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| Name, symbol, number | carbon, C, 6 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Chemical series | nonmetals | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Group, period, block | 14, 2, p | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Appearance | black (graphite) colorless (diamond)  | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Standard atomic weight | 12.0107(8) g·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electron configuration | 1s2 2s2 2p2 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrons per shell | 2, 4 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Physical properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Phase | solid | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | (graphite) 1. Boron (ˈbɔərɒn is a Chemical element with Atomic number 5 and the chemical symbol B. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 This is a typical display of the periodic table of the elements and contains the symbol and Atomic number of each element Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of Chemical elements, sorted by name Wikipedia talkFeatured lists for an explanation of this and other inclusion tags below -->This is a list of chemical elements by symbol, including the A table of Chemical elements ordered by Atomic number and color coded according to type of element In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in Nonmetal is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties every element in the In Chemistry a group, also known as a family, is a vertical column in the Periodic table of the Chemical elements There are 18 groups in In the Periodic table of the elements, a period is a horizontal row of the table A block of the Periodic table of elements is a set of adjacent groups The respective highest-energy electrons in each element in a block belong to the same Atomic History Carbon, Tin, and Lead, are a few of the elements well known in the ancient world - together with Sulfur, Iron, A period 2 element is one of the Chemical elements in the second row (or period) of the periodic table of the chemical elements. See also Electron configuration The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass To help compare different orders of magnitude, the following list describes various Mass levels between 10&minus36&thinsp kg and 1053&thinspkg Molar mass, symbol M, is the Mass of one mole of a substance ( Chemical element or Chemical compound) In Atomic physics and Quantum chemistry, electron configuration is the arrangement of Electrons in an Atom, Molecule, or other The electron is a fundamental Subatomic particle that was identified and assigned the negative charge in 1897 by J An electron shell may be crudely thought of as an Orbit followed by Electrons around an Atom nucleus. In the Physical sciences a phase is a Set of states of a macroscopic physical system that have relatively uniform chemical composition and physical properties A solid' object is in the States of matter characterized by resistance to Deformation and changes of Volume. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 9-2. 3[1] g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | (diamond) 3. Kilogram per cubic metre is the SI measure of Density and is represented as kg/m³ where kg stands for Kilogram and m³ stands for Cubic metre The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed 5-3. 53[1] g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Density (near r.t.) | (fullerene) 1. The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different Room temperature (also referred to as ambient temperature) is a common term to denote a certain Temperature within enclosed space at which humans are accustomed "C60" and "C-60" redirect here For other uses see C60 (disambiguation. 69[1] g·cm−3 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | (graphite) ? 100 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of fusion | (diamond) ? 120 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Heat of vaporization | 715 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) (graphite) 8. The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The standard Enthalpy of fusion (symbol \Delta{}H_{fus} also known as the heat of fusion or specific melting heat, is the amount of The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material The enthalpy of vaporization, (symbol \Delta{}_{v}H also known as the heat of vaporization or heat of evaporation, is the Energy required The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 517 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Specific heat capacity | (25 °C) (diamond) 6. Specific heat capacity, also known simply as specific heat, is the measure of the heat energy required to increase the Temperature of a unit quantity 115 J·mol−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Atomic properties | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Crystal structure | (graphite) hexagonal | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Oxidation states | 4, 3 [2], 2, 1 [3], 0, -1, -2, -3, -4[4] (mildly acidic oxide) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electronegativity | 2. Vapor pressure (also known as equilibrium vapor pressure or saturation vapor pressure) is the Pressure of a Vapor in equilibrium In Mineralogy and Crystallography, a crystal structure is a unique arrangement of Atoms in a Crystal. The oxidation number of a central atom in a coordination compound is the charge that it would have if all the Ligands were removed along with the Electron pairs Formaldehyde is a Chemical compound with the formula H2CO It is the simplest Aldehyde —an organic compound containing a terminal Carbonyl For the Software development tool targeting the Symbian OS, see Carbide Methanol, also known as methyl alcohol, carbinol, wood alcohol, wood naphtha or wood spirits, is a Chemical compound ETHANE is a mnemonic indicating a protocol used by Emergency services to report situations which they may be faced with especially as it relates to major incidents where In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are " Electronegativity " is the opposite of " Electropositivity," which describes an element's ability to donate electrons 55 (Pauling scale) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Ionization energies (more) | 1st: 1086. The ionization potential, ionization energy or EI of an Atom or Molecule is the Energy required to remove an Electron These tables list the Ionization energy in kJ/mol necessary to remove one mole of Electrons from one mole of neutral gaseous Atoms (first energy respectively 5 kJ·mol−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 2nd: 2352. The joule per mole (symbol J·mol-1 is an SI derived unit of energy per amount of material 6 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 3rd: 4620. 5 kJ·mol−1 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius | 70 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Atomic radius (calc. Atomic radius, and more generally the size of an atom, is not a precisely defined Physical quantity, nor is it constant in all circumstances A picometre ( American spelling: picometer, symbol pm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to one trillionth ) | 67 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Covalent radius | 77 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Van der Waals radius | 170 pm | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Miscellaneous | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Electrical resistivity | (graphite) 1. The covalent radius, r cov is a measure of the size of Atom which forms part of a Covalent bond. Van der Waals Volume The van der Waals volume, V, also called the atomic volume or molecular volume, is the atomic property most directly In Physics, magnetism is one of the Phenomena by which Materials exert attractive or repulsive Forces on other Materials. Diamagnetism is the property of an object which causes it to create a magnetic field in opposition of an externally applied Magnetic field, thus causing a repulsive effect Electrical resistivity (also known as specific electrical resistance) is a measure of how strongly a material opposes the flow of Electric current. 375*10-5 [5]Ω·m | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) (graphite) (80–230) W·m−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal conductivity | (300 K) (diamond) (900–2320) W·m−1·K−1 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Thermal diffusivity | (300 K) (diamond) (503–1300) mm²/s | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | (graphite) 1-2 [6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Mohs hardness | (diamond) 10. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. In Heat transfer analysis thermal diffusivity (symbol \alpha\ but note that the symbols \kappa D and k are all commonly The Millimetre ( American spelling: millimeter, symbol mm) is a unit of Length in the Metric system, equal to The second ( SI symbol s) sometimes abbreviated sec, is the name of a unit of Time, and is the International System of Units The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material 0 [6] | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| CAS registry number | 7440-44-0 | ||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Selected isotopes | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| References | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Carbon (pronounced /kɑɹbən/) is a chemical element with the symbol C and atomic number is 6. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 Recommended values for many properties of the elements together with various references are collected on these data pages A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. See also Chemical formula. A chemical symbol is an Abbreviation or shortened version of the name of a Chemical element See also List of elements by atomic number In Chemistry and Physics, the atomic number (also known as the proton It is a group 14, nonmetallic, tetravalent element, that presents several allotropic forms of which the best known are graphite (the thermodynamically stable form under normal conditions), diamond, and amorphous carbon. History Carbon, Tin, and Lead, are a few of the elements well known in the ancient world - together with Sulfur, Iron, Nonmetal is a term used in Chemistry when classifying the Chemical elements On the basis of their general physical and chemical properties every element in the In Chemistry, a tetravalence is the state of an Atom with four Electrons available for covalent chemical bonding in its valence This is a list of the Allotropes of Carbon. Diamond See also Diamond Diamond is one of the best known allotropes The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. In Thermodynamics, a thermodynamic system is said to be in thermodynamic equilibrium when it is in thermal equilibrium Mechanical equilibrium, and This article is about the philosophical argument for normal conditions in the sense of standards see the corresponding articles e In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in See also Activated carbon Amorphous carbon is an allotrope of carbon that does not have any Crystalline structure [7] There are three naturally occurring isotopes: 12C and 13C are stable, and 14C is radioactive, decaying with a half-life of about 5700 years. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides Carbon-12 is the most abundant of the two stable Isotopes of the element Carbon, accounting for 98 Carbon-13 ( 13C) is a natural stable Isotope of Carbon and one of the Environmental isotopes. Carbon-14, 14C, or radiocarbon, is a Radioactive isotope of Carbon discovered on February 27, 1940, by Radioactive decay is the process in which an unstable Atomic nucleus loses energy by emitting ionizing particles and Radiation. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page [8] Carbon is one of the few elements known to man since antiquity. [9][10] The name "carbon" comes from Latin language carbo, coal, and in some Romance languages, the word carbon can refer both to the element and to coal. Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. The Romance languages (sometimes referred to as Romanic languages, or Neolatin languages) are a branch of the Indo-European language family comprising all
It is the fourth most abundant element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. See also Abundances of the elements (data page The abundance of a Chemical element measures how relatively common the element is or how much of the element Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the It is present in all known lifeforms, and in the human body, carbon is the second most abundant element by mass (about 18. Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism 5%) after oxygen. [11] This abundance, together with the unique diversity of organic compounds and their unusual polymer-forming ability at the temperatures commonly encountered on Earth, make this element the chemical basis of all known life. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism
