A diagram of a heart with an ECG indicator; diagrams like this are used in Cardiology.

Cardiology is the branch of internal medicine dealing with disorders of the heart and blood vessels. Internal medicine is the medical specialty concerned with the diagnosis management and nonsurgical treatment of unusual or serious diseases The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic The blood vessels are part of the Circulatory system and function to transport Blood throughout the body The field is commonly divided in the branches of congenital heart defects, coronary artery disease, heart failure, valvular heart disease and electrophysiology. A congenital heart defect (CHD is a defect in the structure of the Heart and Great vessels of a Newborn. Coronary artery disease (CAD (or atherosclerotic Heart disease) is the end result of the accumulation of atheromatous plaques within the walls Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply Valvular heart disease is any disease process involving one or more of the valves of the heart (the aortic and mitral valves on the left and the pulmonary Electrophysiology (from Greek grc ἥλεκτρον ēlektron, "amber" the [[Electron#Etymology|etymology of "electron"]] grc φύσις Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are called cardiologists. Cardiologists should not be confused with cardiac surgeons who are surgeons who perform cardiac surgery - operative procedures on the heart and great vessels. A cardiac surgeon is a Surgeon who performs Cardiac surgery - operative procedures on the Heart and Great vessels.

The term cardiology is derived from the Greek word καρδιά (transliterated as kardia and meaning heart or inner self). Greek (el ελληνική γλώσσα or simply el ελληνικά — "Hellenic" is an Indo-European language, spoken today by 15-22 million people mainly

The heart

Main article: heart

Cardiac pacemaker (Electrical system of the heart)

• Electrical conduction system of the heart
  • Action potential
    • Ventricular action potential
• Sinoatrial node
• Atrioventricular node
• Bundle of His
• Purkinje fibers

Basic cardiac physiology

• Systole
• Diastole
• Heart sounds
• Preload
• Afterload
• Kussmaul's sign

Disorders of the heart

Main article: Heart Disease

Disorders of the coronary circulation

• Atherosclerosis
• Restenosis
• Coronary heart disease (Ischaemic heart disease, Coronary artery disease)
• Acute coronary syndrome
  • Angina
  • Myocardial infarction (Heart attack)

Sudden cardiac death (The abrupt cessation of blood flow, leading to death)

• Cardiac arrest

Treatment of sudden cardiac death

• Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)

Disorders of the myocardium (muscle of the heart)

• Cardiomyopathy
  • Ischemic cardiomyopathy
  • Nonischemic cardiomyopathy
    • Amyloid cardiomyopathy
    • Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM)
      • Hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) (Idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis (IHSS))
      • Apical hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
    • Dilated cardiomyopathy
      • Alcoholic cardiomyopathy
      • Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy
      • Takotsubo cardiomyopathy (Transient apical ballooning, stress-induced cardiomyopathy)
    • Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (Arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy)
    • Restrictive cardiomyopathy
• Congestive heart failure
  • Cor pulmonale
• Ventricular hypertrophy
  • Left ventricular hypertrophy
  • Right ventricular hypertrophy
• Primary tumors of the heart
  • Myxoma
• Myocardial rupture

Disorders of the pericardium (outer lining of the heart)

• Pericarditis
• Pericardial tamponade
• Constrictive pericarditis

Disorders of the heart valves

• Aortic valve disorders
  • Aortic insufficiency
  • Aortic stenosis
  • Aortic valve replacement
  • Aortic valve repair
  • Aortic valvuloplasty
• Mitral valve disorders
  • Mitral valve prolapse
  • Mitral regurgitation
  • Mitral stenosis
  • Mitral valve replacement
  • Mitral valve repair
  • Mitral valvuloplasty
• Pulmonary valve disorders
  • Congenital pulmonic stenosis
• Tricuspid valve disorders

Disorders of the electrical system of the heart (Cardiac electrophysiology)

