Cannabis sativa
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae Division: Magnoliophyta Class: Magnoliopsida Order: Urticales Family: Cannabaceae Genus: Cannabis Species: C. Plants are living Organisms belonging to the kingdom Plantae. The flowering plants or angiosperms ( Angiospermae or Magnoliophyta) are the most widespread group Magnoliopsida is the Botanical name for a class of Flowering plants By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its Urticales is a Botanical name for an order of Flowering plants. Cannabaceae is a small family of Flowering plants According to the Royal Botanical Gardens database there are 170 species grouped in nine to fifteen Cannabis ( Cán-na-bis) is a Genus of Flowering plants that includes three putative species Cannabis sativa subsp sativa
Binomial name
Cannabis sativa Linnaeus
Subspecies
C. Carl Linnaeus (Latinized as Carolus Linnaeus, also known after his ennoblement as, May 23 new style (13 May old style 1707 who laid the foundations for In Zoology, as in other branches of Biology, subspecies is the Taxonomic rank immediately subordinate to a Species. sativa L. subsp. sativa C. sativa L. subsp. indica

Cannabis sativa is a herb that has been used by humans throughout recorded history for its fiber, known as hemp, for its psychological and physiological effects and for the nourishment of its oil-bearing seeds. Cannabis ( Cán-na-bis) is a Genus of Flowering plants that includes three putative species Cannabis sativa subsp A(n herb (ˈhɝb or /ˈɝb/ see pronunciation differences) is a plant that is valued for qualities such as medicinal properties flavor scent or the like Fiber or fibre is a class of Materials that are continuous filaments or are in discrete elongated pieces similar to lengths of thread. This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision to cells and Organisms of the materials necessary (in the form of food to support A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Different parts of the plant have different uses, and different varieties are cultivated in different ways and harvested at different times, depending on the purpose for which it is grown.

Species, subspecies, and varieties

The following taxonomic treatment of Cannabis was published in 1976 by Ernest Small and Arthur Cronquist. ^[1] Other taxonomic treatments of Cannabis are valid, and utilized by some botanists.

Cannabis

Cannabis sativa L.

C. sativa subsp. sativa

C. sativa subsp. sativa var. sativa

C. sativa subsp. sativa var. spontanea

C. sativa subsp. indica

C. sativa subsp. indica var. indica

C. sativa subsp. indica var. kafiristanica

C. sativa subsp. sativa

C. sativa subsp. sativa var. sativa

Correct name: Cannabis sativa L. In botany the correct name is the one and only Botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon when that taxon has a particular taxonomic placement subsp. sativa var. sativa

This taxon includes hemp landraces and cultivars grown for fiber or seed production. A taxon (plural taxa) or taxonomic unit, is a name designating an organism or a group of Organisms In Biological nomenclature according to Landrace refers to domesticated animals or plants adapted to the natural and cultural environment in which they live (or originated and in some cases work they often develop Fiber strains are usually tall and unbranched. Seed strains are often shorter, and may be branched or unbranched. Some strains are monoecious. Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom Plants of certified industrial hemp strains produce a relatively high ratio of CBD to THC (about 20:1), and are not suitable for drug use. Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a cannabinoid found in Cannabis. ^[1][2][3]

C. sativa subsp. sativa var. spontanea

Correct name: Cannabis sativa L. In botany the correct name is the one and only Botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon when that taxon has a particular taxonomic placement subsp. sativa var. spontanea (Vavilov) Small & Cronq. Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov (Николай Иванович Вавилов ( &ndash January 26 1943) was a prominent Russian and Soviet Botanist

Synonym: C. In Scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different Scientific names used for a single Taxon. ruderalis Janisch.

This taxon includes wild or feral Cannabis plants. Cannabis ( Cán-na-bis) is a Genus of Flowering plants that includes three putative species Cannabis sativa subsp In the absence of selective breeding, these plants have lost many of the traits they were originally selected for, and have acclimatized to their locales. Artificial selection is the intentional breeding for certain traits or combinations of traits over others and is synonymous with " Selective breeding " Plants of this type are often short, branchless, and early-flowering. The plants usually have low levels of cannabinoids, and a low ratio of THC to CBD, and thus are of little use as a source of drugs. Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a cannabinoid found in Cannabis. ^[3] However, so-called "indica" drug strains are sometimes cross-bred with "ruderalis" to produce high THC plants having the hardiness and reduced height of "ruderalis".

The term "ruderal" was originally used in the former Soviet Union to describe populations of hemp that had escaped cultivation and adapted to the surrounding region. A ruderal species is a Plant Species that is first to colonise disturbed lands Plants of this type are widespread throughout central and eastern Europe, including Lithuania, Belarus, Latvia, and Estonia. Similar populations can be found in most of the areas where hemp cultivation was once prevalent. The most notable region in North America is the midwest, though populations occur sporadically throughout the United States and Canada. These plants have escaped from cultivation more recently, and often grow larger than the ruderal plants in Europe.