The physical properties of carbon vary widely with the allotropic form. A physical property is any aspect of an object or substance that can be measured or perceived without changing its identity. For example, diamond is highly transparent, while graphite is opaque and black. In Optics, transparency (also called pellucidity) is the Material property of allowing Opacity is the measure of impenetrability to electromagnetic or other kinds of radiation especially visible Light. Diamond is among the hardest materials known, while graphite is soft enough to form a streak on paper. Diamond has a very low electric conductivity, while graphite is a very good conductor. Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. In Science and engineering, a conductor is a material which contains movable Electric charges. Also, diamond has the highest thermal conductivity of all known materials under normal conditions. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the Intensive property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. All the allotropic forms are solids under normal conditions. This article is about the philosophical argument for normal conditions in the sense of standards see the corresponding articles e
All forms of carbon are highly stable, requiring high temperature to react even with oxygen. The most common oxidation state of carbon in inorganic compounds is +4, while +2 is found in carbon monoxide and other transition metal carbonyl complexes. In Chemistry, the oxidation state is an indicator of the degree of Oxidation of an Atom in a Chemical compound. Traditionally inorganic compounds are considered to be of mineral not biological origin Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. In Chemistry, the term transition metal (sometimes also called a transition element) has two possible meanings It commonly refers to any element in In Organic chemistry, a carbonyl group is a Functional group composed of a Carbon Atom double-bonded to an Oxygen The largest sources of inorganic carbon are limestones, dolomites and carbon dioxide, but significant quantities occur in organic deposits of coal, peat, oil and methane clathrates. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Dolomite (ˈdɒləmaɪt is the name of a Sedimentary Carbonate rock and a Mineral, both composed Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter. An oil is a substance that is in a viscous Liquid state ( "oily") at ambient temperatures or slightly warmer and is Methane clathrate, also called methane hydrate or methane ice, is a solid form of water that contains a large amount of Methane within its Crystal Carbon forms more compounds than any other element, with almost ten million pure organic compounds described to date, which in turn are a tiny fraction of such compounds that are theoretically possible under standard conditions. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. [12]
Contents |
Characteristics
Carbon exhibits remarkable properties, some paradoxical. Its different forms or allotropes (see below) include the hardest naturally occurring substance (diamond) and also one of the softest substances (graphite) known. Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. Moreover, it has a great affinity for bonding with other small atoms, including other carbon atoms, and is capable of forming multiple stable covalent bonds with such atoms. A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic History See also Atomic theory, Atomism The concept that matter is composed of discrete units and cannot be divided into arbitrarily tiny Because of these properties, carbon is known to form nearly ten million different compounds, the large majority of all chemical compounds. A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. [12] Moreover, carbon has the highest melting/sublimation point of all elements. The melting point of a solid is the temperature range at which it changes state from solid to Liquid. Sublimation of an element or compound is a transition from the Solid to Gas phase with no intermediate liquid stage At atmospheric pressure it has no actual melting point as its triple point is at 10 MPa (100 bar) so it sublimates above 4000 K. In Thermodynamics, the triple point of a substance is the Temperature and Pressure at which three phases (for example Gas, Liquid The bar (symbol bar) decibar (symbol dbar) and the millibar (symbol mbar, also mb are units of Pressure. Carbon sublimes in a carbon arc which has a temperature of about 5800K. Thus irrespective of its allotropic form, carbon remains solid at higher temperatures than the highest melting point metals such as tungsten or rhenium. Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 Rhenium (ˈriːniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Re and Atomic number 75 Although thermodynamically prone to oxidation, carbon resists oxidation more effectively than elements such as iron and copper that are weaker reducing agents at room temperature.
Carbon compounds form the basis of all life on Earth and the carbon-nitrogen cycle provides some of the energy produced by the Sun and other stars. EARTH was a short-lived Japanese vocal trio which released 6 singles and 1 album between 2000 and 2001 The CNO cycle (for Carbon - Nitrogen - Oxygen) or sometimes Bethe-Weizsäcker-cycle, is one of two sets of fusion reactions The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth Although it forms an extraordinary variety of compounds, most forms of carbon are comparatively unreactive under normal conditions. At standard temperature and pressure, it resists all but the strongest oxidizers. It does not react with sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, chlorine or any alkalis. Sulfuric (or sulphuric acid, H 2 S[[oxygen O]]4 is a strong Mineral acid. Hydrochloric acid is the Solution of Hydrogen chloride ( H[[Chlorine Cl]] in water Chlorine (ˈklɔriːn from the Greek word 'χλωρóς' ( khlôros, meaning 'pale green' is the Chemical element with Atomic number 17 and At elevated temperatures carbon reacts with oxygen to form carbon oxides, and will reduce such metal oxides as iron oxide to the metal. This exothermic reaction is used in the iron and steel industry to control the carbon content of steel:
Fe3O4 + 4C(s) → 3Fe(s) + 4CO(g)
with sulfur to form carbon disulfide and with steam in the coal-gas reaction
C(s) + H2O(g) → CO(g) + H2(g). In Thermodynamics, the word exothermic "outside heating" describes a process or reaction that releases Energy usually in the form of Heat, but Sulfur or sulphur (ˈsʌlfɚ see spelling below) is the Chemical element that has the Atomic number 16
Carbon combines with some metals at high temperatures to form metallic carbides, such as the iron carbide cementite in steel, and tungsten carbide, widely used as an abrasive and for making hard tips for cutting tools. Cementite or iron carbide is a Chemical compound with the formula Fe3C (or Fe2CFe and an Orthorhombic crystal structure Tungsten carbide, WC, or tungsten semicarbide, W2C, is a chemical compound containing Tungsten and Carbon, similar An abrasive is a material often a Mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away
The system of carbon allotropes spans a range of extremes:
| Synthetic diamond nanorods are the hardest materials known. Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNR s (also called "hyperdiamond" are an allotrope of Carbon believed to be the hardest and least | Graphite is one of the softest materials known. |
| Diamond is the ultimate abrasive. An abrasive is a material often a Mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away | Graphite is a very good lubricant. A lubricant (sometimes referred to as a "Lube" is a substance (often a liquid introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the Friction between them improving |
| Diamond is an excellent electrical insulator. Insulator may refer to Insulator (genetics Insulator (electrical Thermal insulation Building | Graphite is a conductor of electricity. In Science and engineering, a conductor is a material which contains movable Electric charges. |
| Diamond is the best known thermal conductor | Some forms of graphite are used for thermal insulation (i. In Physics, thermal conductivity, k is the Intensive property of a material that indicates its ability to conduct Heat. The term thermal insulation can refer to materials used to reduce the rate of Heat transfer, or the methods and processes used to reduce heat transfer e. firebreaks and heatshields) |
| Diamond is highly transparent. | Graphite is opaque. |
| Diamond crystallizes in the cubic system. The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. | Graphite crystallizes in the hexagonal system. In Crystallography, the hexagonal is one of the 7 Crystal system, it contains 7 Point groups. |
| Amorphous carbon is completely isotropic. Isotropy is uniformity in all directions Precise definitions depend on the subject area | Carbon nanotubes are among the most anisotropic materials ever produced. Anisotropy (pronounced with stress on the third syllable ˌænaɪˈsɒtrəpi is the property of being directionally dependent as opposed to Isotropy, which means homogeneity |
Allotropes
Atomic carbon is a very short-lived species and therefore, carbon is stabilized in various multi-atomic structures with different molecular configurations called allotropes. This is a list of the Allotropes of Carbon. Diamond See also Diamond Diamond is one of the best known allotropes Atomic carbon in Chemistry is single carbon Atom with chemical formula:C - in effect a di Carbene. Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different The three relatively well-known allotropes of carbon are amorphous carbon, graphite, and diamond. See also Activated carbon Amorphous carbon is an allotrope of carbon that does not have any Crystalline structure The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in Once considered exotic, fullerenes are nowadays commonly synthesized and used in research; they include buckyballs,[13][14] carbon nanotubes,[15] carbon nanobuds[16] and nanofibers,[17]. "C60" and "C-60" redirect here For other uses see C60 (disambiguation. "C60" and "C-60" redirect here For other uses see C60 (disambiguation. See also Graphene, Buckypaper Carbon nanotubes (CNTs are Allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure that can have a length-to-diameter In nanotechnology Carbon nanobuds form a material (discovered in 2007 which combines two previously discovered Allotropes of carbon: Carbon nanotubes and Carbon nanofibers are cylindric Nanostructures with Graphene layers arranged as stacked cones cups or Plates Carbon nanofibers with graphene [18] Several other exotic allotropes have also been discovered, such as aggregated diamond nanorods,[19] lonsdaleite,[20] glassy carbon,[21] carbon nanofoam[22] and linear acetylenic carbon. Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNR s (also called "hyperdiamond" are an allotrope of Carbon believed to be the hardest and least Hexagonal diamond or commonly Lonsdaleite (named in honour of Kathleen Lonsdale) is an Allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal lattice believed to form Glassy carbon, also called vitreous carbon, is a non-graphitizing Carbon which combines glassy and ceramic properties with those of graphite Carbon nanofoam is an allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V In Chemistry, a carbyne is a Monovalent Carbon radical species [23]
- The amorphous form, is an assortment of carbon atoms in a non-crystalline, irregular, glassy state, which is essentially graphite but not held in a crystalline macrostructure. An amorphous solid is a Solid in which there is no Long-range order of the positions of the Atoms (Solids in which there is long-range atomic order are The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. It is present as a powder, and is the main constituent of substances such as charcoal, lampblack (soot) and activated carbon. Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation Soot (ˈsʊt is a general term that refers to the black impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon Soot (ˈsʊt is a general term that refers to the black impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of Carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to
- At normal pressures carbon takes the form of graphite, in which each atom is bonded trigonally to three others in a plane composed of fused hexagonal rings, just like those in aromatic hydrocarbons. The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. Regular hexagon The internal Angles of a regular hexagon (one where all sides and all angles are equal are all 120 ° and the hexagon has 720 degrees The resulting network is 2-dimensional, and the resulting flat sheets are stacked and loosely bonded through weak Van der Waals forces. The Van der Waals equation is an Equation of state that can be derived from a special form of the potential between a pair of molecules (hard-sphere repulsion This gives graphite its softness and its cleaving properties (the sheets slip easily past one another). Because of the delocalization of one of the outer electrons of each atom to form a π-cloud, graphite conducts electricity, but only in the plane of each covalently bonded sheet. In chemistry delocalized electrons are Electrons in a Molecule that are not associated with a single Atom or to a Covalent bond. This results in a lower bulk electrical conductivity for carbon than for most metals. Electrical conductivity or specific conductivity is a measure of a material's ability to conduct an Electric current. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across The delocalization also accounts for the energetic stability of graphite over diamond at room temperature.