• Tachycardia
• Cardiac arrhythmias
  • Supraventricular tachycardia (Fast rhythms that originate above the ventricles)
    • Atrial fibrillation
    • Atrial flutter
    • Atrial tachycardia
    • Sick sinus syndrome (Tachy-Brady syndrome)
    • AV nodal reentrant tachycardia (AVNRT)
    • AV reentrant tachycardia (AVRT)
  • Bigeminy
  • Premature ventricular contraction
  • Ventricular tachycardia
    • Torsades de pointes
  • Ventricular fibrillation
  • Sick sinus syndrome
  • Bundle branch block
    • Left bundle branch block
    • Right bundle branch block
  • Heart block
    • First degree AV block
    • Second degree AV block
    • Bifascicular block
    • Trifascicular block
    • Third degree AV block
      • Lev's disease
• Specific diseases of the electrical system of the heart
  • Brugada syndrome
  • Long QT syndrome
    • Andersen-Tawil syndrome
    • Romano-Ward syndrome
    • Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome
  • Short QT syndrome
  • Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome (WPW syndrome)

Inflammation and infection of the heart

• Endocarditis
  • Rheumatic heart disease
• Myocarditis
• Pericarditis

Congenital heart disease

• Atrial septal defect
• Ventricular septal defect
• Patent ductus arteriosus
• Bicuspid aortic valve
• Tetralogy of Fallot
• Transposition of the great vessels (TGV)
• Hypoplastic left heart syndrome

Diseases of blood vessels (Vascular diseases)

• Vasculitis
• Atherosclerosis
• Aneurysm
• Varicose veins
• Economy class syndrome
• Diseases of the aorta
  • Coarctation of the aorta
  • Aortic dissection
  • Aortic aneurysm
• Diseases of the carotid arteries
  • Carotid artery disease
  • Carotid artery dissection

Procedures done for coronary artery disease

• Percutaneous coronary intervention
  • Atherectomy
  • Angioplasty (PTCA)
  • Stenting
• Coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG)
• Enhanced external counterpulsation (EECP)

Devices used in cardiology

• Stethoscope
• Devices used to maintain normal electrical rhythm
  • Pacemaker
  • Defibrillator
    • Automated external defibrillator
    • Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator
• Devices used to maintain blood pressure
  • Artificial heart
  • Heart-lung machine
  • Intra-aortic balloon pump
  • Ventricular assist device

Diagnostic tests and procedures

• Blood tests
• Echocardiogram
• Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance
• Cardiac stress test
• Auscultation (Listening with the Stethoscope)

Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)

• • QT interval
  • Osborn wave
• Ambulatory Holter monitor
• Electrophysiologic study
  • Programmed electrical stimulation
• Sphygmomanometer (Blood pressure cuff)
• Cardiac enzymes
• Coronary catheterization
  • Myocardial Fractional Flow Reserve (FFRmyo)
  • IVUS (IntraVascular UltraSound)

Cardiac pharmaceutical agents

The followings are medications commonly prescribed in cardiology:

• Antiarrhythmic agents
  • Type I (sodium channel blockers)
    • Type Ia
      • Quinidine
    • Type Ib
      • Lidocaine
      • Phenytoin
    • Type Ic
      • Propafenone
  • Type II (beta blockers)
    • Metoprolol
  • Type III (potassium channel blockers)
    • Amiodarone
    • Dofetilide
    • Sotalol
  • Type IV (slow calcium channel blockers)
    • Diltiazem
    • Verapamil
  • Type V
    • Adenosine
    • Digoxin
• ACE inhibitors
  • Captopril
  • Enalapril
  • Perindopril
  • Ramipril
• Angiotensin II receptor antagonists
  • Candesartan
  • Eprosartan
  • Irbesartan
  • Losartan
  • Telmisartan
  • Valsartan
• Beta blocker
• Calcium channel blocker

See also

• Interventional cardiology
• Clinical cardiac electrophysiology
• Heart Failure Society of America
• American Heart Association
• National Heart Foundation of Australia

