carpathians (Carpaţii Meridionali also called the Transylvanian Alps, are a group of Mountain ranges which divide central and southern Romania Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Carpathian chain is usually divided into three major parts: the Western Carpathians (Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary), the Eastern Carpathians (Southeastern Poland, Eastern Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania) and the Southern Carpathians (Romania, Serbia[2]).

The most important cities in or near the Carpathians are Bratislava and Košice in Slovakia, Cluj-Napoca and Braşov in Romania, and Miskolc in Hungary. ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading Košice (; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County Miskolc (miʃkolts approximate pronunciation "Me-shkolts" in Slovak Miškovec, in Polish Miszkolc) is a city in North-East

Contents

Name

Inner Western Carpathians, High Tatras, Slovakia
Inner Western Carpathians, High Tatras, Slovakia

The name 'Karpetes' may ultimately be from the Proto Indo-European root *sker-/*ker-, from which comes the Albanian word karpë "rock", perhaps by Dacian cognate which meant 'mountain,' rock, or rugged (cf. Slovakia (long form Slovak Republic; Slovak:, long form, is a Landlocked country in Central Europe with a population of over five million Albanian (sq ''Gjuha shqipe'' ˈɟuha ˈʃcipɛ is an Indo-European language spoken by nearly 6 million peoplewhile others claim that it derives from Daco - The Dacian language was spoken by the ancient inhabitants of Dacia. Old Norse harfr "harrow", Middle Low German shcarf "potsherd", Lithuanian kar~pas "cut, hack, notch", Latvian cìrpt "to shear, clip"). Archaic Polish word karpa meant "rugged irregularities, underwater obstacles/rocks, rugged roots or trunks". The more common word skarpa is sharp cliff or other vertical terrain. Otherwise, the name may instead come from IE *kwerp "to turn", akin to Old English hweorfan "to turn, change" and Greek karpós "wrist", perhaps referring to the way the mountain range bends or veers in an L-shape[3].

In late Roman documents, the Eastern Carpathian Mountains were referred to as Montes Sarmatici. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial The Western Carpathians were called Carpates. The name Carpates is first recorded in Ptolemy's Geography. Claudius Ptolemaeus ( Greek: Klaúdios Ptolemaîos; after 83 &ndash ca Around 310 AD the Carpathians are mentioned as Montes Serrorum by the Flavius Galerius Valerius Licinianus Licinius. For other Romans of this name see Licinius (gens. Valerius Licinianus Licinius (c

The name of the Carpi, a Dacian tribe may have been derived from the name of the Carpathian Mountains. The Carpi or Carpians were a Dacian tribe that were originally located on the Eastern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, in what is now Bacău County Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae " Name recorded in late Roman Empire documents (Zosimus) as living until 381 on the Eastern Carpathian slopes. The Roman Empire was the post-Republican phase of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial Zosimus ( ''fl'' 490s-510s was a Byzantine historian who lived in Constantinople during the reign of the Byzantine Emperor Anastasius Alternatively the mountain range's name may be derived from the Dacian tribe. Dacia, in ancient geography was the land of the Dacians. It was named by the ancient Hellenes ( Greeks) " Getae "

In Hungarian XIII- i XIV century Hungarian documents named the mountains Thorchal, Tarczal or less frequently Montes Nivium.

In the Scandinavian Hervarar saga, which describes ancient Germanic legends about battles between Goths and Huns, the name Karpates appears in the predictable Germanic form as Harvaða fjöllum (see Grimm's law). Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks is a Legendary saga from the 13th century combining matter from several older sagas The Goths ( Gothic: Gothic usvg|14px|u]]Gothic asvg|14px|a]]Gothic s The Huns were an early confederation of Central Asian equestrian nomads or semi-nomads with a Turkic core of aristocracy Grimm's law (also known as the First Germanic Sound Shift or the Rask's-Grimm's rule) named for Jacob Grimm, is a set of statements describing