- At very high pressures carbon forms the more compact allotrope diamond, having nearly twice the density of graphite. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in Here, each atom is bonded tetrahedrally to four others, thus making a 3-dimensional network of puckered six-membered rings of atoms. A tetrahedron (plural tetrahedra) is a Polyhedron composed of four triangular faces three of which meet at each vertex. Diamond has the same cubic structure as silicon and germanium and, thanks to the strength of the carbon-carbon bonds is the hardest naturally occurring substance in terms of resistance to scratching. The cubic crystal system (or isometric) is a Crystal system where the Unit cell is in the shape of a Cube. Silicon (ˈsɪlɪkən or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ silicium is the Chemical element that has the symbol Si and Atomic number 14 Germanium (dʒɚˈmeɪniəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Ge and Atomic number 32 A chemical bond is the physical process responsible for the attractive interactions between Atoms and Molecules and which confers stability to diatomic and polyatomic The Mohs scale of mineral hardness characterizes the scratch resistance of various Minerals through the ability of a harder material to scratch a softer material Contrary to the popular belief that "diamonds are forever", they are in fact thermodynamically unstable under normal conditions and transform into graphite. The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. [7] But due to a high activation energy barrier, the transition into graphite is so extremely slow at room temperature as to be unnoticeable. Under some conditions, carbon crystallizes as Lonsdaleite, a form similar to diamond but forming a hexagonal crystal lattice. Hexagonal diamond or commonly Lonsdaleite (named in honour of Kathleen Lonsdale) is an Allotrope of carbon with a hexagonal lattice believed to form Regular hexagon The internal Angles of a regular hexagon (one where all sides and all angles are equal are all 120 ° and the hexagon has 720 degrees In Materials science, a crystal is a Solid in which the constituent Atoms Molecules or Ions are packed in a regularly ordered repeating [20]
- Fullerenes have a graphite-like structure, but instead of purely hexagonal packing, they also contain pentagons (or even heptagons) of carbon atoms, which bend the sheet into spheres, ellipses or cylinders. "C60" and "C-60" redirect here For other uses see C60 (disambiguation. In Crystallography, the hexagonal is one of the 7 Crystal system, it contains 7 Point groups. The properties of fullerenes (split into buckyballs, buckytubes and nanobuds) have not yet been fully analyzed and represents an intense area of research in nanomaterials. "C60" and "C-60" redirect here For other uses see C60 (disambiguation. See also Graphene, Buckypaper Carbon nanotubes (CNTs are Allotropes of carbon with a nanostructure that can have a length-to-diameter In nanotechnology Carbon nanobuds form a material (discovered in 2007 which combines two previously discovered Allotropes of carbon: Carbon nanotubes and Nanomaterials are application with morphological features smaller than a one tenth of a micrometre in at least one dimension The name "fullerene" is given after Richard Buckminster Fuller, developer of some geodesic domes, which resemble the structure of fullerenes. Richard Buckminster “Bucky” Fuller ( July 12, 1895 &ndash July 1, 1983) was an American Architect, Author A geodesic dome is an almost spherical shell structure based on a network of Great circles ( Geodesics lying approximately on the surface of a Sphere The buckyballs are fairly large molecules formed completely of carbon bonded trigonally, forming spheroids (the best-known and simplest is the soccerball-shaped structure C60 buckminsterfullerene). Equation A spheroid centered at the origin and rotated about the z axis is defined by the implicit equation \left(\frac{x}{a}\right^2+\left(\frac{y}{a}\right^2+\left(\frac{z}{b}\right^2 "C60" and "C-60" redirect here For other uses see C60 (disambiguation. [13] Carbon nanotubes are structurally similar to buckyballs, except that each atom is bonded trigonally in a curved sheet that forms a hollow cylinder. A cylinder is one of the most basic curvilinear geometric shapes the Surface formed by the points at a fixed distance from a given Straight line, the axis [14][15] Nanobuds were first published in 2007 and are hybrid bucky tube/buckyball materials (buckyballs are covalently bonded to the outer wall of a nanotube) that combine the properties of both in a single structure. [16]
- Of the other discovered allotropes, aggregated diamond nanorods have been synthesised in 2005 and are believed to be the hardest substance known yet. Aggregated diamond nanorods, or ADNR s (also called "hyperdiamond" are an allotrope of Carbon believed to be the hardest and least [24] Carbon nanofoam is a ferromagnetic allotrope discovered in 1997. Carbon nanofoam is an allotrope of carbon discovered in 1997 by Andrei V Ferromagnetism is the basic mechanism by which certain materials (such as Iron) form Permanent magnets and/or exhibit strong interactions with Magnets it It consists of a low-density cluster-assembly of carbon atoms strung together in a loose three-dimensional web, in which the atoms are bonded trigonally in six- and seven-membered rings. It is among the lightest known solids, with a density of about 2 kg/m³. [25] Similarly, glassy carbon contains a high proportion of closed porosity. Glassy carbon, also called vitreous carbon, is a non-graphitizing Carbon which combines glassy and ceramic properties with those of graphite Porosity is a measure of the void spaces in a material and is measured as a fraction between 0–1 or as a Percentage between 0–100% [21] But unlike normal graphite, the graphitic layers are not stacked like pages in a book, but have a more random arrangement. Linear acetylenic carbon[23] has the chemical structure[26] -(C:::C)n- . In Chemistry, a carbyne is a Monovalent Carbon radical species Carbon in this modification is linear with sp orbital hybridisation, and is a polymer with alternating single and triple bonds. -->In Chemistry A polymer is a large Molecule ( Macromolecule) composed of repeating Structural units typically connected by Covalent Chemical bonds This type of carbyne is of considerable interest to nanotechnology as its Young's modulus is forty times that of the hardest known material - diamond. Nanotechnology, sometimes shortened to nanotech, refers to a field of Applied science whose theme is the control of matter on an Atomic and Molecular [27]
Occurrence
Carbon is the fourth most abundant chemical element in the universe by mass after hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. See also Abundances of the elements (data page The abundance of a Chemical element measures how relatively common the element is or how much of the element Carbon is abundant in the Sun, stars, comets, and in the atmospheres of most planets. The Sun (Sol is the Star at the center of the Solar System. A star is a massive luminous ball of plasma. The nearest star to Earth is the Sun, which is the source of most of the Energy on Earth A comet is a small Solar System body that orbits the Sun and when close enough to the Sun exhibits a visible coma (atmosphere or a tail — An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " A planet, as defined by the International Astronomical Union (IAU is a celestial body Orbiting a Star or stellar remnant that is Some meteorites contain microscopic diamonds that were formed when the solar system was still a protoplanetary disk. A meteorite is a natural object originating in Outer space that survives an impact with the Earth 's surface The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. A protoplanetary disk (or proplyd) is a rotating Circumstellar disk of dense gas surrounding a young newly formed star a T Tauri star or Herbig star Microscopic diamonds may also be formed by the intense pressure and high temperature at the sites of meteorite impacts. [28]
In combination with oxygen in carbon dioxide, carbon is found in the Earth's atmosphere (in quantities of approximately 810 gigatonnes) and dissolved in all water bodies (approximately 36000 gigatonnes). The total inorganic carbon (CT or TIC or dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC is the Sum of Inorganic Carbon species in a Solution The Global Ocean Data Analysis Project ( GLODAP) is a synthesis project bringing together oceanographic data collected during the 1990s by research cruises on the Climatology (from Greek grc κλίμα klima, "region zone" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of Climate, scientifically Oxygen (from the Greek roots ὀξύς (oxys (acid literally "sharp" from the taste of acids and -γενής (-genēs (producer literally begetteris the Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single This article is about the tonne or metric ton For other tons see Ton. Around 1900 gigatonnes are present in the biosphere. The biosphere is the broadest level of ecological study the global sum of all Ecosystems. Hydrocarbons (such as coal, petroleum, and natural gas) contain carbon as well — coal "reserves" (not "resources") amount to around 900 gigatonnes, and oil reserves around 150 gigatonnes. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Natural gas is a Gaseous Fossil fuel consisting primarily of Methane but including significant quantities of Ethane, Propane, Oil reserves are the estimated quantities of Crude oil that are claimed to be recoverable under existing Economic and operating conditions With smaller amounts of calcium, magnesium, and iron, carbon is a major component of very large masses carbonate rock (limestone, dolomite, marble etc. Calcium (ˈkælsiəm is the Chemical element with the symbol Ca and Atomic number 20 Magnesium (mægˈniːziəm is a Chemical element with the symbol Mg, Atomic number 12 Atomic weight 24 Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 In Chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or Ester of Carbonic acid. In Geology, rock is a naturally occurring aggregate of Minerals and/or Mineraloids The Earth's outer solid layer the ‘ Lithosphere Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 Dolomite (ˈdɒləmaɪt is the name of a Sedimentary Carbonate rock and a Mineral, both composed Marble is a nonfoliated Metamorphic rock resulting from the Metamorphism of Limestone, composed mostly of Calcite (a crystalline form of ).