External links

• Cardiology News
• European Society of Cardiology
• U. The heart is a muscular organ in all Vertebrates responsible for pumping Blood through the Blood vessels by repeated rhythmic The contractions of the Heart are controlled by chemical impulses which fire at a rate which controls the beat of the heart The normal electrical conduction in the heart allows the impulse that is generated by the Sinoatrial node (SA node of the Heart to be propagated to (and stimulate the In Neurophysiology, the action potential is a self-regenerating Wave of Electrochemical activity that allows Nerve cells to carry a signal At rest the Ventricular myocyte membrane potential is about -90 mV which is close to the Potassium Reversal potential. The Sinoatrial node (abbreviated SA node or SAN, also called the sinus node) is the impulse generating (pacemaker tissue located in the Right atrium The atrioventricular node (abbreviated AV node) is an area of specialized tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the Heart, specifically The bundle of His, also known as the AV bundle or atrioventricular bundle is a collection of heart muscle cells specialized for electrical conduction that transmits the electrical For the nervous cells see Purkinje cell Purkinje fibers (or Purkyne tissue are located in the inner ventricular walls of the Heart, just Diastole is the period of time when the heart fills with blood after systole (contraction The heart sounds are the noises ( Sound) generated by the beating Heart and the resultant flow of blood through it In cardiac Physiology, preload is the pressure stretching the ventricle of the Heart, after Atrial contraction and subsequent In cardiac Physiology, afterload is used to mean the tension produced by a chamber of the Heart in order to contract. Kussmaul's sign is the observation of a Jugular venous pressure (JVP the filling of the Jugular vein) that rises with inspiration Heart disease is an Umbrella term for a variety for different diseases affecting the Heart. Coronary circulation is the circulation of blood in the Blood vessels that supply Blood to and from the Heart muscle Atherosclerosis is a Disease affecting arterial Blood vessels It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries in large part due to the accumulation Restenosis literally means the re occurrence of Stenosis. This is usually restenosis of an Artery, or other Blood vessel, but possibly Coronary disease (or coronary heart disease) refers to the failure of Coronary circulation to supply adequate circulation to Cardiac muscle and surrounding Ischaemic or ischemic heart disease (IHD or myocardial ischaemia, is a Disease characterized by reduced blood supply to the heart muscle An acute coronary syndrome (ACS is a set of signs and symptoms ( Syndrome) related to the Heart. Angina pectoris, commonly known as angina, is severe Chest pain due to Ischemia (a lack of blood and hence Oxygen supply of the heart Myocardial infarction ( MI or AMI for acute myocardial infarction) also known as a heart attack, occurs when the blood supply The term sudden cardiac death refers to Natural death from cardiac causes heralded by abrupt loss of Consciousness within one hour of the onset of acute symptoms A cardiac arrest, also known as cardiorespiratory arrest, cardiopulmonary arrest or circulatory arrest, is the abrupt cessation of normal circulation of Cardiomyopathy, which literally means "heart muscle disease" is the deterioration of the function of the Myocardium (i Cardiomyopathy, which literally means "heart muscle disease" is the deterioration of the function of the Myocardium (i Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is a disease of the Myocardium (the Muscle of the Heart) in which a portion of the myocardium is Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or HCM, is a disease of the Myocardium (the Muscle of the Heart) in which a portion of the myocardium is Dilated cardiomyopathy or DCM, also known as congestive cardiomyopathy, is a condition in which the Heart becomes weakened and enlarged and cannot pump Alcoholic cardiomyopathy is a disease in which the chronic long-term abuse of Alcohol leads to Heart failure. Tachycardia induced cardiomyopathy, also known as chronotropic cardiomyopathy and tachycardiomyopathy, is a weakening of the Myocardium (the muscle of the Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, also known as transient apical ballooning, apical ballooning cardiomyopathy, stress-induced cardiomyopathy and simply stress Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia ( ARVD, also