Cannabis users often call this feral Cannabis "ditch weed. " Outside of its native range, it is regarded as an invasive plant. Introduced species|Weed Invasive species is a phrase with several definitions Despite years of government-sponsored eradication programs, these feral plants still remain in bountiful abundance.

It has several times been proposed that this taxon be recognized as a distinct species, called C. ruderalis. ^[4]

C. sativa subsp. indica

C. sativa subsp. indica var. indica

Correct name: Cannabis sativa L. In botany the correct name is the one and only Botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon when that taxon has a particular taxonomic placement subsp. indica (Lam. ) Small & Cronq. var. indica (Lam. ) Wehmer

Synonym: C. In Scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different Scientific names used for a single Taxon. indica Lam.

Broad leaflets characteristic of wide-leafed varieties of C. sativa subsp. indica var. indica

This taxon includes two types of Cannabis cultivated for drug production,^[1] commonly referred to by Cannabis aficionados as "sativa" and "indica".

Some users report that highs from "sativa" strains tend to produce clearer, cerebral "head" highs, whereas highs from "indica" strains produce more lethargic "body" highs, with emphasis on drowsiness, slight loss of motor coordination, and increase appetite ("munchies"). Gross motor coordination addresses the Gross motor skills walking running climbing jumping crawling lifting one's head sitting up etc To date, no undisputable chemical or pharmacological basis for these differing effects has been discovered. Anecdotal evidence suggest that the presence (or lack of) a certain amount of CBD may be a factor. Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a cannabinoid found in Cannabis.

It has often been proposed that this taxon be recognized as a distinct species, C. indica. Most recently, on the basis of genetic, morphological, and chemotaxonomic analyses, Hillig assigned both the narrow-leaflet and wide-leaflet drug "biotypes", as well as southern and eastern Asian hemp (fiber/seed) landraces and wild Himalayan populations, to C. indica. ^[5][3][6]

C. sativa subsp. indica var. kafiristanica

Correct name: Cannabis sativa L. In botany the correct name is the one and only Botanical name that is to be used for a particular taxon when that taxon has a particular taxonomic placement subsp. indica (Lam. ) Small & Cronq. var. kafiristanica (Vavilov) Small & Cronq. Synonym: C. In Scientific nomenclature, synonyms are different Scientific names used for a single Taxon. indica Lam. var. kafiristanica Vavilov.

This taxon includes wild or feral plants, mostly confined to the Indian subcontinent and other regions where Cannabis is grown for drug use and has escaped from cultivation. Individual plants may have low, similar, or high levels of THC relative to CBD. Plants with relatively high levels of Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabidivarin (THCV) and/or cannabidivarin (CBDV) are also common in this group. ^[3] Compared with wild or feral plants of var. spontanea, plants of this taxon are often taller and more branched. The achenes are usually very small. The inflorescenses of pistillate plants are often elongated, and the fruits (achenes) drop off the plants as they mature.

Common uses

Main articles: Hemp and Cannabis (drug)

The tough fiber of the plant, cultivated as hemp, has numerous textile uses. This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a Tillage is the agricultural preparation of the Soil by Ploughing ripping or turning it This article is about the cultivation and uses of industrial hemp not its psychoactive cousin Cannabis (drug. A textile is a flexible material comprised of a network of natural or artificial Fibres often referred to as thread or Yarn. Its seed, chiefly used as caged-bird feed, is a valuable source of protein. The flowers (and to a lesser extent the leaves, stems, and seeds) contain psychoactive and physiologically active chemical compounds known as cannabinoids that are consumed for recreational, medicinal, and spiritual purposes. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A psychoactive drug or psychotropic substance is a Chemical substance that acts primarily upon the Central nervous system where it alters Brain A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Cannabinoids ( are a group of terpeno[[phenol]]ic compounds present in Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L When so used, preparations of flowers (marijuana) and leaves and preparations derived from resinous extract (hashish) are consumed by smoking, vaporizing and oral ingestion. Hashish (from Arabic: ar حشيش, lit "grass" also hash) is a preparation of cannabis composed of the compressed Historically, tinctures, teas, and ointments have also been common preparations. In Medicine, a tincture is an Alcoholic Extract (eg of leaves or other plant material or Solution of a non- volatile substance Tea refers to the cured agricultural product of the leaves leaf buds and internodes of Camellia sinensis, which have been prepared and cured for the market An ointment is a viscous semisolid preparation used topically on a variety of body surfaces In the north and western part of Sumatra, Indonesia, the young leaves were eaten raw as salad, however it was illegal to consume this plant as dried product. )