Coal is a significant commercial source of mineral carbon; anthracite containing 92-98% carbon and the largest source (4000 Gt, or 80% of coal, gas and oil reserves) of carbon in a form suitable for use as fuel. Anthracite ( Greek Ανθρακίτης literally "a type of coal" from Anthrax, coal is a hard compact variety of mineral Coal that has a high [29]
Graphite is found in large quantities in New York and Texas, the United States, Russia, Mexico, Greenland, and India. New York ( is a state in the Mid-Atlantic and Northeastern regions of the United States and is the nation's third most populous Texas ( is a state geographically located in the South Central United States and is also known as the Lone Star State. The United States of America —commonly referred to as the Russia (Россия Rossiya) or the Russian Federation ( Rossiyskaya Federatsiya) is a transcontinental Country extending The United Mexican States ( or commonly Mexico (ˈmɛksɪkoʊ () is a federal constitutional Republic in North America. Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat meaning "Land of the Greenlanders" Grønland is a self-governing Danish Province located between the India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country
Natural diamonds occur in the mineral kimberlite, found in ancient volcanic "necks," or "pipes". Kimberlite is a type of potassic Volcanic rock best known for sometimes containing Diamonds It is named after the town of Kimberley in South Africa Plate tectonics and hotspots Divergent plate boundaries At the Most diamond deposits are in Africa, notably in South Africa, Namibia, Botswana, the Republic of the Congo, and Sierra Leone. The Republic of South Africa (also known by other official names) is a country located at the southern tip of the continent of Africa Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia, is a country in Southern Africa on the Atlantic coast The Republic of Botswana (Lefatshe la Botswana is a Landlocked nation in Southern Africa. The Republic of the Congo (République du Congo Kongo: Repubilika ya Kongo; Lingala: Republiki ya Kongó) also known as Congo-Brazzaville Sierra Leone, officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. There are also deposits in Arkansas, Canada, the Russian Arctic, Brazil and in Northern and Western Australia. Arkansas ( is a state located in the southern region of the United States. Country to "Dominion of Canada" or "Canadian Federation" or anything else please read the Talk Page The Arctic is the Region around the Earth 's North Pole, opposite the Antarctic region around the South Pole. |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld For a topic outline on this subject see List of basic Australia topics.
Diamonds are now also being recovered from the ocean floor off the Cape of Good Hope. The Cape of Good Hope ( Afrikaans: Kaap die Goeie Hoop, Kaap de Goede Hoop Cabo da Boa Esperança Persian Language: دماغه امید نیک However, though diamonds are found naturally, about 30% of all industrial diamonds used in the U. S. are now made synthetically.
According to studies from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, an estimate of the global carbon budget is:
| Biosphere, oceans, atmosphere | |
|---|---|
| 0. 45 x 1018 kilograms (3. 7 x 1018 moles) | |
| Crust | |
| Organic carbon | 13. The mole (symbol mol) is a unit of Amount of substance: it is an SI base unit, and almost the only unit to be used to measure this 2 x 1018 kg |
| Carbonates | 62. 4 x 1018 kg |
| Mantle | |
| 1200 x 1018 kg | |
Carbon-14 is formed in upper layers of the troposphere and the stratosphere, at altitudes of 9–15 km, by a reaction that is precipitated by cosmic rays. For the 1962 Bruce Conner film see Cosmic Ray (film Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on Thermal neutrons are produced that collide with the nuclei of nitrogen-14, forming carbon-14 and a proton. The neutron temperature, also called the neutron energy, indicates a free neutron's Kinetic energy, usually given in Electron volts The term
Isotopes
Isotopes of carbon are atomic nuclei that contain six protons plus a number of neutrons (varying from 2 to 16). Carbon ( C)Standard atomic mass 120107(8 u Natural isotopes See also Carbon-12, Carbon-13, Carbon-14 Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides The nucleus of an Atom is the very dense region consisting of Nucleons ( Protons and Neutrons, at the center of an atom The proton ( Greek πρῶτον / proton "first" is a Subatomic particle with an Electric charge of one positive This article is a discussion of neutrons in general For the specific case of a neutron found outside the nucleus see Free neutron. Carbon has two stable, naturally occurring isotopes. Isotopes (Greek isos = "equal" tópos = "site place" are any of the different types of atoms ( Nuclides [8] The isotope carbon-12 (12C) forms 98. Carbon-12 is the most abundant of the two stable Isotopes of the element Carbon, accounting for 98 93% of the carbon on Earth, while carbon-13 (13C) forms the remaining 1. Carbon-13 ( 13C) is a natural stable Isotope of Carbon and one of the Environmental isotopes. 07%. [8] The concentration of 12C is further increased in biological materials because biochemical reactions discriminate against 13C. [30] In 1961 the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) adopted the isotope carbon-12 as the basis for atomic weights. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization Carbon-12 is the most abundant of the two stable Isotopes of the element Carbon, accounting for 98 The atomic mass (ma is the Mass of an atom most often expressed in unified atomic mass units The atomic mass may be considered to be the total mass [31] Identification of carbon in NMR experiments is done with the isotope 13C.