known as arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy or ARVC) is a type of nonischemic Cardiomyopathy Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM is the least common Cardiomyopathy. Heart failure is a Cardiac condition that occurs when a problem with the structure or function of the Heart impairs its ability to supply Cor pulmonale is a change in structure and function of the Right ventricle of the heart as a result of a respiratory disorder Ventricular hypertrophy is the enlargement of ventricles (lower chambers in the heart Left ventricular hypertrophy ( LVH) is the thickening of the Myocardium (muscle of the Left ventricle of the Heart. Right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH is a form of Ventricular hypertrophy affecting the Right ventricle. The primary tumors of the heart are Tumors that arise from the normal tissues that make up the Heart. You may also be looking for the Myxoma virus. A myxoma ( Myxo- = New Latin from Greek Muxa for Mucus) is a tumor Myocardial rupture (or heart rupture) is a laceration or tearing of the walls of the ventricles or Atria of the Heart, of the interatrial The pericardium is a double-walled sac that contains the Heart and the roots of the Great vessels. Pericarditis is an Inflammation ( -itis) of the Pericardium (the fibrous sac surrounding the heart Cardiac tamponade, also known as pericardial tamponade, is an emergency condition in which fluid accumulates in the Pericardium (the sac in which the In many cases constrictive pericarditis is a late sequela of an inflammatory condition of the Pericardium. In Anatomy, the heart valves are Valves in the Heart that maintain the unidirectional flow of blood by opening and closing depending on the difference The miter valve (also known as the bicuspid valve or left atrioventricular valve) is a dual flap (bi = 2 valve in the Heart that lies between Mitral valve prolapse (MVP is a Valvular heart disease characterized by the displacement of an abnormally thickened Mitral valve leaflet into the left atrium Mitral regurgitation ( MR) a Valvular heart disease also known as mitral insufficiency, is the abnormal leaking of blood through the Mitral valve Mitral Stenosis is a Valvular heart disease characterized by the narrowing of the orifice of the Mitral valve of the Heart. Mitral valve replacement is a Cardiac surgery procedure in which a patient’s Mitral valve is replaced by a different valve Mitral valve repair is a Cardiac surgery procedure performed by Cardiac surgeons to treat Stenosis (narrowing or Regurgitation (leakage of the Mitral valvuloplasty is a minimally invasive therapeutic procedure to correct an uncomplicated mitral stenosis by dilating the valve using a balloon The pulmonary valve, is the semilunar valve of the heart that lies between the Right ventricle and the Pulmonary artery and has three cusps The tricuspid valve (also known as the right atrioventricular valve) is on the right side of the heart between the Right atrium and the Right ventricle Cardiac electrophysiology is the Science of elucidating diagnosing and treating the electrical activities of the Heart. Dysrhythmia redirects here For the American band see Dysrhythmia (band. A supraventricular tachycardia ( SVT) is a rapid rhythm of the Heart in which the origin of the electrical signal is either the atria or Atrial fibrillation ( AF or afib) is a Cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm that involves the two upper chambers ( atria) of the Heart Atrial flutter is an abnormal heart rhythm that occurs in the atria of the Heart. Sick sinus syndrome, also called Sinus node dysfunction, is a group of abnormal heart rhythms ( Arrhythmias presumably caused by a malfunction of the Sinus AV nodal reentrant tachycardia ( AVNRT) is a type of Tachycardia (fast rhythm of the Heart. Bigeminy (Latin Bi-Two Gemini-twins is a descriptor for a Heart arrhythmia in which abnormal heart beats occur every other concurrent beat Premature ventricular contraction (PVC, also known as ventricular premature beat (VPB or extrasystole, is a form of irregular heartbeat in which the Ventricular tachycardia ( V-tach or VT) is a Tachycardia, or fast heart rhythm that originates in one of the ventricles of the Heart Torsades de pointes, torsades or torsade de pointes is a French term that literally means "twisting of the points" Ventricular fibrillation ( V-fib or VF) is a condition in which there is uncoordinated contraction of the Cardiac muscle of the ventricles in the Sick sinus syndrome, also called Sinus node dysfunction, is a group of abnormal