Geography

Bucura-lake, Southern Carpathians, Romania
Bucura-lake, Southern Carpathians, Romania

The Carpathians begin on the Danube near Bratislava. Romania ( dated: Rumania, Roumania The Danube (In Donau from earlier Danuvius, Celtic *dānu, meaning "to flow run" Slovak and Polish Dunaj ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading They surround Transcarpathia and Transylvania in a large semicircle, sweeping towards the south-east, and end on the Danube near Orşova, in Romania. Transylvania (Ardeal or ro ''Transilvania'' Erdély, see also other denominations) is a Central European region located in the eastern half of the Carpathian Orşova ( German: Orschowa, Hungarian: Orsova, Орсово Orszawa Oršava is a port city on the Danube river in southwestern The total length of the Carpathians is over 1,500 km, and the mountain chain's width varies between 12 and 500 km. The greatest width of the Carpathians corresponds with its highest altitudes. The system attains its greatest breadth in the Transylvanian plateau and in the meridian of the Tatra group (the highest range, with Gerlachovský štít, at 2,655 m (8,705 feet) above sea level in Slovak territory near the Polish border). Panorama tatierjpg|thumb|right|300px|Panorama of Tatras]]The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra ( Tatry in both Polish and Slovak) Gerlachovský štít ( translated into English as Gerlachov Peak, Gerlachovský Peak or Gerlach Peak) is the highest peak in the High Tatras It covers an area of 190,000 km² and, after the Alps, is the most extensive mountain system in Europe.

Although commonly referred to as a mountain chain, the Carpathians do not actually form an uninterrupted chain of mountains. Rather, they consist of several orographically and geologically distinctive groups, presenting as great a structural variety as the Alps. Orography is the average height of land measured in geopotential meters, over a certain domain The Carpathians, which in only a few places attain an altitude of over 2,500 m, lack the bold peaks, extensive snow-fields, large glaciers, high waterfalls, and numerous large lakes that are common in the Alps. "Glacial" and "Glaciation" redirect here For the geological periods see Glacial period. No area of the Carpathian range is covered in snow year-round and there are no glaciers. The Carpathians at their highest altitude are only as high as the Middle Region of the Alps, with which they share a common appearance, climate, and flora. In Botany, flora ( Plural: floras or florae has two meanings The first meaning flora of an area or of time period, refers to all

The Carpathians are separated from the Alps by the Danube. The two ranges meet only at one point: the Leitha Mountains at Bratislava. The river also separates them from the Stara Planina, or "Balkan Mountains," at Orşova, Romania. The Balkan Mountain range ( Bulgarian and Стара планина Stara planina, "Old Mountain" Orşova ( German: Orschowa, Hungarian: Orsova, Орсово Orszawa Oršava is a port city on the Danube river in southwestern The valley of the March and Oder separates the Carpathians from the Silesian and Moravian chains, which belong to the middle wing of the great Central Mountain System of Europe. Etymology One theory claims that the name Silesia is derived from the Silingi, who were most likely a Vandalic (East Germanic people Moravia (Morava; Morawy Moravie Moravia is a historical region in central Europe in the east of the Czech Republic, one of the former Czech lands. Unlike the other wings of the system, the Carpathians, which form the watershed between the northern seas and the Black Sea, are surrounded on all sides by plains, namely the Pannonian plain on the southwest, the plain of the Lower Danube (Romania) on the south, and the Galician plain on the northeast. The Black Sea is an inland Sea bounded by southeastern Europe, the Caucasus and the Anatolian peninsula ( Turkey The Pannonian Plain is a large Plain in Central Europe that remained when the Pliocene Pannonian Sea dried out Galicia (Галичина ( Halychyna) Galicja is a historical region in East Central Europe, currently divided between Poland and Ukraine,