Carbon-14 (14C) is a naturally occurring radioisotope which occurs in trace amounts on Earth of up to 1 part per trillion (0. Carbon-14, 14C, or radiocarbon, is a Radioactive isotope of Carbon discovered on February 27, 1940, by A radionuclide is an Atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy which is available to be imparted either to a newly-created 0000000001%), mostly confined to the atmosphere and superficial deposits, particularly of peat and other organic materials. Peat is an accumulation of partially Decayed Vegetation matter. [32] This isotope decays by 0. 158 MeV β- emission. In Nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of Radioactive decay in which a Beta particle (an Electron or a Positron) is emitted Because of its relatively short half-life of 5730 years, 14C is virtually absent in ancient rocks, but is created in the upper atmosphere (lower stratosphere and upper troposphere) by interaction of nitrogen with cosmic rays. Half-Life (computer-game page here It's already listed in the disambiguation page Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five The stratosphere is the second major layer of Earth's atmosphere, just above the Troposphere, and below the Mesosphere. The troposphere is the lowest portion of Earth's atmosphere. It contains approximately 75% of the atmosphere's mass and almost all of its Water vapor and Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 For the 1962 Bruce Conner film see Cosmic Ray (film Cosmic rays are energetic particles originating from space that impinge on [33] The abundance of 14C in the atmosphere and in living organisms is almost constant, but decreases predictably in their bodies after death. An atmosphere (from Greek ατμός - atmos, " Vapor " + σφαίρα - sphaira, " Sphere " This principle is used in radiocarbon dating, discovered in 1949, which has been used extensively to determine the age of carbonaceous materials with ages up to about 40,000 years. Radiocarbon dating is a Radiometric dating method that uses the naturally occurring Radioisotope Carbon-14 (14C to determine the age of [34][35]
There are 15 known isotopes of carbon and the shortest-lived of these is 8C which decays through proton emission and alpha decay and has a half-life of 1. Proton emission (also known as proton radioactivity is a type of radioactive decay in which a Proton is ejected from a nucleus. Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an Atomic nucleus emits an Alpha particle (two protons and two neutrons bound together into a particle 98739x10-21 s. The second ( SI symbol s) sometimes abbreviated sec, is the name of a unit of Time, and is the International System of Units [36] The exotic 19C exhibits a nuclear halo, which means its radius is appreciably larger than would be expected if the nucleus was a sphere of constant density. In Nuclear physics, an atomic nucleus is called a halo nucleus or is said to have a nuclear halo if its radius is appreciably larger than that predicted by the Remote Authentication Dial In User Service ( RADIUS) is a networking protocol that provides centralized access authorization and accounting management for people or computers "Globose" redirects here See also Globose nucleus. A sphere (from Greek σφαίρα - sphaira, "globe The density of a material is defined as its Mass per unit Volume: \rho = \frac{m}{V} Different materials usually have different [37]
Formation in stars
Formation of the carbon atomic nucleus requires a nearly simultaneous triple collision of alpha particles (helium nuclei) within the core of a giant or supergiant star. The triple alpha process is a set of Nuclear fusion reactions by which three Helium nuclei ( Alpha particles are transformed into Carbon. The CNO cycle (for Carbon - Nitrogen - Oxygen) or sometimes Bethe-Weizsäcker-cycle, is one of two sets of fusion reactions Alpha particles (named after and denoted by the first letter in the Greek alphabet, α consist of two Protons and two Neutrons bound together into a Helium ( He) is a colorless odorless tasteless non-toxic Inert Monatomic Chemical A giant star is a Star with substantially larger Radius and Luminosity than a Main sequence star of the same surface temperature. Supergiants are among the most massive Stars In the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram they occupy the top region of the diagram This happens in conditions of temperature and helium concentration that the rapid expansion and cooling of the early universe prohibited, and therefore no significant carbon was created during the Big Bang. The Big Bang is the cosmological model of the Universe that is best supported by all lines of scientific evidence and Observation. Instead, the interiors of stars in the horizontal branch transform three helium nuclei into carbon by means of this triple-alpha process. The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram (usually referred to by the abbreviation H-R diagram or HRD, also known as a colour-magnitude diagram, or CMD The triple alpha process is a set of Nuclear fusion reactions by which three Helium nuclei ( Alpha particles are transformed into Carbon. In order to be available for formation of life as we know it, this carbon must then later be scattered into space as dust, in supernova explosions, as part of the material which later forms second- and third-generation star systems which have planets accreted from such dust. A supernova (plural supernovae or supernovas) is a stellar Explosion. The Solar System is one such third-generation star system. The Solar System consists of the Sun and those celestial objects bound to it by Gravity. In Astronomy and Physical cosmology, the metallicity of an object is the proportion of its matter made up of Chemical elements other than Hydrogen
One of the fusion mechanisms powering stars is the carbon-nitrogen cycle. The CNO cycle (for Carbon - Nitrogen - Oxygen) or sometimes Bethe-Weizsäcker-cycle, is one of two sets of fusion reactions
Rotational transitions of various isotopic forms of carbon monoxide (e. g. 12CO, 13CO, and C18O) are detectable in the submillimeter regime, and are used in the study of newly forming stars in molecular clouds. Submillimetre astronomy or submillimeter astronomy (see Spelling differences) is the branch of Observational astronomy that is conducted at submillimetre Star Formation is the process by which dense parts of Molecular clouds collapse into a ball of plasma to form a Star. See also Solar nebula A molecular cloud, sometimes called a stellar nursery if Star formation is occurring within is a type of Interstellar
Carbon cycle
Under terrestrial conditions, conversion of one element to another is very rare. Therefore, the amount of carbon on Earth is effectively constant. Thus, processes that use carbon must obtain it somewhere and dispose of it somewhere else. The paths that carbon follows in the environment make up the carbon cycle. The carbon cycle is the biogeochemical cycle by which carbon is exchanged among the Biosphere, Pedosphere, Geosphere, Hydrosphere, and For example, plants draw carbon dioxide out of their environment and use it to build biomass, as in carbon respiration or the Calvin cycle, a process of carbon fixation. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single Carbon respiration is a phrase used in combination with carbon storage to calculate the amount of Carbon (as CO2) Flux occurring in The Calvin cycle (or Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle or carbon fixation is a series of biochemical reactions that takes place in the Stroma of Chloroplasts Carbon fixation is a process found in Autotrophs (organisms that produce their own food usually driven by Photosynthesis, whereby Carbon dioxide is changed Some of this biomass is eaten by animals, whereas some carbon is exhaled by animals as carbon dioxide. The carbon cycle is considerably more complicated than this short loop; for example, some carbon dioxide is dissolved in the oceans; dead plant or animal matter may become petroleum or coal, which can burn with the release of carbon, should bacteria not consume it. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit
Compounds
Inorganic compounds
Commonly carbon-containing compounds which are associated with minerals or which do not contain hydrogen or fluorine, are treated separately from classical organic compounds; however the definition is not rigid (see reference articles above). There is an immense number of distinct compounds that contain carbon atoms An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Among these are the simple oxides of carbon. The most prominent oxide is carbon dioxide (CO2). Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single This was once the principal constituent of the paleoatmosphere, but is a minor component of the Earth's atmosphere today. The term Paleoatmosphere (or palaeoatmosphere refers to the atmosphere particularly of earth at some unspecified time in the geological past Temperature and layers The temperature of the Earth's atmosphere varies with altitude the mathematical relationship between temperature and altitude varies among five [38] Dissolved in water, it forms carbonic acid (H2CO3), but as most compounds with multiple single-bonded oxygens on a single carbon it is unstable. Water ( H2[[oxygen O]] H OH) is the most abundant Molecule on Earth 's surface composing of about 70% of the Earth's surface as Carbonic acid (ancient name acid of air or aerial acid) has the formula H2CO3 Through this intermediate, though, resonance-stabilized carbonate ions are produced. In Chemistry, a carbonate is a salt or Ester of Carbonic acid. An ion is an Atom or Molecule which has lost or gained one or more Valence electrons giving it a positive or negative electrical charge Some important minerals are carbonates, notably calcite. Calcite is a carbonate mineral and the most stable polymorph of Calcium carbonate ( Ca[[carbon C]] O 3 Carbon disulfide (CS2) is similar.
The other common oxide is carbon monoxide (CO). Carbon monoxide, with the chemical formula CO is a colorless odorless tasteless yet highly toxic Gas. It is formed by incomplete combustion, and is a colorless, odorless gas. The molecules each contain a triple bond and are fairly polar, resulting in a tendency to bind permanently to hemoglobin molecules, displacing oxygen, which has a lower binding affinity. "Polar molecule" and "Non-polar" redirect here [39][40] Cyanide (CN–), has a similar structure, but behaves much like a halide ion (pseudohalogen). A cyanide is any Chemical compound that contains the cyano group (C≡N which consists of a Carbon Atom triple-bonded to a A halide is a Binary compound, of which one part is a Halogen Atom and the other part is an element or radical that is less Pseudohalogens are binary Inorganic compounds of the general form XY where X is a Cyanide, Cyanate, Thiocyanate etc For example it can form the nitride cyanogen molecule ((CN)2), similar to diatomic halides. Cyanogen is the Chemical compound with the formula ( C[[nitrogen N]]2 Other uncommon oxides are carbon suboxide (C3O2),[41] the unstable dicarbon monoxide (C2O),[42][43] and even carbon trioxide (CO3). Carbon suboxide, or tricarbon dioxide C3O2with four cumulative double bonds making it a Cumulene. Dicarbon Monoxide (C2O is an extremely reactive Molecule that contains two Carbon Atoms and one Oxygen [44][45]
With reactive metals, such as tungsten, carbon forms either carbides (C4–), or acetylides (C22–) to form alloys with high melting points. The M acro E xpansion T emplate A ttribute L anguage complements TAL, providing macros which allow the reuse of code across Tungsten (ˈtʌŋstən also known as wolfram (/ˈwʊlfrəm/ is a Chemical element that has the symbol W and Atomic number 74 These anions are also associated with methane and acetylene, both very weak acids. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. Acetylene ( IUPAC name ethyne), C2H2 is a Hydrocarbon belonging to the group of Alkynes It is the simplest of all alkynes In Computer science, ACID ( Atomicity Consistency Isolation Durability) is a set of properties that guarantee that Database transactions are With an electronegativity of 2. 5,[46] carbon prefers to form covalent bonds. A few carbides are covalent lattices, like carborundum (SiC), which resembles diamond. Silicon carbide ( is a compound of Silicon and Carbon bonded together to form Ceramics but it also occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in
Organic compounds
Carbon has the ability to form very long chains interconnecting C-C bonds. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. This property is called catenation. Catenation is the ability of a Chemical element usually found in carbon forming Covalent bonds with other Carbon atoms resulting in the formation of long Carbon-carbon bonds are strong, and stable. This property allows carbon to form an almost infinite number of compounds; in fact, there are more known carbon-containing compounds than all the compounds of the other chemical elements combined except those of hydrogen (because almost all organic compounds contain hydrogen too).