heart rhythms ( Arrhythmias presumably caused by a malfunction of the Sinus A bundle branch block refers to a defect of the Heart 's electrical conduction system. Left bundle branch block (LBBB is a cardiac conduction abnormality seen on the Electrocardiogram (ECG A right bundle branch block ( RBBB) is a defect in the heart's electrical conduction system A heart block is a disease in the electrical system of the Heart. First degree AV block or PR prolongation is a disease of the electrical conduction system of the Heart in which the PR interval is lengthened Second degree AV block is a disease of the electrical conduction system of the Heart. Bifascicular block is a conduction abnormality in the Heart where two of the three main Fascicles of the His/Purkinje system are blocked Trifascicular block is a problem with the electrical conduction of the Heart. Third degree AV block, also known as complete heart block, is a defect of the electrical system of the Heart, in which the impulse generated in the atria (typically Lev's disease (or Lenegre-Lev syndrome) is an acquired Complete heart block due to idiopathic fibrosis and calcification of the electrical conduction system The Brugada syndrome is a Genetic disease that is characterised by abnormal Electrocardiogram (ECG findings and an increased risk of Sudden cardiac death The long QT syndrome ( LQTS) is a Heart condition associated with prolongation of repolarization (recovery following depolarization (excitation of the cardiac Andersen-Tawil syndrome. also called Andersen syndrome and Long QT syndrome 7 is a form of Long QT syndrome. Romano-Ward syndrome, is the major variant of long QT syndrome. Jervell and Lange-Nielsen syndrome, a type of Long QT syndrome, causes the Cardiac muscle to take longer than usual to recharge between beats Short QT syndrome is a genetic disease of the electrical system of the Heart. Endocarditis is an Inflammation of the inner layer of the Heart, the Endocardium. Rheumatic fever is an Autoimmune inflammatory Disease which may develop two to three weeks after a Group A streptococcal infection (such as In Medicine ( Cardiology) myocarditis is Inflammation of the Myocardium, the muscular part of the Heart. Pericarditis is an Inflammation ( -itis) of the Pericardium (the fibrous sac surrounding the heart A congenital heart defect (CHD is a defect in the structure of the Heart and Great vessels of a Newborn. Atrial septal defect ( ASD) is a form of congenital heart defect that enables blood flow between the left and right atria via the Interatrial septum. A ventricular septal defect ( VSD) is a defect in the Ventricular septum, the wall dividing the left and right ventricles of the Heart. Patent ductus arteriosus ( PDA) is a Congenital Heart defect wherein a child's Ductus arteriosus fails to close after birth. A bicuspid aortic valve is a defect of the aortic valve that results in the formation of two leaflets or cusps instead of the normal three Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF is a Congenital heart defect which is classically understood to involve four anatomical abnormalities (although only three of them are always present Transposition of the great vessels ( TGV) is a group of Congenital heart defects ( CHD s involving an abnormal spatial arrangement of any of the Hypoplastic left heart syndrome (also known as HLHS is a rare Congenital heart defect in which the left side of the Heart is severely underdeveloped Vasculitis (plural vasculitides) a group of diseases featuring Inflammation of the wall of Blood vessels including veins ( Phlebitis) arteries Atherosclerosis is a Disease affecting arterial Blood vessels It is a chronic inflammatory response in the walls of arteries in large part due to the accumulation An aneurysm (or aneurism) is a localized blood-filled dilation (balloon-like bulge of a blood vessel caused by disease or weakening of the vessel wall Varicose veins are Veins that have become enlarged and twisted Economy class syndrome is the occurrence of Deep vein thrombosis in air travelers In Human anatomy, the common carotid artery is an Artery that supplies the head and neck with Oxygenated blood; it divides in the neck to form the Carotid stenosis is a narrowing of the lumen of the Carotid artery, usually caused by Atherosclerosis. Carotid artery dissection is a significant cause of Stroke in young patients Percutaneous coronary intervention ( PCI) commonly known as coronary angioplasty or simply Angioplasty, is a therapeutic procedure to treat Endarterectomy is a Surgical procedure to remove the atheromatous ''plaque'' material