Plant physiology

Main article: Cannabis

Cannabis sativa, scientific drawing from c1900

Cannabis reproduces sexually. Cannabis ( Cán-na-bis) is a Genus of Flowering plants that includes three putative species Cannabis sativa subsp Reproduction is the Biological process by which new individual Organisms are produced The flowers of the female plant are arranged in racemes and can produce hundreds of seeds. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also A raceme is a type of Inflorescence that is unbranched and indeterminate and bears pedicellate Flowers &mdash flowers having short Males plants shed their pollen and die several weeks prior to seed ripening on the female plants. Although genetic factors dispose a plant to become male or female, environmental factors including the diurnal light cycle can alter sexual expression. A day (symbol d is a unit of Time equivalent to 24 Hours and the duration of a single Rotation of planet Earth with respect to the Naturally occurring monoecious plants, with both male and female parts, are either sterile or fertile but artificially induced "hermaphrodites" (a commonly used misnomer) can have fully functional reproductive organs. Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of Sexual reproduction systems found across the Plant kingdom Female infertility|Male infertility Infertility primarily refers to the biological inability of a Man or a Woman to contribute to conception. Fertility is the natural capability of giving life As a measure "Fertility Rate" is the number of children born per couple person or population A hermaphrodite is an organism having both male and female reproductive organs "Feminized" seed sold by many commercial seed suppliers are derived from artificially "hermaphrodytic" females that lack the male gene, or by treating the seeds with hormones or silver thiosulfate.

A Cannabis plant in the vegetative growth phase of its life requires more than 12-13 hours of light per day to stay vegetative. Flowering usually occurs when darkness equals at least 12 hours per day. A flower, also known as a bloom or Blossom, is the reproductive structure found in Flowering plants (plants of the division Magnoliophyta, also The flowering cycle can last anywhere between five to ten weeks, depending on the strain and environmental conditions.

In soil, the optimum pH for the plant is 6. pH is the measure of the acidity or alkalinity of a Solution. 5 to 7. 2. In hydroponic growing, the nutrient solution is best at 5. Hydroponics (from the Greek words hydro (water and ponos (labour is a method of growing Plants using mineral Nutrient solutions without 2 to 5. 8, making Cannabis well-suited to hydroponics because this pH range is hostile to most bacteria and fungi.

• Cultivars primarily cultivated for their fiber, characterized by long stems and little branching. A stem is one of two main structural axes of a Vascular plant.
• Cultivars grown for seed from which hemp oil is extracted. A seed (in some plants referred to as a kernel) is a small embryonic Plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat usually with some stored Hemp oil can be extracted from the seed of the Hemp plant which contains between 30-35% oil by weight which is high in Essential fatty acids The plant can also
• Cultivars grown for medicinal or recreational purposes. Medicine is the art and science of healing It encompasses a range of Health care practices evolved to maintain and restore Human Health by the Recreational drug use is the use of Psychoactive drugs for Recreational purposes rather than for work, medical or spiritual purposes A nominal if not legal distinction is often made between industrial hemp, with concentrations of psychoactive compounds far too low to be useful for that purpose, and marijuana.

Pharmacology

Main article: Cannabis (drug)

Although the main psychoactive chemical compound in Cannabis is Δ⁹-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), the plant is known to contain about sixty cannabinoids; however, most of these "minor" cannabinoids are only produced in trace amounts. Cannabis, also known as marijuana or marihuana, or ganja (from Hindi / Sanskrit: गांजा gānjā hemp) is a A chemical compound is a substance consisting of two or more different elements chemically bonded together in a fixed proportion by Mass. Cannabinoids ( are a group of terpeno[[phenol]]ic compounds present in Cannabis ( Cannabis sativa L Besides THC, another cannabinoid produced in high concentrations by some plants is cannabidiol (CBD), which is not psychoactive but has recently been shown to block the effect of THC in the nervous system. Cannabidiol, also known as CBD, is a cannabinoid found in Cannabis. ^[7] Differences in the chemical composition of Cannabis varieties may produce different effects in humans. Synthetic THC, called dronabinol, does not contain CBD, CBN, or other cannabinoids, which is one reason why its pharmacological effects may differ significantly from those of natural Cannabis preparations. Pharmacology (from Greek grc φάρμακον pharmakon, "drug" and grc -λογία -logia) is the study of how Drugs

Chemical constituents

• Δ⁹-Tetrahydrocannabinol
• α-Pinene^[8]
• Myrcene^[8]
• Trans-β-ocimene^[8]
• α-Terpinolene^[8]
• Trans-caryophyllene^[8]
• α-Humulene,^[8] contributes to the characteristic aroma of Cannabis sativa
• Caryophyllene-oxide,^[8] with which some hashish detection dogs are trained^[9]

Gallery of images

Cannabis plant	Cannabis plants	Cannabis plants	Cannabis plants
Cannabis plants

References

External links