The simplest form of an organic molecule is the hydrocarbon—a large family of organic molecules that are composed of hydrogen atoms bonded to a chain of carbon atoms. In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. An organic compound is any member of a large class of Chemical compounds whose Molecules contain Carbon. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 Chain length, side chains and functional groups all affect the properties of organic molecules. In Organic chemistry, functional groups are specific groups of Atoms within Molecules that are responsible for the characteristic Chemical reactions By IUPAC's definition, all the other organic compounds are functionalized compounds of hydrocarbons. The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry ( IUPAC) (aɪjuːpæk or ay-yoo-pec) is an international Non-governmental organization
Carbon occurs in all organic life and is the basis of organic chemistry. Organic matter (or organic material) is Matter that has come from a once-living Organism; is capable of Life is a state that distinguishes Organisms from non-living objects such as non-life and dead organisms being manifested by growth through Metabolism Organic chemistry is a discipline within Chemistry which involves the scientific study of the structure properties composition reactions, and preparation When united with hydrogen, it forms various flammable compounds called hydrocarbons which are important to industry as chemical feedstock for the manufacture of plastics, petrochemicals and as fossil fuels. Hydrogen (ˈhaɪdrədʒən is the Chemical element with Atomic number 1 In Organic chemistry, a hydrocarbon is an Organic compound consisting entirely of Hydrogen and Carbon. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust.
When combined with oxygen and hydrogen, carbon can form many groups of important biological compounds including sugars, celluloses, lignans, chitins, alcohols, fats, and aromatic esters, carotenoids and terpenes. Sugar is a class of edible Crystalline substances mainly Sucrose, Lactose, and Fructose. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 The lignans are a group of Chemical compounds found in Plants particularly in flax seed Chitin ( C 8 H 13 O 5 N)n (ˈkaɪtən is a long-chain Polymer of a N-acetylglucosamine In Chemistry, an alcohol is any Organic compound in which a Hydroxyl group ( - O[[hydrogen H]]) is bound to a Carbon Fats consist of a wide group of compounds that are generally soluble in organic solvents and largely insoluble in water Esters are a class of Chemical compounds and Functional groups Esters consist of an inorganic or organic Acid in which at least Carotenoids are organic Pigments that are naturally occurring in Chromoplasts of plants and some other photosynthetic Organisms Terpenes are a large and varied class of Hydrocarbons, produced primarily by a wide variety of plants particularly Conifers though also by some insects such With nitrogen it forms alkaloids, and with the addition of sulfur also it forms antibiotics, amino acids and proteins. Nitrogen (ˈnaɪtɹəʤɪn is a Chemical element that has the symbol N and Atomic number 7 and Atomic weight 14 This article is about the chemical compounds alkaloids For the Pharmaceutical company in the Republic of Macedonia see Alkaloid (company. In modern usage an antibiotic is a Chemotherapeutic agent with activity against Microorganisms such as Bacteria, fungi or Protozoa In Chemistry, an amino acid is a Molecule containing both Amine and Carboxyl Functional groups In Biochemistry, this Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl With the addition of phosphorus to these other elements, it forms DNA and RNA, the chemical codes of life, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP), the most important energy-transfer molecules in all living cells. Deoxyribonucleic acid ( DNA) is a Nucleic acid that contains the genetic instructions used in the development and functioning of all known Ribonucleic acid ( RNA) is a Nucleic acid that consists of a long chain of Nucleotide units Adenosine-5'-triphosphate ( ATP) is a multifunctional Nucleotide that is most important as a " molecular currency" of intracellular Energy
History and etymology
The English name carbon comes from the Latin carbo for coal and charcoal,[47] and hence comes French charbon, meaning charcoal. English is a West Germanic language originating in England and is the First language for most people in the United Kingdom, the United States Latin ( lingua Latīna, laˈtiːna is an Italic language, historically spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. French ( français,) is a Romance language spoken around the world by 118 million people as a native language and by about 180 to 260 million people In German, Dutch and Danish, the names for carbon are Kohlenstoff, koolstof and kulstof respectively, all literally meaning coal-substance. The German language (de ''Deutsch'') is a West Germanic language and one of the world's major languages. Dutch ( is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people 22 million of which are from the Netherlands, Belgium and Suriname Danish ( d̥ænsɡ̊ is one of the North Germanic languages (also called Scandinavian languages a sub-group of the Germanic branch of the
Carbon was discovered in prehistory and was known in the forms of soot and charcoal to the earliest human civilizations. Soot (ˈsʊt is a general term that refers to the black impure carbon particles resulting from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation Human beings, humans or man (Origin 1590–1600 L homō man OL hemō the earthly one (see Humus A Civilization is a society in which large numbers of people share a variety of common elements Diamonds were known probably as early as 2500 BCE in China, while carbon in the forms of charcoal was made around Roman times by the same chemistry as it is today, by heating wood in a pyramid covered with clay to exclude air. Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation A pyramid is a Building where the upper surfaces are triangular and converge on one point Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and [48][49]
In 1722, René A. F. de Réaumur demonstrated that iron was transformed into steel through the absorption of some substance, now known to be carbon. "Réaumur" redirects here For other uses see Réaumur (disambiguation. [50] In 1772, Antoine Lavoisier showed that diamonds are a form of carbon, when he burned samples of carbon and diamond then showed that neither produced any water and that both released the same amount of carbon dioxide per gram. Carbon dioxide ( Chemical formula:) is a Chemical compound composed of two Oxygen Atoms covalently bonded to a single For other uses of the words gram or gramme see Gram (disambiguation. Carl Wilhelm Scheele showed that graphite, which had been thought of as a form of lead, was instead a type of carbon. Carl Wilhelm Scheele (9 December 1742 &ndash 21 May 1786 was a German - Swedish pharmaceutical chemist born in Stralsund, Western Pomerania, Characteristics Lead has a dull luster and is a dense, Ductile, very soft highly [51] In 1786, the French scientists Claude Louis Berthollet, Gaspard Monge and C. Claude Louis Berthollet ( December 9, 1748 &ndash November 6, 1822) was a Savoyard Chemist who "became vice president Gaspard Monge Comte de Péluse ( May 10, 1746 &ndash July 28, 1818) was a French Mathematician and inventor of A. Vandermonde then showed that this substance was carbon. [52] In their publication they proposed the name carbone (Latin carbonum) for this element. Antoine Lavoisier listed carbon as an element in his 1789 textbook. A chemical element is a type of Atom that is distinguished by its Atomic number; that is by the number of Protons in its nucleus. [53]
A new allotrope of carbon, fullerene, that was discovered in 1985[54] includes nanostructured forms such as buckyballs and nanotubes. Allotropy (Gr allos, other and tropos, manner is a behavior exhibited by certain Chemical elements these elements can exist in two or more different "C60" and "C-60" redirect here For other uses see C60 (disambiguation. A nanostructure is an object of intermediate size between Molecular and Microscopic ( micrometer -sized Structures In describing nanostructures "C60" and "C-60" redirect here For other uses see C60 (disambiguation. [13] Their discoverers received the Noble Prize in Chemistry in 1996. The Nobel Prize (Nobelpriset (Nobelprisen is a Swedish prize established in the 1895 will of Swedish chemist Alfred Nobel; it was first awarded in Peace, Literature [55] The resulting renewed interest in new forms, lead to the discovery of further exotic allotropes, including glassy carbon, and the realization that "amorphous carbon" is not strictly amorphous. Glassy carbon, also called vitreous carbon, is a non-graphitizing Carbon which combines glassy and ceramic properties with those of graphite See also Activated carbon Amorphous carbon is an allotrope of carbon that does not have any Crystalline structure An amorphous solid is a Solid in which there is no Long-range order of the positions of the Atoms (Solids in which there is long-range atomic order are [21]
Applications
Carbon is essential to all known living systems, and without it life as we know it could not exist (see alternative biochemistry). Silicon carbide ( is a compound of Silicon and Carbon bonded together to form Ceramics but it also occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral A single crystal, also called monocrystal, is a Crystalline Solid in which the Crystal lattice of the entire sample is continuous and unbroken Tungsten carbide, WC, or tungsten semicarbide, W2C, is a chemical compound containing Tungsten and Carbon, similar Alternative biochemistry is the speculative Biochemistry of alien Life forms that differ radically from those on Earth. The major economic use of carbon other than food and wood is in the form of hydrocarbons, most notably the fossil fuel methane gas and crude oil (petroleum). Fossil fuels or mineral fuels are fossil source Fuels that is Hydrocarbons found within the top layer of the Earth’s crust. Methane is a Chemical compound with the molecular formula. It is the simplest Alkane, and the principal component of Natural gas. Petroleum ( L petroleum, from Greek πετρέλαιον, lit Crude oil is used by the petrochemical industry to produce, amongst others, gasoline and kerosene, through a distillation process, in refineries. Petrochemicals are chemical products made from raw materials of Petroleum or other Hydrocarbon origin Kerosene, sometimes spelled kerosine in scientific and industrial usage is a Combustible Hydrocarbon liquid Distillation is a method of separating Mixtures based on differences in their volatilities in a boiling liquid mixture A refinery is composed of a group of Chemical engineering unit processes and Unit operations used for Refining certain materials or converting Cellulose is a natural, carbon-containing polymer produced by plants in the form of cellulose, cotton, linen, hemp. Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Cellulose is an Organic compound with the formula, a Polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β(1→4 Cotton is a soft staple Fibre that grows around the seeds of the cotton plant ( Gossypium sp Linen is a Textile made from the Fibers of the Flax plant Linum usitatissimum. This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. Commercially valuable carbon polymers of animal origin include wool, cashmere and silk. Wool is the fiber derived from the specialized skin cells called follicles of animals in the Caprinae family principally sheep, but the hair of certain species Silk is a natural Protein Fiber, some forms of which can be woven into Textiles The best-known type of silk is obtained from cocoons Plastics are made from synthetic carbon polymers, often with oxygen and nitrogen atoms included at regular intervals in the main polymer chain. Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products The raw materials for many of these synthetic substances come from crude oil.