or blockage in the lining of an Artery constricted by the buildup Angioplasty is the technique of mechanically widening a narrowed or totally obstructed Blood vessel; typically as a result of Atherosclerosis. In Medicine, a stent is a tube that is inserted into a natural conduit of the body to prevent or counteract a disease-induced localized flow constriction Coronary artery bypass surgery, also coronary artery bypass graft surgery, and colloquially heart bypass or bypass surgery is a surgical procedure External counterpulsation (ECP is a procedure performed on individuals with Ischemic cardiomyopathy in order to diminish the symptoms of their ischemia The stethoscope (from Greek στηθοσκόπιο, of στήθος stéthos - chest and σκοπή skopé - examination) is an acoustic For other uses see Pacemaker (disambiguation A pacemaker (or artificial pacemaker, so as not to be confused with the heart's natural pacemaker Defibrillation is the definitive treatment for the life-threatening Cardiac arrhythmias Ventricular fibrillation and Ventricular tachycardia. An implantable cardioverter-defibrillator ( ICD) is a small battery -powered electrical impulse generator which is implanted in patients who are at risk of Sudden Blood pressure is also the title of a short story by Damon Runyan in Guys and Dolls and Other Stories An artificial heart is a prosthetic device that is implanted into the body to replace the biological Heart. Cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB is a technique that temporarily takes over the function of the Heart and Lungs during surgery maintaining the circulation of blood The Intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP is a mechanical device that is used to decrease myocardial oxygen demand while at the same time increasing Cardiac output. A Ventricular assist device, or VAD, is a mechanical device that is used to partially or completely replace the function of a failing Heart. The diagnostic tests in cardiology are methods of identifying Heart conditions associated with healthy vs The diagnostic tests in cardiology are methods of identifying Heart conditions associated with healthy vs An echocardiogram is a Sonography of the Heart. Also known as a cardiac ultrasound it uses standard ultrasound techniques to image two-dimensional slices of Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance (CMR sometimes know as cardiac MRI is a medical imaging technology for the non-invasive assessment of the function and structure of the cardiovascular A cardiac stress test is a Medical test that indirectly reflects arterial Blood flow to the Heart during Physical exercise In medicine specifically Cardiology, the QT interval is a measure of the time between the start of the Q wave and the end of the T wave in the heart's Osborn waves (also known as camel-hump sign, late delta wave, hathook junction, hypothermic wave, J point wave, K wave, In Medicine, a Holter monitor (also called an ambulatory electrocardiography device) named after its inventor Dr An electrophysiologic study (EPS is one of a number of tests of the Electrical conduction system of the heart performed by a cardiac electrophysiologist, a specialist An electrophysiologic study (EPS is one of a number of tests of the Electrical conduction system of the heart performed by a cardiac electrophysiologist, a specialist A sphygmomanometer ( or blood pressure meter is a device used to measure Blood pressure, comprising an inflatable Cuff to restrict blood flow and a Medical tests that are often referred to as cardiac markers include cardiac Troponin (the most sensitive and specific test for myocardial damage A coronary catheterization is a Minimally invasive procedure to access the Coronary circulation and blood filled chambers of the Heart using a Catheter Intravascular ultrasound ( IVUS) is a Medical imaging methodology using a specially designed Catheter with a miniaturized Ultrasound probe attached Medication, also referred to as medicine, can be loosely defined as any substance intended for use in the diagnosis cure mitigation treatment or prevention of disease Antiarrhythmic agents are a group of Pharmaceuticals that are used to suppress fast rhythms of the Heart ( Cardiac arrhythmias) such as Atrial fibrillation Sodium (ˈsoʊdiəm is an element which has the symbol Na( Latin natrium, from Arabic natrun) atomic number 11 atomic mass 22 Ion channels are pore-forming Proteins that help establish and control the small Voltage Gradient across the Plasma membrane of all living Quinidine is a Pharmaceutical agent that acts as a Class I