Cities and towns

Important cities and towns in or near the Carpathians are, ordered by decreasing population: Bratislava (Slovakia, 426,091), Cluj-Napoca (Romania, 310,243), Braşov (Romania, 284,596), Košice (Slovakia, 234,596), Oradea (Romania, 206,614), Miskolc (Hungary, 178,950), Sibiu (Romania, 154,892), Târgu Mureş (Romania, 146,000), Baia Mare (Romania, 137,976), Tarnów (Poland, 117,109), Râmnicu Vâlcea (Romania, 111,497), Uzhhorod (Ukraine, 111,300), Piatra Neamţ (Romania, 105,865), Suceava (Romania, 104,914), Drobeta-Turnu Severin (Romania, 104,557), Reşiţa (Romania, 86,383), Žilina (Slovakia, 85,477), Bistriţa (Romania, 81,467), Banská Bystrica (Slovakia, 80,730), Deva (Romania, 80,000), Zlín (Czech Republic, 79,538), Hunedoara (Romania, 79,235), Zalău (Romania, 71,326), Przemyśl (Poland, 66,715), Alba Iulia (Romania, 66,369), Zaječar (Serbia, 65,969), Sfântu Gheorghe (Romania, 61,543), Turda (Romania, 57,381), Bor (Serbia, 55,817), Mediaş (Romania, 55,153), Poprad (Slovakia, 55,042), Petroşani (Romania, 45,194), Miercurea Ciuc (Romania, 42,029), Sighişoara (Romania, 32,287), Făgăraş (Romania, 40,126), Câmpulung Moldovenesc (Romania, 20,076), Vatra Dornei (Romania, 17,864), and Rakhiv (Ukraine, 15,241). ARTICLE TEXT BEGINS AFTER THESE COMMENTS - PLEASE READ 1 Please do not edit the lead without reading (pronunciation in Romanian: /'kluʒ na'poka/ Klausenburg Kolozsvár Napoca Castrum Clus Claudiopolis קלויזנבורג Kloiznburg until 1974 Cluj, is the third Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County Košice (; Hungarian: Kassa; (also known by other alternative names) is a city in eastern Slovakia. Oradea (pronunciation in Romanian:, Hungarian: Nagyvárad, colloquially also Várad, German: Großwardein, former Miskolc (miʃkolts approximate pronunciation "Me-shkolts" in Slovak Miškovec, in Polish Miszkolc) is a city in North-East Sibiu (si'biw Hermannstadt Nagyszeben Сибињ/Sibinj הערמאנשטאדט ( Hermanshtadt) or סזעבען ( Szeben)) is one of the largest cities in Târgu Mureş (ˈtɨrgu ˈmureʃ in Romanian; Târgu Mureş Marosvásárhely (Székely-Vásárhely Neumarkt am Mieresch Novum Forum Siculorum is a city in Mureş Baia Mare (meaning Big Mine, pronunciation in Romanian: /'baya 'ma Tarnów (Tarnau טארנא- Turna) is a city in southeastern Poland with 118128 inhabitants (2006 Râmnicu Vâlcea (also spelled Rîmnicu Vîlcea, pronunciation in Romanian: /'rɨm Uzhhorod (Ужгород Уґоград Ужгород or Унґвар Ungvár Slovak and Czech: Užhorod; Użgorod Ungwar Ungarisch Burg אונגװיר Piatra Neamţ (pronunciation in Romanian: /'pjatra 'něamʦ/ (population over 110000 is the capital city of Neamţ County, in the historical region of Moldavia Suceava (pronunciation in Romanian: /su'ʧava/ Suczawa Сучава שאַץ / Shats) is the capital city of the