The uses of carbon and its compounds are extremely varied. It can form alloys with iron, of which the most common is carbon steel. An alloy is a Solid solution or Homogeneous mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a Metal, which itself has Iron (ˈаɪɚn is a Chemical element with the symbol Fe (ferrum and Atomic number 26 Carbon steel, also called plain carbon steel, is Steel where the main alloying constituent is Carbon. Graphite is combined with clays to form the 'lead' used in pencils used for writing and drawing. The Mineral graphite, as with Diamond and Fullerene, is one of the Allotropes of carbon. Clay is a naturally occurring material composed primarily of fine-grained Minerals which show plasticity through a variable range of Water content, and A pencil is a Writing or Drawing instrument consisting of a thin stick of Pigment (usually Graphite, but can also be coloured pigment or Drawing is a Visual art that makes use of any number of drawing instruments to mark a two-dimensional medium It is also used as a lubricant and a pigment, as a moulding material in glass manufacture, in electrodes for dry batteries and in electroplating and electroforming, in brushes for electric motors and as a neutron moderator in nuclear reactors. A lubricant (sometimes referred to as a "Lube" is a substance (often a liquid introduced between two moving surfaces to reduce the Friction between them improving For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. Glass in the common sense refers to a Hard, Brittle, transparent Solid, such as that used for Windows many An electrode is an Electrical conductor used to make contact with a nonmetallic part of a circuit (e In electronics a battery is a combination of two or more Electrochemical cells which store chemical Energy which can be converted into electrical energy Electroplating is the process of using electrical current to reduce Cations of a desired material from a solution and coat a conductive object Electroforming is a highly specialized process of Metal part fabrication using Electrodeposition in a plating bath over a base form or Mandrel which "Paintbrush" redirects here For other uses see Paintbrush (disambiguation. An electric motor uses Electrical energy to produce Mechanical energy. In Nuclear engineering, a neutron moderator is a medium which reduces the velocity of Fast neutrons thereby turning them into Thermal neutrons capable This article is a subarticle of Nuclear power. A nuclear reactor is a device in which Nuclear chain reactions are initiated controlled
Charcoal is used as a drawing material in artwork, for grilling, and in many other uses including iron smelting. Charcoal' is the blackish residue consisting of impure Carbon obtained by removing water and other volatile constituents from Animal and Vegetation Art refers to a diverse range of Human activities creations and expressions that are appealing to the Senses or Emotions of a human individual For the device used to cook see Grill (cooking, for other uses see Grill. Wood, coal and oil are used as fuel for production of energy and space heating. Fuel is any material that is burned or altered in order to obtain energy Gem quality diamond is used in jewelry, and Industrial diamonds are used in drilling, cutting and polishing tools for machining metals and stone. In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in In Mineralogy, diamond is the allotrope of carbon where the carbon atoms are arranged in Plastics are made from fossil hydrocarbons, and carbon fibre, made by pyrolysis of synthetic polyester fibres is used to reinforce plastics to form advanced, lightweight composite materials. Pyrolysis is the Chemical decomposition of organic materials by heating in the absence of Oxygen or any other reagents except possibly Steam Polyester is a category of Polymers which contain the Ester Functional group in their main chain Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. Composite materials (or composites for short are engineered Materials made from two or more constituent materials with significantly different physical or chemical Carbon fiber is made by pyrolysis of extruded and stretched filaments of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) and other organic substances. Polyacrylonitrile ( PAN) is a Resinous fibrous, or Rubbery organic Polymer. The crystallographic structure and mechanical properties of the fiber depend on the type of starting material, and on the subsequent processing. Carbon fibres made from PAN have structure resembling narrow filaments of graphite, but thermal processing may re-order the structure into a continuous rolled sheet. The result is fibers with higher specific tensile strength than steel. The specific strength is a material strength divided by its Density.
Carbon black is used as the black pigment in printing ink, artist's oil paint and water colours, carbon paper, automotive finishes, India ink and laser printer toner. Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete Combustion of heavy Petroleum products such as FCC tar coal tar ethylene cracking tar and a small amount from For the drug referred to as "pigment" see Black tar heroin. Printing is a process for reproducing text and image typically with ink on Paper using a printing press An ink is a Liquid containing various Pigments and/or Dyes used for coloring a surface to produce an Image, text, or Carbon paper (originally carbonic paper) is Paper coated on one side with a layer of a loosely bound dry Ink or pigmented coating usually bound with "Indian ink" redirects here For the play by Tom Stoppard see Indian Ink (play. A laser printer is a common type of Computer printer that rapidly produces high quality text and graphics on plain paper For the Irish surname see Toner (surname. Toner is a powder used in Laser printers and Photocopiers to form Carbon black is also used as a filler in rubber products such as tyres and in plastic compounds. Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete Combustion of heavy Petroleum products such as FCC tar coal tar ethylene cracking tar and a small amount from Plastic is the general common term for a wide range of synthetic or semisynthetic organic solid materials suitable for the manufacture of industrial products Activated charcoal is used as an absorbent and adsorbent in filter material in applications as diverse as gas masks, water purification and kitchen extractor hoods and in medicine to absorb toxins, poisons, or gases from the digestive system. Activated carbon, also called activated charcoal or activated coal, is a form of Carbon that has been processed to make it extremely porous and thus to Adsorption is a process that occurs when a gas or liquid Solute accumulates on the surface of a solid or a liquid (adsorbent forming a film of molecules or atoms (the A gas mask is a Mask worn over the face to protect the wearer from inhaling airborne Pollutants and Toxic materials Water purification is the process of removing contaminants and other harmful microorganisms from a raw water source For the Banana Yashimoto novel see Kitchen (novel A kitchen, is a room or part of a room (sometimes called "kitchen An extractor hood (UK or range hood (US also known as a kitchen hood stove hood exhaust hood cooker hood extraction hood cooking canopy ventilation hood extractor Absorption, in Chemistry, is a physical or chemical Phenomenon or a process in which Atoms Molecules, or Ions enter some Carbon is used in chemical reduction at high temperatures. coke is used to reduce iron ore into iron. Coke is a solid Carbonaceous material derived from Destructive distillation of low-ash low-sulfur Bituminous coal. Case hardening of steel is achieved by heating finished steel components in carbon powder. Case hardening or surface hardening is the process of hardening the surface of a metal often a low Carbon steel, by infusing elements into the material's Carbides of silicon, tungsten, boron and titanium, are among the hardest known materials, and are used as abrasives in cutting and grinding tools. For the Software development tool targeting the Symbian OS, see Carbide Silicon carbide ( is a compound of Silicon and Carbon bonded together to form Ceramics but it also occurs in nature as the extremely rare mineral Tungsten carbide, WC, or tungsten semicarbide, W2C, is a chemical compound containing Tungsten and Carbon, similar Boron carbide (chemical formula B4C is an extremely hard Ceramic material used in Tank Armor, Bulletproof vests and numerous Titanium carbide, Ti[[Carbon C]] is an extremely hard ( Mohs 9-9 An abrasive is a material often a Mineral, that is used to shape or finish a workpiece through rubbing which leads to part of the workpiece being worn away Carbon compounds make up most of the materials used in clothing, such as natural and synthetic textiles and leather, and almost all of the interior surfaces in the built environment other than glass, stone and metal. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Leather is a material created through the Tanning of hides and Skins of Animals primarily Cattlehide The Tanning process The phrase built environment refers to the man-made surroundings that provide the setting for human activity ranging from the large-scale civic surroundings to the personal places