antiarrhythmic agent in the Heart. Lidocaine ( INN) (ˈlaɪdoʊkeɪn or lignocaine (former BAN) (/ˈlɪgnoʊkeɪn/ is a common Local anesthetic and antiarrhythmic drug Phenytoin sodium is a commonly used Antiepileptic. Phenytoin acts to dampen the unwanted runaway brain activity seen in seizure by reducing electrical conductance among brain Propafenone (pro-PA-fen-own (brand name Rythmol Beta blockers (sometimes written as β-blocker) are a class of drugs used for various indications but particularly for the management of Cardiac arrhythmias Metoprolol is a selective β1 receptor blocker used in treatment of several diseases of thecardiovascular system especially Hypertension. Potassium (pəˈtæsiəm is a Chemical element. It has the symbol K (kalium from qalīy Atomic number 19 and Atomic mass 39 Amiodarone is an Antiarrhythmic agent (medication used for irregular heart beat used for various types of tachyarrhythmias (fast forms of irregular heart beat both ventricular Dofetilide is a class III antiarrhythmic agent that is approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA for the maintenance of Sinus rhythm in individuals Sotalol (trade names Betapace and Betapace AF, Berlex Laboratories, Sotalex and Sotacor, Bristol-Myers Squibb) is a Calcium channel blockers are a class of drugs and natural substances with effects on many excitable cells of the body like the muscle of the Heart, smooth muscles Diltiazem is a member of the group of drugs known as Benzothiazepines which are a class of Calcium channel blockers used in the treatment of Hypertension Verapamil (brand names Isoptin, Verelan, Calan, Bosoptin, Covera-HS) is an L-type Calcium channel blocker. Adenosine is a Nucleoside composed of a Molecule of Adenine attached to a Ribose sugar molecule ( Ribofuranose) moiety via a β-N9- Digoxin ( INN) (dɨˈdʒɒksɨn also known as Digitalis, is a purified Cardiac glycoside extracted from the Foxglove plant Digitalis ACE inhibitors, or inhibitors of '''A'''ngiotensin-'''C'''onverting '''E'''nzyme, are a group of Pharmaceuticals that are used primarily in treatment of Hypertension Captopril ( rINN) (ˈkæptəprɪl is an Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor ( ACE inhibitor) used for the treatment of Hypertension and some Enalapril is an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE inhibitor used in the treatment of Hypertension and some types of chronic Heart failure. Perindopril (Coversyl Aceon is a long-acting ACE inhibitor. Indications Essential Hypertension. Ramipril (marketed as Tritace/Ramace or Altace) is an angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE inhibitor, used to treat Hypertension and Angiotensin II receptor antagonists, also known as angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs AT1-receptor antagonists or sartans, are a group of Candesartan ( rINN) (ˌkændɨˈsɑrtən is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of Hypertension. Eprosartan is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist used for the treatment of high blood pressure. Irbesartan ( INN) (ɜrbəˈsɑrtən is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist used mainly for the treatment of Hypertension. Losartan ( rINN) (loʊˈsɑrtən is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist drug used mainly to treat high blood pressure ( Hypertension) Telmisartan ( INN) (tɛlmɪˈsɑrtən is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB used in the management of Hypertension. Valsartan is an Angiotensin II receptor antagonist (more commonly called an "ARB" which stands for Angiotensin Receptor Blocker acting on the AT1 Beta blockers (sometimes written as β-blocker) are a class of drugs used for various indications but particularly for the management of Cardiac arrhythmias Calcium channel blockers are a class of drugs and natural substances with effects on many excitable cells of the body like the muscle of the Heart, smooth muscles Interventional cardiology is a branch of the medical specialty of Cardiology that deals specifically with the catheter based treatment of structural Heart diseases Cardiac Electrophysiology (also referred to as clinical cardiac electrophysiology, Arrhythmia Services, or electrophysiology) is a branch of the medical The American Heart Association (AHA is a Non-profit organization in the United States that fosters appropriate The National Heart Foundation of Australia ( NHF) or Heart Foundation is a Non-profit organization with the stated mission "to improve the cardiac S. National Institute of Health (NIH) : Heart and Circulation
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