Suceava County, Bukovina Drobeta-Turnu Severin (pronunciation /dro'beta 'turnu seve'rin/ Hungarian: Szörényvár, Северин Serbian: Дробета-Турну Reşiţa ( German: Reschitz, Hungarian: Resicabánya, Krashovani: Решица or Rešica, Czech: Rešice Žilina ( Sillein Zsolna names in other languages) is a city in north-western Slovakia, around from the capital Bratislava. Bistriţa (Bistritz archaic Nösen; Beszterce is the capital City of Bistriţa-Năsăud County, Transylvania, Romania. Banská Bystrica ( Hungarian:Besztercebánya ( previously known also by several alternative names) is a key City in central Slovakia located Deva ( German: Diemrich, Hungarian: Déva) is a city situated in Transylvania (or Ardeal the popular name for Transylvania on the left bank This article is on the city See also Zlin aircraft brand Zlín (zliːn formerly Gottwaldov ('gotvaldof is a city in the Zlín Hunedoara ( German: Eisenmarkt; Hungarian: Vajdahunyad) is a city in Hunedoara County, Transylvania, Romania Zalău ( Hungarian: Zilah, German: Zillenmarkt or Waltenberg) is the seat of Sălaj County, Romania. Przemyśl (Перемишль Peremyshl, Prömsel פּשעמישל- Pshemishl) is a city in south-eastern Poland with 67847 inhabitants (2005 Alba Iulia ( Latin: Apulum, German: Karlsburg / Weißenburg, Hungarian: Gyulafehérvár, former Erdel Belgradı Zaječar ( Serbian Cyrillic: Зајечар Bulgarian: Зайчар- Zaychar, Romanian: Zaiciar is a City and municipality in This article is about the city in Covasna County Romania There are five other localities called Sfântu Gheorghe in Romania among them Sfântu Gheorghe Tulcea. Turda (Thorenburg Hungarian: Torda) is a city and Municipality in Cluj County, Romania, situated on the Arieş River. Bor ( Serbian Cyrillic: Бор Bor is a town and municipality located in eastern Serbia, with one of the largest Copper mines in Europe Mediaş (Mediasch Medgyes is the second largest city in Sibiu County, Transylvania, Romania. Poprad is also the name of a river in Slovakia and Poland (see Poprad River) Poprad ( Poprád Deutschendorf is a Petroşani ( German: Petroschen, Hungarian: Petrozsény) is a city in Hunedoara County, Romania, with a population Miercurea-Ciuc (Csíkszereda Szeklerburg Castle of the Székely) is the county seat of Harghita county Romania, in the Transylvania Sighişoara (sigiˈʃo̯ara Schäßburg Segesvár Latin: Castrum Sex) is a City and Municipality on the Târnava Mare River in Făgăraş (Fogarasch Fogaras is a city in central Romania, located in Braşov County. Câmpulung Moldovenesc (also spelled Cîmpulung Moldovenesc; Hosszúmező Довгопілля Dovhopillja) is a city located in Suceava County, Vatra Dornei is a city and a ski resort in the north of Romania, in Suceava County. Rakhiv (Рахів Рахово translit Rakhovo; Rahó Rahău Рахов translit