Production
Graphite Production
Commercially viable natural deposits of graphite occur in many parts of the world, but the most important sources economically are in China, India, Brazil, and North Korea. China ( Wade-Giles ( Mandarin) Chung¹kuo² is a cultural region, an ancient Civilization, and depending on perspective a National India, officially the Republic of India (भारत गणराज्य inc-Latn Bhārat Gaṇarājya; see also other Indian languages) is a country |utc_offset = -2 to -4 |time_zone_DST = BRST |utc_offset_DST = -2 to -5 |cctld North Korea is the commonly used short form name for the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (or DPRK) a State located in East Asia, [56] Graphite deposits are of metamorphic origin, found in association with quartz, mica and feldspars in schists, gneisses and metamorphosed sandstones and limestone as lenses or veins, sometimes of a metre or more in thickness. Metamorphic rock is the result of the transformation of an existing rock type the protolith, in a process called Metamorphism, which means "change Quartz (from German) is the most abundant Mineral in the Earth 's Continental crust (although Feldspar is more common in The word "mica" is thought to be derived from the Latin word la micare, "glitteren" in reference to the brilliant appearance of this mineral (especially Feldspar is the name of a group of rock-forming Minerals which make up as much as 60% of the Earth 's crust. Gneiss (ˈnaɪs is a common and widely distributed type of rock formed by high-grade regional metamorphic processes from preexisting formations that were originally Sandstone is a Sedimentary rock composed mainly of Sand -size Mineral or rock grains. Limestone is a Sedimentary rock composed largely of the Mineral Calcite ( Calcium carbonate: CaCO3 In Geology a lens is a body of Ore or rock or a deposit that is thick in the middle and thin at the edges resembling a convex lens in cross-section In Geology, a vein is a finite volume within a rock, having a distinct shape filled with Crystals of one or more Minerals which were precipitated The metre or meter is a unit of Length. It is the basic unit of Length in the Metric system and in the International Deposits of graphite in Borrowdale, Cumberland, England were at first of sufficient size and purity that, until the 1800s, pencils were made simply by sawing blocks of natural graphite into strips before encasing the strips in wood. Borrowdale is a valley in the English Lake District in Cumbria, England. Cumberland is one of the 39 Historic counties of England. It formed an administrative county from 1889 to 1974 (excluding Carlisle from 1915 and now forms part of England is a Country which is part of the United Kingdom. Its inhabitants account for more than 83% of the total UK population whilst its mainland A pencil is a Writing or Drawing instrument consisting of a thin stick of Pigment (usually Graphite, but can also be coloured pigment or Today, smaller deposits of graphite are obtained by crushing the parent rock and floating the lighter graphite out on water.
Precautions
Pure carbon has extremely low toxicity and can be handled and even ingested safely in the form of graphite or charcoal. It is resistant to dissolution or chemical attack, even in the acidic contents of the digestive tract, for example. Consequently if it gets into body tissues it is likely to remain there indefinitely. Carbon black was probably one of the first pigments to be used for tattooing, and Ötzi the Iceman was found to have carbon tattoos that survived during his life and for 5200 years after his death. Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete Combustion of heavy Petroleum products such as FCC tar coal tar ethylene cracking tar and a small amount from A tattoo is a permanent marking made by inserting ink into the layers of Skin to change the pigment for decorative or other reasons Ötzi the Iceman ( pronounced) Frozen Fritz, and Similaun Man are modern nicknames of a well-preserved natural Mummy of a man [57] However, inhalation of coal dust or soot (carbon black) in large quantities can be dangerous, irritating lung tissues and causing the congestive lung disease coalworker's pneumoconiosis. Carbon black is a material produced by the incomplete Combustion of heavy Petroleum products such as FCC tar coal tar ethylene cracking tar and a small amount from lung is the essential Respiration organ in air-breathing Animals including most Tetrapods a few Fish and a few Snails The most primitive Black lung disease, also known as coal workers' Pneumoconiosis (CWP is caused by long exposure to coal dust. Similarly, diamond dust used as an abrasive can do harm if ingested or inhaled. Microparticles of carbon are produced in diesel engine exhaust fumes, and may accumulate in the lungs. [58] In these examples, the harmful effects may result from contamination of the carbon particles, with organic chemicals or heavy metals for example, rather than from the carbon itself.
Carbon may also burn vigorously and brightly in the presence of air at high temperatures, as in the Windscale fire, which was caused by sudden release of stored Wigner energy in the graphite core. On October 10, 1957, the Graphite core of a British Nuclear reactor at Windscale, Cumbria, caught fire releasing substantial amounts The Wigner effect (named for its discoverer E P Wigner) also known as the discomposition effect, is the displacement of Atoms in a solid caused by Large accumulations of coal, which have remained inert for hundred of millions of years in the absence of oxygen, may spontaneously combust when exposed to air, for example in coal mine waste tips. Spontaneous combustion is a type of Combustion which occurs without an external ignition source
The great variety of carbon compounds include such lethal poisons as tetrodotoxin, the lectin ricin from seeds of the castor oil plant Ricinus communis, cyanide (CN-) and carbon monoxide; and such essentials to life as glucose and protein. Tetrodotoxin (anhydrotetrodotoxin 4-epitetrodotoxin tetrodonic acid TTX is a potent Neurotoxin with no known antidote which blocks Action potentials in Nerves Lectins are sugar-binding Proteins which are highly specific for their sugar Moieties. Ricin (ˈraɪ sɨn is a Protein Toxin that is extracted from the castor bean ( Ricinus communis) The castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, is a Plant Species of the Euphorbiaceae (the evolution of this plant family is relatively unexplored The castor oil plant, Ricinus communis, is a Plant Species of the Euphorbiaceae (the evolution of this plant family is relatively unexplored Cyanide poisoning occurs when a living organism is exposed to Cyanide. Carbon monoxide poisoning occurs after the inhalation of Carbon monoxide gas Glucose (Glc a Monosaccharide (or simple Sugar) also known as grape sugar, is an important Carbohydrate in Biology. Proteins are large Organic compounds made of Amino acids arranged in a linear chain and joined together by Peptide bonds between the Carboxyl
See also
References
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- ^ Carbon Nanofoam is the World's First Pure Carbon Magnet. Retrieved on 2007-12-21. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 69 - The end of the Year of the four emperors: Following Galba, Otho and Vitellius, Vespasian
- ^ Carbyne and Carbynoid Structures Series: Physics and Chemistry of Materials with Low-Dimensional Structures, Vol. 21 Heimann, R. B. ; Evsyukov, S. E. ; Kavan, L. (Eds. ) 1999, 452 p. , Hardcover ISBN 0-7923-5323-4
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- ^ Brown, Tom (March 1, 2006). Events 86 BC - Lucius Cornelius Sulla, at the head of a Roman Republic army enters in Athens, removing the Tyrant Year 2006 ( MMVI) was a Common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar. Carbon Goes Full Circle in the Amazon. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory. Retrieved on 2007-11-25. Year 2007 ( MMVII) was a Common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar in the 21st century. Events 1034 - Máel Coluim mac Cináeda, King of Scots dies Donnchad, the
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- On Graphite Transformations at High Temperature and Pressure Induced by Absorption of the LHC Beam, J. M. Zazula, 1997
External links
- Carbon on Britannica
- WebElements.com – Carbon
- Chemicool.com – Carbon
- It's Elemental – Carbon
- Extensive Carbon page at asu.edu
- Electrochemical uses of carbon
- Computational Chemistry Wiki
- Carbon - Super Stuff. Animation with sound and interactive 3D-models.
- BBC Radio 4 series "In Our Time", on Carbon, the basis of life, 15 June 2006
- Introduction to Carbon Properties geared for High School students.
Dictionary
carbon
-noun
- (uncountable) The chemical element (symbol C) with an atomic number of 6.
- (countable, informal) A sheet of carbon paper.
- (countable, informal) A carbon copy.
- A fossil fuel that is made of impure carbon such as coal or charcoal.
- (ecology, uncountable) Carbon dioxide, in the context of global warming and climate change.
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