Geology

The Carpathian Mountains were formed during the Alpine orogeny. The Alpine orogeny (sometimes also called Alpide orogeny) is an orogenic phase in the Tertiary that formed the mountain ranges of the Alpide belt


Divisions of the Carpathians

Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians. 1. Outer Western Carpathians 2. Inner Western Carpathians 3. Outer Eastern Carpathians 4. Inner Eastern Carpathians 5. Southern Carpathians 6. Western Romanian Carpathians 7. Transylvanian Plateau 8. Serbian Carpathians
Map of the main divisions of the Carpathians.
1. Outer Western Carpathians
2. Inner Western Carpathians
3. Outer Eastern Carpathians
4. Inner Eastern Carpathians
5. Southern Carpathians
6. The Southern Carpathians (Carpaţii Meridionali also called the Transylvanian Alps, are a group of Mountain ranges which divide central and southern Romania Western Romanian Carpathians
7. Transylvanian Plateau
8. The Transylvanian Plateau (Podişul Transilvaniei is a Plateau in central Romania almost entirely surrounded by the Eastern, Southern and Serbian Carpathians
Main article: Divisions of the Carpathians

The largest range is the Tatras. See also List of mountains in Serbia Karpatske planine, ie "Carpathian Mountains" This is a detailed overview of the subdivisions of the Carpathian Mountains. Panorama tatierjpg|thumb|right|300px|Panorama of Tatras]]The Tatra Mountains, Tatras or Tatra ( Tatry in both Polish and Slovak)

A major part of the western and northeastern Outer Carpathians in Poland, Ukraine and Slovakia is traditionally called Beskids. The Beskids (Beskidy Beskydy Beskydy Rusyn: Бескиды Бескиди is a traditional name for a series of Mountain ranges in the northeastern Czech

The geological border between the Western and Eastern Carpathians runs approximately along the line (south to north) between the towns Michalovce - Bardejov - Nowy Sącz - Tarnów. Michalovce ( Nagymihály Großmichel Romani: Nadymihaya, Yiddish: Mikhaylovets or Mykhaylovyts) is a town on the Laborec Bardejov ( Bartfeld Bártfa Bardejów is a town in North-Eastern Slovakia. Nowy Sącz (known also by other names) is a Town in the Lesser Poland Voivodeship in southern Poland. Tarnów (Tarnau טארנא- Turna) is a city in southeastern Poland with 118128 inhabitants (2006 In older systems the border runs more in the east – at the line (north to south) along the rivers San and Osława (PL) – the town of Snina (SK) – river Tur'ia (UA). History In historical records the river was first mentioned in 1097 as Sanъ, reku Sanъ, k Sanovi, nad Sanomъ (1152 and Sanu Main tributaries Flows Through; Czarny Gleboki Wloszaczycza Duszatynski Rzepedz Czaszynski Bannicza Koniow Ustmikowa Tarnawka Osławica and Kalniczka Snina (Szinna is a town in Slovakia placed at the confluence of the Cirocha river and the small river Pčolinka in the valley between the Beskydy The River Turia ( Valencian: Riu Túria; Spanish: Río Turia; Latin: Turium, Ancient greek Thyrion Biologists, however, shift the border even further to the east.

The border between the Eastern and Southern Carpathians is formed by the Predeal Pass, south of Braşov and the Prahova Valley. Predeal (Romanian pronunciation /pre'de̯al/ Predeál is a town in Romania, in Braşov County. Braşov (braˈʃov Brassó Kronstadt Medieval Latin: Brassovia or Corona) is a city in Romania and the capital of Braşov County Prahova Valley (Romanian Valea Prahovei) is the valley where the Prahova river makes its way between the Bucegi and the Baiului Mountains

The Ukrainians sometimes denote as "Eastern Carpathians" only the Ukrainian Carpathians (or Wooded Carpathians), i. e. , basically the part situated largely on their territory (i. e. , to the north of the Prislop Pass), while the Romanians sometimes denote as "Eastern Carpathians" only the other part, which lies on their territory (i. Prislop Pass (Pasul Prislop is a Mountain pass in northern Romania, connecting the historical regions of Maramureş and Bukovina over the e. , from the Ukrainian border or from the Prislop Pass to the south).

Also, the Romanians divide the Eastern Carpathians on their territory into three simplified geographical groups (north, center, south), instead of Outer and Inner Eastern Carpathians. These are:

Fictional depictions

The Carpathian Mountains have been depicted as the setting of several fictional works. Bukovina (Bucovina Буковина/ Bukovyna; German and Polish: Bukowina; see also other languages) is a historical region on the

Notable people

See also

References

  1. ^ Carpathian montane conifer forests - Encyclopedia of Earth
  2. ^ ABOUT THE CARPATHIANS - Carpathian Heritage Society
  3. ^ Room, Adrian. See also Romanian Carpathians This is an (incomplete list of Mountains in Romania. Placenames of the World. London: MacFarland and Co. , Inc. , 1997.

External links

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